TANBREZ MINING GREENLAND A/S

TANBREEZ PROJECT

THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE STUDY AREA

AUGUST 2013

Orbicon A/S Ringstedvej 20 DK 4000 Roskilde Denmark Phone + 45 46 30 03 10

Version Draft 5.1 Date 6. August 2013 Prepared FPJE

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TANBREZ MINING GREENLAND A/S

TANBREEZ PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

August 2013

Orbicon A/S Ringstedvej 20 DK 4000 Roskilde Denmark Phone + 45 46 30 03 10

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 8 1.1 The TANBREEZ Project ...... 8 1.2 The aim of the report ...... 8 1.3 Definition of scope and data collection ...... 8 1.4 The structure of this report ...... 10 2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 11 2.1 Climate ...... 12 2.2 Sea ice ...... 13 3 VEGETATION ...... 15 3.1 Vegetation below 200 m altitude ...... 15 3.2 Vegetation above 200 m altitude ...... 17 4 ANIMALS ...... 20 4.1 Overview ...... 20 4.2 Terrestrial mammals ...... 20 4.2.1 Arctic fox ...... 20 4.2.2 Arctic hare ...... 20 4.3 Marine mammals ...... 21 4.3.1 Ringed seal ...... 21 4.3.2 Hooded seal ...... 22 4.3.3 Harp seal ...... 22 4.3.4 Humpbacked whale...... 23 4.3.5 Minke whale ...... 24 4.3.6 Fin whale ...... 24 4.3.7 Harbour porpoise ...... 24 4.4 Birds ...... 26 4.4.1 Common wheatear ...... 26 4.4.2 Raven ...... 26 4.4.3 Red-winged thrush ...... 27 4.4.4 Redpoll ...... 27 4.4.5 Lapland bunting ...... 27 4.4.6 Snow bunting ...... 28 4.4.7 Peregrine ...... 28 4.4.8 Gyrfalcon ...... 29 4.4.9 White-tailed Eagle ...... 30 4.4.10 Ptarmigan ...... 31 4.4.11 Red-throated Diver ...... 31 4.4.12 Black Guillemot ...... 31 4.4.13 Brünnich’s Guillemot ...... 32 4.4.14 Mallard ...... 32 4.4.15 Harlequin duck ...... 32 4.4.16 Common eider ...... 33 4.4.17 Long-tailed duck ...... 34 4.4.18 Red-breasted Merganser ...... 34

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 4/54 4.4.19 Iceland Gul ...... 34 4.4.20 Glaucous Gull ...... 35 4.4.21 Great Black-backed Gull ...... 35 4.4.22 Lesser Black-backed gull ...... 35 4.4.23 Black-legged Kittiwakes ...... 36 4.4.24 Purple sandpiper ...... 37 4.4.25 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula ...... 37 5 FISH AND LARGE MARINE INVERTEBRATE ...... 38 5.1.1 Deep sea shrimp ...... 38 5.1.2 Atlantic Cod ...... 38 5.1.3 Greenland Cod ...... 38 5.1.4 Spotted Wolffish ...... 38 5.1.5 Atlantic Salmon ...... 39 5.1.6 Arctic Char ...... 39 5.1.7 Capelin ...... 43 5.1.8 Redfish ...... 43 5.1.9 Lumpsucker ...... 43 6 FRESHWATER ECOLOGY ...... 44 7 PROTECTED AREAS AND SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN ...... 46 7.1 Threatened species ...... 46 7.2 Areas protected according to international agreements ...... 46 7.3 Areas protected according to national legislation ...... 47 7.4 Areas of conservation concern identified by NGOs ...... 47 7.5 Sea bird colonies near the project area ...... 48 7.6 Areas important to wintering sea birds ...... 49 7.7 Environmental importance and resource use of shorelines of the study area ...... 50 8 REFERENCE ...... 53

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 5/54 List of figures

Figure 1.1 Study area at Killavaat Alannguat...... 9 Figure 2.1 The Killavaat Alannguat with Mine site 1 at the centre and Kangerluarsuk Fjord to the right. The Ivaangiusaq Kangileq mountain (top centre) behind Killavaat Alannguat rises to 805 m ...... 11 Figure 2.2 Temperature (degree C) recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011 ...... 12 Figure 2.3 Wind speed (m/s) recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011 ...... 13 Figure 3.1 Dwarf heath vegetation form a narrow green belt of both sides of the lower part of Lakseelv ...... 16 Figure 3.2 Small-white orchid (Leucorchis albida) among copses of willow and birch along Lakseelv ...... 16 Figure 3.3 Vegetation on the southeast facing slopes of Killavaat Alannguat towards the inner fjord is limited to a narrow zone below 200 m altitude ...... 17 Figure 3.4 A few small Northern willow and Glandular birch grows along Laksetværelv at c. 300 m altitude in a landscape otherwise almost completely depleted from vegetation ...... 18 Figure 3.5 Fostersø surrounded by almost bare ground ...... 18 Figure 3.6 Moss campion Silena acaulis at c. 450 m altitude on Killavaat Alannguat plateau ...... 19 Figure 4.1 Arctic hare occur in small numbers in the Killavaat Alannguat area ...... 21 Figure 4.2 Humpback whale at Qaqortoq, June 2008 ...... 23 Figure 4.3 Lapland bunting is common in the dwarf heat along the shore of the fjord and Lakseelv ...... 28 Figure 4.4 Young Gyrfalcon in South Greenland ...... 29 Figure 4.5 Adult White-tailed Eagle ...... 30 Figure 4.6 Flock of wintering Common Eiders in Tunulliarfik Fjord, March 2010 ...... 33 Figure 4.7 Glaucous Gulls and Great-black backed Gull rested on iceberg in South Greenland ...... 36 Figure 5.1 Arctic char in pool in Lakselv ...... 39 Figure 5.2 Distribution of Arctic char in Lakseelv and its tributaries. Char was only recorded in the lower and middle section of Lakseelv and in a branch of this river (stream section with fish marked with red). No char were found in Fostersø or in Laksetværelv that drains Fostersø into Lakseelv ...... 40 Figure 5.3 Waterfall about 5 km from the outlet prevent further upstream migration of char in Lakseelv ...... 41 Figure 5.4 Deep pool in Lakseelv a few hundred meter from the outlet in the fjord where large numbers of Arctic char spent the winter months ...... 42 Figure 6.1 Position of the sampling stations in Lakseelv (Station L1 – L6) and Laksetværelv (L7 & L8)...... 45 Figure 7.1 Protected areas in South Greenland. Areas marked with red are protected according to national legislation (but none are designated in South Greenland). Areas marked with blue are protected according to local legislation. Areas marked with yellow are Ramsar Sites. Areas marked with green are Important Bird Area (IBA) – but none are found in South Greenland (from Boertmann 2005) ...... 47

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 6/54 Figure 7.2 Distribution and size of larger sea bird colonies (> 500 individuals) in South Greenland (from Mosbech et al. 2004) ...... 48 Figure 7.3 Sea bird colonies in former Qaqortoq (eastern part) and Narsaq Municipalities. Red dots show previously known colonies (those without code no. were not surveyed in 2003), green dots are colonies located during the 2003 survey. Hatched lines are municipality borders. From Boertmann 2004 ...... 49 Figure 7.4 Important areas for wintering sea birds off South Greenland (dark areas). The northern part (area 6) is particular important to Common eider, Harlequin duck and Brünnich’s Guillemot while the southern part (area 7) is mainly important to Common eider. From Boertmann et al. 2004 ...... 50 Figure 7.5 Shoreline map of the study area and surroundings with indications of sensitivity to oil spill shown with different colours (from Mosbech et al. 2004). Small blues squares show archaeological sites. A “person” indicates places with important resources for human use. “LU” is a site important to lumpsucker. “AR” is a river/lake with Arctic Char. A description of key environmental issues and resource use for the different shoreline sections in the study area is given in section 8.7...... 52

List of Tables

Table 6-1 Freshwater animals recorded in three lakes at Killavaat Alannguat in 1974 (from Rose-Hansen et al. 1977)...... 44 Table 6-2 Occurrence of freshwater insects groups in the Lakseelv and Laksetværelv. The position of the stations is shown in Figure 6.1...... 45 Table 7-1 Species on the regional Greenland red list of threatened species occurring in study area ...... 46

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The TANBREEZ Project

The TANBREEZ project includes the development, operation and ultimate reclamation of an open pit Zirconia, Rare Earth Elements, Yttrium, Niobium, Hafnium and Tantalum mine at Killavaat Alannguat (Kringlerne) in South Greenland. Killavaat Alannguat is about 20 km north-east of Qaqortoq and 12 km south-west of Narsaq.

