F ^ :> in 95 ^ '~ o = @a, >< ^ , h. * <, ., CD co ai ^, CD ;^. ^ ,.-^ ,- r+ =, ,.. ^. a =: =I , <'> ^.. Q o < .. ^' =S '1:1 .. = = := ' c, be' .. .. aa. ^.~^ ^ ^:! SI- ,~* ^' ~i r, N I, , > == ^ ==, = o a. a, \ .^ ,I ^, o r*, ^ ^. ^ ,= !,. ^. ^ a, C, . ., . := o ^ a C> ^ e^ ,a. I. . ^, :e ^ ~ =. . CD ^ ,~, ^, ., GII ^I ~ ~,^ A a ^ CD ^. e ^ o ^ ' ;^- "I = ^ ,,^.,^^'~*, ^.. a, ^, GB C^ = . , I. , =U e, ^;^: N ^^ ^, GP ^ ^ I^, = ," CD QQ q^ a, ^ ^~ a, ^ 91 = " ,.. ^ ^ \=^ ^ :=^ a ,, ^ e ^ ,.. =, a "a. CD . = e) ",, ". ,~ ,, ^, ;s .: to " <^ a -. ~ ^, = ^ o GP " C, , 33 ". ^, FC. . .!^ CD rib ^ ^ a o - a, GP = ,* ^ = .^ Research staff list
Names Unit Address Tel. and Fax e-mail Li Innqing Nature Reserve No. 35 east road +86-10-62338100 bon'our2003 263 Research Centre of of Qingiiua, (0) .net the State Forestry Beijing +8613661279836 Ii b'fii. edu. cn Administration (Mobil^)
YU Ling State Forestry No. 18 East +86-01-84239108 Iin cn net Administration Street (0) 19897 sina, coin +86-13901141122 Hepingli, I 0071 (Mobile) 4, Beijing
Liu Jinfii Fujian AgT'iculture Jinshan In +86-0591-837894 ^!^ 49 (0) and Forestry Fuzliou, Fujian +86-591-8769429 University 6 (Mobile)
Li Jingwen Nature Reserve No. 35 east Toad +86-10-62338100 In'in en b'fii, e Research Centre of of Qinghua, du. cn the State Forestry Beijing Administration
Liu Nature Reserve No. 35 east road +86-10-62338100 11u h0710 sohu
Yanhong Research Centre of of Qingiiua, coin the State Forestry Beijing Administration Fang Zhangjiangkou Forestry +86-13906958725 tjyxfbz@sohii. co
Bozhou nature reserve In Administration ( Mobile ) in Fujian Province of Fujian Yuiixiao
LVIia Beijing Forestry No. 35 east road +86-13810561652 I 'ia1022 163. co University of Qinghua, (Mobile) in Beijing WU Yun Fujian Agriculture Jinshan In +86,13635264171 wu n0061 sohu and Forestry (Mobile) FDzhou, Fujian .coin University
ITTO FFD 1/4/05 Rev. I (17')
Project on Demonstration of Integrated Models for Sustainable Management of Mangroves in China
Report on background information of in 21n grove forests in China
Project group of Demonstration of Integrated Models for Sustainable Management of Mangroves in China
December 2006
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ,,..,....,,...... ,.... 6
Introduction .....*.....,...... ,...,...... ,.,,...,...,..,,,,..,*,,..,.....,...... 7
Section I General situation of mangroves in China...... 11
I ^ Mangroves distribution areas in China...... I I
2 ^ Status o f mangrove resources ...... , , ...... , ,. . . ., , .. 17
2 .I Plant resources status . , * . . , . . . * . . . . . , * ...... , . .. . , , . .. . ., . .. . ., ...... ,, ...... , ...... , . . . . ,, 17 2.2 Status of animal resources ,, ...... , ...... ,...... I8
3 ^ Social economic status. , , ,. . *,,, ., ,,. ., ,. . ., , ,,...... , .. .. , ...... , ...... 2 O
4 ^ Protection and utilization status. . .,, . .,,,,. . . *,,. .,, *. ,...... 22
4.1 The current situation in mangi. ove natural reserves...... ,...... ,,....,....,... 22 4.2 The current situation of mangyoves afforestation ...... ,,...... *,....,...... ,... 24 4.3 The management situation of mangrove forests ...... ,...... ,.....,...... ,... 25 4.4 The scientific research and monitoring status of mangroves. .,,,...,,,..,..... 26 4.5 The exploitation and utilization status of mangroves. ,...... ,....,.... 27 5 ^ Main problems and causes ...... , ...... , , ., . . ., , ,. ., , . , . ., , ,.. .,, , , . . . 3 O
6 ^ Suggestions , . . . . , , , . . . . . , , . . . . , , . . . , , , . . . , , . . . , , . . . . , , , . . . , , . . . , , . , , . . , . , , . . , , , , . . , , . , . . , , , , , . 33
Section 11 The status of mangroves in different provinces (Regions) inchina ...... ,...... ,,.,.,.,,....*.....*....,. 3 4
I ^ The status of mangroves in Fujian Province ....,,....*,...*.....,.*,...,.,. 34
I . I Flora ...... ,...... ,...... ,.....,.....,...... ,.....,,....,,,..,...,..,.,..,,,,..,,,,,...,,, 3 4
1.1. I Community type of the mangyove forests .,....,,,...,....,,,..... *...... *...... ,, 34 I . I .2 Flora features ...... ,.....,.....,,....,*...,,**..,..*..,.,,....,....,.. 3 5
I . 2 Fauna ...... ,...... 3 5
I, 2.1 animal species . . . . , ...... , ...... , . .. . ., ...... ,, . . . . ,...... , . . . . . , . . . . , ...... 35 1.2.2 Rare and Endangered Species...... ,,...... ,,.. . ..,...... 37
3 I, 3 Economic status ...... , ...... , 37
I. 3 .I Current economic status and problems...... -...... ,...... ,. ...,.. ...,...... ,.. 37 I. 3.2 Suggestions ...... , ...... , ...... ,. . . . ., . . . ,...... , ...... ,.. .. . , . . . . ., . 38 1.4 Case study in Zhangjiangkou Mangroves Natural Reserve ...... 39
1.4. I The management status. , . ., ,, .,, .,.. .., ...... ,,. . ,. . . ., ,. .,. ., , ,.. .,, , ...,, , , .,. .,. . 39 1.4. I . I The utilization of tidal flats ..,,,..,.....,,..,...... ,.....,, 39 1.4, I. 2 Tomsm exploitation ...... ,...... ,...... , . . .,...... , ...... 40 1.4.1.3 Lo cal residents' consciousness ...... ,. ..,...... ,...... 40 1.4* 1.4 The impact of Gunent management models on the restoration of mangroves .....,....,,...,,...,*.....,,.,....,*...,,**...,..,,,,,..,...,...,,....,.....,,....,....,.....,.....,. 42 I. 4.2 Suggestions on models ...... , ...... , ...... , * ,.,, ,. ., .. * . ,,.,, . , *, .,. .. 43 1.4.2.1 The protection of mangyove forest resources .....,...... 43 1.4.2.2 The exploitation of mangrove resources...... ,...... ,...,*,...,,, 45 2^ The status of mangroves in Zhejiang Province .,...... 46 2 . I The Flora...... ,,,,....,,..,,,....*,,.,*...,,...... ,...... , 46 2 .I . I Plant Species ...... ,, ...... , ...... ,...... 47 2.1.2 Distributing features ...... , . .. . , ...... , ...... , ...... ,, . .. , *, . ., , . * 47 2.1.3 Flora features ...... , .. , , ...... ,...... , . . , . . . . . ,. . . , . . .. ,...... 48 2.2 Fauna ..,...... ,....,...... ,...... ,...... ,.....,...... ,...,...... ,...... 48 2.3 The economic status , . . *. . ,...... ,., ...... , ...... ,. . * ...... , . ,, .., ,, . ., ,,, . .. , , . 48 2.3. I Current economic conditions and problems ...... ,...... 48 2.3 .2 Suggestions ...... ,...... ,...... ,....,...... ,...... ,...... ,....,...,.. 49 3 ^ The status of mangroves in Guangdong Province...... 50
3 . I Flora ,....,...... ,....,...... ,....,...... 50 3.1 .I Cornmunity type of the mangrove forest ...... ,...... ,...... ,...... 51 3 . I .2 Flora features ...,,...... ,...... ,...... ,*...., 5 I 3.1.3 Rare and endangered species *....,..,,*,.. .,,...,,...,,..,,...,,,.... *..., *,....,...,..,..., 51 3 . 2 Fauna ....,...... ,...... ,...... 52 3.2. I animal Species ...... ,...... ,...... 52 3.2.2 Rare and Endangered Species...... ,...... ,...... ,....,...... ,.....,..... 53 3.3 Economic status . . , *, ., ,., . ... ,,, ...... , . . . . , ...... , .. .. . , * ... ., . . . * . .. ,, * . ., . , . .. . ,, .. . , *,., ,,, . .. . , 53 3.3. I Current status of economy, ,.,.....*...,*,..,,*...,,...,,.,,,..,.,,...,,,..,.....,...... 53 3.3.2 Problems/Conflicts ...... ,...... ,...... 55 3 .3 .3 Suggestions ..,...... ,....,...... ,....,...... ,...... ,...... 56 4^ The status of mangroves in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regions7 4. I Flora*...... ,...... ,....,...... ,...... ,,...,,....*..,..,.. 57 4.1 .I Coinmunity type of the mangyove forest ...... ,...... ,...... ,.,... 58
4 4.1.2 Flora Features . , ...... , ...... , . . . . . , ...... , . . . . , , ...... , . . . . . , . . . 59 4, 2 Fauna ,.....,....,.....,...... ,...... ,,...... ,...,.*..,.,,...... ,....,....,.... 5 9 4.2. I Animal Species ...... ,...... , ...... ,, ...... ,...... , , * . .,, . ., . . . . , ...... 59 4.2.2 Rare and Endangered Species. .,.,...... ,...... ,,...... ,,... .,....,,,,.. 61 4.3 Economic Status . . . . , , , . , . , . , * . . . . . , * . , . . . ., . . . . ,...... , ...... , . . . . . , ...... , ...... , . . . . . 61 4.3 .I Economic value . . . ,...... , ...... ,. . .. . , . . . .. , ,...... ,, . . . . . , . . . ., ...... , ...... 61 4.3.2 Degradation and economic losses of the mangrove forest ...,...... 62 4. 3 .3 Suggestions ...... ,....,,,,...,.*...,..,.....*.....,...... 63 5 ^ The status of mangroves in Haman Province .,,..,,,,....,...... 64 5 . I Flora ...... ,.....,...... ,,.....,....,,,,,.....,.....,...... 64 5.1. I Cornmunity type of the mangrove forest. ....,...... ,..,,,...,,,.....,...... ,... 65 5 . I .2 Flora Features .,...... ,,...... ,...... ,,...... ,.....,...... ,,,,.. 6 5 5 . I .3 Rare Species ....,...... ,,*,..,,*...... ,...... ,...... ,... 6 6 5 .2 Fauna ,,,..,.,..,.,....,,...**...... ,...... ,.,...... ,....,...... ,,,... 6 6 5 .2, I Animalspecies ...... ,.,....,,....,,,,.....,...... *..*..,...... ,.....,...... ,...... 66 5.2,2 Rare and Endangered Species...... ,.,....,, *..,,,.. *.,...... 70 5.3 Econontic status ...... ,,....,,...... ,...... ,...... ,,.... 70 5.3, I Corrent economic status and problems, ,,,....,,...... ,,...... 70 5 . 3 .2 Suggestions *..*.,*....,..,...... ,.,.....,...... ,....,...... ,....,,.... 7 I References ,...... ,...... ,,.,*..,....,,,,..,,. 72
5 Abstract
Because of the fast g'owing economy in coastal areas, the area of mangt. ove forests keep decreased caused by the aquatic breeding and urbanization, also with the problems such as the degradation and losses of function in mangroves. Base on the investigation data on mangrove resources in 2001, the total mangrove areas in Guangdong, Fujian, Guang>Ei, Haman and Zliejiang provinces have decreased from the 50,000 ha in the beginning of New China to the 22,000 ha, the quality of mangroves are also decreased and the function on resisting the natural disasters such as typhoon and tsunami are also declined. Moreover, the production of mangroves also decreased and the living level of the surrounding residents whose life depend on mangroves are also declined. The main reasons which cause the mangyoves degradation is the human disturbance, such as illegal logging, aquatic products breeding, urban construction, pollution and so on. And these destructions are mainly caused by the local cornniunity residents who live around mangi'oves, because their living litglily depend on the mangi'ove resources and give gr'eat pressure on it, besides, the un-sustainable exploitation methods also worse the situation. The tourism industry already developed in some mangrove distribution areas, but without the feasible research and scientific PIarming in advance, as well as lack of the scientific supervision and regulation, all these cause the degradation of mangroves. Along with the population gi'owth and expand of urban construction, the mangrove resources keep decreasing, and this kind of tilings still happen in some regions today. As to the policy, there have few laws and regulations related to the protection of mangrove resources, due to the shortage of finance, human power and materials, the regulations can not be carried out in some regions. in recent years, the research on the mangyoves in China increase day by day, but not with many applied achievements, especially there have few researches focus on the sustaliiable management and ecological restoration of mangyove forests, so we should take measures to solve the problems about sustainable management of mangr. oves, because it is not only related to the mangrove ecosystems, but also to the living of the local residents, the key to solve this problem is to coordinate the relation between protection and utilization, that means one hand, to protect mangy'ove resources effectiveIy, on the other hand, to utilize this resource at
6 the same time.
Introduction
Mangrove forests are the wetland plant coinmunity which grow in the tropic and sub-tropic interndal zones and consist of mangi'oves as the main species together with other shrubs, trees, rattans and herbaceous plants (Zhang Qiaontin and Zhang Yechun, 1997). ind the coastal mangrove ecosystem is one of the most productive oceanic natural ecosystems (Lin Feng, 2003). Due to the effects of warm ocean currents, some mangroves also can distribute in sub-tropic regions. Mangoves have important economic, ecological and social benefitss I . Prevent wind damage and protect coastal areas, The coastal areas are usually damaged by the natural disasters such as windstonn, flooding and drougjit, especially typhoon. The coastal mangi'ove shelterbelts are with the reputation of "life forests" to the people who live in the coastal areas* As the first barrier of the coastal shelterbelts, the mangyoves play an irreplaceable role to reduce the disasters. Because of the developed the root systems, together with the leaves and branches, the mangi. oves gi. ows finnly in the interndal areas and develop as a rigorous fence, and have the function to prevent waves and mud. Based on the field measurements, the water flow speed in the mangi'oves is about one-fifth of the speed in the bare beach, so part of the mud and sand with the medium dialneter can sink in the mangroves and thus protect the water courses. 2, The mangyoves products can be used as timber, fuelwood, and food, medical and
chemical materials. Althougli today there have few tall mangyoves, still have gy. eat potential on utilizing the mangove natural products, especially in the field to develop oceanic medicines.
3 . Filtrating the terrestrial rimoff and purifying the organic materials and contaminations from inner land. Mangroves can help to get rid of the nitrogen and phosphorous in the sewage, also the harmful algae species can not survive in the
mangi'oves and reduce the losses of breeding industry. Mangroves also can absorb
7
L rich orgamc fertilizers and heavy metals to purify the ocearitc environment. 4. To provide foods and ideal habitats for many marine animals. Mangove is one of the wetland ecosystems with the litgliest productivity, it provides unique habitats for many oceanic and terrestrial species. Most of the branches, leaves and flowers of mangroves can be the foods for birds and fishes, and play an important role in developing fishery in the coastal areas. 5. As the resting and breeding places for global water birds during the inigr. ation, the route from Australia to the coastal areas of East China, and then to the Siberia in
Russia is the main route for inigi:'ating birds passing in China. The mangyoves provided places for foraging, resting to the migrating birds; as well as the rich food resources, There total have 17 order, 39 family and 201 bird species in the
mangroves in China, for the insects, there have 13 order, 73 fomily and 142
species.
