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Home , Isaiah 22, John Strugnell, Mar Samuel, Rockefeller Museum, Shrine of the Book, Yigael Yadin

The Scrolls at Sixty Gary A. Rendsburg Rutgers University

Part 1: The Discovery of the : A Story in Itself (May 4)

Part 2: The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Story Continues (May 11)

1 caves

Qumran caves

Qumran caves

Qumran Cave One

2 Muhammad edh-Dhib and colleague

Kando

Eleazar L. Sukenik (1889-1953)

Second Scroll (1QIsab)

3 War Scroll (1QM)

Hodayot Scroll () (1QH)

Kando

Hodayot Scroll (Thanksgiving Hymns) (1QH)

Mar Samuel First Isaiah The Syrian Scroll Metropolitan (1QIsaa)

4 Habakkuk (1QpHab)

Community Rule (Manual of Discipline) (1QS)

Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen)

[midrashic text dealing with and ]

American Schools of Oriental Research ()

Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?

5 Four Sects mentioned by : Josephus (c. 80 C.E.) • Communal life style • Initiation rites • • Predetermination • Pharisees • Some were celibate (see also Philo) • Essenes • Strict interpretation of Jewish law • Zealots

Pliny the Elder (23-79 C.E.), Natural History (77 C.E.) (Manual of Locates the Essenes living Discipline) “above ” (1QS) “with no women among them, renouncing desire entirely, without money, with (only) palm trees for company”

Community Rule (Manual of Discipline) (1QS) Not a single mention of women in the 11-column text

6

The Syrian Metropolitan

First (1QIsaa)

Yigael Yadin (1917-1984)

Pesher Habakkuk (1QpHab)

Community Rule (Manual of Discipline) (1QS)

7 Yigael (1QapGen) Yadin (1917- [midrashic 1984) text dealing with Noah with and Abraham] James Biberkraut (Chemistry professor)

היכל הספר – מוזאון ישראל – Museum Opened 1965 Qumran caves

Qumran caves

Qumran caves

8 Père , O.P. (1903-1971)

Khirbet Qumran École biblique et archéologique française

The Pantry

The Dining Hall

9 The Scriptorium

Writing Tables displayed at the

Water Large Channel Cistern

10 Miqveh

Qumran cemetery

Ein Fashha

11 Entrance to Qumran Cave 4

Qumran Cave 4

581 texts from 4Q364 Qumran Cave 4 4Q365 alone Reworked Pentateuch

4Q303 – Palestine 4Q307 Archaeological Museum Miscellaneous – Texts Rockefeller Museum

12 Scrollery at the Rockefeller Museum (PAM)

Every biblical book (except Esther) is represented Best attested ones are:

Psalms – 39 Numbers – 12 Deuteronomy – 31 The Twelve – 10 Isaiah – 22 Daniel – 8 Genesis – 18 Ezekiel – 7 Exodus – 18 Jeremiah – 6 Leviticus – 17

Ben Ezra Synagogue,

13 (one of two copies from the Cairo Geniza)

The Opening to the Cairo Geniza

Solomon Schechter (1847-1915) – Documents of Jewish sectaries, edited from Hebrew MSS. in the Cairo Genizah collection, Schechter now in the possession of the University Library, (1847-1915) Cambridge, vol. 1: Fragments of a Zadokite work. studying Geniza Louis Ginzberg (1873-1953) – fragments Eine unbekannte jüdische Sekte (1922) (c. 1896) (English translation: An Unknown Jewish Sect [1970]).

Louis Ginzberg (1873-1953)

4Q266 Damascus Document

14 1967 – Six-Day War (11QT)

Yigael Yadin Kando

4QMMT 4QMMT Miqzat Ma‘ase ha-Torah Yigael Yadin at (“Some Precepts of Torah”) work on the Temple Scroll Halakhic Letter (c. 1970) Discovered in 1954 Assigned to in 1959 Made public in 1984 Published in 1994 by and John Strugnell

Tefillin

15