The minerals will be mined at two sites: Mine site 1 at about 450 m altitude on top of Killavaat Alannguat and Mine site 2 at the shore of the fjord. Mineral concentrates will be produced with an on-site processing facility. Fostersø on the Killavaat Alannguat plateau will be used for deposition of tailings and waste rock. The concentrates would be shipped of-site by ship to a facility for further processing.

1.2 The aim of the report

It is a requirement of The Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP) under the Greenland Self-government that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report is prepared when a company plans to exploit a mineral deposit in Greenland (BMP 2012). The present report aims at providing essential background information for the EIA Report, regarding the natural environment of the study area.

1.3 Definition of scope and data collection

Based on the footprint of the planned mining project, a potential impact area – in the following termed the “Study area” - was initially defined. The extent of the Study area is shown in Figure 2.1. The scope of work has therefore been to draw together and present all existing information on the terrestrial and marine flora and fauna from this area. This information will subsequently feed into the EIA process.

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Figure 1.1 Study area at Killavaat Alannguat

This study has primarily been a literature study where data from published information is presented. However, observations made by Orbicon staff during the environmental baseline studies in the area between September 2007 and July 2010 are also included.

In connection with the literature study and the field work particular attention has been on identifying and collecting information on Valued Ecological Components (VECs) which are the particularly sensitive and/or important elements of the ecosystem of the project area. This includes species of commercial value as well as species of conservation concern in Greenland. For the purpose of this study the following Valued Ecological Components (VECs) were identified:

 White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla

 Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 9/54 1.4 The structure of this report

The report is structured as follows:

 To provide a setting for the chapters on the natural environment the report starts with brief accounts on the physical environment of the study area.

 Chapter 4 describes the vegetation of the study area with focus on the key plant communities and to what extend rare and threatened plant occur

 Chapter 5– 8 cover the fauna including all mammal and bird species that are known to be either resident in the study area or regular visitors. In addition, information on freshwater fish and marine fish of commercial value is provided.

 Chapter 9 gives an overview of the species, habitats and sites of special conservation concern.

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2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The landscape in South Greenland is characterized by relatively high and steep mountains inland and low islands and peninsulas in the coastal area. This landscape is largely formed by the ice, which has also carved the long, narrow fjords. The entire area was covered by ice during the last glaciations (the Weichel/Wisconsin) until about 11000 years ago and the landscape is therefore highly influenced the glacial processes such as erosion, transport and sedimentation (Langager & Lemgart 1988).

The Killavaat Alannguat is a mountainous area along the south-eastern shore of the Kangerluarsuk Fjord (Figure 3.1). The inner section of the fjord is mostly steep-sided and surrounded by mountains rising to 700 – 1 000 m with the spectacular Killavaat (Redekammen) mountain to the east rising to 1 200 m. The Lakseelv (Salmon River) has its outlet at the bottom of the fjord, about 2 km North-east of the mineral deposit (Figure 4.1). The inner parts of Kangerluarsuk fjord near Killavaat Alannguat have a maximum depth of 60 meter depth but further south the depth is up to 200m.

Killavaat Alannguat is part of the Illímaussaq intrusion, which include the formations at the northern parts of the Kangerlursuk Fjord. The mountains that surround the intrusion consist mainly of granite.

Figure 2.1 The Killavaat Alannguat with Mine site 1 at the centre and Kangerluarsuk Fjord to the right. The Ivaangiusaq Kangileq mountain (top centre) behind Killavaat Alannguat rises to 805 m

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 11/54 2.1 Climate

At a regional scale the weather in South Greenland is mainly influenced by the North American continent and the North Atlantic Ocean. But the local climate is also heavily influenced by the Greenland Inland Ice. Another key factor is the all year round low sea surface temperature which is causing the South Greenland waters and coasts to be part of the arctic zone with average summer temperatures below 10 degree C.

Qaqortoq, 20 km South-west of Killavaat Alannguat, is situated close to the open coast and is under influence by an oceanic weather type with cool summers and relatively mild summers. The average January temperature in Qaqortoq is – 5.5 degree C, while the average temperature in the warmest months (July and August) is 7.2 degree C (DMI 2012).

Further inland, the weather type is more of a continental type and in South Greenland average summer temperatures can locally exceed the 10 degree threshold, which limit the arctic region. This includes Narsarsuaq, 35 km north-east of Killavaat Alannguat. Here the average January temperature is – 6.8 degree C, but 10.3 degree C in July (DMI 2012).

The weather regime in the Killavaat Alannguat area takes an intermediate position between Qaqortoq and Narsarsuaq. This means that Killavaat Alannguat lies within the Arctic climate zone, with cool summers and cold winters. The temperature recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011 is shown in Figure 3.2. The impact of relatively warm foehn winds (see below) even during mid-winter are very obvious and push the temperature above zero for a few hours even during mid-winter.

Figure 2.2 Temperature (degree C) recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 12/54 The annual precipitation is also most likely somewhere between the 858 mm recorded in Qaqortoq and the 615 mm recorded annually in Narsarsuaq.

Gale force winds (above 13.8 m/s) are common in South Greenland in particular in winter. The wind speed recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011 is shown in Figure 3.3. High winds are recorded all year but wind speeds above 40 m/s are only recorded during winter.

So called Foehn winds are outbursts of dry and relatively warm air. Such winds arise through adiabatic compression of the air sweeping down from the inland ice cap. Its relative humidity drops to 30-40% and the temperatures rises up to 15-20 degrees C within an hour and remains very high for up to a day or two. The effect of the Foehn wind is particularly marked in winter, when it results in rapid melting of the snow. Foehn winds are quite common in southern Greenland, including the Killavaat Alannguat area.

Figure 2.3 Wind speed (m/s) recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011

2.2 Sea ice

Three types of sea ice occur in Kangerluarsuk Fjord:

 Short-lived fast ice may occur in the inner part of the fjord during winter. This type of ice cover is extremely variable both during the winter period and between winters. In recent years fast ice has mostly been limited to the heads of fjords with the fjords otherwise ice-free during winter.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 13/54  Small icebergs and growlers originating from glaciers in Brede Fjord and elsewhere occasionally enter the Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

 Multi-year sea ice / drift ice (Storis) flows southwards along the east cost of Greenland with the East Greenland current, turns westwards at Cap Farewell and then northward along the West Coast of Greenland. In some years “Storis” fill up the mouths of the larger fjords of South-west Greenland during March and April. When large amounts of pack ice enters the area from Cape Farewell between February and July the entrance of Narlunaq/Skovfjord fills rapidly, but only in south winds does the ice enter the fjord. Storis only very rarely enter Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

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In South Greenland the vegetation is largely determined by temperature and precipitation which generally follows an oceanic-inland/continental gradient and an altitude gradient. Along long and narrow fjords, such as the Kangerluarsuk Fjord, this is very obvious as one moves from the outer fjord where vegetation growth is suppressed by cold ocean currents, drift ice, salt spray, and wind to the head of the fjord far inland where the vegetation below 200 m altitude, with south-facing exposure, locally develop into dense one meter high birch and willow scrub.

A survey of the distribution of plant communities of the study area was carried out in 1974 (Rose-Hansen et al. 1977). In 1977 – 1981 further studies of the vegetation were published in Thorsteinsson (1983). Although these studies were carried out several decades ago it is believed that the general distribution of plant species and communities including the occurrence of vulnerable species has not changes significantly over the years. Studies of the biodiversity in the study area between 2007 and 2010 by Orbicon staff points in the same direction.

The Ilímaussaq intrusion at Killavaat Alannguat is unusual in having almost no vegetation at all. Large expanses of the terrain above c. 200 altitude have no plant cover and only very few widely scattered plants exist. Only in the lowlands (below c. 100 m altitude) close to the fjord and along the lower part of the river is a shallow band of vegetation.