6. The special value for the ecological city construction in coastal areas. The cost for maintaining mangr'oves is quite lower compared the cost to maintain gleenbelts. The money can be saved in the daily management such as watering and fertilizing, also the mangroves have biglier ecological values compare with that of city greenbelts. The aimual net anionnt for oxygen release in mangyoves is 2969g/in', the aimual absorption amount for CO2 is 4085g/in' (base on the calculation in the mangi'oves in Pugong county, Longliai city, Fujian Province); tills data is 4~5 times higlier than that of city greenbelts, 7. Mangroves are the bases for the tomsm and popular science education* Mangroves gow in the ecotone of oceanic and terrestrial ecosystem, with very open landscape space, the mangroves coast with the peaceful shape beauty, fantastic color beauty and vigorous dynamic beauty, mangyoves are the good entertainment places for the tomsts. Besides, the diversity of the root systems, together with the rich bird species and aminal species, all make the mangroves become a base for the tourism and popular science education. Costariza gave the evaluation on the service values of all kind of global
8 ecosystems ( Costariza R. , d'ATge R. , de Groot R. at a1,1997 ), to estimate the values based on the functions such as adjusting climate, soil and water conservation, soil development, nutrient cycling and biological control etc. , the results indicated that the mangyove wetland ecosystems Talk the No. 4 in the 16 global ecosystems. If convert the above service value into economic values, the amiual benefit produced by the mangi. ove wetland ecosystem can reach to the 9990 Us$ per hectare, that equals to 1.64 times and 5 times of the values in the coral reef ecosystems and tropic forest ecosystems respectively(Costar^a R. , d'ATge R. , do Groot R, at a1,1997), However, such a very important natural resource also can not escape the fate to be destroyed by human. Along with the gr'owth of human population, the need for land is also increased, so the living space for mangi. oves is decreased. Also, the good benefit both tourisms and aquatic breeding have driven the deforestation of mangyoves in the coastal areas. As a result, the mangroves lose the function to prevent stonn and tsunami, and this worse the ecological environment in coastal areas and decrease the quantity of oceanic products. Mangroves were dramatically damaged in the Southeast Asia, The minister of forestry of Indonesia pointed out that the mangroves coverage in his country decreases quickly these years, there had 9,300,000 ha mangroves in the year 2000, but now there just left 2,650,000 ha. Among the 570,000 ha coastal mangi'oves in Malaysia, 20,000 hahad been harvested and it is predict that about 100,000 bawm be cut in the following years, in Philippine, there already have 290,000 ha mangoves disappeared, also another I 00,000 ha mangi'oves in the dangerous situation. Also, there have one-fourth mangyoves disappeared in Thailand, and mangroves in the Caribbean regions face to the same fate, It is reported, before 1920, the mangroves covered 50% land in his region and decrease to the 15% today; In Porto Rico, tritee-fourth mangr. oves have been destroyed; in Mexico, large area of mangroves was cut for the oil industry. The status of mangyoves in China is also quite serious. During the last four decades, experience the reclaiming farmland from the ocean in the 1960s, enclosing ocean for aquatic breeding in 1980s and development construction in 1990s, the
9 mangyoves coverage was decreased dramatically in many regions, and even disappeared in some areas. in the early 1950s, there had I 0,000 ha mangroves in Haman Province, but now there have just two-third left. The investigation report which released by the Xiamen local goverinnent indicated' that over 90% natural mangyoves have been destroyed in the last five decades due to various human caused reasons. Tlie natural mangrove forests in Guangdong Province have decreased four-fifth* According to the statistic data, the mangi. oves area have decreased from the 50,000 ha in the early stage of the foundation of New China to the 22,000 ha in today, at least 85% costal areas without the protection of mangi'oves. Fortunately, human being has realized the importance of mangrove resources and begins to protect his precious resource. in recent years, the researches on the mangi'oves increase day by day and mainly focus on the following areas (Xie Ruihong and ZnOU Zhaode, 2005): I. The types, distribution, physiological characteristics, ecological structure and functions of mangyove forests. 2. The detailed researches focus on the specific area of mangroves. 3. The research on the aspects at ecosystem level such as nutrient cycling in
mangrove ecosystems. Many issues related to the current status, succession process, deeradation mechanism, restoration techniques of mangroves are still need to be further explored, so to enhance the researches on the conservation techniques of mangyove wetlands is very necessary. Firstly, we can study the status of mangroves daring the evolutionary process from oceanic plants to terrestrial plants by using molecule ecology methods. Secondly, use tissue culture and other breeding techniques to breed variety mangrove species which can adapt to the different areas and increase the mangroves coverage, Thirdly, study the relationship between mangyoves with other ecosystems to find an effective measure to protect mangroves. in addition, we should carry out the research on the sustainable management of mangr. oves, and one important problem during this process is how to solve the contradiction between the mangyoves protection and utilization in the surrounding connnunity, beecause one important reason for
10 mangroves decrease is caused by human destruction which driven by the benefit, that means the residents in the surrounding cornmunity will not give up the utilization of mangoves easily, how to harmony the relationship between mangrove protection and utilization will help to improve the living level of the local people and realize the sustainable development oft}lis precious resources.
Section I General situation of mangroves in Chima.
I ^ Mangroves distribution areas in China
Mangrove plants have many species; and can be divided into western flora and eastern flora at global level. The mangi'ove species in China, together with the species in other countries in Asia, Oceama and East Africa coastal areas are all belong to the eastern flora. Affect by the geogt'aphy latitude, the heat and precipitation decrease along with the increase of latitude, the species diversity of mangroves decrease from the south to the north, the branch and stern heiglit also decrease, and the plant fomi from tall trees turns into lower shrubs gadually. The distribution areas of mangroves in China locate in the north boundary of the distribution areas of world mangroves. Mainly distribute in east and southeast coastal areas, stretch along with the coastline from southwest to northeast. According to the investigation results on mangrove resources in 2001, the distribution areas of mangroves in China begin from the Balun River in Guamgxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 11 8'45" E121' 582" ). Compared with the northboundary of disttibution area in 1950s, there has no change for the natural distribution of real mangt. ove plants; as to the half mangi'oves natural distribution, the north boundary once reached the Dingliai District, Zhejiang Province, due to the human destruction and natural disasters, now only distribute in Fengliua city, Zhejiang Province, and the distribution boundary has decreased about 40 Km from north to south. In 1950s, there has no introduced mangroves in Zhqjiang Province, in the Grid of 1950s, some mangrove species were introduced in Ruian, Pingyang, Ningbo and Xiangshan area, but duo to the typhoon, tide and frozen damage, most of the mangi'oves died, now the mangoves in the north boundary were planted in 1971 in Leqing city, Zh(^jiang Province. The half mangyoves which distribute in the north boundary were introduced in ZnOushan city, Z}16narig Province in 1976. The mangroves in China mainly distribute in the northern gulf coast (around Zhangjiang, Guangdong Province and coastal areas in Guang>ci Zhuang Autonomous Region) and the east coast of Haman Province (around Qiong Mountains and Werichang area). According to the "National investigation on mangroves resources in China" which organized by the State Forestry Aiministration in 2001 , the total area for all kinds of mangi'ove forests was 82,757ha 12 has 8,375 ha mangi. oves ; in Haman Province, there has all kinds of mangroves 16, 8451ta, and the mangroves covers 3,930 has in Fujian Province, the number for all kinds of mangtovesis 12,367 ha, and 911.6 hats mangi. ove forests; in Zhejiang, there has 6,245 ha all kinds of mangroves and the area for mangyoves is 21.5 ha. Base on the above data, the mangioves in China mainly distribute in Guangdong Province, Guang>:i Zhuang Autonomous Region and Haman Province, the total mangi:'ove areas in these tliree provinces is 21,719 ha which accounts for 95.9% of the total mangroves area. Haitian Province has the higliest richness of mangi:. ove species, total 37 species; there have 18 species in Guan^, i, 16 species in Guangdong, 7 species in Fujian and 3 species in Zhejiang. The north boundary for the mangroves natural distribution is around N27' 20 ' , locate around Fuding area, Fujian Province, and seems Xiamen city, Fujian (N24" 27 ' ) is another boundary. In the south of this boundary, the mangoves gi'ow very well, but in the north of this boundary, there have few mangyoves coast. A1thougli Taiwan and Fujian are located at the same latitude; there have more mangyove species in Taiwan, this cause by the effect of Pacific warm current. The mangroves in Haman Province mainly distribute in Qiongshan city, Werichang city, Sanya city, Warming city etc. ; the mangi'oves in Fujian mainly distribute in Yarnciao county, Xiamen city, Quanzhou city and Huian county etc. ; in Guangdong Province, the mangy'oves mainly distribute in Shellzhen city, Zhanjiang city, Shantou city and Zhuhai city etc. ; in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the mangroves mainly distribute in Qinzhou city, Belhai city, Hepu county and Fangchengan city etc. ; in Zhejiang Province, there has few mangrove distribution, mainly in the south of Leqing Gulf, Wei^hou city. The following graph is about the mangroves distribution in different provinces in China: 13 ,^:. q *^. 4^ ** ^$- 4^ ^.-^^ ^ I^ ,^^ ;^ aj .., ,~ 7<*,**,,,:: , \r, *;,,+::,'. 21Et^,' ' ' " ' "' , ~ ,.' .',,_ ,,~ .L , .,, g\.. , , .. . : .' ~.~ ,,. t>-* ,-:4, ,;,,-.$.:,:,--:.-,-..}, **.'..:- . I' I. :,;,<.,:*. . *~. ~ **" '. .'*$ ',.'., t. ".*.,..,.,. ... ' ' I , A. .*", ' ~.'.~. '*.. I A-?, S - .\.,* * I ' .,-*;;*-tv' "'-~*it;^;-*. :;:*!{ ' 33 I^:@>, ":\, L "'. GBe, . . ,'-~ "- : @ 4.2" ,,-:*'*"\-,::. t' ,', ;..*\*. I* , * .'\j ,,.* -.. . . ,.*.., .. *,!. .* ,-..,~.., ar , I ^ - fit^,. ' - .':,*$*'$ ; .:;;!,'*:,' . I^e \ ~ ; ' I ' " I' ' ~ '.'^ I ':':'11^$jil'.;;;in:$<;*I t. **- '.^^*,. fit' I I . ' . I;'.;" } ,?: -:{;;'*:\,*$., ".. .. ~~~~'~,it ,1 I I' ' "';' ' I{;r's' : ~-:"~-*"';-'*:**;,;:, --...., L'.,'*.. e, ti'L: .," .*- * - *,$!Q_ **-,,,^^-*. I^i. .; - ~ ** * I;';?;*:.! ' ~',;~$4 " ":'' "' ' '-' ',*I';- "!: ..'- :.~. .:,~;**":*^~:-,...' ', t* ' ~:;*' I ' ' ' .',,,. I , . I ; .I*.- ,,... ,,, , ,,.,,',", . ,* .;*,,* ~', i,** ~":"-In^;-----. *.***\ 4.14 ' : ' '--'11/1/1. ':','- '--;. "11 ' " ^;I,,,,,,,. .."-","'t, Figure I: The distribution area graph of mangrove resources in China. ^!j ^ ^ *z. 44' *!^ ^- ^: a>^' ,^ ^ I^ =z. ^;*' ' ' " ,, , _ , -^"r--I^~*':~::r'~;;'t;;: ,,,, , o' ' ' ^ *' a*' 4 ' ' ';""' ' """ *'I!"*,"' ' ,,,,,_,_11,' 'Z~";' ,,,.,, _ '*;^:*.,""""~' "" ' -*;TMeg ~"**"' t' , ~"I -$;^*' """"*' ,--1:7, '"""" ""'*"" *;;*:. "' ,.* .- a, . ,,,., I-' ' " ' ' 11'111'.,' , , ,,..._,,,*': - I. ,:::*'_, ,/*, ~,,., . ,"'^,,*,.,.4\^ ';^^ ^ ".*,* it'. I11' Fin , c >1, ,:,;..n. . .,. -- ; 'II .. "*,*. **** , ** ! I. .;. - , *.^,~ .. @ mm,@ re",* * a ,",.* aC, , -, J :j*: ." .' . 25025'." ~" ; ,_,, ' * ' ~ "-": 'I . ..a :::: N *,, * Figure 2: The mangyoves distribution in Zhejiang province 14 i^- ,*, ^j' *^. *^. *!^ ^. ^ ^ ^, ,^ ^ " ~,*. ' ""'**,,.:'; *;:;::';.;.::;!is;j;$$;- """';;"""'1" * : . .\ --'- ' ' .*.> ^:^^^^^^^": C' -.-j:. ^ >L;*. * ^^;.;,:^:;;--- ,. fir$* ,' I 1' ? **'-.~..,.,*t" * * "*: if;.;.,:;;" ""3- I >\1. ,1 "-\; I, 14* ~'*'*I' **,, *;?'*" It '~~,;.: I , '\',^ , (* I *.;~,,;^I' 31. 34., I ?' ~,..*4,',,**:"" ' . a ' Ia. I "~' *: , ,.,.,' I\ '. \ *- -, ,, ' II I^';; I I'I-'*JR'*t$**" { ''d' .:',::';:::.,'- ".$1;F~xi' -;,,,'y. ;'.,;\ , I I, >: :L, .I ..\.,--,..*=._..*t$._,...~-.* "~' I~"' ' ,,"'^, it""*'I"""""*"A' $<**" ' ' .,~',"'~~ L , I ""' " \ '-I I ,:^""""' ~y*""""' 'i'~"*:;';!, j' f'*:"'*$'**. "*.--* - ^* I -!-.- ---*-*--.-,;,*-..,,\-~-,* ^,*.*3,, -*------:_-- *^*a^. .,._,' ------\ .. \ I .,,.,,,.,.*,,.:,.,*'\ - --, I-;,-;$<;;i{-*;,";it^'n''' -.*.,*.::.,'..*.\,*,:< ,' .,, '. ,L. ~. f a'*. '"'a^" "tX;;*"-;;'*" . ,. . . *,: , . -. I, A-\,,*'**';.,\*;,;: * '*f A1 *, '.:..* ~~*~~". ,-+ . fig:!^ : \': t ' t--, . ,-- \-' ' ,*.; ,;*, ,,:, Figure 3 : The mangroves distribution in Haman province I'I^^*^;^ ^I6^ I^. ^z. *^'**.^.^: ^., I^ ^'^ ^I ' I I <* . ! ./'*-,{I~\; ~-----~-- .. - - . ------.^ .-- --- ...... ~ ....- I I ' .'!,,;.'.'*. 4< ,: ,1" ; , , : ^-, 11** I**'.-*; ' ' '"' ; j I , I, r'\ ,.' "; ""it I*> I I I ^ It, ; ' "*:;: .*,, " ::. ?""" xi eta^,"': , 5*,, * *^"*, I \ ., ,, I _,,,_.,, _ *,,\, - . .' ^ LLi:, I ';\ 9. ^., \'*;""',,;;;a' \,' ,,\ * , , . \ ; * _-',:>\- .L, , ~*_';, A, ,; ..*... .. ate I ,.. I ... .,:4 .., , ,.,,~ i' *.';~~~'""' * "J, ' , I' ,;~,I ,I , . I.- '..,,, * ' ' ' - atI .. *.ICj' ------..-.,.-I. I ,,____._ ; _ ...=* , . I <3tr3- ' ' I I *- A .-.. *. I N *, - * . - . * :-,.*\--*'t, * I a uria* . -\..~ I ***' * , Figure 4: The mangroves distribution in Guang>:i Zhuang Autonomous Region 15 I' .^., Ij*^.*t*^^-^: ^., I^.^ ^; ^I ;:,,:i$i. * t. ^* *:;<:2. -,*; in* a",^. ;i;I, * .,. *r o * a At ~ < ^",*^ * as Q -- -..- J~^**I* ^ =* ^; o ^: ri r~^.* @ *-* I=:., a. I' * tv * .gal @ t; ,. , ,,. rinr .~~. , \g, - EQ .!, ,, 4. ,., " :. ,;.', .". ~ .", ';t{;:.. ;- ,f;; :. LL. :*:~***-.*** *,,,:~..*" ''"' -~*~ -./ " ' .. =*t* . ,.-.,. - *,-~"* , . ' , f ^,. , I,**?^;.%,-*;;t\;:\*: ",*;* *~*:.**{,.',*4: ,**f,$41$$\- *. *$;*IP:;*.;$>'*. ^;;^^;:;*;t^,~ it \."*^% ' } ' " I $-,;;-** .-,,.,, - 43--. I, -:,. ;. j ,.. ,,, ~ SL. ;*I ::-*?\*;t-:*,; * N o3 I\/ ., ' '*~t;;$.~ . **,* I\/N '*, ,,** ;inn' Figures: The mangroves distribution in Guangdong province ^$ 3^..^j *z. *^. *^ ^ ^ ^'^' '^ ' " ; I ~-}'\/;' \ ; ^**-^^.*- : 'Y' , ; 14& a^; ^ ; !-t, I I#'**. A '-, , : I * ' ' i. e'.. \, I\{ ,.\;:;;;t,'.;: ** j ,/. ' t-,,.* ., it*:!'*-!,^,- ' I" "; ,:- , " ; ~:""' "'.~ '"~ ~~;I, ' ' ~' -I '. ' ***S'**~ As, ~., .,$13'11* :** ~ i, *-in^:s. : :-. I;:^;j, I ' , ? - - ;^^>^; . . ^. a. - :*;$:*;; " , '- - '~"I * ~' "':~."'I -. . ! IF"~. SIP * t:^:C '*;'*"".." ' .. *., ':f " t^,,. ' . .. .' , ." '-" "^. \ '- . -t4. - ~ .. ~,~. ^" * ' ' a*,* " ' " '"" ~~--J-~.~- -,,.?,* .- ,....,. , , .. ^ *- " , - J. *.*:.":,. .. -:^"#,;,' ' " " ' "^, """.' I""'IV .#' r. ... ,. : -..*/\~t, ..- *, . ,*** 1'1 *, @ non* , -. . . by. N** ,, . .. - e ,.,.* .- , , t .~. a*:- * ,. Figure6: The mangroves distribution in Fujian province 16 2 ^ Status of mangrove resources Mangi. oves are one of the important primary producers in the intertidal zones and wetland ecosystem, with bigli biodiversity. file rich food sources and suitable conditions in mangroves attract many organisms come to here to inhibit and reproduce. According to the prelirrvinary statistic, there have 55 algal species, 96 phytoplarilcton species, 26 zooplankton species, 300 benthon species, 142 insect species, 201 bird species, 10 maimnals and 7 amphibians in mangi'oves, in which includes many rare and endangered species. Another characteristic of mangroves wetland is with litgli productivity, higli turnover rate and bigli decomposition rate. This increase the rate of energy flow and nutrient cycling in mangi'ove ecosystems, and the mangroves play an important role on maintaining the coastal food chain and increasing oceanic products. 