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Spatiotemporal Arthropod Community Dynamics in an Agroecosystem By Spatiotemporal arthropod community dynamics in an agroecosystem by Patrick Burgess A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Integrative Biology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Patrick Burgess, September, 2020 ABSTRACT SPATIOTEMPORAL ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY DYNAMICS IN AN AGROECOSYSTEM Patrick Burgess Advisor: University of Guelph, 2020 John M. Fryxell Many arthropod communities are undergoing declines, with agricultural activity being a likely cause. However, we know little about what determines arthropod community composition in seasonal agroecosystems. Here I quantify how variation in climate, agricultural intensity, and local habitat along with spatial and temporal covariates impacts arthropod community composition in Southern Ontario, Canada. Local habitat factors, particularly canopy openness and plant community composition, had the strongest effect. Climatic variables followed closely, driven primarily by seasonal variation in temperature and humidity. Agricultural intensity had the smallest effect. Direct effects of spatial and temporal distances also occurred besides differences in environment. I discuss the possible roles of niche and neutral mechanisms in generating these patterns. My findings show that habitat restoration should be a priority and that seasonality plays a strong but underappreciated role in structuring arthropod communities iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to extend my thanks and gratitude to my advisor, John Fryxell, for providing me with guidance both throughout this M.Sc. degree as well as through the final year of my undergraduate degree. You have given me the freedom to develop and pursue my own ideas and interests, have always provided support when things seemed to be going terribly wrong, and have shown me what it means to conduct rigorous science. I would also like to thank the members of my advisory committee, Cortland Griswold, Dirk Steinke, and Andrew MacDougall for their valuable input. An additional thanks to Cortland Griswold for all the time he spent showing me the way through the world of theoretical ecology. I am very grateful for the researchers at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, who coordinated fieldwork for collecting arthropod samples as well as processing them and generating the metabarcoding data. I also want to thank all the landowners who allowed us to conduct research on their lands. I sincerely hope that my work will contribute to the understanding and conservation of the biological communities found in these wonderful places. None of my work would have been possible without the team of dedicated field technicians and volunteers including Ashley Cholewka, Caroline Reisiger, Emma Wright, Jillian McGroarty, and Eleish Miller. Thank you all for making field work fun in even the most unpleasant conditions. I would also like to thank my lab and officemates including Rebecca Viejou, Xueqi Wang, Nicola Shaw, Gustavo Betini, Samantha Shaw-McDonald, Rachel Holub, and Eleish Miller for all the laughs and guidance. You all helped me through difficult points of conducting this research and I am grateful for the friendships we have formed. Lastly, I would like to thank my friends and family, particularly my parents Blair and Lynn, for their support throughout this degree. None of it would be possible without you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods........................................................................................................................................... 7 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 18 References ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Tables ............................................................................................................................................ 36 Figures........................................................................................................................................... 38 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 47 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Environmental variables used in path analysis and their groupings into either local habitat, agricultural intensity, or climatic variables ...................................................................... 36 Table 2: Significant results from path analysis and associated standardized path coefficients .... 37 Table A1: Temporal alignment of plant and arthropod surveys by trap ....................................... 47 Table A2: Full list of plant taxa from all surveys by plant type ................................................... 52 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Distribution of arthropod BINs for the top 6 orders across all samples ........................ 38 Figure 2: Total arthropod BIN richness among traps pooled across all time periods................... 39 Figure 3: Total arthropod BIN richness among sample periods pooled across all traps .............. 40 Figure 4: Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of arthropod species composition based on pairwise Sørensen dissimilarities among all samples ............................... 41 Figure 5: Path analysis of factors influencing spatiotemporal arthropod Sørensen dissimilarities. ....................................................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 6: Path analysis of factors influencing spatiotemporal arthropod Sørensen dissimilarities aggregated by variable type. ......................................................................................................... 43 Figure 7: Spatial distance-decay of arthropod community composition based on pairwise Sørensen dissimilarities among samples after filtering the arthropod data to match the plant data ....................................................................................................................................................... 44 Figure 8: Temporal distance-decay of arthropod community composition based on pairwise Sørensen dissimilarities among all samples after filtering the arthropod data to match the plant data ................................................................................................................................................ 45 Figure 9: Relationship between pairwise Sørensen dissimilarities of arthropod communities and Bray-Curtis dissimilarities of plant communities for all samples after filtering the arthropod data to match the plant data .................................................................................................................. 46 Figure A1: Map of Southern Ontario, Canada showing the location of traps at study sites and their respective management types ............................................................................................... 58 Figure A2: Boxplots of (a) the percentage of agricultural area, (b) the percentage urban area, and (c) the percentage semi-natural area within a 2000m radius of each trap for each locality type .. 59 INTRODUCTION Recent studies indicate that many arthropod communities around the world are undergoing strong declines in biomass (Hallmann et al 2017), abundance, and species richness (Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys 2019; Seibold et al., 2019). The causal links behind these declines are not resolved, but sites in landscapes with a higher proportion of agricultural land have experienced steeper declines (Seibold et al. 2019), and Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys (2019) suggest that habitat loss from conversion to agriculture and urban land and the use of pesticides are likely the main factors behind these declines. However, we largely lack empirical evidence to substantiate these claims and thus it is essential that we better understand the effect of agriculture on arthropod communities. There is immense pressure to maximize food production in order to feed our current global population of 7.8 billion people. This will only increase as the global population rises to a predicted 10 billion by 2050 (Tilman, Balzer, Hill, and Befort, 2011; Gerland et al., 2014). Agricultural systems have expanded and intensified in response, resulting in the dedication of vast expanses of land to monoculture
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