3.1 Vegetation below 200 m altitude

Around the head of the fjord and along the lower section of Lakseelv at altitudes below 300 m the vegetation is dominated by different types of dwarf shrub heath and grasslands.

Dense vegetation is limited to a narrow band along the shore of the Kangerluarsuk Fjord and on both sides of Lakseelv below 50 – 100 m altitude (see Figure 3.1). In this area the following plant communities have been identified (from Rose-Hansen et al. 1977 and observations by Orbicon staff):

 Dwarf shrub heath is found along Lakseelv and the shore of the head of the fjord dominated by Crowberry Empetrum nigrum, Glandular birch Betula glandulosa and Northern willow Salix glauca. On dry exposed slopes Common juniper Juniperus communis is widespread.

 At protected and moist sites along the northwest shore near the head of the fjord (that is opposite the planned port facility) and along the lower part of Lakseelv small patches of richer vegetation is found with Alpine bartsia Bartsia alpine, Viviparous knotweed Polygonum viviparum, Flame-tipped lousewort Pedicularis flammea, Angelica Angelica archangelica, Moonwort Botrychium lunaria and Small-white orchids Leucorchis albida.

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Figure 3.1 Dwarf heath vegetation form a narrow green belt of both sides of the lower part of Lakseelv

Figure 3.2 Small-white orchid (Leucorchis albida) among copses of willow and birch along Lakseelv

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 Close to the shore of the fjord north of the outlet of Lakseelv grows Scottish lovage Ligusticum scoticum and Beach pea Lathyrus maritimus.

 Up to one meter tall copses of Northern willow occur along some of the small watercourses and scattered along Lakseelv.

 Above 50-100 m altitude the dwarf shrub heath grades into a mossy heath with some Northern willow and Glandular birch. Over 100 m altitude this vegetation gradually becomes patchier.

Figure 3.3 Vegetation on the southeast facing slopes of Killavaat Alannguat towards the inner fjord is limited to a narrow zone below 200 m altitude

3.2 Vegetation above 200 m altitude

Above c. 200 m altitude the Killavaat Alannguat mountain has almost no vegetation at all. This includes the slopes facing the fjord, the plateau on top of the mountain and the land surrounding Fostersø, Månesø and the river Laksetværelv that drains these lakes.

In this area the plant cover is estimated to cover less than 2% of the land (see Figure 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6). The plants that do exist at Killavaat Alannguat include Arctic marsh willow Salix arctophila, Lapland diapensia Diapensia lapponica, Moss campion Silena acaulis and Purple saxifrage Saxifraga oppositifolia. Along watercourses - including Laksetværelv - grow few scattered and small examples of Glandular birch, Northern willow and Mountain sorrel Oxyria digyna.

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Figure 3.4 A few small Northern willow and Glandular birch grows along Laksetværelv at c. 300 m altitude in a landscape otherwise almost completely depleted from vegetation

Figure 3.5 Fostersø surrounded by almost bare ground

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Figure 3.6 Moss campion Silena acaulis at c. 450 m altitude on Killavaat Alannguat plateau

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4 ANIMALS

4.1 Overview

Little specific knowledge exists about the animal life of the Killavaat Alannguat area. However, general information is available about the occurrence of mammals, bird and fish in South Greenland. In addition, Orbicon has made observation of animals during their fieldwork. This description of animals in the study area focuses on the best known groups, in particular mammals and birds.

4.2 Terrestrial mammals

The mammal fauna in South Greenland consist almost exclusively of marine species and only two terrestrial species occur; Arctic fox and Arctic hare.

4.2.1 Arctic fox

Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) is widespread and generally common throughout Greenland. It is the only terrestrial carnivore in South Greenland. Foxes are opportunistic feeders and the diet includes birds but also fish and mussels found along the shore.

During the fieldwork a few foxes were observed and it is assumed that it is relatively common throughout the study area.

4.2.2 Arctic hare

Arctic Hare (Lepus arcticus) is distributed is most of Greenland only missing in the South-east. Numbers fluctuate from year to years, due to the winter conditions. It is most common in north-east Greenland. Probably due to intensive hunting in South Greenland it is mostly confined to mountainous areas in this part of the country and is usually also very shy. Arctic hare is generally protected in May – July but hunting all year can locally be permitted.

Sedges, grasses, and rushes as well as willow are primary food items of the Arctic hare in Greenland.

During the field study a few hares were observed near Fostersø but it is believed that the species occur throughout the study area in small numbers.

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Figure 4.1 Arctic hare occur in small numbers in the Killavaat Alannguat area

4.3 Marine mammals

17 marine mammal species, mainly whales and seals, are present in the South-eastern David Strait off the west coast of South Greenland (Mosbech et al. 2004). Most of the whales and at least one seal species remain usually offshore and only occasionally enter the fjords. This includes Blue Whale, Pilot Whale, Sperm Whale, White-beaked Dolphin, Bottlenose Whale, Sei Whale and Bearded Seal. Killer Whale occasionally enter the fjord mouths (Mosbech et al. 2004) but are very rare in the fjords further inland and are therefore not considered here. Similarly, the occasional Polar bear that arrive to South Greenland with the drift ice (Storisen) between February and May almost never make it into the fjord area before it is shot, and are consequently not dealt with here.

The three species of seal and the four whale species described below are the ones that are either resident in the study area or believed to be regular visitors.

4.3.1 Ringed seal

This rather small seal has a circumpolar distribution and occurs in all waters surrounding Greenland. It is generally common in Greenland waters but less so along the South-western coastline (Rosing-Asvid 2010). It is believed to be mainly stationary in South Greenland where it favours fjords with ice (Mosbech et al. 2004).

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 21/54 Ringed seals haul-out and moult exclusively on fast-ice. During winter they maintain several breathing holes in ice. Ringed seals breed at the head of fjords where fast ice is formed during winter. Breeding takes place from March-April to mid-May when the pups are born in snow dens on the sea ice. It feed on a broad range of pelagic prey items, including fish and crustaceans (Mosbech et al. 2004).

Ringed seal is subject to large scale unregulated hunting and is regularly on sale at the local markets “brættet” in Narsaq and Qaqortoq. The take of Ringed seal has been more or less stable since the 1960’ies at about 60-70 000 individuals (Bugge and Christensen 2003). It is listed as “least concern” on the provisional Greenland Red List of threatened species (Boertmann 2007).

Field work in Kangerluarsuk Fjord suggests that it is rather uncommon in this fjord.

4.3.2 Hooded seal

Hooded seal (Crystophora cristata) is a large seal which is only present in South Greenland in part of the year. In June-July hooded seals gather in large number to moult off the South-east cost of Greenland. Following the moulting, many of the adult seals migrate to feeding areas off the South and West coast of Greenland and a few of these seals also enter the fjords (Rosing-Asvid 2010). In late winter Hooded seals belonging to this population leave the Greenland waters and swim to breeding grounds off Newfoundland. Hooded Seals that come to West Greenland is part of the West Atlantic population with numbers about 500,000 animals (A. Rosing-Asvid in litt.). Hooded seals are believed to feed mainly on large fish such as Atlantic cod, Greenland halibut and in particular redfish caught at large depths (down to 800 m or even deeper) (Rosing-Asvid 2010).

Hunting in Greenland is unregulated. It is listed as “Least concern” on the provisional Greenland Red list of threatened species (Boertmann 2007).

Little is known about the status of this seal in Krangerluarsuk Fjord but it is believed that only small numbers reach the inner section of the fjord but definite information is lacking.

4.3.3 Harp seal

Harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) is a common non-breeding visitor to Greenland fjords during the summer months. Harp seals breed and moult off Newfoundland and large numbers of animals from this population subsequently move north to Greenland waters where they arrive in May. In late autumn – early winter the Harp seals leave the Greenland waters again and return to the breeding grounds (Rosing-Asvid 2010). The population of Harp seal is very large (about 6 million animals) and probably stable (A. Rosing-Asvid in litt.). In Greenland the hunting is unregulated and the seals are usually shot with rifles. It is listed as “Least concern” on the provisional Greenland Red list of threatened species (Boertmann 2007).