2.1 Plant resources status The mangroves are with important economic values. The mangrove products can be used directly, such as food, medicine, forage, chemical materials, construction timber, pulp and fuelwoods. The indirect utilization includes beekeeping, raising water birds and breeding aquatic products ( Lin Feng , 2001 ) . Because the mangi'ove resources can bring the considerate income to the surrounding people, the areas of mangi. ove resources once decreased dramatically due to the exploitation. The current mangroves area have decreased by 60% compare with the area in 1980s (Han Boping and Jin Jianhua, 1995 ) . Due to the decrease of mangr'oves area, some traditional production have been decreased and stopped gradually, and substituted by the medicine producing and tourisms 17 species; Xiamen city is next and there have 7 species; 3 species in Quailaliou and I species in Putiart area. The mangi'ove areas in Guangdong Province is 9,414 ha, total have 13 species distribute in Yingluo gulf; Guangliai gulf, Leizhou gulf etc. , especially Leizhou gulf; is the main distribution area due to the higli air temperature and water temperatare in this area. The mangroves have the most extensive distribution in Gumi^ci Zhuang Autonomous Region in China, with 8,375 ha mangi'ove forests, Guang, ,i located south to the Tropic of Cancer (N21' 24' ~22' , ET07' 56' ~109* 47' ). There total have 18 mangi. ove species, mainly include Av^cell, Ii" indri, IC . negiceras comic"forum , Konde!in collde! * R, Sty, !o30 , B. gym?10rrhiz gild Excoec@rin cig@110ch@. Yingluo gulf, Tieshan harbor, Qinzhou gulf are the main distribution areas. Haman Province are with the most mangrove species, and with the higliest mangyove trees, the main distribution areas include Dongaliaigang and Qinglangan areas, with the 3,930 ha, most of the mangi'oves in Hamari province belong to the secondary forests and consist of small trees and shrubs, and with complicated structure. 2.2 Status of arummal resources The animal resources are quite rich in mangroves and surrounding areas, in which the fishery resources are quite related to local people life, The mangi. oves make gyeat contributions to the fishery in the coastal areas, and there have a lot of researches on tints field worldwide, in Florida areas, about 80% commercial fish species depends on the mangi. oves; in india, around 60% coinmercial fish species directly ' related to the mangyoves, the situation is the same in Australia and some countries in Southeast Asia. For example, all shamps directly or indirectly depends on mangroves in their differentlif^ cycles (R6nnbdck, 1999> in addition, the mangroves are the habitats for many international rare and endangered species, and play an itreplaceable role on protecting thses species, so the 18 mangi. oves have quite important status both to human and rare species. The fish species are quite rich in mangi'oves, base on the preliminary investigation, there have 24 species, in which the fish species with bigli economic values are Pertoph!ha lint, scanlone?1st ^ Boleoph!hcz lint, ,$pectiniros!ris , Anguilla joyonica . Ptsoodo, tophis bolo , Chip@?!odori pullctattis , Lotes calcrj/'er * Mugil cc:ph"ms . Painmt4gz'! 88he!i. Sitingo sth@ing . 21ylost, n, s silongy, Inn's , Hemiramphus limbottJs . ,!^!?@73rs berda * ,!^:i@rzJs. /gins * Sectophoga!s o1g"s . Odorit"inb^, opus rubicz, ridtis *460mo footjpes. Choetz, richthys herdnemo, Most of these fishes go to the mangi. oves for finding foods, laying eggs and escaping from predators dormg spring tide, and retreat to the shallow water areas after ebb tide. The mangroves distribution areas are also rich with shamps. There already have 20 known species, such as Parapenoeopsis hardwicki * Penoetts penici!larus . Pen"et, s. monodon ). Pen"elfs. meIg"ionsis. Pen@et, s. oriental^^ . Pen@ears. kit, ^MIC@ms. Pen@et, s. semisulcotus . Pen"errs. styfy, orostris * Trachypenoe"s seat/i. Metqpenae, ,s erasis * Acetes chinensis , HIPheus bisi?letst, s * A1phe"s hoplocheles * 41phet!s dist, 7.2gz, endt, s. ,4/@hellsj@pornct, s *Exop@I@emon c"lintcot, d@ *Loomedia CISt@cm@ and Neomgsis awatscherzsis etc. , Crabs are the "permanent residents" of mangroves, and account for higlier ratio of the animals which dwell in mangyoves; crabs are also the important oceanic economic animal resources. There about 60 crab species distribute in the mangi. oves in China, the common crabs species in mangr'oves are Portz, nus trimberct, !atI'S . 77i@minit@ spp. . Micty, ris long'carpus. MCIcrophthq jin"s spp. , Onthyia sinica . Eriocheir sinensis etc. . Shellfish are relative stable dwellers in mangroves, usually inhibit inside the mangyoves* There are 100 shellfish species in mangroves in China, in which the species with hig}I economic values are Didtingc"r te?Iebrica . Pmctad@ martensii * Soleiz grandis . Ph@yello COMtideits * Corbiculajlt{milled * Geloin@ coqx@I'S * DOSi?jig I"mina!a * Meretriic jusoria . Modiolus 1/@vidz, s . Cycft?10 sinensis . 4/30malocordi" naruosq . Rt, ditopes voneg@to . Atring pectin@tQ * Sc"pharc@ @"omala * Later11/4/@ 19 spp. * Nerito acha ling * Centh^de@ esc"/an 10. Theses shellfish are quite delicious and with bigli commercial values. in addition, some lower quality shellfish can be used as the supplement bait for the aqutic product breeding after being smashed. The main sipunculid worni species in China are Phase0!o80m@ esct!!errt@ and Sipa, recu!"s 1331d"s, the population density can reach 3001m . Becaue of the characteristics of quite tasty and rich with nutrient, they are the bestselling aqutic products in the market. in addition, Septola birostr@t* Octopus v@rigbilis, Ligt, !" angling . Lophosqt, ing cos!at" and Oralosqt, ing oratori@ are also the connnon economic species in mangr'oves. Preliininary investigation indicated that there have 17 order, 29 family and 201 bird species in mangroves in China, which include 2 natioanl class I protective bird species, 22 calss 11 protective species. In which 43.6% bird species were listed in the "China-Japan Agi'eement on Protecting Migi'ate Bird and their Habitats" , and 59.2% bird species can be found in the list of "China-AUStr'in a Agi'Gement on Protecting Migi. ate Bird and their Habitats". As to the residents who live around mangi. ove forests, the mangi. ove ecosysterns are the most important ecosystem. Because mangr'oves can provide foods, prevent farmland and infrastructures from erosion and destruction by sea water, it is quite understandable that the local people live depend on mangroves and related wetland ecosystems. But it is not quite clear on how the people who live far away from mangi'oves to get benefit from mangi'oves. But one thing is sure; that the mangroves in China have certain values for the people both in coastal areas and other areas, There seldom have other ecosystems which like wetland ecosystem, so rich with the biodiversity, Not only with various and longer inhabit speices in wetland ecosystern, but also with many occasional newcomers, such as hundreds of thousands periodic orgyisms live here in specific seasons, 3^ Social economic status Mangyoves are a significant primary producer of gulf and Gsmarine ecosystem, 20 which produces as much as twenty times orgamc materials than that of oceans, and five times than that of estuary ecosystem. It is also one of the four oceanic ecosystems which have the most abundant biodiversity in the world. The tree higli characters of mangyove forest are high productivity, litgli decomposition rate and high tuttiover rate, which have transported the mumense primary production into surrounding water body, and become direct or indirect food sources for many marine animals. Moreover, the developed root system of mangroves is very different in shape, which can provide a desirable environment for animal's gowth and development, Fish product is the main composition of mangrove forest economic output, and with a litgli production. So the local people depends on the mangroves resources very much. The direct values of mangi. ove forests include timber, medicine, food, tarmin abstraction, dyestuff; fertilizers and so on. Because mangi'ove forests are scarce and very precious in our country, it is luxurious and meaningless to make use of them directly. The indirect value of mangi'ove forest are more meaningful than the direct value it produces and embody througli the marine ecosystem function, this is the most signficant reason why China and even the other countries in the world to protect and exploit mangyove resources. Because of the bigli productivity of inarigi. oves, the surrounding community people live a better and rich life, the problem is that the mangr'ove resources is near exhausted which caused by the un-sustainable production and utilization, in recent years, the quantity of mangi. ove products keeps decreasing. The population growth and urbanization all make the local people further depend on mangrove resources than before. So to study the sustainable management measures of mangroves are very important. The population is quite dense in the mangr'ove distribution areas in China, and the local people life quite close to the mangi. oves for generations, so just protect and not utilize the mangrove resources is unrealistic. Moreover, most of the residents in mangr'oves distribution areas are with poor education, and lack of the necessary knowledge and techniques to work in other place, so they are restricted to live in his land, and they have no choice but to exploit 21 mangyove resources. Generally speaking, the sanitation condition in mangoves sunounding areas is not good, and lack of the regulations in many places, such as you can see the disperse garbage in the village. Some villages have no public washrooms; and the private washrooms for most of villagers are quite simple. As to the medical treainient, usually the vinagers see the doctor in the sanitation station or private clinic, also have some villagers pick herbal medicine to cure themselves, for serious health problems; they have to go to the hospitals in the town or city. Because of the difference on investrnent by different local govennnents, the transportation condition in some mangrove distribution areas are good, but in other areas are poor, there have paved road in the good place, and just have soil road in the poor area, the transportation condition is not convenient here, and cause the difficulty for the people who live here to go to outside and trade their farm products. Still have some villagers not equipped with the telephone in their home, atthougli the signal can cover the whole area, just a I^3w people have the cell phone, There almost have no computer in local residents' homes; in addition, the people who live here lack of the cultore and entertainment facility, and the collnnimty people live a low quality life and lack of the entertainment activities. 4 ^ ^'rotectioi, . and utilization status 4.1 The curremt situation in mangrove Latinral reserves To establish mangrove natural reserves is an important measure to strengthen the protection and management of mangi. oves. Since 1975, the Mifti mangi. ove wetland was built as natural reserve in HonglCong, and in 1980, the Dongzhaigang mangi. ove natural reserve was established in Hamari Province, by the end of 2004, there have total 32 natural reserves focus on the mangroves protection were established in China* 1/1 which, six natural reserves belong to national level (one in Haman, two in Gurui^, i, two in Guangdong and one in Fujian), five natural reserves are at provincial level and 20 natural reserves are at county level. in addition, a special oceanic reserve was 22 established in Leqing Gulf in Zhi^liarig Province with the main purpose to protect mangoves. The total area of natural reserves is 134,000 ha, the area of mangroves is 14,300 ha, and 65% of existing mangr'oves distribute in the natural reserves. There have 27 mangi'ove species are under protection, which account for 739"0 of the total mangyove species, these natural reserves undertake the tasks such as protection, scientific research and monitoring. Some national natural reserves also established forestry police station, with the purpose to protect mangrove resources and prevent from the destruction activities. The central govenrrnent and most of the local goverrunents pay much attention in the protection and management of mangt. oves, a serious of laws, regulations and guidelines were set up, such as "Laws on the Oceanic Environment Protection of the People's Republic of China " , "Forest Laws of the People's Republic of China", "The Regulations on the Natural Reserves of the People's Republic of China" "'11/6 21st Century Agenda of Chinese Oceans", "Action Plan on the Protection of Wetlands in China" and so on. in addition, many regional regulations were also made in different regions, such as the Haman provincial govennnent issued "Regulations on the Protection of Natural Reserves in Haman Province" and "Notice on strenglliening the Protection of Mangyoves and Coral Reefs "; the goverirrnent of Guang, ,I Zhuang Autonomous Region issued "The Management Measures on the Oceanic Natural Reserves of Beilun River in Guangxi" ; Fujian provincial goverirrnent issued "Regulations on the Coastal Shelterbelts in Fujian Province" and "Regulations on the Protection of Oceans in Fujian Province" and so on. At present, most of the mangoves with large area and patches gi. ow in the natural reserves; this is the main part of mangroves in China. The mangi'ove natural reserves not only protect the ecological processes of mangove ecosystems, but also have the ecological function on protecting the biodiversity of marine animals, at the same time; the reserves lay down a basis for the restoration, development and sustainable utilization of mangt. oves* file Dongzhaigang Mangrove Natural Reserve in Haman Province was 23 established in 1992, and become one of the several reserves which were first listed as the international important wetlands since China joined "Wetland Pact". Shankou mangrove natural reserve in Guaiixi and Shellzhen Natural Reserve in Guangdong were established in 1993, and become the member of "Protection Network of Biosphere in China", besides, the previous one was listed in the "International Natural Reserve Network of Man and Biosphere" in 2000. But most of the mangr. oves natural reserves lack of financial support, also lack of the scientific staffs, it is difficult for them to manage the existing mangyove resources well, and more difficult to carry out the activities such as restoration, afforestation, scientific monitoring, ecological development and popular science education. The current management system and model can not adapt to the market economic development, already become the important factors which restrict the healthy and fast development of natural reserves. 4.2 The current situation of mangroves afforestation From the late 19'' century to the middle 20th century, the mangr'oves were introduced and planted in tropical and sub-tropical regions in China to resist the damages which caused by windstonn and tide, but the introduce level is quite small. Since the state carried out the project on shelterbelt system engineering construction in coastal areas in 1989, the introduction and afforestation of mangroves were given much attention, and the scale is increased year by year. At present, base on the investigation data on mangi'oves in 2001, the afforestation area of mangroves have reached 2,678 ha, and the area of mature mangioves is 1,531 ha and account for 57.2%; in which the area of mangr. oves planted before 1980 is 335.1 ha, which accounts for 12.5% of the total mangt'ove plantation; the mangyove plantation which planted from 1980 to 1984 is 63.3 ha, account for 2.4% of the total plantation areas from 1985 to 1989,163.8 ha mangi. oves were planted and account for 6.1%; the area planted between 1990 and 1994 is 403.0 24 ha, accounts for 15.1%; from 1995 to 2000, the areais 902.1 ha, account for 33.6%; and 810.6 ha mangrove forests which account for 30.3% were planted in 2001, based on the above data, we can tell the mangrove plantation area is increased year by year. There have mangrove forests 22,025 ha in China, in which 1,531 ha is plantation origin, which account for 6.95%, and almost all are pure forest. The reason cause his is because the central goverirrnent and local goverimient pay less attention on afforestation of mangroves, besides, the site condition for mangrove afforestation is quite poor, and the silviculture techniques and comumiriity ecology study are also poor, the fund for afforestation is low, these all cause the problems such as low mangrove seedlings survive rate and preserve rate, this mainly due to the poor and not in time protection and management in the later stage. So the state should increase the input on mangove afforestation, and improve the scientific support, increase the technical level on protection, restoration and afforestation of mangroves, extend mangyoves coverage, improve the quality of mangi. ove forests, and increase the comprehensive defensive ability of mangi'oves on resisting tsunami and windstonn. 