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Biophysics BIOPHYSICS Vol http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/biophysics BIOPHYSICS Vol. 3, pp. 47–56 (2007) doi: 10.2142/biophysics.3.47 Insight into the sequence specificity of a probe on an Affymetrix GeneChip by titration experiments using only one oligonucleotide Shingo Suzuki1, Chikara Furusawa1,2, Naoaki Ono2, Akiko Kashiwagi1, Itaru Urabe3 and Tetsuya Yomo1,2,4* 1Department of Bioinformatics Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan 2Complex Systems Biology Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan 3Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan 4Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Received 13 November, 2006; accepted 20 July, 2007 High-density oligonucleotide arrays are powerful tools hybridization intensity. These findings will be useful for for the analysis of genome-wide expression of genes and the development of genome-wide analysis of gene expres- for genome-wide screens of genetic variation in living sion and genetic variations by optimization of hybridiza- organisms. One of the critical problems in high-density tion and probe conditions. oligonucleotide arrays is how to identify the actual amounts of a transcript due to noise and cross-hybrid- Key words: microarray, cross-hybridization, probe length, ization involved in the observed signal intensities. hybridization, probe-level signal Although mismatch (MM) probes are spotted on Affymetrix GeneChips to evaluate the noise and cross- hybridization embedded in perfect match (PM) probes, The Affymetrix GeneChip system, which is one of the the behavior of probe-level signal intensities remains major types of DNA microarray, is a powerful tool for unclear. In the present study, we hybridized only one 1 the analysis of genome-wide expression of genes and for complement 25-mer oligonucleotide to characterize the genome-wide screens of genetic variation and disease-caus- behavior of duplex formation between target and probe 2,3 in the complete absence of cross-hybridization. Titration ing mutations . One of the greatest problems for all DNA experiments using only one oligonucleotide demonstrated microarray platforms is cross-hybridization because it adds that a substantial amount of intact target was hybrid- background intensity, which is not related to the true amount ized not only to the PM but also the MM probe and that of a transcript. Therefore, effective methods of decreasing duplex formation between intact target and MM probe and/or controlling cross-hybridization are required for accu- was efficiently reduced by increasing the stringency of rate microarray assays. The Affymetrix GeneChip system hybridization conditions and shortening probe length. makes use of two types of probe: a perfect match (PM) In addition, we discuss the correlation between potential probe and a corresponding mismatch (MM) probe to esti- for secondary structure of target oligonucleotide and mate noise and cross-hybridization. The terminology for the Affymetrix GeneChip system is omitted in this paper, because it is available in a number of earlier reports1–5. Corresponding author: Tetsuya Yomo, Department of Bioinformatics Although MM probes are spotted onto GeneChips to evalu- Engineering, Graduate School of Informaiton Science and Technology, ate noise and cross-hybridization, GeneChip analyses have Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. e-mail: [email protected] shown that a number of MM probes possess greater fluores- cence intensity than their cognate PM probes6,7. This indi- ©2007 THE BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 48 BIOPHYSICS Vol. 3 cates that the use of MM probes for assessment of nonspe- formation of the target oligonucleotide and absolute signal cific binding is unreliable. Therefore, several algorithms for intensity. analysis using only the PM signal intensities have been developed6,8,9. However, it is difficult to account for all of Materials and methods the noise and cross-hybridization using only the PM signal intensity. Recently, several models to account for hybridiza- Preparation of biotin-labeled target oligonucleotides tion on microarrays have been developed based on pub- This study was carried out with a GeneChip Test3 Array lished data sets of transcriptome analyses10–15. However, (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) designed for evaluating tar- these models were based on transcriptome analysis that get quality and labeling efficiency. This array contains spiked included a background cDNA or cRNA sample in which the control probes corresponding to five Bacillus subtilis genes concentrations of the various targets were unknown and the involved in amino acid