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 22/54 Harp seal is the most numerous seal species in the South Greenland fjords during summer when this species of seal penetrates deep into the fjord. During summer the Harp seal typically form feeding groups of 5 – 20 animals that mostly feed on capelin in the upper layer (down to 100 m)(Rosing-Asvid 2010).

Little is known on the status of Harp seal in Kangerluarsuk Fjord but it is believed that it is quite common between May and October although definite data are lacking.

4.3.4 Humpbacked whale

The population of humpbacked whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Greenland water has increased significantly in recent years and it is now quite common in the fjord of West Greenland during summer where it feeds on krill and small fish e.g. capelin and sand eels (Larsen & Hammond 2000). In some years Humpback whales also enter fjords in South Greenland for example in 2008 where at least three different animals were observer at Qaqortoq and Narsaq.

Humpback whale is listed as “Least concern” on the Greenland Red list of threatened species (Boertmann 2007). Greenland is given aboriginal subsistence quotas to hunt Humpback whales. For the period 2010-2012 the annual quota is 9 animals.

Figure 4.2 Humpback whale at Qaqortoq, June 2008

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Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) is common along Greenland’s South and West-coast and sometimes penetrates into the outer parts of the fjords. It arrives to South Greenland in spring and summer from wintering grounds in the Atlantic Ocean and leave south Greenland again in November (Mosbech et al. 2004).

It is a regular visitor to the fjords of Southern Greenland and within the study area it sometimes occurs at the Qaqortup Ikere/Julienahåbsfjorden and in Qaqortup Imaq (Mosbech et al. 2004, Peter Hansen pers. com) where it is hunted.

It is listed as “Least concern” on the Greenland Red list of threatened species (Boertmann 2007). Greenland is given aboriginal subsistence quotas to hunt Minke whales. For the period 2010-2012 the annual quota is 190 animals.

No recent observations have been made of Minke whales in Kangerluarsuk Fjord but it is probably an irregular visitor.

4.3.6 Fin whale

Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) is a summer and autumn visitor to South Greenland occurring between June and October. It usually remains offshore along edges of banks where it feed on krill and smaller schooling fish. However, it is also a regular visitor to the fjords of South Greenland and within the study area it sometimes occurs at the Qaqortup Ikere/Julianehåbsfjorden and occasionally even in Qaqortup Imaq (Mosbech et al. 2004, Peter Hansen pers. com) where it is hunted.

It is listed as “Least concern” on the Greenland Red list of threatened species (Boertmann 2007). Greenland is given aboriginal subsistence quotas to hunt Fin whales. For the period 2010-2012 the annual quota is 10 animals.

No recent observations have been made of Fin whales in Kangerluarsuk Fjord but it is probably an irregular visitor.

4.3.7 Harbour porpoise

Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is a small toothed whale that occurs throughout the year in the waters of south Greenland. It is generally quite common in Greenland waters but most porpoises remain off shore with only a few penetrating into fjords. Harbour porpoises feed on fish in the upper water layers.

Hunting in Greenland of the species is unregulated. It status on the provisional Greenland Red list of threatened species is not assessed due to data deficient (Boertmann 2007). No recent observations have been made of Harbour porpoises in Kangerluarsuk Fjord but it is probably an irregular visitor.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 24/54 It status on the Greenland Red list of threatened species is not assessed due to data deficient (Boertmann 2007). Hunting in Greenland of the species is unregulated. It is estimated that between 1,500 and 2,000 Harbour porpoise are shot annually (Boertmann 2007).

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 25/54 4.4 Birds

The sea and coastal areas typically have the riches bird faunas in Greenland, both with respect to the number of species and number of individuals (Bugge Jensen & Christensen 2003). This includes birds that breed in Greenland but also large numbers of birds from other breeding sites in the northern Atlantic that winter off the coast of West and South Greenland. Most seabirds in Greenland are colonial breeders but no large colonies are known from the South-west coast of Greenland between Ivituut and Nanortalik (Boertmann 2004), that is including the study area and the neighbouring waters.

A very important wintering area for sea birds has been identified off the coast of South Greenland. This area attracts large numbers of Brünnich’s Guillemot, Common Eiders and different species of gulls from Northern Greenland (eiders and gulls) and Iceland and Svalbard (guillemots) (Mosbech et al. 2004).

The terrestrial and freshwater bird fauna in South Greenland is relatively poor in species compared to arctic regions in other parts of Greenland, Canada, Alaska and Russia (Meltofte 1985, Alerstam et al. 1986). For instance, only five species of passerine birds are widespread and common in this part of Greenland.

The bird species discussed below are the ones believed to occur regularly in the study area (breeding and/or wintering):

Terrestrial birds

4.4.1 Common wheatear

Common wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) occurs in most of Greenland only missing in the North-east. The size of the breeding population is unknown but probably comprises more than 500,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Common wheatear is protected in Greenland.

Common wheatear is typically breeding in dwarf-scrub heath with large stones and cliffs. It is migratory leaving Greenland in August-September and returning in May (Salomonsen 1967). It is a common breeding bird along the lower part of Lakseelv.

4.4.2 Raven

Raven (Corvus corax) occurs in most of Greenland, but is rare or missing in the far north. The size of the population is unknown but estimated to 50,000 pairs and is probably increasing (Boertmann 2007). Raven is protected during the summer months.

Raven is found in almost all habitats. The nest is typically situated on a steep cliff-side. It is partly migratory with northern birds moving to southern Greenland in winter. It is common throughout the study area although less so away from the fjord. The hunting season is from 1 September to end of February.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 26/54

4.4.3 Red-winged thrush

Red-winged thrush (Turdus iliacus) is a rare and local breeding bird in Greenland found only in a few places in South Greenland. It is most likely birds from the large breeding population in Iceland that recently have colonised Greenland. Red-winged thrushes are migratory leaving Greenland in winter.

A possible breeding bird was observed in dense and high scrub at the northern shore of the Qaqortukulooq bay about one km west of Hvalsø Church on the 14 June 2010. It is possible that this species will expand its range in Greenland further and perhaps colonise the high and dense scrubs along the Kangerluarsuk Fjord in the future.

4.4.4 Redpoll

Redpoll (Carduelis flammea) occurs along the entire west coast of Greenland and on the southern part of the east-coast. The size of the population is unknown but large, probably up to 500,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Redpoll is protected in Greenland.

Redpoll is mainly found in areas with scrub of willow and birch. It is therefore most common in the inland at low to medium altitude. Most redpolls leave Greenland in August-October and return in April-May but small numbers remain in the South-west (Salomonsen 1967).

Redpoll is common in the lowlands along the fjord and Lakseelv but has not been recorded at higher altitudes.

4.4.5 Lapland bunting

Lapland bunting (Calcarius lapponicus) is a common to very common breeder along the West coast and also occurs in South-east Greenland. The size of the population is unknown but may exceed 1 million pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is protected in Greenland.

Lapland bunting is mainly found in areas with dwarf-bush heath. It is migratory leaving Greenland in August-September and returning in between late April and early June (Salomonsen 1967).

Lapland bunting is common along the fjord and along the lower parts of the Lakseelv.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 27/54

Figure 4.3 Lapland bunting is common in the dwarf heat along the shore of the fjord and Lakseelv

4.4.6 Snow bunting

Snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) is the most common land bird in Greenland occurring throughout the country. The size of the population is unknown but probably about 1.5 million breeding pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is protected in Greenland.

The key breeding habitat of Snow buntings is rocky terrain with scattered low vegetation, but it is very adaptive occurring in towns as well as on isolated rocks deep within the inland ice cap. The majority of Snow buntings are migratory but small numbers remain in South-west Greenland. The first migrants usually arrive in March. Departure is in September-October.

Snow bunting is one of the only breeding birds in the higher parts of Killavaat Alannguat. However, even Snow bunting is a low density species in this area.

4.4.7 Peregrine

Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is a relatively common and widespread bird of prey in most of Greenland and occurs along the entire west coast and at the east coast north to Ammassalik. The size of the breeding population is unknown, but estimated to 1,000 – 10,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is quite common in South Greenland. It is a migrant that arrive in May and depart in August-November.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 28/54 Peregrines typically nests on ledges on steep cliffs in the inland. It mainly feed on birds such as Ptarmigan and gulls but also takes Snow buntings and other passerines (Salomonsen 1967).