4.3 The management situatiom of mangrove forests Mangi'oves are an important forest type and a significant component of forest resources, as well as a typical coastal ecosystem, it has an important ecological service function on both the oceanic and terrestrial enviroirrnent. The unique characteristics of mangyoves have decided the complexity of the management systoni. At state level, the State Forestry Administration and State Ocean Administration take the responsibility to manage mangi'oves. At regional level, the forestry departrnents and ocean departments charge the management of mangroves in Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong Provinces, in Guang>, i Zhuang Autonomous Region, except of two mangyoves natural reserves are managed by the local ocean bureau, the rest reserves are managed by the forestry departtnents. in Haman Province, most of the reserves are managed by the forestry sectors and few are managed by the environmental 25 L_ departrnents. 4.4 The scientific research and monitoring status of mangroves The scientific researches on mangi. oves in China were initiated in the early 1950s, and can be divided into three stages, that is, the beginntng stage from 1950s to 1970s, mainly developed the taxonomy and coriumunity study of mangoves; the second stage was from 1980s to middle 1990s, along with the fast development of studies on mangi'oves, as well as the strategy transition of focusing on the economic construction, the academes and governments paid much attention on the researches of mangroves, and the Mangrove Study Group was found under the Chinese Ecology Society. The research areas include flora and fauna, coriumuntty, physiological ecology, sitviculture and aquatic breeding etc. , after the middle 1990s, because of the fast gowing economy in coastal regions, after experiencing a serious of ecological disasters, the research and protection activities focused on the aspects such as restoration ecology of mangyoves, the disaster relief projects in mangroves surrounding coastal areas, the sustainable utilization of mangyoves, the biodiversity conservation in mangi. ove ecosystems, ecological parks of mangroves and popular science education and so on. In 1991 , to restore the mangi'ove resources, the state also specially set up a key research project on mangroves afforestation dormg the "Eigjith Five-Year Plan", mainly focused on the afforestation of mangroves, transfbnnation of the secondary mangi. ove forests, bigli quality tree species selection and other techniques related to mangrove forests. in addition, the international cooperation project between China and Holland was carried out in the fields of coastal area protection and comprehensive management of mangyoves in Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province. State Ocean Administration carried out the "Comprehensive investigation on Coast and interndal resources in China" from 1981 to 1986, the mangr. oves types, soil characteristics and other natural aimbutes were investigated. The former Ministry of 26 Forestry camed out the "Investigation on National Wetlands Resources" in 1995, the mangi'oves resources were also investigated as an important wetland types. The State Forestry Administration (SFA) carried out a special investigation on mangrove resources for the first time in 2001, basically get the infonnation on mangrove resources, mangioves introduction, and mangi'oves quality and so on. In 2003, SFA developed a comprehensive monitoring project on the wetland resources in China, and began to monitor the mangrove forests and their ecological environment in China, so far, this has been the first time for monitoring the mangrove resources in the whole China and will provide scientific decision basis to the central and local governments on the protection and management of mangrove forests. The State Ocean Administration organized and developed "Triteerated investigation and Evaluation on Offing Oceans in China"; specifically set up the detailed investigation and evaluation contents on mangroves ecosystems in China. 4.5 The exploitation amd utilization status of mangroves The traditional utilizations of mangyoves mainly include the construction timber, fuelwoods, foods, medicines, foregos, fertilizers, chemical materials and forest products. Since China situate in the northern boundary of mangr. oves distribution, the existing mangroves areas are quite small, and mainly consist of shrubs and small trees, and the utilization scale of mangrove products is also low. Another traditional utilization is fishing or aquatic products breeding in mangyove forests, and this is the main economic incomes for the local residents. Along with the sodo-econorntc development, the exploitation and utilization extent of mangi'ove forests keep increasing, and this have caused the area of mangrove forest decreased dramatically in recent years, This mainly include the reclaiming farmland from oceans from 1960s to middle 1970s, and enclosing ponds for aquatic products breeding in 1980s, and the coastal projects construction from 1990s. Base on the investigation data on mangtove resources in China in 2001, the 27 total occupied mangi. ove forests area is 12,924 ha, the area for making farmland is 67.9 ha, the area for breeding is 12,605 ha, the area for project construction is 234.7 ha, the area for other use is 16.6 ha, The area for aquatic products breeding accounts for 98% of the total occupied area of mangyoves* The reasons cause this attribute to the policy of renovation and open to the world, together with the fast gr'owing economy in the coastal regions, the aquatic products breeding have become an important approach for the local people to get rich, and flits caused the over exploitation of mangrove resources. The transforrnation and exploitation of mangyoves have dramatically decreased the mangr'ove resources and increased the endangered degr'Go of this precious species, and also cause the murreasured negative effects on the coastal ecological environment and oceantic ecosystem. Along with the further understanding on the ecological function of mangroves, the ecological utilization will become the main measures for the development and utilization of mangy'oves. At present, the basic approach of sustainable utilization of mangroves is ecological breeding, ecotourism and mangt. oves ecological parks etc. , these non-transfonnation utilization approaches will become the main models for the utilization of mangoves in the future. The ecological breeding means the breeding activities with less or no damage to the mangove forests, The Mifii Natural Reserve of mangroves is a successful example for the ecological breeding. The ecotourism means to take full use of the unique natural landscape of mangrove forests, such as suitable intentdal habitats, developed root systems, as well as the mass bird species and marine animals, together with the specific ecological environment in mangroves, all these provide a environemtnal education when the tomsts onjoy the natural beauty for tomsts, and improve the public awariiess on the ecological environmental protection. The Dongzhaigan Mangyove Natural Reserve in Haman Province is one of the tourism areas which with large scale in China, since 1980, the reserve have welcome many visiting scholars and about 200,000 tomsts who forrn over 20 28 countries. The shankou Mangroves Natural Reserve also develops ecotourism in recent years, the amiual toadsts are about 30,000, and these two reserves all bring the obvious economic benefit to the local residents. In addition, the ecotourism project construction was also developed in Qinglangan of Haman Province and Yingluogari in Guang>, i, but at present just in the very beginning stage and with small scale. The mangroves parks focus on the building of theme parks which integrate the following aspects together, such as the protection, restoration, ecological function utilization and popular science education of mangrove forests. When the tourists enjoy the pleasure which brouglit by mangroves, also give prominence to the ecological function of mangi'oves; propagandize the significance of ecological environmental protection to the tomsts, to improve the understanding on the effects of mangroves on keeping the ecological balance in coastal areas and on ecological secority. At present, some mangroves wetland parks with the mangt'oves as the theme were established in the coastal areas in China, but all with small scales, and need to be perfected and strengthened, However, the ecological utilization is just a trend to use the mangi. ove resources; to fulfill the ecological utilization in whole China can not be realized in one day. At present, the life of the residents in some mangroves distribution areas still big1:11y depend on the mangrove resources, and their un-sustainable producing models also cause this precious resources exhausted. The feedback from the local people indicated that the production in recent years from mangroves are far less than that of ten years ago, the living level of local residents have decreased a little bit instead of increasing. So the suitable substitute industry should be developed to help the local residents walk out of the difficult situation, to alleviate the dependence on mangrove resources, and realize the sustainable utilization of mangroves. in addition, due to the poor education of local residents, they have no necessary knowledge and techniques for working outside, so the education level in mangrove distribution areas are need to be improved nomediately. Generally speaking, one hand, the mangrove resources need to be protected 29 I_ immediately, need to protect the existing resources and increase the mangy'oves coverage; on the other hand, the lifestyle of the people in the surrounding coniiriuiiities are need to be transfonned, the producing model which over depend on the mangr. ove resources will cause the gi'adually decrease and shortage of the resources, in return, these will affect the litb of the local people and degrade their living standard. 5 ~ Maim problems and causes 5.1 Historical problems and callses According to the analysis base on the pollen record, the experts pointed pout that the distribution area of mangrove coinmunities in China have reached 250,000 ha in history, along with the historical transfiJnnation and the climate change, the distribution areas of mangi'oves have gradually decreased. During the last three decades, the coastal mangroves were seriously destroyed by the harvesting, beach breeding, building ports and real estate development and so on. Base on the preliminary investigation, in the early 1950s, the mangiove area in the southeast coastal area is about 50,000 ha (LV Caixia, 2002), base on the report in 1980s, the mangi'ove forests area was about 40,000 ha at that time, but the statistic data today is less than 15,000 ha, already decreased by 60%. The quantity of mangi. ove resources are decided by the quantity of destroyed area and the new aftforestation area, The destruction Ibnns are quite different in different historical stages, for examples, before 1960s, the decline of mangrove resources mainly caused by the seriously harvest by the local people due to the shortage of fomlizers and fuel, Form early 1960s to late 1970s, blindly reclaim land from the sea have destroyed large area of mangi'oves, during this period, there had 400 ha and 2,000ha mangroves were destroyed in Fujian and Haman Provinces respectively. in late 1980s, the aquatic products breeding, the urban construction, cornmuiiication and industry, as well as pollution are become the main factors which destroyed the mangrove resources (Han Boping and Jin Jimmua, 1995). 30 5.2 Cmrremt urn-sustainable mamagememt issues and causes 5.2. I Environmental pollution issues '11/6 oceanic environmental pollution has increased the endangered deeree of mangi'oves, such as the oceanic pollutions caused by oil pollution, watercraft transportation, garbage and solid waste, especially caused by the sewages from the aquatic products breeding and local residents' daily life. The ultimate cause is that the local people lack of the understanding on the importance of mangr. ove forests, and lack of the awareness on the protection. 5.2.2 The lifestyle of the local residents For the short-tenn benefit, blindly exploit mangyove resources caused the mangrove forests area decreased by 68.7% during the last four decades, moreover, over 80% of the existing mangyoves are belong to secondary mangr'oves. The nibstyle of the local residents over depends on the mangi'ove resources and causes the problems of over exploitation and utilization. Without mangroves, the intertidal zone will lost the function on providing amount of marine products; without mangr'oves, the fishery and fish production will be decreased dramatically. The main reasons which caused the local people over depend on mangroves including: O Lack of substitute industry, there has no other approach to make living and have to depend on mangroves. @ The poor education level of local residents, few local residents work as a migrant worker due to the shortage of necessary knowledge and techntques, @ The technologies of industry which depend on mangroves are poor, lack of the related supervision and regulations, and cause the destruction of mangi. ove resources. 5.2.3 The mangroves are easy to be destroyed but hard to be restored: O The sinviculture and afforestation of mangroves are all need litgli techniques; the techniques in different location are also quite different, so can not all use the having technical infonnation as reference, and still in the exploration and 31 L experiment stages in many fields. @ Need a huge amount of capital, usually lack of his kind of specific fund. Without the stable fund surport, the restoration work of mangroves will be limited. @ There have a competition on lands between aquatic products breeding and afforestation, The aquatic products breeding in the coastal area have very litgli benefit; especially the mangy'oves can be used as the ideal place for fish and shamp breeding, so the local people spend a lot of money to enclose the bank for aquatic products breeding, and destroy a large area of mangroves. The central goverrmient have issued the regulations to strictly prohibit the aquatic product breeding, but still have some people to do this due to the bigli benefit, this cause the destruction on the natural regeneration mangrove seedlings, in Quarizhou. Gulf of Fujian Province, even have the phenomena such as the large area of natural regeneration mangi'oves have been wholly cut. Driven by the economic benefit, at the same time to give emphasis on the oceanic economy development, and blindly pursuit econonitc benefit, the contradiction between aquatic product breeding and mangroves afforestation is quite obvious, and his cause the serious damage to the mangi'ove resources. 5.2.4 The management of natural reserves needs to be further enhanced Alitiougli there have carried out many activities in mangr'ove natural reserves, also get a lot of achievements, generally speaking, there still have many questions need to be solved in the mangi. ove natural reserves in China, the protection and management of natural reserves still need to be furttier enhanced. The main causes are as follow: O The infrastructures in natural reserves are not onougli, there have no necessary equipments and facilities and this made the protection and management work quite difficult. @ The overall education level of personnels in natural reserves is poor. @ Need more staffs to work in natural reserves. @ Lack of research results which can be applied in the natural reserves. Althougli many natural reserves have carried out or participated in many projects, there 32 have few research achievements which can be used in the reserves, such as the results like the "Guidelines on sustainable management of mangoves" and "Early wanting system for alien species in mangi'oves". @ Lack of the eXchange between reserves and lack of international cooperations. Some reserves have the communication with other international mangroves organizations and institutes, but on the overall level, still lack of international coopertaions, as well as the exchanges and study between the domestic reserves. 5.2.5 The threat of alien species The southeast coastal areas in China are the regions with the seriously damage cause by the alien species, due to the invasion of alien species, the invasive species compete on the living spaces with the native plant species, especially threaten the gi'owth and restoration of mangrove plants, such as the mangroves seedlings can not survive with the shortage of nutrient and kglit which caused by competition from the invasive species, so the competition on the living space between alien species and mangi'ove plants have resulted serious itITeat on the survive of mangroves. 6 ^ Suggestions 6.1 Restore the damaged mangroves and reconstruct the seriously degraded mangroves 6.2 Monitoring the surrounding environment of mangrove forests prevent from the human disturbance and of all kinds of pollutions. 