biosynthesis, dap, lys, phe, thr, and sequences were different. The difficulty in using both PM trp, along with commonly expressed genes from various and MM probe signal intensities is mainly because it is not organisms, including mammals, plants, and eubacteria. These clear what the PM and MM actually do in the GeneChip spiked control probes are derived from 5′, middle, and 3′ system, although they were designed with well-defined portions of the genes. The sequences of 25-mer target oligo- theoretical expectations. Given this situation, the behavior nucleotides, Dap5-11 (5′-CCGAGCGCAAAATTTGGCGC of probe-level signal intensities was analyzed empirically GATGA-3′), DapM-19 (5′-CATCATCACTGTGGGCGCC using well-defined RNAs16,17. However, the signal intensi- AAAAGC-3′), and Dap3-02 (5′-ATATGCGGGCTGCTTC ties derived from these microarray analyses using well- AGCTGCTTC-3′), are complementary to the spiked control defined RNAs may involve cross-hybridization, although probes, AFFX-DapX-5_at No. 11, AFFX-DapX-M_at No. the amounts of cross-hybridization may be less than in 19, and AFFX-DapX-3_at No. 02, respectively. These target transcriptome analyses. Optimization of probe design and oligonucleotides all have the same GC content (56%). The appropriate analysis algorithms require improved under- 19-mer oligonucleotide target, Dap3-02-6nt (5′-ATATGCG standing of the hybridization behavior between target and GGCTGCTTCAGC-3′), is six bases shorter than Dap3-02 probe oligonucleotides under completely controlled condi- from the 3′ end. tions. Methods for target preparation, described in the earlier In the present study, we investigated the hybridization version of the Expression Analysis Technical Manual behaviors of PM and MM probes, which play significant (Affymetrix, 2001), were followed. Briefly, aliquots of 100 roles in the sensitivity, specificity, and reliability of detec- pmol of synthetic oligonucleotide target were labeled at the tion as well as for accurate quantification of the abundance 3′ end with biotinylated ddUTP (Biotin-16-2′,3′-dideoxy- of target transcripts. In addition, to reduce cross-hybridiza- uridine-5′-triphosphate) using a BioArray Terminal Labeling tion on the microarray, it was important to use probe oligo- Kit with Biotin-ddUTP (Enzo, Farmingdale, NY) in accord- nucleotides to discriminate target and non-target of highly ance with the manufacturer’s instructions. similar sequence. Therefore, we focused on the ratios of the signal intensities of PM to those of cognate MM probes. Preparation of biotin-labeled background of prokaryotic The PM/MM ratio is an index of specificity12 and is espe- transcripts cially important in re-sequencing experiments in screening For all experiments that included a background cDNA of genetic variation. To avoid the effects of noise and cross- sample, aliquots of 10 µg of Escherichia coli total RNA hybridization, we hybridized only a single target 25-mer were used. Briefly, E. coli K-12 strain W3110 was grown oligonucleotide complementary to the sequence of the spiked overnight with shaking at 37°C in 5 ml of liquid Luria- probe. This experimental approach using only one target Bertani medium. To maintain logarithmic growth, the over- oligonucleotide enables us to identify the absolute signal night cultures were diluted to an optical density at 600 nm intensities of probes clearly, even if the concentration of the (OD600) of 0.05 into 5 ml of fresh liquid Luria-Bertani applied target oligonucleotide is very low. The sequence medium. Then, cultures were grown with shaking at 37°C to specificity of probes depends on the hybridization condi- an OD600 of 0.8. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and tions, such as hybridization temperature, duration of hybrid- stored at −80°C prior to RNA extraction. Total RNA was ization, and washing conditions. Therefore, we evaluated isolated and purified from cells using an RNeasy mini kit the PM/MM ratios under various hybridization conditions with on-column DNA digestion (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) as described above. Our results indicate that a substantial in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. For prep- amount of intact target hybridized not only to the PM but aration of cDNA background samples, standard methods also to the MM probe and increases in hybridization strin- for cDNA synthesis, fragmentation, and end-terminus biotin gency and shortening probe length reduced the duplex for- labeling were carried out in accordance with Affymetrix mation between intact target and MM probe efficiently as protocols. compared to the PM probe. In addition, we discuss the correlation between the potential for secondary structure Suzuki et al.:
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