Several pairs breed in the Study area (K. Falk pers. comm.). No nesting sites are known close to planned sites for mine facilities, but Peregrines have been observed quite regularly during field work throughout the area.

4.4.8 Gyrfalcon

The large Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolos) occurs throughout Greenland, but is nowhere common. Gyrfalcon nests on ledges on steep cliff sides and primarily feeds on large birds such as gulls.The population in South Greenland is mainly sedentary.

The size of the Greenland breeding population is estimated to c. 500 pairs. Due to the small population Gyrfalcon is listed as “Near Threatened” in the regional Greenland red list (Boertmann 2007).

No breeding sites of this falcon are known from the Study area (K. Falk pers. com) but single birds have been observed at Killavaat Alannguat a few times during field work between 2007 and 2010.

Figure 4.4 Young Gyrfalcon in South Greenland

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 29/54 4.4.9 White-tailed Eagle

The White-tailed Eagle (Haliaetus albicilla) is confined to the Southern part of Greenland’s West coast north to the Disco Bay and belongs to an endemic subspecies.

During the 20th century many White-tailed Eagles were shot by sheep farmers and the population declined to app. 50 pairs. In recent decades it has partly recovered as the hunting pressure has eased, and the population is now estimated to 150-200 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Due to the small population size the Greenland White-tailed Eagle is listed as “vulnerable” on the regional Greenland red list (Boertmann 2007).

Greenland White-tailed Eagles are mainly found in coastal areas where they feed on fish and seabirds. The nest is typically placed on ledges on steep cliffs. The adults normally remain within the breeding areas throughout the year while the young birds move to the outer coastal areas during winter. Breeding White-tailed eagles are present at the nest from around 1. March to early September. Egg-laying typically takes place at around 1. April. During breeding the eagles are known to be very sensitive to disturbance.

White-tailed Eagles are commonly observed throughout the Study area and one or two pairs probably breed in this area. However, no signs of breeding have been observed near the proposed mine sites at Killavaat Alannguat or near the port site.

Figure 4.5 Adult White-tailed Eagle

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 30/54

4.4.10 Ptarmigan

Ptarmiga (Lagopus mutus) is the only gallinaceous bird species in Greenland. It is widespread and common throughout the country but subject to marked annual fluctuations in numbers. Ptarmigan has an open season from 1 September to 30 April.

In summer it occurs in most habitats from sea-level to hills and low mountains. In winter it usually descends to lower altitudes. The food is entirely plant material.

It is protected during the summer months. Several Ptarmigans have been observed in the Study area. In particular in the upland parts of the study area it seems to be quite common.

Sea birds

4.4.11 Red-throated Diver

Red-throated Diver (Gavia stellata) is the most widespread and numerous diver in Greenland and breed at lakes in most parts of the country. It mostly breeds at lakes close to the sea. The diet consists almost entirely of fish. Sometimes Red-throated divers breed at lakes without fish and therefore have to fish elsewhere.

It arrives to the breeding area in southern Greenland during May. In autumn, the divers first move from the lakes to nearby fjords in August before migrating to the coasts of Western Europe in September-November (Salomonsen 1967).

Although no breeding sites are known from the Study area it is likely that it breeds in the area and fish in the fjord.

4.4.12 Black Guillemot

Black guillemot (Cepphus grille) is a widespread auk in Greenland that breeds along most of the west coast and along the southern section of east coast. The population is estimated to 25,000 – 100,000 pairs which could be an underestimate (Boertmann 2007). The hunting season is from 1 September to 31 March. It is usually strictly sedentary only leaving the breeding areas when forced away by ice. It feed mostly on small fish.

This auk does not breed in the Study area but small colonies are found in neighbouring fjords (see Section 8.5). Birds from these colonies or from other breeding sites in South Greenland may occasionally occur in the Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 31/54 4.4.13 Brünnich’s Guillemot

The Brünnich’s Guillemot (Uria lomvia) is by far the most common and widespread auk in Greenland. The majority breeds in large colonies in the central part of the West coast but small colonies are found along most of the West coast. The Brünnich’s Guillemot has declined significantly in numbers in recent decades. A recent survey revealed that no colonies are found near Qaqortoq or Narsaq anymore (Boertmann 2004).

Large numbers of Brünnich’s Guillemot winter off shore in South Greenland waters. This include birds from colonies further north in Greenland, but also from Canada and Svalbard (Mosbech et al. 2004). Most of the wintering guillemots stay offshore or near the outer coasts and mouths of fjords where they feed on small fish. However, guillemots also regularly occur in the fjords between October and April (Mosbech et al. 2004). Here, as elsewhere in Greenland, the wintering guillemots are hunted intensively.

It is listed as “vulnerable” on the provisional Greenland Red list of threatened species (Boertmann 2007) due to the large decline of the Greenland breeding population. Brünnich’s Guillemot probably occurs occasionally in the Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

Ducks and mergansers

4.4.14 Mallard

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the only dabbling duck that regularly breed in South Greenland. It is a widespread and relatively common breeding bird at lakes and shallow coasts. In South-west Greenland the Mallard is mainly sedentary but move to the outer coast in winter. It is potentially breeding along the coast of the Study area and several Mallards have been observed during field work between 2007 and 2010. Mallard has an open season between 1. September and end of February.

4.4.15 Harlequin duck

Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) is a relatively rare breeder in Greenland north to Upernavik. A breeding population is also found in East Greenland. The size of the Greenland breeding population is unknown but could consist of only 2,000 pairs (Bortmann 2007). Due to this small breeding population the Harlequin Duck is adopted on the regional Greenland Red List as “Near Threatened” (Boertmann 2007). The Harlequin Duck is protected in Greenland.

Harlequin Ducks usually arrive to the breeding areas quite late in May-June. The males leave the breeding area when the females start to incubate in July and move to the outer coasts to moult. The females leave the breeding area with the ducklings in July- August (Salomonsen 1967). Later (presumably in September-October) they also move to the outer coasts.

During the breeding season, Harlequin Ducks feed on clear, clean streams where they take macro-invertebrates, in particular midge (Simuliidae) larvae. The nest is typically situated on mid-stream islands.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 32/54 During the fieldwork in 2010 potential Harlequin duck breeding sites that is clear fast- flowing headwaters of streams draining lakes were surveyed within the study area. Potential breeding sites were identified from maps and subsequently surveyed by hiking along the steams. One stream was surveyed from helicopter because it was difficult to reach on foot. No Harlequin duck were observed during the surveys or in connection with baseline field work in 2007 and 2008. Harlequin ducks are sky and difficult to record at the breeding location and it cannot be excluded that one or two pairs were overlooked. However, with no observation of the species during three field seasons it is most likely not breeding in the area – and if it does it must be very rare.

4.4.16 Common eider

Common eider (Somateria mollissima) has a widespread but fragmented breeding population in Greenland, typically breeding on small islets and skerries along the coast. The West Greenland population was estimated to 12,000 – 15,000 pairs in 2002 (Boertmann 2007). The Common eider has declined dramatically during the last 50-100 years due to intensive unsustainable hunting, and the West Greenland population is now listed “Vulnerable” in the regional Greenland red list (Boertmann 2007). This Common eider has an open season but is protected during the summer months from 1 March.

Figure 4.6 Flock of wintering Common Eiders in Tunulliarfik Fjord, March 2010

No breeding colonies of eiders are known from the Study area but large numbers winter off shore South Greenland and large flocks also regularly occur in the fjords (Figure

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 33/54 4.6). The majority of the wintering eiders in South Greenland are believed to breed in Canada (Boertmann et al. 2004). Although definite information is lacking it is very likely that flocks of wintering Common eiders sometimes occur in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

4.4.17 Long-tailed duck

The Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis) breeds commonly at lakes, shallow coasts and on small islands throughout Greenland. The size of the breeding population is unknown but roughly estimated to 10,000 to 30,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Long- tailed Duck has an open season between 1 September and end of February but the number of birds shoot is believed to be small (Boertmann 2007). It arrives to the breeding grounds in April. In September to November large numbers migrate south along the Greenland West coast to the large banks of the South-west coast.

Non-breeding birds and males that have left breeding areas further inland sometimes occur in the Kangerluarsuk Fjord, but breeding in this area has so far not been recorded (K. Falk pers. com).