6.3 Training the local connnunity people in surrounding areas with the knowledge on protecting mangyoves to improve their protective awareness. 6.4 Strengtlien the coriumuiiity education in mangroves surrounding area; enhance the quality of the local residents. 6.5 Develop substitute industry to alleviate the dependence on mangroves by local people, facilitate regional econorntc development and coordinate the contradiction between protection and exploitation. 6.6 Strengthen the capacity construction of natural reserves. 33 6.7 Develop ecotourism in mangroves distribution areas. Section 11 The status of mangroves in differ erut provimces (Regions) jin China I^ The status of mangroves in Fujiaii Province 1.1 Flora The mangroves in Fujian province include 5 families, 6 genuses and 15 species, in which 12 species distribute in the city of Zhangzhou and with 4 introduced species and 2 half-mangroves, and next, 7 species distribute in the city of Xiamen with 2 introduced species and I half-mangrove, and 3 species distribute in the city of Quailzhou and only one species, Kandelia (Kande!in callde!) distributes from the north of the city of Putian to the city of 1.1ingde. The main mangove plants include the Coast Leather Fern ( Acrosticht, in CIMret, in ) in Leather Fern Farmly, Cornmon Bruguiera ( B. gymnorrhiz@ ) in Mangrove Family, Kandelia ( Kandeli@ can del ), Hollyleaf ACanthus ( A. ill^;ibltus ) in ACanthus Family, Xiarrten Hollyleaf ACanthus ( AC@ntht, s ebracte@ms varxi@menensis ), Certferous Farmentiera ( Aegicer@s comicul"turn ) in Myrsine Family, Coastal Avicennia ( flyiceiz"in marina ) in Vervena Family. 1.1, I Community type of the mangrove forests (1) Coastal Aviceimita Coriumuntty (Form flyiceiini" marina Colornunity) (2) Certferous Parmentiera Community (Fonn, 4egiceras cornict, tomm Cornniuiiity) (3)Coastal Avicennia + Certferous Farmentiera Connnuntty (Fomi. /legiceras comict, forum Coinmuntty) (4) Kandelia Collrrnuiiity (Forr" Kg"delta conde! Coriumuiiity) (5) Kandelia + Certferous Farmentiera Community (Fonn Kandeti" candel + Aegiceros comicz, /@turn Coriumtiiiity) 34 (6) CoininoiiBruguiera Community (FomiByugt{iert:I gymizorrhiza Community) 1.1.2 Flora features There are two categories of mangoves in Fujian province, the type of low temperature-resistance and broad distribution( Kandelia, Coastal Avicennia, Calferous Farmentiera ) and the type of themlophilic and broad distribution ( Common Bniguiera, Hollyleaf ACanthus, Bling-your-eye-tree ), and do not find the type of the thermophilic and confined distribution. The coastal areas in Fujian Province which belong to the sub"tropical flora are the ecotones of the above two kinds of mangroves. . 1.2 Fauna Fujiari Province is rich in wild animal resources. According to primary investigation, there are 23 orders, 63 families and 218 species of wildlife (except insects), including 4 orders, 9 families and 14 maimnalia species * 15 orders, 38 families and 154 bird species* 3 orders, 11 families and 37 species Reptilia and I order, 5 families, 13 amphibian species. 1.2. I Animal species I ) Birds There total have 154 bird species in Fujian Province, account for 28.36% of the total bird species in Fujian province, including a lots of inigr. atory birds which listed in the international bilateral conservation conventions, in which, 77 inigi. atory birds are included into Sino-Japanese Migi. atory Birds Conservation Agreement, 41 species are included into Sino"Australian Agreement on Migt'atory Birds Conservation, and I O bird species are included in the list of Class 11 National Wildlife Conservation Species: Chinese Egret (Egretta enjophote. $,) * Red Kite @4thus korschz, ,I) ^ Black"winged Kite (Einin, s c@erule^s) * Cornmon Buzzard 4811teo buteo) * Eastern Marsh Harrier (Circus .spitonot".$,)* Collmion Kestrel (F'"/co Jiniit, nct, !",$) ^ Peregi'me Falcon (F'@!co peregri"u. S. I * Eskimo Curiew orz, meritt, s boredIi. $,) * Spotted Greenshank (frillg, I gutt;it?1:1 * Coriumon Coucal (Centropz4s sinensis). 35 L 2 ) Beasts There have 14 mainmal species, account for 12.73% of the total species in Fujian province. They are mostly some cetaceans in warm seawater , some rodents and small insect-eating animals which live in farmland and houses, including one Class I Animals under National Conservation: Chinese Dolphin 6Sot, sa chine, :si, ^, I, and tree Class 11 Animals under National Conservation: Bottle-nosed dolphin (fursiops truncatus) * Fals killer whale ipsez!dorc" crassidens) * Black finless porpoise ayeophocqenaphoc@erroide. ^,). 3 > Reptilia There are 37 reptile species, account for 32.17% of the total reptile species in Fujian province, including one Class I reptile under National Conservation: pytlion ( flython morning bini7tatt, s Schi!gel ) , five Class 11 Animals under National Conservation: turtle (Carett@ caretta)* Green turtle (Cheloni" mydos)* Hawksbill mmle 4) Amphibian Tliere are 13 amphibian species, account for 29.55% of the total amphibian species in Fujian province. Amphibians are almost aquatic or wetland species. There is one Class 11 amphibian under National Conservation: Indian bullfrog (Ranci rugz, !OSa lyeigm@, 3/2 ) . 5 ) Aquatic orgaritsms Fujian province is rich in aquatic organism resources. There are 563 species of aquatic organisms, in which , 201 species are phytoplankton which live in sea area, including 165 species of diatom, accounting for 82.09%; 180 species of zooplankton, including 59 species of acaleph, accounting for 32.78%, 71 species of copepods, accounting for 39.44%; 182 species of natatorial animals, including 141 fish species, accounting for 77.7%, 30 species of shellfish, accounting for 16.48%, and 11 species of cephalopod, accounting for 6.04%, 6 > Microorganism The trees and soils in mangyoves have abundant microorganisms. There are 10 orders, 12 families, 27 genuses and 45 species of microorganisms. Boer!!"s * 36 Sireptomyces * Microm0?20$pora are the primary dominant species of bacteria and actinomycete; The dormnant genuses in edaphic filamentous fungi are Penicillium, 77ichodevm@ and 11. $peng. tilt^ ; The dominate genuses in Ibliar filamentous fungi are F1, sortz, in and Altorn"rid ; The dominant genuses in mangi. ove endogenetic fungi are Foeci!Qinyces^ Fein^171^^in and Clodo. sportz, in. 1.2.2 Rare and Endangered Species There are lots of rare and endangered species in Fujian province. In the existing 218 species of amphibians^ reptiles* birds and beasts, according to international Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources <1UCT\I) (1996) list, there are one CriticalIy Endangered( CR ) species s Hawksbill turtle ( Erg!inoche!ys jinbricatto ), six Endangered < EN ) species s Black finless porpoise (Neophoc@end phocde"oides) * Eskimo Curlew (Ni, meritws bored Ii. $) * Turtle (Caretto caretto )* Green turtle (Chelonia mydos)^ Ridley sea turtle CLe;pidocheb?s offvace@)* Tomk turtle (Dermocheb, s conocco ) , two Vulnerable ( VU > species s Chinese Egi'et (E'grett@ earlophotes)* Saunders's Gullsaunders's Gull CLar, ,s satindersi); Ten species are listed in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) (1995) appendix L Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphin 430"s" chinensis) * Black finless porpoise oreophoc@e"a phocaenoides) * Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinz, ,$,) * Eskimo Curlew (IVz, merit"s borealis) * Spotted Greenshaiik (Tnnga gun!fed * Turtle (Caretta caretta )* Green turtle (Chelonia mydas )* Hawksbill turtle CE'reinocheb, s tinbricatt" )* Ridley sea turtle (Lgpidoche!ys o11^deed )* Trimk turtle (Dermocheb, s congcca ). 1.3 Economic status 1.3. I Current economic status and problems The mangrove forest in Fujian Province is mainly distributed in Zhangjiang estuary and Jiulongjiang estuary, Mangrove forests grow on large areas of tidal flats and nourish abundant marine lives such as shellfish, trumpet shells, crabs and so on. Large areas of tidal flats are the birds' habitats and regions in which people raise 37 L_ marine lives, undertake interndal-fishing and other important econointc activities. Agricultural revenue is the major incomes of villagers, and among all agricultural resources, tidal flats are the most fertile. Therefore, villagers depend on wetlands and tidal flats too much, and the tidal flats are imposed in a higli level of utilization and exploitation. Villagers living in the vicinity of nature reserves are engaged in productive activities such as planting fruit trees, culturing marine lives, gi'owing rice and counter-season vegetable, which are the major sources of economic revenue, accounting for 90% of their total incomes. The revenue of fishing in sea and intertidal lands accounts for 10% of annual incomes, According to different industries, the per capital income ratio of fishing, agi. joulture, forest, agriculture and livestock fanning is about 62.99,29.04,0.54, and 7.43 respectively. Zhangjiang estuary tidal flats in Fujian Province are the famous base of spat cultivation in the entire nation which produces spats including young razor clams and adult razor clams. Purchasers buy young razor clams and then sell them to professional culturists who culture razor clams in mass production. Finished products of razor clams enter the market througli purchasers and sellers to meet the demand of consumers, Nowadays mangi'ove forest ecotoorism is not exploited perfectly in Fujian Province. Villagers look forward to ecotourism which will promote the sale of their economic crops and marine products and make the local people get rich. The educational level of vinagers in the neig}Iborhood of nature reserves is usually poor, Social security system is very unsubstantial and need perfect to become sounder. 1.3.2 Suggestions (I ) Develop ecotoorism. Biology and water area signt is great special and charming in mangi'ove forest. It is qualified for tourism. (2) Reinforce the introduction of mangrove and the research on afforestation technology and enlarge mangyove resources. (3) Expand intemational communication and well protect mangrove forest* (4) Reserves can take certain measures to protect tidal flats and even redeem them because reserves and villagers compete for tidal flats. For example, the reserves give medicating subsidies to villagers, (5) Advance the development of industries or town and township enterprises. 38 (6) Deepen the adjustment of industrial structure, increase the chumel of income and the proportion of other earnings, and Iigliten the dependence degree of local villagers on tidal flats. 1.4 Case study in Zhangjiamgkoii Mangroves Natural Reserve 1.4. I The management status 1.4.1.1 The utilization of tidal flats Taking Zhangjiang estuary mangi. ove forest reserve for example, there are large areas of tidal flats that can be utilized in the periphery of mangrove forests. in the Zhangjiang estuary region, tidal flats are rent by contract for cultivation of razor clams, clams, crabs and other marine products. The price of razor clams and clams is biglier than other economic crops such as asparagus, lychee, and longan. So villagers engage in tidal flat production. As a result, the utilization ration of tidal flats is greatly higli, even up to 100%. Due to the higli productivity of mangove tidal flats, mmual net incomes per capital of Zhuta village, at which Fujian Zhanglcou estuary mangrove nature reserve is located, are 4,418 Yuan, of which 2,783 Yuan is fishing revenue accounting for 63.0% of total net incomes and only 1,216 Yuan, account for 29.0% of total net incomes per capita is agriculture revenue, Fishing incomes are mainly incomes in tidal flats areas. in 2004, the total revenue in Zhuta village reached 971,551 Yuan, of which tidal flats and wetland revenue is 585,784 Yuan, accounting for 60.3%, and the rent of fishing-ponds is 199,557 Yuan, accounting for 20.5%. It is obvious that tidal flats are the in;^jor source of incomes as well as the chief support of revenue, Thougli every family has certain areas of forestland and farmland, there is no superfluous grain for saving money because the output of rice is confined by soil satinization, Moreover, the mass production of vegetable is absent and there is a lack of vegetable brands. had the price of vegetable fluctuates. The species of lychee, longan is not good and the price is low. All above mentioned reasons cause villagers losing confidence on forest and agriculture. So villagers litglily depend on tidal flats, Generally speaking, the tidal flat cultivation is the main managernent model in the case study area. 39 14.1.2 Tourism exploitatiom Mangr. ove tourism resources are considerably abundant. The typical "submarine forest' meets people needs to explore and understand the nature, Such as we can sail in the mangrove forest tidal creeks and visit all kinds of mangyove plants. We can also watch various bird species such as atgrettes, snipes with the aid of telescope. The scene which they are flying tlirougji the mangrove forest is spectacular. Especially, the aigi:. ette is coated with pure white feathers, slim and graceful, which fonns a vivid contrast with green hills and crystal clear water. The scenery is so unique and beautiful that visitors wander there and without any thouglit of leaving. When the red sun rises in the east, sea water, mangr. ove forests and gi. oups of birds are in the golden sunshine shower; when the red sun disappears on the other side of the mountain after a busy day, remaining Iiglit puts tings of Iiglit on everything, divine and silent, which is admirable to everyone. Althougli mangrove forests are abundant with resources, local residents lack exploitation consciousness. The chief reason is that current tidal flat management model can satisfy their living demand, but tourism exploitation may occupy part of tidal flats and influence tidal flat production. Locals obtain steady incomes from tidal flat production and the steady incomes will decrease with the exploitation of tourism, because large part of tomsm revenue belongs to the goverirrnent and total locals' net income will decrease. Considering what mentioned above, locals are not willing to change the current management model, Nevertheless, the effective tomsm exploitation is the optimal model to protect mangrove forests perfectiveIy and realize the ecological, social and economic values which produced by mangove forests. in accordance with the traits of mangrove forest resources, mangi. ove ecotourism has gr'eat potential for exploitation. Not only can visitors enjoy the fine nature landscape and appreciate the miraculous beauty of mangrove forests, but also taste fresh and delicious seafoods. These wetland and marine seafoods and vegetable are all natural gi'Gen foods so they are attractive to the city residents. in the mealfuig time, locals can build farmhouses as hotels for visitors and can be another income source. 1.4.1.3 Local residents' conscioiisness (1) The local redients still not quite recognize the importance on protecting mangt. ove forests. When protection conflicts with utilization, it is generally thouglit that protection means no utilization. As a result, villagers have a less positive attitude 40 towards the natural reserve construction and don't expect to extend the area of mangyove forests. (2) Exaggerate the function of economic production in tidal flat. Farmland cultivation brings security to the basic living of locals but wetland and tidal flat revenue is the best way to enhance the living standard. At present, the fannlands are seriously sannized, Grains have no surplus, in addition, the benefit of economic forests is small. The market of fruits such as lychee and longan is during depression stage. Consequently, villagers litglily depend on tidal flat production* (3) Lack the concepts of sustainable management models for future reserves. It is possible that villagers can't well understand the mangoves ecological crisis in the long tenn and lack the thouglit that "Good ecological environment may bring brand effect to their tidal flat products". How to coordinate the conflict between the mangrove protection and exploitation is the key to protect and manage mangi'ove resources. At present, developing ecotourism is a relatively ideal management model. Not only it can protect mangi. ove forest effectiveIy, but also can giiarantee the sustainable development of communities and alleviate the mangrove ecological crisis to the minimum degree. Generally speaking, the local redidents have been aware of the urgency to protect mangrove forests. They over depend on tidal flats excessively, And if the area of mangi'ove forests is expanded, the area of tidal flats will decline and locals' benefits will be affected. As a result, they are unwilling to continue to expand the area of mangyove forests, not to mention to rent tidal flats to plant mangyove. However, more intensive operation in tidal flats, as well as global climatic change and the threat from diseases will reduce the existing area of mangi'ove forests. Ecological environment becomes worse and worse. Thougli the destructive degree of ecological environment has not reached ecological tiresholds, it has brouglit severe threats to the security of mangrove forests. The ecotourism ideas are not planted in local residents' mind. ECotoutism is a traveling activity that has double duties on both protecting natural environment and maintaining locals' living. ECotoutism let visitors enjoy the beautiful views in traveling as well as strengttien the ways of thinking, namely 41 protective tomsm, to better understand ecology, to protect ecological environment, and to achieve penmanent harmonious step by step. ECotoorism will do no harm to the nature as well as enable locals to gain econonxic profit itITougli the natural resources protection. Locals are unaware of the unlimited commercial opportunities which brouglit by ecotoutism. So the natural reserve workers should propagate and establish ecotoorism demonstration sites. 