4.4.18 Red-breasted Merganser

Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator) is a rather common species along the Greenland South and West coast and part of the East coast. It breeds at lakes and shallow fjords and bays. It arrives to the breeding grounds in late May and in September-October the mergansers move to the outer coast where they spend the winter. They feed primarily on fish.

Small flocks are quite common in the Study sites and small numbers may breed (K. Falk pers. com).

Gulls

4.4.19 Iceland Gul

Iceland gull (Larus glaucoides) is a common and widespread gull in most of Greenland only missing in the northern-most parts. The breeding population is estimated to 300,000 – 500,000 pairs and is probably stable (Boertmann 2007). Iceland gull has an open season in Greenland between 1 September and 30 April but the number of birds shoot is believed to be small.

Iceland Gull breeds on rocky shores, mainly in fjords where it typically nests on steep high cliffs but sometimes also on low skerries. No colonies are known from the Kangerluarsuk Fjord or other parts of the study site. The nearest gull colonies are in the glacier fjord at Akullit Nunaat north of the central part of Brede Fjord (see Section 8.5) (Boertmann 2004). Other colonies are known from the skerries and islands along the outer coast (Boertmann 2004).

It is a common gull in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 34/54 4.4.20 Glaucous Gull

Glaucous gull (Larus hyperoreus) is the other common and widespread marine gull in Greenland. It occurs throughout the country. The breeding population is estimated to 300,000 – 500,000 pairs and is probably stable (Boertmann 2007). Glaucous gull has an open season in Greenland between 1 September and 30 April.

Like the Iceland Gull, Glaucous Gull breeds on steep high cliffs but sometimes also on low skerries. It often breeds in association with other seabirds. No colonies are known from the Kangerluarsuk Fjord or other parts of the study site. The nearest gull colonies are in the glacier fjord at Akullit Nunaat north of the central part of Brede Fjord (see Section 8.5)(Boertmann 2004). Other colonies are known from the skerries and islands along the outer coast (Boertmann 2004).

It is a common gull in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

4.4.21 Great Black-backed Gull

The large marine Great Black-backed gull (Larus marinus) is widespread along the Greenland West-coast north to Upernavik. The breeding population is estimated to 3,000 – 5,000 pairs and increasing (Boertmann 2007). Great Black-backed Gull has an open season in Greenland between 1 September and 30 April.

It typically breeds in pairs or in loose colonies on small islands along the outer coasts. Small numbers also breed in the fjords. No colonies are known from the Kangerluarsuk Fjord or other parts of the study site. The nearest gull colonies are in the glacier fjord at Akullit Nunaat north of the central part of Brede Fjord (see Section 8.5) (Boertmann 2004). Other colonies are known from the skerries and islands along the outer coast (Boertmann 2004).

Small numbers are sometimes observed in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

4.4.22 Lesser Black-backed gull

The Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus) is a rather uncommon breeding bird in Greenland, but the population is increasing, and it has recently established a breeding population in the glacier fjord at Akullit Nunaat North of the central part of Brede Fjord (see Section 8.5) (Boertmann 2004).

Small numbers are sometimes observed in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

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Figure 4.7 Glaucous Gulls and Great-black backed Gull rested on iceberg in South Greenland

4.4.23 Black-legged Kittiwakes

Large numbers of Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) breed in Greenland but only relatively small numbers in the South-west. The present breeding population is estimated to 80,000 – 100,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). The Kittiwake has declined much in numbers in Greenland during the last decades (Boertmann 2004). The main reason for the decline is believed to be un-sustainable hunting. Due to the large decline the Black-legged Kittiwake is listed as “vulnerable” in the regional Greenland Red List (Boertmann 2007). The hunting season is from 15 August to end of February.

The Kittiwake breeds in colonies on high cliffs where it often occurs in mixed colonies with other seabird species. Very small numbers overwinter in Greenland waters and the majority either move south along the east coast of Canada or towards the waters of Western Europe. Outside the breeding season the Kittiwakes are largely pelagic and remain offshore most of the time.

No colonies are known from the Kangerluarsuk Fjord or other parts of the study site. The nearest gull colonies are in the glacier fjord at Akullit Nunaat north of the central part of Brede Fjord (see Section 7.5) (Boertmann 2004).

Small numbers are sometimes observed in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 36/54 Waders

4.4.24 Purple sandpiper

Purple Sandpiper (Calidris maritime) is a relatively common and widespread wader in the low-arctic Greenland. The population is estimated to 10,000 – 20,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is protected in Greenland.

Purple sandpiper breeds in shrub heath and ferns along the fjords or near the coast (Salomonsen 1967). Outside the breeding season it mostly occurs along the coast where it forages in the inter-tidal zone.

Although no observations have been made of this wader during the field work in 2007- 2010, it is possible that one or two pairs breed in the study site, most likely along the Lakseelv.

4.4.25 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula

The Ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula) breeds almost all over Greenland but is most common in the High Arctic. The Greenland breeding population is estimated to 30,000 – 60,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Ringed Plover is protected in Greenland.

Ringed Plover typically breeds on sand beaches and gravel fields along the coast but can also do so inland. It arrives to Greenland in May, and the last birds leave in early October.

This species was not observed during the field work in 2007 to 2010. However, one or two pairs may perhaps breed along the coast some years, in particular where Lakseelv flows into the fjord.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 37/54

5 FISH AND LARGE MARINE INVERTEBRATE

A large number of fish species occur in the Greenland fjords but generally little is known about the species that are not utilized commercially or in connection with local subsistence fishery (Pedersen and Kannewolf 1995).

The following account therefore focus on the key fish species that are utilized in the fjords of South Greenland but also the Iceland scallop and Deep sea shrimp.

5.1.1 Deep sea shrimp

Deep sea shrimp (Pandalus borealis) is found throughout the North Atlantic. In Greenland waters deep-sea shrimp occurs in waters 100 – 600 m deep, mainly offshore on the slopes of banks but also in the deep fjords. This is commercially very important but in recent years the populations in the fjords in south Greenland has declines much. It is probably widespread in the deep parts of Kangerluarsuk fjord.

5.1.2 Atlantic Cod

The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is common and widespread in Greenland waters north to Qeqertarsuup Tunua. It is occurs down to about 600 m, and is found both close to the bottom and pelagic (Bugge Jensen & Christensen 2003). During the 20th century it fluctuated much in number and distribution, which is believed partly to be due to the fact that it has its northernmost distribution in Greenland and consequently is sensitive to climate changes. Atlantic Cod is common in Kangerluarsuk fjord.

5.1.3 Greenland Cod

The Greenland Cod or Uvak (Gadus ogac) occurs along the coast and fjords north to Upernavik and is common in the fjords of the study area. It is considered inferior in the commercial fisheries compared with the Atlantic cod, but it has some subsistence importance (Mosbech et al. 1998). Greenland Cod is common in Kangerluarsuk fjord.

5.1.4 Spotted Wolffish

The Spotted Wolffish (Anarchchias minor) has a wide distribution along the West and East coasts of Greenland but has decreased in abundance in recent years and the population is estimated to be very small (Bugge Jensen & Christensen 2003). It is mainly found in the fjords with hard bottom. The Spotted Wolffish probably occurs in all the deep parts of Kangerluarsuk fjord.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 38/54 5.1.5 Atlantic Salmon

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) occurs along Greenland’s coast from August to about November on foraging migration from the American and European continents (Bugge Jensen & Christensen 2003). Only a single breeding river is found in Greenland (near Nuuk). The distribution varies much between years depending mainly on the water temperature.

In some years the Atlantic salmon is quite common in Narlunaq Skovfjord, and in Qqqortup Ikera Julianehåbfjord (Mosbech et al. 2004), and small numbers probably also enter Kangerluarsuk fjord.

5.1.6 Arctic Char

The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpines) is a habitat generalist like no other northern fish found in streams, at sea and in all habitats of oligotrophic lakes throughout Greenland. Some populations are stationary and remain in fresh water while in others the adult fish conducts feeding movements along the coast.

Figure 5.1 Arctic char in pool in Lakselv

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 39/54 The distribution of Arctic char in Lakseelv and its tributary and connected lakes were mapped in mid-June 2010. Lakseelv, Laksetværelv and other tributaries were survey with electro-fishing equipment. Fostersø and Månesø were survey with electro-fishing equipment and fishing rods.

Arctic char was only recorded in the lower and central part of Lakseelv (Figure 5.2) where a large population is present. A waterfall about 5 km from the outlet of the river (Figure 5.3) excludes further movements upstream and no Arctic char were recorded from the upper section of the river. No fish were found in Laksetværelv. This small stream drains Fostersø and connects with Lakseelv about 600 m from its outlet to the fjord. A c. 75 cm high “waterfall” close to where it meets Lakseelv is probably the reason that no Arctic char were recorded from this stream in mid-June. In winter Laksetværelv regularly runs dry preventing a stable fish population to be established. All the survey lakes were fishless.

Figure 5.2 Distribution of Arctic char in Lakseelv and its tributaries. Char was only recorded in the lower and middle section of Lakseelv and in a branch of this river (stream section with fish marked with red). No char were found in Fostersø or in Laksetværelv that drains Fostersø into Lakseelv

In addition to the mapping study in 2010, a survey of the char population of Lakseelv was carried out by staff from Grønlands Fiskeri- og Miljøundersøgelser in August 1985 (Boje 1985). This team noted a waterfall, just a few hundred meters upstream from the fjord which was believed to present a barrier for the fish and therefore effectively separating the population into two. In June 2010, where the discharge of Lakseelv probably was considerable higher than in August 1985, this waterfall seemed to be less of a barrier to the fish and at least some fish were probably able to pass it and move further upstream.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 40/54 The life cycle of Arctic char in South Greenland

The Arctic char population in rivers typically consists of resident fish (non-anadromous) and anadromous fish that migrate to the sea during summer when they have reached a certain age. The average maximum distance travelled by Arctic char from a sea-going population at Baffin Island was 40-50 km (Moore 1975). The seaward migration probably stars at ice break-up in the river and the fish return in mid-summer or autumn.

The anadromous Arctic char in South Greenland start to migrate into the fjord when they around 4 years old and c. 15 cm long (Christensen & Mortensen 1982, Boje 1985). During the period of saltwater residence, Arctic chars frequently move into the intertidal zone and freshwater (Moore 1975). Returning fish have been recorded in other South Greenland rivers as early as mid-July (Christensen & Mortensen 1982) but most seemed to move back to the river in late July and in August. This is probably also the case in Lakseelv where small dark and spotted non- anadromous fish (parr) dominated in mid-June as opposed to the sea-going silver Arctic char (smolts).

Figure 5.3 Waterfall about 5 km from the outlet prevent further upstream migration of char in Lakseelv

The Arctic char in South Greenland rivers typically reached sexual maturity when they were around 5 years old that is after their first sea run (Christensen & Mortensen 1982).

The Arctic char in South Greenland spawn from late August to beginning of October. In Narsaq elv, which is only 12 km from Lakseelv, the char mostly spawn in the main stream on sites with gravel bottom, 30-35 cm depth and not too strong current (Christensen & Mortensen 1982). The female dig a depression before laying the eggs and cover the eggs with gravel by tail beats after fertilization. The eggs hatch the following spring. In Narsaq elv by far the majority of females that spawn have spent the summer in salt water (Christensen & Mortensen 1982).

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 41/54 During winter most of the Greenland’s rivers are covered by thick ice and the water flow is very restricted. This time of the year the char spend in the deepest parts of the rivers. In Lakseelv most char probably winter in the deep pools near the outlet of the river (Figure 5.4). In spring the fish spread out to utilize all water-covered areas below the rapid 5 km upstream.

Figure 5.4 Deep pool in Lakseelv a few hundred meter from the outlet in the fjord where large numbers of Arctic char spent the winter months

Food

The first weeks the fish larvae feed on yolk which they carry in a sac underneath their belly. About a month after hatching the fry begins to feed on plankton. Later they start to take insect larvae, in particular Chironomidae (non-biting midges), Trichoptera (caddisflies) and Simuliidae (black flies). Insect larvae are also the main food of the larger fish.

A study of the density of insect larvae in the Lakseelv and tributaries by Orbicon in June 2010 showed much higher densities of Chironomidae and Trichoptera just above the waterfall that limited the char distribution in Lakseelv and low densities below the waterfall (Table 6.2), suggesting that char predation of these insect larvae in Lakseelv is significant. Cannibalisms probably also takes place. The char generally exhibited a very slow growth rate while in rivers where the main foot is insect larvae. During winter they probably eat nothing. The char that move into saltwater during summer fed on planktonic amphipods, copepods and fish and their food intake rates and growth is much higher than in resident char.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 42/54 Population size

The August 1985 study included an attempt to assess the density and number of char in Lakseelv. The stock of anadromous char in August was estimated to be 800 - 900 fish (Boje 1985). No estimate of the non-anadromous population is given but the density of fish was found to be 0.1 fish per sq. m, which is comparable to other rivers in South Greenland (Boje 1985).

5.1.7 Capelin

The Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is widespread along Greenland’s coasts and it is an ecological key species because it is an important food resource for larger fish, seabirds and marine mammals. It is also exploited both commercially and for subsistence fishery. It is believed to be common in Kangerluarsuk fjord although no exact data is available.

5.1.8 Redfish

Redfish (Sebastes spp.) are confined to deep waters offshore but also in deep fjords where they occur at 150 – 600m. It is believed to be common in Kangerluarsuk fjord although no exact data is available.

5.1.9 Lumpsucker

The Lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus) is a common and widespread species that spend most of the year in deep offshore waters, but in spring and early summer seek into shallow coastal waters to spawn. It is a common species along the shores of Kangerluarsuk fjord which has spawning grounds along most shores (see Figure 7-5).

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 43/54 6 FRESHWATER ECOLOGY

In the early 1970s a study of the freshwater animals was carried out in some of the small lakes in the Study area. The freshwater fauna in Greenland comprise about 65 species of which crustaceans dominates the fauna (Bugge Jensen and Christensen 2003). This was also found to be the case in the lakes near Killavaat Alannguat where all except one freshwater animal belonged to the crustaceans. The exception was the beetle Colymbetes dolabratus. This is the largest beetle known in Greenland and is unable to survive in small lakes and ponds that freeze up in winter and therefore move to larger lakes in autumn (Bugge Jensen and Christensen 2003).

Species group Species Blå Sø Foster Sø Bukse Sø

300 m.a.s.l. 465 m.a.s.l. 280 m.a.s.l.

Crustacea Lepidurus arcticus (tadpole x shrimp) Cladocera Holopedium gibberum x (water fleas) Bosmina sp. x T Eurycercus glacialis x h Acroperus harpae x x x e Alona affinis x x Allonella excisa x

Allonalla nana x x f Chydorus spaericus x x r Copepods Lepetodiaptomus minutus x x e Cyclops sp. x x s Acanthocyclops vernalis x h Bryocamtus arcticus x wColeoptera Colymbetes dolabratus x a (beetles)

Table 6-1 Freshwater animals recorded in three lakes at Killavaat Alannguat in 1974 (from Rose-Hansen et al. 1977).

In June 2010 a brief study of the freshwater invertebrates in the main rivers and streams in the project area was carried out. It was found that insect larvae dominated the freshwater fauna in both Lakseelv and Laksetværelv (Table 6-2). The highest diversity and density of insect larvae was recorded in sections of rivers with no fish predation.

The studies in the 1970s and 2010 shown that freshwater fauna in the studied rivers, streams and lakes is relatively species poor and consist of animals that are widespread in Greenland. The diversity and in particular density of animals recorded was (as expected) highest in the watercourses without fish.

Arctic char was limited to the lower part of Lakseelv. A waterfall just below sample site L1 prevents the fish from moving further upstream. No fish was recorded from Laksetværelv which is most like caused by a waterfall close to the point where it meets Lakseelv.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 44/54

Trichoptera Chironomidae Simuliidae Tipulidae Nematode spp. spp. spp. spp. Lakseelv L1 (no +++ +++ +++ ++ - fish) L2 (fish) - ++ ++ - - L3 (fish) - ++ + + + L4 (fish) - ++ + - - L5 (fish) + ++ + + + L6 (fish) - ++ + + - Laksetværelv (connecting Fostersø with Lakseelv) L7 (no - - - - - fish) L8 (no + +++ ++ - - fish)

Table 6-2 Occurrence of freshwater insects groups in the Lakseelv and Laksetværelv. The position of the stations is shown in Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Position of the sampling stations in Lakseelv (Station L1 – L6) and Laksetværelv (L7 & L8).