1.4.1.4 The impact of current management models on the restoration of mangroves At present, current management models indicate that villagers excessively depend on tidal flats and possess large proportion of tidal fiats, which is unsuitable for mangt. ove restoration, They use pesticide and disinfector to disinfbct tidal flats during the tidal flat production. This kind of action changes the component of elements and organic matter, affects the quality of tidal flat soil and directly influences the growth of mangrove forests. Spats are the foods for inigi'ant birds, so if people pursuit economic benefits of spats, they will affect nonnal living habits of Twigi. ant birds. It is unfavorable for the migrant bird protection as well as mangi. ove protection, because the food resources of inigi. ant birds include pests in mangove forests. If the number of inigi:'ant birds decreases, pests will breakout and the figlit against pests will become more difficult than before. The occupancy of tidal flats, on one hand, destroyed the habitats of mangroves. On the other hand, it constrains the expansion of the mangi'ove forest area. Tidal flat revenue is the main source of villagers' incomes, so if the govenrrnent requisitions tidal flats to grow mangrove plants, villagers' benefits are affected and generate opposed emotion against the mangr'ove management in natural reserve and further affect the mangyove forest protection. Also it is unfavorable for mangi. ove restoration since the operation degi. ee in tidal flat is still quite serious, we should control the operation degi'66 and Iiintt operation time. So we should increase villagers' incomes via other managernent model such as mangr'ove ecotoutism, in addition, the government can requisitions part of tidal flats by the way of compensation to plant 42 seedlings, introduce and domestic new species for the purpose of Galargi. rig the area of mangove forests, 1.4.2 Suggestions on models 1.4.2.1 The protection of mangrove forest resources Fujian Zhangjiangl!:ou Mangyove Natural Reserve is a natoral mangrove community with the most abundant species diversity and in the best gr. owfti conditions in the nortti to the Tropic of Cancer. Since the ancient times, Zhangjiangl:on area has been covered by higli, dense, large and diverse mangoves. Especially near the seaside, there are centralized floras, in which the main composition is pure Coriumon Bruguiera (BIWgtiiero gymnorhz^@) forests, the tree heigl:It is 5-6 in and the bigliest tree is over I Om. According to investigation, the area of the pure Coriumon Bruguiera forests was up to 66 ha in the early 1950s. Between the 1960s and 1980s, mangrove forest resources were badly destroyed by tidal flat cultivation, iruitng and reclamation. As a result, large areas of pure BIWgz, tera gymi, orhizo stands have disappeared and now there are a few mixtures of BIWgt, iera gym, 20rhiz@, Kondeft" can ofe and Kandeli@ candel. There is still remaining about 20 ha Avicenni@ marine mangrove in the nature reserve, which is the largest pure Avicennio marine mangi'ove stand in the whole country up to now. However, in recent years, Avicennia marine is badly harmed by Sitotroga Cerealella and the damaged ratio gets up to I 00%. Trees in the upper boundary of Zhangjiangl:ou were cut down for planting fruit trees. The depression of the fruit market induced villagers to despair of fruit tree production and desert fruit bearing forest to dead. As a result, soil is eroded and washed away easily by rain, especially rainstonn. The sand swept by rain water sediments and piles at the estuary. Consequently, the level of tidal flats ascends and threats the gi'owth of mangrove forests. Because villagers make use of tidal flats to develop cultivation and fishing due to the higlier productivity of tidal fiats and tidal flat revenue, and this has become the chiefincome source of villagers. The utility ratio of tidal flats increase and the intensity of human disturbance induce the more difficulty to protect mangrove forests. in order to protect mangrove 43 I_ resources, some management measures and suggestions are proposed as follows: (1) Restore vegetation in the upper areas, and plant trees to prevent soil erosion; restore fruit bearing forest, in which the main mission is to build brand reputation and exploit market or build industry to process fruit and produce foods with special features, (2) Dig river charmels. It is convenient for ships to use the river as well as relieves the pressure caused by the elevation of tidal flats, (3) Try to use biological disinfector to distilfect cultivation water. To spray chemical pesticide on the tidal fiats for killing the creatures will be adverse against the cultivated creatures to achieve the aim of "disinfection" it will certainly kill a mass of bonthons at the same time and lead to the losses of species diversity in tidal flat ecological coriumtiiiity. Especially, remnant pesticide containinates water and foods, result the migrant birds decreasing and pests increasing. (4) It is more reasonable to use biological pesticide or introduce pests' natural enemies to make diseases under control. (5) Reduce the intensity of tidal flat operation via cutting down the number of operators and shortening operating time. In order to reduce the conflict between villagers and the reserve administrative department, it is necessary to establish compensation mechanisms and establish compensation standards to make up for the villager's losses. (6) Establish the local ecological monitoring websites to monitor the water quality and soil conservation. (7) Control the growth of ,!^!;^qrti"a alterit;/lord and ,!!j7ar!ing angliccz by the biological method. ,!^jigrtincz a!tern!flora and ,!^?on^^a angl, ^@ are invasive species and reproduce in gi. eat numbers in Zhangjiangl, ou reserve. They compete for the tidal flat with mangrove forests. Because of the powerful reproductive ability, ,!*?"rti"Q altern;!70ro and ,I^;^@flintz alignccz inhabit the land around the mangr'ove forest, which binigs impact on the growth of mangi'oves and also other native species. (8) Litegt. ate the law related to the protection of mangyove forests, 44 (9) Establish special funds for the protection of mangrove forests. (10) Enhance the research related to the mangrove forests, such as location study, and research on mangrove diseases. 1.4.2.2 The exploitation of mangrove resources Mangyove resources are abundant and are exploited in vatious models. Mangrove vegetables used as medicines and foods already have a long history in this area. At present, the area of mangrove forests is not large in China. In addition, most lands of China are located at litgli latitudes, so it is difficult to restore the Tunagi. oves if they were destroyed. So it is unreasonable to adopt the development model in which the exploitation and restoration are carried out at the same time. It is feasible to make use the vegetables which gi:'ow together in the mangroves, for example, people can make paper from reeds, or develop ecotoorism. And the exploitation of ecotourism is the most effective way to realize the ecological, social and economic values which produced by the mangrove forests, Zhangjiangl The single management model should be transfonmed into many kinds of synthesized management model. The exploitation of ecotourism resources can solve the problem that the tidal flat cultivation is the chief incomes of locals and reduce their impact on the mangove forests gr'owth cased by the tidal flat cultivation. in accordance with the investigation results achieved from a series of projects, some suggestions directed towards the exploitation of resources are proposed as foUows: (1) Enhance themtensity of publicity, invite international and national well-known environmental protection organizations to observe and study mangrove forests and give aid in publicity. 45 L (2) Tram the managerial staffs and local guides, including employees of the reserve and tourism staff regularly. Especially, guides introduce mangt'ove forests and publicize how to protect mangrove forests to tourists; tints will make visitors more dearly understand mangrove forests, (3) improve the environmental health around the reserves via constructing eco-toilets and dustbins. Establish humanzed tour areas and avoid the destruction of ecological environment* (4) Establish compensation and pecuiiiary aid mechanism and encourage villagers to build family hotels, To translbmm the unoccupied rooms into guest rooms can avoid the construction of new hotels and rest rooms and reduce using large number of material and funds. in consequence, villagers will decrease the exploitation on mangoves, at the same time; villagers can get some benefits from mangi'ove forests. (5) Develop ecotoorism routes, which is convenient for visitors to enter the reserves and mirinnize the impact of excessive visitors' trampling on mangrove forests. (6) Construct traffic facilities such as parking lots and signt seeing buses. (7) Forecasting the number of visitors and gowth rate and calculating environmental bearing capacity are favorable for controlling the number of visitors; and alleviate environmental pressure and protect mangyove forests more effectiveIy, (8) Establish demonstration areas of ecotourism. Develop signtseeing, bird-watching, popular science education and other tourism projects and found the education base of popular science. (9) Use reeds and other suitable plants to make papers. (I on Develop and construct the base of green tourism products. 2 ^ The stains of mangroves in Zhejia, Ig Province 2.1 The Flora The total area of the existing forest land of the mangi. oves is 256.7 ha, among 46 which, the mangyove forest land is 20.6 ha , and the jinmatore silviculture land of mangi'ove is 236.1 ha. Kandelia ( Kczizdefi@ condel ) forest mainly distribute in the south of Le Qingwan ( 28'10' North Latitude ), Cornmon Myoporum ( Myopor"in bornioides ( Sieb. Et Zt, cc. ) 11. gr@y ) forest mainly distribute in the south San Menwan ( 29' 24' North Latitude ), Rosemallow Hibiscus ( Hib!^CMS L. ) mainly distribute in the north of Xiang Shanwan ( 29'25' North Latitude ). Zonal or punctual distribution is taken on near the tidal line of the boundary between ocean and tenene. 2.1. I Plant Species The composing of the mangroves in Zhejiar}g province is very simple, only has 3 arbor species: one of which is Kandelia ( Kondelia candel ), the truly Mangy'ove species, and other two species are Rosemallow Hibiscus ( Hibiscus L. ) and Coinmon Myoporum ( My, porwm bontioid^,, ( Si^b. Et Zt, co. ), I, gray ), which are the hemi-mangroves species. 2.1.2 Distributing features I) Small area of existing forest, Simple species and large proportion of artificial pure forest Zhejiang province lies in the north edge of the distributing area of the Mangroves. The reason of small area of the existing forest is that the adaptive range of the mangroves is small, Moreover, the mangi. ove species are extremely simple with only 3 arbor species: one of which is Kandelia ( Kondefta cQndel ), the truly Mangrove species, and other two species are the semi-Mangrove species. Meanwhile, the existing forest of the mangi:. oves and the half-mangroves are both purely forest with simple community structure and less concomitant plants, Most of the existing forests are introduction species, the only natural mangyove is Rosemallow Hibiscus ( Hibz^cz, s L. ) which area are small and nearly extinct. 2) Zonal and strip distribution of the mangroves, distinct character of th(^ latitude belts 47 Take on Zonal and strip distribution of the mangroves in the existing forest which are restricted by their ecological behavior. At the effect of climate, the characters of latitude belts of the existing mangr. ove forest are distinct, and Kandelia ( Kande!to cared81 ) only distribute in the south of Le Qingwan in the city of Wen Zhou, Common Myoporum ( Myopon, in bontioides ( Sieb. Et Zztcc. ) It. grczy ) distribute in the south of San Menwan and Rosemallow Hibiscus ( Hibiscus L. ) momly distribute in the nonti of Xiang Shangang. Compared the tiree species' north edge distribution, Rosemallow Hibiscus ( Hibiscus L. ) > Common Myoporum ( My onor"in bonito^des ( Sieb. Et Z, ,cc. ) 11. groy ) > Kandelia ( Kande!in cared81 ), and the across distribution are not obvious, 2.1.3 Flora features There is only one kind of mangyoves, Kandelia ( Kandeft@ can del ), the low temperature resistance broad distributing, which is the flora features of mangi. oves in ZnOjiang province. 2.2 Fauna Leqingwan beach land in Zhejiang is an important resting-place of Black-faced Spoonbill (Pintole" minor) which is a CriticalIy Endangered species in the world dining migration ,and also the habitat of many wetland migratory birds ,such as Chinese Egret (Egrettq eulophotes ) (EN) and Spot-billed Pelican (Peleco"t's philippensts cri. SPMs ) (VU)* Furthermore, it is the most important wintering gi. ound of Saunders's Gull CL@n4s s, zillzdersi). According to investigation, the number of winter population of Saunders's Gull is about 5000 in China , and they mainly congi'egate in Leqingwan and Worldiouwan of coastal city Weunhou, Zliejiarig, accounting for more than 60% of the total wintering population* 2.3 The ecomointc status 2.3. I Cmrre, It economic conditions and problems During the past decades, aquatic breeding industry, the so-called blue agi'joulture , 48 is developing rapidly along the coastal areas of Z}leiiang Province, while its own healthy and sustainable development is seriously restricted, The wastes of fish and surplus baits are polluting the water and making water quality worse and worse in modern aquatic breeding, which have caused the degradation of water and spread of various epidemics, thus do harm to the production and quality of aquatic products. The higli-cost conventional tr earnTent technique of breeding sewage is likely to make secondary pollution, so it is important to figure out a scientific way to Invite aquatic breeding industry with ecological benefits. In some foreign countries, the clean producing technique of using the mangrove forest fishponds for aquatic breeding to purify water has made progi'ess to some degi'ee. It is not only an economical technique, but also can produce aquatic products in good quality, In torn, the breeding water could bring mangy. ove nutritious materials to make them gi. ow, forming a double benefits state. A1thougl:I there are only a few resources of mangrove forest in Zhejiang Province currently, the potential area for mangrove atforesting is as twenty times as that existing now, which is worthy to be developed. Teclmically, all the potential areas for mangi. ove afforesting in Zhejiang can be exploited. However, whether these potential mangrove forests can be exploited is limited by economic development level and social factors, especially the land-contending conflict in the coastal development. Therefore, not all the potential area can be progi'animed as mangrove forest. 