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 45/54

7 PROTECTED AREAS AND SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN

7.1 Threatened species

Three species – all birds - listed on the regional Greenland red list of threatened species (Boertmann 2007) occur regularly in the Study area, see Table 7-1.

Period of Greenland red-list Importance of Study Species Status Main habitat occurrence status area to population

Coastal and in Common Eider Visitor Year round Vulnerable Low fjords

Coastal and in White-tailed Eagle Breeding Year round Vulnerable Medium fjords

Gyrfalcon Breeding Year round Throughout Near Threatened Low

Table 7-1 Species on the regional Greenland red list of threatened species occurring in study area

White-tailed Eagle is listed “Near-threatened” because of its small total population in Greenland. The White-tailed Eagle population in Greenland has increased in recent decades but the total number is still small.

Gyrfalcon listed “Near Threatened” on the Greenland red list, is a widespread but low- density breeder in South Greenland. It is on the list because of the small population in Greenland.

Common eider is listed “Vulnerable” on the Greenland red list due to a large decline cause but unsustainable hunting.

White-tailed eagle is definitely breeding in the Narsaq-Qaqortoq region but no breeding sites are known from the Study area. Little is known about breeding sites for Gyrfalcon in the region but it is unlikely to breed in the Study area. The Common eider is a winter visitor only, whit flock occasionally feeding and resting on the fjord.

7.2 Areas protected according to international agreements

Greenland is a signature to the Ramsar Convention on projection of wetlands and their biodiversity and has designated 11 areas to be included in the list of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites) (Egevang & Boertmann 2001). None of the Greenland Ramsar Sites are situated in the proximity of the study area (Figure 7.1).

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 46/54 7.3 Areas protected according to national legislation

A number of nature reserves and a single national park (the Northeast Greenland National Park) have been designated according to the Greenland nature protect law. This includes a number of sites protected according to national and local regulations. All protected areas in south-west Greenland are shown in Figure 7.1. None of the protected areas are located in or close to the study area.

Figure 7.1 Protected areas in South Greenland. Areas marked with red are protected according to national legislation (but none are designated in South Greenland). Areas marked with blue are protected according to local legislation. Areas marked with yellow are Ramsar Sites. Areas marked with green are Important Bird Area (IBA) – but none are found in South Greenland (from Boertmann 2005)

7.4 Areas of conservation concern identified by NGOs

The global Non-government conservation organization BirdLife International has identified 55 “Important Bird Areas” – IBA’s for Greenland (BirdLife International 2012).

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 47/54 The criteria for an IBA is that the site either holds significant numbers of one or more globally threatened (bird) species, is one of a set of sites that together hold a suite of restricted-range species or biome-restricted species or has exceptionally large numbers of migratory or congregatory species. None of the proposed IBAs for Greenland are situated in or close to the study area.

7.5 Sea bird colonies near the project area

Several sea birds colonies are found along the coasts of South Greenland. Figure 7.2 shows the location of sea bird colonies with more than 500 breeding birds. None of these colonies are situated close to the study area.

Figure 7.2 Distribution and size of larger sea bird colonies (> 500 individuals) in South Greenland (from Mosbech et al. 2004)

A number of small sea bird colonies (less than 500 breeding birds) are found in the Ikersuaq/Bredeford fjord system close to Narsaq (Figure 7.3). A sea bird colony is indicated along the coast of Qaqortukulooq bay close to Hvalsø church – that is near the study area. A survey of the coastline in 2010 found no sign of breeding sea birds in this area. It is unknown if sea birds previously did breed along this coast or if it is an error.

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Figure 7.3 Sea bird colonies in former Qaqortoq (eastern part) and Narsaq Municipalities. Red dots show previously known colonies (those without code no. were not surveyed in 2003), green dots are colonies located during the 2003 survey. Hatched lines are municipality borders. From Boertmann 2004

7.6 Areas important to wintering sea birds

The Julianehåb Bay has been identified as a hot spot for wintering area for sea birds. The northern part is in particular important to Common eider, Harlequin duck and Brünnich’s Guillemot while the southern part is important to common eider (Boertmann et al. 2004) see Figure 7.4. These areas are all outside the Study area. Common eiders also regularly overwinter in fjords in South Greenland. Here flocks of several hundred birds regularly are observed (pers. obs.). It is unknown to what extent Common eiders winter in Kangerluarsuk Fjord but it is likely that at least small number sometimes moves into the fjord to feed on mussels at the sea bottom.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 49/54

Figure 7.4 Important areas for wintering sea birds off South Greenland (dark areas). The northern part (area 6) is particular important to Common eider, Harlequin duck and Brünnich’s Guillemot while the southern part (area 7) is mainly important to Common eider. From Boertmann et al. 2004

7.7 Environmental importance and resource use of shorelines of the study area

The report “Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West Greenland Coastal Zone” published by NERI (Mosbech et al. 2004) includes, among other things, an assessment of the importance of West Greenland shore lines from an ecological and human use perspective. Although the study is part of the preparation for exploratory oil/gas drilling offshore south-west Greenland it offers useful information on the occurrence of fish and sea birds along the shores of the study area.

The following account is based on Mosbech et al. (2004). This study was prepared as part of the preparation for exploratory oil/gas drilling offshore southwest Greenland but offers very useful information on the occurrence of fish, sea birds, and sea mammals and their local use. In this study the shoreline is divided into sections (see Figure 7.5). The environmental description and resource use of the shoreline sections within the study area are presented below.

Shoreline section 60_80:

Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery for Lumpsucker (important), Atlantic cod and Greenland halibut with important fishing grounds along almost all coasts. Hunting for Fin and Minke whales and seals also takes place.

Shoreline section 60_85:

Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery for Capelin, Lumpsucker (important), Atlantic cod with important fishing grounds along almost all coasts and fishery for Arctic Char in one river outlet. Hunting for Fin and Minke whales and seals also takes place.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 50/54 Shoreline section 60_86:

Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery for Iceland Scallop, Lumpsucker (important), wolffish, Salmon, Atlantic cod with fishing grounds along all coasts, and to fishery for Arctic char in two river outlets (both important). Hunting for Fin and Minke whales, Harbour porpoises and seals also takes place.

Shoreline section 60_87:

Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery for Lumpsucker (important), wolffish, Atlantic cod and Salmon with important fishing grounds along almost all coasts. Hunting for Fin and Minke whales, Harbour porpoises and seals also takes place.

Shoreline section 60_92:

Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery for Icelandic Scallop, Snow crap (important), Lumpsucker (important), wolffish, Salmon, and Atlantic cod with important fishing grounds along all coasts. Hunting for Fin and Minke whales, seals, Harbour porpoises and guillemots also takes place.

Shoreline section 60_93 (Kangerluarsuk Fjord)

Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery for Capelin, Lumpsucker (important), wolffish, Atlantic Cod (pound net), Salmon with important fishing grounds along all coasts and to fishery for Arctic Char at the Lakseelv river outlet. Hunting for seal takes place.

Shoreline section 60_94 (Narlunaq/Skovfjord)

Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery for Capelin, Lumpsucker, Snow crab, wolffish, Arctic char at coast, Atlantic cod (pound net), Greenland halibut, redfish and Salmon with important fishing grounds along almost all coasts. Hunting for seals and guillemots takes place.

The area marked S 97 on Figure 7 has special importance because of the famous archaeological site Hvalsø. This Norse church ruin is an important tourist attraction. However, the area is also important for fisheries for Capelin and Lumpsucker.

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Figure 7.5 Shoreline map of the study area and surroundings with indications of sensitivity to oil spill shown with different colours (from Mosbech et al. 2004). Small blues squares show archaeological sites. A “person” indicates places with important resources for human use. “LU” is a site important to lumpsucker. “AR” is a river/lake with Arctic Char. A description of key environmental issues and resource use for the different shoreline sections in the study area is given in section 8.7.

The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 52/54 8 REFERENCE

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