2.3.2 Suggestions in tenns of the existing problems in economic development, the suggestions are below. (1) There are plenty of benthic animals in mangrove forest, the main economic species are including Nevertm didy, ino, Bullocta exaroto, Scqph@rc@ subcrenatq, 112gtllarc@ granosa, Potamocorbt, IC Iaevis, Corbicula 11/4mi?180, Sinonovoca, !a constrictq, Uc@ qrct, at@, Hellentrs brockii, flyplq;c orientalI^, Bo!eqphthalmt4s chinensis, El@cati"lis and so on. It is suggested that divides part of the beachlarid 49 to peasants for breeding and another part as the potential mangrove forest area, (2) Forbid activities of reclaiining mangrove forest for breeding. (3) Emphasize study on mangr. ove forest 3^ The status of mangroves in Guangdong Province The mangy'oves in Guangdong province are mainly second-growth forest which total area are 4667 hectares including 13 species of mangrove plants, The primary distribution area of the mangroves are in the Ying Luo Bay, All PU Bay, Guang Hat Bay, Zhen Hai Bay, Hai Lingshari Bay and Lei Zhou Bay which have bigli air temperature, water temperature and large beach land area. 3.1 Floral The distribution area on mangroves in the south of Guangdong Province is larger than north, and 80 percent of the total area are in the city of Zlien Jiang. According to the research, the namral distribution of the mangi'oves in Guangdong province include 7 species of 6 genuses of 4 families, the hemi-mangi'oves include 9 species of 9 genuses of 8 families and concomitant liana and herb include 4 species of 4 genuses of 4 families, Otherwise, there are 4 species of 4 genuses of 3 families mangi'oves which are introduced from other places in the country, that are Sharpleaf Mangrove ( Rhizophorcz aptct, 14ta ) in Mangrove Family, Sixargled Bruguiera ( B. sex", Ig, ,I@ ), Conrrnon Sonneratia ( SCOseo!@ris )in Sonneratia Family which are the mangroves and Conrrnon Xylocarpus ( ,Xi, localpus gloriat"in ) in Chinaberry Faintly which is the hemi-mangrove. Mangrove plans involve Ceriferous Farmentiera ( Aegiceras corniculatuin ) in Myrsine Family, Coriumon Bruguiera ( B. gymnorrhiza) in Mangi. ove Family, Kandelia ( Kandelia candel ), Stylose Mangr'ove ( R'Stylosa ), Coastal Avicemxia ( Avicennta marina ) in Vervena Farmly, Hollyleaf ACanthus ( A. incifblius ) in ACanthtis Family, Little Flower ACanthus ( ACanthus ebracteatus Van ), Bling-your-eye-tree ( Excoecczri@ agalloch" ) in Spurge Faintly, Coastal Heritiera ( Helm'era litttorofts ) in Sterculia Family and Coast Leather Fein ( Acrostichi, in cure, ,in ) in Leather Fein Faintly 50 Hemi-mangi:'ove plants involve Linden Hibiscus ( Hibiscus liftoce"s ) in Mallow Farmly, Portiatree ( The. $peru^Q populneQ ), Common CGrberustt'Go ( Gerbera monghas ) in Dogbane Faintly, hidian Fluchea ( Pinched in of^^@ ) in Composite Faintly and Poongaoil Pongainia ( Pong@ini" piniiat@ ) in Pea Family, Concomitant plants involve Tritonate Jewelvine ( Derris!r!101^^to ) in Pea Family, Common Myoporum ( Mypporz, in bontioides ) in Myoporum Family, Urianned Glorybower ( Clefode"drillz ingrme ) in Vervena Family, Southern Seepweed ( SI, aeda cr"384iblic ) in Goosefoot Family and Beach Monthigglory ( It?omoecz pes-capr"e( L. )Sweet ) in Morning glory Family. 3.1. I Community type of the mangrove forest (1) Centerous Farmentiera Community ( Form. negicer"s comict!forum Community ) (2) Kandelia + CGriferous Farmentiera Community( Form. Kondelia carede! + Hegicer"s comicul"min Cornmunity ) (3) Coriumon Bruguiera + Certferous Farmentiera Community ( By"gutero gymnorrh^z@ +, 4egiceras comict, /drum Community ) (4) Coastal Avicennia + Certferous Farmentiera Cornmunity ( Avicen}Jin marina + Kegicercs comici, ICtt, in Community ) (5) Stylose Mangove + Common Bruguiera ( Rhz^ophora sty!OS@ + BIWg, ,ford gym?loryhizo Coriumunity ) 3.12 Flora features There are two kinds of mangyoves in Guangdong province, low temperature resistance broad distributing ( Kandelia, Certferous Pannentiera ) and thermophilic broad distributing ( Connnon Bruguiera, Stylose Mangrove, Bling-your-eye-tree ), and do not find the kind of the themlophilic confined distributing. The flora characters of mangoves in this province are sub-tropical flora. 3.1.3 Rare and endangered species Common Bniguiera ( Bniguiera gymnorrhiza ) and Stylose Mangrove ( Rhizophora stylosa ) are in frequent precious local species in the mainland of our country. 51 I_ 3.2 Fauma. 3.2. I Animal Species There are 127 species of 58 faintlies offishes in Guangdong province; 110 species of 38 families of shellfish; 26 species of aquatic zooplaiikton; 158 species of benthic organism; 133 species of insects; 1/1 species of birds, including 4 Class OneAiiimals under National Conservation and 12 Class Two Animals under National Conservation. I ) Phytoplai}kton There are 75 species of 25 genuses of 5 phylums of phytoplatilctons in Guangdong province , including 68 species of 21 genuses of Badll"riophyta , accounting for 90.7% of the total species, I species of I genus of Cyanophyt@, I species of I genus off^, rrophyta, 3 species of I genus of Chlorophyt, z, 3 species of I genus of BIZglei!ophyt@. 2 ) Birds According to investigation , there are 189 species of birds in Guangdong province, including 86 species of water bird, accounting for 46% of the total birds species. The quantity of water birds accounting for 89~97% of the total birds, mainly involve four categories which are ducks* gulls and waders, Ducks* gulls and waders are winter resident. Mangyove wetland Herons cornniuiiity are consist of 14 heron populations, belong to 8 genuses, accounting for 70% of the 20 heron species of China, including Gray Heron <71. cinerea lee!irostris)* Purple Heron 04, pulp, ,red mannansis ) of Ardea genus, Eastern Reef Heron < E. sacra sacra ) * Great Egt. et (IE'."Ib@ modesta )* Little Egret dB. gorzetta garzetta )^ intennediate Egr'et (E. intermedia intermedia)* Chinese Egi'et (E. e"lophotes) in Beretta, Striated Heron (B. strict"s connectorzs) in Butondes, Cattle Egi. et (B. this corom@I'd"s) in Bubulcus, Chinese Pond-Heron 64. b@cch^s)in Ardeola, Black-crowned Niglit-Heron ornycti'color 11ycttcoraic) in Nycticorax, Eurasian Bittern (B. stell@ris stellaris) in Botaum , and Chinese Little Bittern (/. sinensis sinensis )* Cimamon Bittern (Lci",, dinome^s) in itobrychus. Mangr'ove is wonderful habitats of numerous species with lots of animals. There 52 are 46 species of 20 families of birds live there, including 38 species of resident birds, accounting for 82.6% of the total, 8 species of interant birds, accounting for 17.4% of the total. Resident birds such as Gray Moorhen (Gall^^"to chiorqpt!s)* Black-crowned I'llglit-Heron orycticorcic 71ycticorq:c)^ Crested Myna 01cridotheres crist"tell"s ) hidificate in mangi. ove, or rest at daytime and feed in dusk in mangove .Besides birds, there are other beach land animals such ad Chinese black sleeper '80strichthys sinensis )^ greasyback shamp (Metapei?@ears errsis)* marine fiddler crab (UV voc@jus)* Chinese tiger-head crab (Onthyicz sinic@)* Abe' s goby drug^^ogobit, s abei)* Blue mudhopper CScartelaos viridis)* Mudhopper CPeriophth@lint, s contoi!errsis) and so on. 3.2.2 Rare and Erudamgered Species Coastal mangrove has become the resting-place and transferring-place of international inigr'atory birds .According to primary survey, there are 71 species of 23 families of I O orders of birds, mostly water birds, including 6 Class Two Animals under National Conservation: Chinese Egret* Coriumon Kestrel . Black-winged Kite* Black-tailed Gull; 25 species are included into Sino-Japanese Migratory Birds Conservation Agi'Gement such as SIaty-backed Gull^ Green-winged Teal and Coniiiion Moorhen; 17 species are included into Sino-Australian Agreement on Migi'atonI Birds Conservation such as Little Curlew * Great Egret* Greenshank* Black-headed Gull. 3.3 Economic status 3.3. I Current status of economy in the reserves most mangi'ove sub-areas is accessible by car or by coat because they are located in the vicinity of villages or busy sea-routes. The communities in the neigliborhood of the mangrove nature reserves produce materials, such as crude oil, sugar* cans, sea salt and so on, and manufactures including tobacco, electric appliances (duplicators, electric fans, televisions, etc. ), chemical fertilizer, automobiles and other vehicles. The part of Beibu Gulf situated on the west of Leizhou Peninsula is abundant in oil and natural gas. The conmnunities in the neigliborhood of the mangrove nature reserves also yield farm products, livestock products and marine products. Farm products mainly 53 L are gi'ams whose majority is rice, sugar cane which accounts for 5% of national total output, jute, peanut, vegetable and fruit. Dominating livestock products are beef, pork, mutton, chickens, ducks and eggs. Main marine products are fish, shamp and shellfish. Moreover, ZITanjiang City is the main pearl producing area, which yields two-part pearls of national total output. These communities provide lots of pearls, fish, shamps, crabs and sea salt for home and overseas market. It is unitversally considered that mangl:. ove ecosystem is supporting and maintaining the greater part of fishing in inshore and offshore marine directly or indirectly. There is biggish difference in honey output between areas in mangrove. The per hectare honey output are various from I to 20 kilogram for different areas correspondingly the armual production value from 60 to 900 Yuan. The majority of residents are engaged in farming and few people are engaged in fishing. in generally, the education level of residents is lower. And in generally, there are 3 or 4 children in many funnies. Their main income sources are outworking, stock raising, picking on interndal areas and so on. Residents in districts nearby the fair can take planting and selling vegetable as economic sources. Less than ten percent farmers cultivate marine products which mainly are shamps. A few professional culturists from local or non-local vinages obtain the use riglit of shamp ponds to breed shamp by contract. Water used for agi'iculture is charmeled to field by ditches and culverts mainly from rivers, springs, reservoirs and upland ponds, And then people irrigate fields in the methods of water pump, shouldering or others, It is general for a family to raise pigs and chickens for sale. 20%-30% farmers raise sows which can reproduce piglets that can be sold* in addition, a handful of farmers raise ducks and honeybees. Many women pick on the interndal areas and are the dormnating part. Taking one with another, because marine resources decrease, less and less people go to pick on seaboard, The daily income of picking on the interndal areas is between 30 and 80 Yuan. Besides productive coasts, incomes are spent on education of sons and daugliters and the cost of living. Villagers live in conditions of bad environmental health and the number of sanitation such as W, C, is small and it is in bad conditions. Except for trunk roads, paths in village are all Tougli and narrow* Approximate half of farmers have auto-bikes. Every faintly is provided with electric power but few families can't utilize electricity for poverty. The rate of mobile telephone signal coverage is high, However, the number of people who own mobile telephones is not very large, in which people, 54 who go out to work in non-local account for a great part. The housing is mainly built in brick. 3.3.2 Problems/Conflicts Villagers' level of education is low and they have few chances to be trained. Consequently, they master little knowledge of agriculture, cultivating etc and bad capability for guarding against natural disasters. In addition, their conservative ideas make them very hard to find developing paths they fit. Even thougli they go out to other developed parts to work, they are just engaged in simple labor and have little Incomes. Villagers keep orthodox ideas such as "More sons, more blessedness" " Sons can pass down blood relationships". So some villagers disobeyed Family Plainitng and gave birth to more children. Larger population, more sons and daugliters, less fields, hard burden, lower living standard and bad ability to self develop are the current situation of villagers. As a result of the lack of cultaral and recreation facilities and activities, villagers kill time by playing card and malljong and sometimes get together to gamble. There is no customs and aimosphere of study to come into being* The roads which link different villages are made of earth and are in bad conditions. So the traffic is discommodious and it is difficult to go out and sell farm produce. in villages there are piles of litter on the streets. Poultry and livestock are not bred in the pen. W. C. is simple and crude and in bad sanitary conditions. Since the usufruct of fields belongs to individual by contract, people have become more and more indifferent to collective interests, So they are simply concerned about self-interests and can't make concerted effort to settle public matters. It is hard to organize people to undertake public service, such as the construction of irrigation works and the road maintenance. Farmers don't have enough. money to go to hospital when they fall ill. This demonstrates that immediate hospitalizing is unavailable for most farmers, With population increasing and economic developing, people demand more and more resources so that they exploit tidal flat resources and mangi'ove land resources exorbitantly, capture excess marine life, lawlessly hunt animals. Some residents living in coastlarid still use mangyove as fuel, exploit mangrove forest resources disorderly, reclaim polder from mangtove forest, and dig cultivation ponds to develop 55 I_ aquiculture, or build vast seashore places of tourist attraction. had as a result large areas of mangrove forests were lopped. Consequently, mangrove ecosystem and biologic habitats are destroyed and even disappear, According to the investigation carried out in 2001, the total area of mangi'ove forests had decreased by 31.5% comparing to that in the 1990s which are about 14.7 thousand ha, People had occupied 7,912.2 ha mangi. ove forest s between 1980 and 2001.7,767.5 ha mangove lands had converted into shamp ponds, accounting for 98.2%. And 1.76% of the total loss mangr'ove forests, namely 139.47 ha were reclaimed for construction lands, What's more, 22,260.6 ha tidal flats which is suited for forestation is not utilized. The decrease of mangyove forest resources has resulted in the deterioration of ecological environment in seashore ecosystem, for example, in 1998 red tide occurred in part coastland in Guangdong Province. In addition, industry pollution becomes worse and worse. As a result, offing ecological environment has been destroyed. Urbimzation is driven by economic development. With the development of city construction and real estate exploitation, large areas of mangrove lands have been reclaimed for the expansion of cities or towns and ecosystem is destroyed. In the initial stage of Shellzhen Futian mangove nature reserve, the area of the nature reserve is 304 ha, among which, coastal fishing-ponds, wash, arbor and shrub woodlands and other lands are 230 ha, accounting for 75.7% of the total area of the mangyove nature reserve. However, city construction has reclaimed large areas of mangrove forest during twenty years, Althougli the area of the natirre reserve had added up to 367.7 ha, land areais only 139.9 ha, decreasing by 39.8%. 3.3.3 Suggestions (1) Develop eco-tomsm in the vicinity of mangrove forests, This is possible to add jobs and income source; (2) Raise honeybees in the mangi. ove forests; (3) Speed up the space of the foundation of mangrove nature reserves; (4) intensify the research on mangyove forests; (5) Make full use of surplus labor force to develop economic industries for labor resources is abundant. (6) Propagate scientific knowledge to enhance the quality of villagers. 56 4 ^ The status of mangroves in Guamgxi Zhiia. ing Autonomous Regiom Guangxi province is the widest area of mangr'oves' distribution in our country which area is 5654 hectare. The coastal area in Guang>, i is in the south of Tropic of Cancer between 107' 56' ~ 109' 47 ' North Latitude and 21' 24' ~ 1/7' 30' East Longitude. There are 18 Families in the existing mangyove forest, most of than are Coastal Avicennta ( AVIcemxia marina ), Centerous Farmentiera ( Aegiceras conticulaimn ), Kandelia ( Kandelia candel ), Stylose Mangrove ( R. stylosa ), Common Bruguiera ( Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ) and Bling-your-eye-tree ( Excoecaria agallocha ). The primary distribution area of the mangroves is in the Ying Luo Bay, Dan Dochat, Tie Shangang, Da Fengli:ou Jiang, Qin Zhou Bay, Fang Chengjiang Kou, An EUkou Jiang, and Zlien Zhugang and so on. 4.1 Flora The mangrove plants in Guang>ci province include 25 species of 11 genuses of 18 families, which respectively account for 66.7%, 73.3% and 40.7% of each total, And the mainly mangoves are Coastal Avicennia ( Aviceinxia marina ), Centisrous Farmentiera ( Aegiceras conitculatuin ), Kandelia ( Kandelia candel ), Stylose Mangyove ( R. stylosa ), Common Bruguiera ( Bruguiera gyinnorrhiza ) and Bling-your-eye-tree ( Excoecaria agallocha ), Mangrove plants include 13 species of 8 families, hemi-mangrove plants include 5 species of 4 families and Concomitant plants which grow in the edge of or under forest include 7 species of 6 families. Mangi'ove plans involve Coast Leather Fein ( Acrosticht, in aureum ) in Leather Fein Family, Coinmon Bruguiera ( Br"gutera gym, 2011hiz" ) in Mangi:'ove Family, Common CGriops ( Ceriops tag@I ( Perr ) C. B. Rob ), Kandelia ( Kandelia caredel ), Stylose Mangi'ove ( R. sty/OS@ ), Hollyleaf ACanftius ( A. iftc!1611t!s ) in ACanthus Family, Racemose Lmnnitzera ( L. racemos@ 17:11d ) in Combretunn Family, Bling-your-eye-tree ( Excoec"rid ogollocha ) in Spurge Family, Certferous Farmentiera ( Aegicer@s comicz!tofum ) in Myrsine Family, Coastal Heritiera ( Heritier@ 1/7itor@!is ) in Sterculia Faintly and Coastal AVIcennia ( Avice"Ina marina ) in Vervena Family. Half-mangove plants involve Obtuseleaf Preinna ( Fleming obt, ,8401i@ ) in 57 L__ Vervena Family, Poongaoil Pongainia ( Foilgamt@ pill, !"to ) in Pea Family, Conmion Corberustree ( Gerbera mallghas ) in Dogbane Faintly, Linden Hibiscus ( Hibiscus tingee"s ) in Mallow Family and Portiatree ( The. $peats" POP3, me@ ), ( The, $peatsa POP3, !neg ). Concomitant plants involve Tritonate Jewelvine ( Derrisii. ;iblint@ ) in Pea Family, Oriental Variegated ( Erythrina varieg@te ), Sea Lettuce ( Seaevo!q sence@ ) in Goodenia Family, Haman Sea Lettuce ( Secevola ham""e"sis Hcziice ), Beach Morning glory ( I^^Qinoec pes-cqprae (L. ) Sweet ) in Morningglory Faintly, Common Myoporum ( Mypporwm bonttoid'es ) in Myopon^n Family, Him alayari Coralbean ( SCO!opr" chinensis(Lowi:)CIOs ) in F1acourtia Farmly and Unarmed Glory bower ( Clerode"drum merine (L ) G@ert" ) in Vervena Family. 4.1, I Community type of the mangrove forest (I ) Coastal Aviceiarita Community ( AVIcen"i@ marina Conrrnunity ) (2) Coastal Avicenina + Certferous Farmentiera Coriumuiiity ( Avice, Into marina + Hegiceras comici, /@turn Community ) (3) Coastal Avicennia + Kandelia Community ( AviceizniQ marina + Kandelitz collde! Coriumunity ) (4) Certferous Farmentiera Community ( Aegiceras comict, forum Community ) (5) Stylose Mangrove Community ( Rhizophor" stylos" Coinmoriity ) (6) Stylose Mangrove + Coinmon Binguiera Conrrnunity ( Rhizophor@ stylos@ + By"g, ,tom gymizorrh^^a Coriumunity ) (7) Stylose Mangrove + Kandelia Conrrnunity ( Rhizophoro styloso + Kande/to can del Cornmunity ) (8) Kandelia Coinmuntty ( Kondelia conch! Community ) (9) Kandelia Community + Certferous FarmerItiera Community ( Kgiide!in c@ridel + Aegicer"s comicz, ICtz, in Collrrnunity ) (10) Bling-your-eye-tree Cornmruitty ( Excoec"rin ag"110ch@ Community ) (11) Bling-your-eye-tree + Calferous Farmentiera Community ( Excoec@rig @gallocha +, 48gicer@s comic, ,!@turn Conrrnunity ) (12) Coinmon Bniguiera Conmiuiiity ( BIWgt, telo gymnorrh^^@ Coriumuriity ) (13) Coastal Heritiera Conmnuiiity ( Heri!ier" litttorolis Community ) (14) HollyleafAcanthus Community ( A. ill^!10n"s Cornmuntty ) (15) Hollyleaf ACanthus + CGriferous Farmentiera Collarnunity ( A. inc!fo!jus + Kegiceras comict!forum Conrrnuiiity ) 58 in addition of coriumuiiity above, some hemi-mangove plants fomi extremely obvious communities which border upon the beach land of mangr'ove communities, take on strait, zonal or little sheet distribution. The mainly communities type of them Is: (1) Linden Hibiscus Community ( Hibiscus tiff@eel, s Community ) (2) Fomatree Collrrnunity ( Diespesia popt!pried Collnnuriity ) (3) Common CGrberusti'ee Community ( Cerbera inarigh@s Cornmunity ) 4.1.2 ^'10ra Features There are two kinds of mangi'oves in Guangxi province, low temperature resistance broad distributing ( Kandelia, Coastal Avicennia, Certferous Farmentiera ) and themlophilic broad distributing ( Common Bruguiera, Stylose Mangrove, Bling-your-eye-tree ), and do not find the kind of the thermophilic confined distributing. The flora characters of mangroves in this province are sub-tropical flora. 4.2 Fauna 4.2*I Animal Species I ) Fishes There are 42 species of 35 genuses of 28 families of fishes in Guang>, i mangyove and ridgliborhood beach which come with tidewater , of which , Chipeidae * Engi'aulidae ~ Mugilidce * Sparidae involve more species. The familiar species are Dotted gizzard shad (Chapcz?10doi, punctatus )* Chinese anchovy (Stolephonis chinensis )* Key anchovy (S. in )^ Spotted scaled sardine or@rel, gym oval!^ )^ Glassy 04mb@ssis sp. )^ Lined ponyfish oremirh@inpht, s 1172eol@!t's )* Blackfin ponyfish (Letog, ?@thus dour@ )* Shortnose ponyfish (L. byevirostris )* Offshore ponyfish (L. Iiv"!@!t's )* porgy (,^j?@n!s spp. )* mullet (Liz@ spp. )* Roundtail needlefish (1)nosz, HIS stroll^,!"r"s)^ BIGeker's silverside 64theri?I" bleekeri) etc. 2 ) insects There are 133 species of insects of 68 farmlies of 13 orders in Guangxi mangrove, of which I^yine"ontoICz , Dipter" and Orthopter" involve more species , Familiar species are White-winged leafhopper (That@ rubiginos, I). Rice white back planthopper Cog"tonali, rent?r@)* Circular black scale (Chn)sompho!us go"tdt, in). 59 L_ seashore house mosquito (Culex sine"s )* Red wax scale (Corqplastes rube"s ). Torttix moth (Lostog, Iatho $p. )* White psychid (Charro^ds koizdonts). Oriental moth (Chidoc@inpolovesce, ,s)* Bamboo carpenter bee Cry!ocqp@rigs@/is) etc. Torttix moth as well as other species are the mainly haniifiil insects in Guangxi mangrove, which can damage large area of Comiculate Aegiceras forest. 3 ) Birds There are 128 species of 34 farmlies of 15 orders in Guang>;i mangrove, of which, 58 species are winter resident, 16 species are sunrrner resident, 22 species are resident , 32 species are traveler. Snipes(SCOlop@ord, 1<. 1 * Herons(Ardeidae, I * Plovers(chorddntd"<)* Rails (Raind@<) and Ducks (Anatida, ;)involve more species, the primary species includecattle Egret (Bt, bz, ICUs ibis)* Chinese Pond-Heron Girdeol" 600ch"s)* Little Egi'et cogrett@ alba)* Black-crowned Niglit-Heron drycticora:c itycticoyaic ) etc. White Spoonbill ( Platalea Iez, corodi@ ) ^ Black-faced Spoonbill ( Eininor ) * Crested Goshawk ( Ace;@iter trivtn, gait, s ) * Besta Sparrow-Hawk <14. vt, g@t"s)^ Black Coucal (Centrop"s towlo, ,). Reddish SCOPs-Owl (Ot"s SCOPs )^ Brown Hawk-Owl (Ninox scutulata > etc. are Class Two National Wildlife Conservation birds. Mollusc has the largest population of benthos animals in Guarig;i mangr. ove, including 1/7 species, accounting for 44.66% of the total, There are 61 species of bivalve, 53 species of gastropod and 3 species of cephalopod. There are 100 species of alitopod, accounting for 38.17% of the total, whichis the second lager Phylum of the total ten Phylums, There are 97 species of Crustacea and 3 species of Merostomata. There are 19 species of amielid, accounting for 7.25% of the total, which are all involved in Polych"et^. The familiar species are Nectoneantties oxypoda and Permereis aibuhitensis* Most clamwomns are Troglodytism, several species wander, and they are mostly carnivores, There are 15 species of chordate, accounting for 5.73% of the total, which are all OSteichthyans. Mudskippers and Gobies are familiar. Mudskippers are troglodytism, while Gobies live in tide charmels. Both of them are carnivores. There are 3 species of Coelenterate, I species of ribbon worm, I species of 60 wirewonn, 2 species of Sipt, recoil^a, I species of Binchzbpodcz, 3 species of Echinodermn!", There are less species of these 11 Phylums, and infrequent besides Sipt, ,zeni"s rel, dt, s Lin?Itiez, s and Ph@SCO!o80m@ esc"lent@ of Sipt!incl, lid, z. 5 ) Plankton There are 97 species of phytoplaiikton in Guangxi mangr. ove, including 93 diatoms ,3 species of pyrrhophy!@, I species of cyanobacteria; Diatoms are absolute dominance in variety and quantity. Including Chaetoceros gainis v@?:winei^ C brevis^ C. Compress"s^ C. Pseudocz, rinsett, s*Rhizoso!e"i@ cqlcar-"vis*R. /inbricqt@^ Thai@ssionemcz laitzscchide and Thakqssiothri:c I'dare^181di etc. 26 species of zooplankton, including U species of jellyfish, which has the most categories;7 species of copepods, while Spotted shrimp^ Ch@etog"@th(I and Cladocera, each includes 2 species. The mainly species are Global side wrist jellyfish CPIei, robrachitz globosa )* Lensia subtiloides, Lucifer hanseni etc. 6 ) Benthic Diatoms There are 159 species and variation of 39 genuses of benthic diatoms in Guangxi mangrove, of which, Nilzschio * Novict, Iq * Dip/oneis ^ Amphoro and Coscinodisc^s involve variety species. In most samples, Cocooneis* Amphor" and rich"czizihes are in mr!ionty" Melosira salleQt@ is the main aerophyte on the surface of shape leaf mangi'ove stein. ; Univalve and bivalve are mainly live on the surface of mud and sand. 4.2.2 Rare amd Endangered Species Dugong ^ hido"Pacific hump-backed dolphin which are precious maritime animals are end^nic species in Guan^ci. Autuinn and winter every year, many inigi'at ory birds fly here and reside. 4.3 ^conomic Status 4.3. I Economic value According to the statistics, there are two thousands species of fish in the world relevant to mangi. ove forest, The mangrove forests in Guang>:i Province have two hundred and sixty-two kinds of herithic animals and about fomy fish species. Most of these animals have economic value, and 20 percent of them are the main daily food 61 along coastal areas. Except for planting industry, over 80 percent families in the coastal villages of Guangxi Province make traditional hunting in mangi. ove forests as their main econonxic sources, The mangrove forest wetland is a suitable place for many coastal fish to for age, escape from the natural enemy, reproduce and develop. Moreover, watercourses in the mangyove forest and the beachland and water district around the mangrove forest are ideal bases for artificial aquatic breeding, Therefore, the mangrove forest is internationally considered as the fry pool and marine ranching in recent coastal fishing. 43.2 Degradatiom amd ecomon^c losses of the mangrove forest About one hundred and fifty years ago, there are 24 066 hectares of mangi'ove forests in Guarig>Ei, then it reduced to 15 951 hectares doriiig the foundation of Peoples Republic of China, and now only 5654 hectares left, reduced by 70 percent, During the 80th and 90th, mangrove forest destroying activities were reducing, but began rapidly after 1997, with small scale but wide distribution, nibbling the mangrove forest gr'adually. With reclaiming of a goat many coastal mangrove forests, a series of problems turn up: economic armnals in the beach lands of Guang>:i Province have 60% to 90% reduction of natiiral reproduction, the artificial slimiip product and coastal fish resources are obvious on the decline, pearl industry is on the wane, however, beach erosion and harbor depositing efficiency are on the rise, the economic loss caused by typhoon increases drastically, diked land are increasing without any use, coastal landscape is monotonous. The newest survey shows that the pearl breeding benefit along the coastal area with mangrove forest is 1-15 times than that without mangi. ove forest. The mangrove forest wetland is the crucial environment putiner of producers and "balance wood" of coastal ecology in Guang>, i coasts* The reduction of mangyove forest resources will make pollution level going worse. in fact, the primary problem of ecological environment in Guangxi coasts is not pollution, but the resource recession of marine biglier plants and wetland caused by abuse, which greatly compromises the expected benefit of economic activities, Consequently, the protection of mangr. ove forest in Gumi^;i is not only a matter of environmental 62 protection image project, but having relation to economic benefit and village industry of thousands of families. 4.3.3 Suggestions At present, there are many reasons for random reclaiming mangrove forest. For example, simple concern about the innnediate interests; the whole society share the benefits of natural ecosystem while without any definite responsibility and duty; when evaluating the achievements of local goverinnent, lay stress on immediate economic interests instead of long-terni ecological ones; there are too many managing departments of mangove forest to coordinate well, the public good of resource protection departs from the private economic interests, thus advices are provided as follow: (1) To stop the stupid activities of deforesting for breeding as soon as possible. Only if the developing and constructing projects of reclaiming mangrove forest is new prosperous industry, which have a gi'eat effect on local development and bring about obvious economic benefit, it is explainable to reclaim small part of mangi'ove forest in tenns of economy. However, carrying on these projects, rigorous project evaluation is inevitable and resources compensation and recovery are necessary. (2) To investigate resources conditions of mangove forest in Guangxi Province comprehensiveIy, and accomplish the function zoriing of sustainable development. The present growth and use of mangy'ove forest resources should be examined in detail. Correspondingly, establish the geographic infonnation managernent system of mangrove forest in Guangxi, to divide the mangrove forests into different areas, including natural reserves, ecological comprehensive exploiting and using areas, afiEoresting areas, new developing districts and common forests, which will be managed respectively. (3) To strengthen study on mangrove forest and found a protecting team, In order to well protect and utilize the mangi. ove forests in Guangxi Province, it is essential to understand the natural law of mangrove forest wetland ecosystem, Then put up 63 with scientific progr. ams, develop sustainable technique, consunrrnate I^asible monitoring means, form effective management network, establish operational mechanism oriented toward the market, and develop international cooperation. Therefore, the government should not support the research and protection organization only by necessary funds and policy, but also take the orgamc incorporation with companies into consideration, and establish new exploitation and research organization of science, in keeping with social development. 5 ^ The status of mangroves in Hamsiii Province The mangyoves in Haman province have the most species and the higliest heiglit and mainly distribute in the Dong Zhaigang, Qing Langang and so on. The total area is 4836 hectare which include 29 species, most of them are second"growth forest which have a great number of little arbor or bush with complicated structures. 5.1 Flora The mangoves in Haman province belong to the third flora- Chinese flora of Oriental flora, include 27 species of 12 families of mangrove plants (9 species are introductions) and 40 species of 22 families of hemi-mangroves and concointtarit plants. Coriumon Bruguiera ( BIWgt, tera gymnorrhizcz ) in Mangi'ove Family, Sixangled Bnig!liera ( B. sex@rig"!@ ), Sharplobed Sixangled Bruguiera ( B. sarang, ,to varyhyizochqpetal@), Common Certops ( Germps tagol (Perl) C. B. Rob ), Kandelia ( Kandeftn condel ), Sharpleaf Mangi'ove ( Rhizophor@ myfowlatcz ), Stylose Mangr'ove ( Rh, ^ophor, z $4,108@ ), Bling-your-eye-tree ( fixcoec@rig agallocha ) in Spurge Farmly, Coastal Avicennia ( flyiceizizia marina ) in Vervena Family, Unarmed Glorybower ( Clerodendro, I titerme ( L. ) G@ertiz ), Certferous Farmentiera ( aegiceras comic"!@twin ) in Myrsine Family, Collnnon Scyphiphora ( Scyph;phoro hydrop}iyll@ceo ) in Madder Family, Hollyleaf ACanttius ( A, inc;1'01i"s ) in ACanthus Family, Little Flower Hollyleaf ACanthus ( AC@11th I'S ebracteott, s Fahl ), Racemose Lull^ittzera ( L. racemoscz Wind ) in Combretmn Farmly, Red Lullimtzera ( Lt, innitzr@ littorea ), Shrub Nypa ( myp@ 1714tic""s ) in Palm Faintly, Coriumon Sonneratia ( S. c^seoloris ) in Sonneratia Family, Cupcalyx Sonneratia ( 80,113er@tm o1b@ ), Haman 64 Sooneratia ( S. h@inanei, sis ), Ovateleaf Sonneratia ( 8.0v@t@ ), nameless Sonneratia, False Sonneratia ( ,S, paracaseoloris ), Coriumon Xylocarpus ( ;;$, local:pus granot, ,in ) in Chinaberry Family, Coastal Heritiera ( Heri!Ierc Innorofts ) in Sterculia Faniily, Coast Leather Fein ( Acrosticht, in aureum )in Leather Fein Family, Sharpleaf Leather Fein( A. speciost, in mild ), Racemose Barringtoriia ( Barringtonic rccemoso ( L. ) ,!;171eng ) in LOGylliis Family, Common CGrberustr'Go ( Cerbera inarighas ) in Dogbane Family, Fomatree ( The, $pesta popt!med ( L. ) Sol. ex Corr ) in Mallow Family, Linden Hibiscus ( Hibiscus tiliacet, s ), Thatch Screwpine ( Pandai, t's tectori"s solms ) in Screwpine Family, Coriumon Feinphis ( Pemphis acidi, I@ I R. Forst at G Forst ) in Loosestrife Family and Poongaoil Pongariiia ( Pollg{linta pillnat" ) in Pea Family. 5.1. I Community type of the maingrove forest (1) Certferous Pannentiera Community( Aegiceras cornict!!"turn Community ) (2) Stylose Mangrove Cornmunity( Rhizophoro stylosa Community ) (3) Collrrnon Certops Comumnity ( Certops fog@I Cornmunity ) (4) Coinmon Bruguiera Coinmuiiity ( Brwgi4ier@ gymnorrh^^a Community ) (5) Coastal Avicennia Community (, 4vice, Jin^ marina Community ) (6) Sixangled Bruguiera Cornmunity ( B. sarangz, to Community) (7) Kandelia Coriumuinty( KandeliQ condel Coriumunity ) (8) Shrub Nypa Community ( Nypaj>,,!icons Community ) (9) Coast Leather Fein CornmiiTiity ( Acrosticht, in aureum Coriumunity ) (10) Racemose Lullmitzera Coriumunity ( L. racemosc mild Community ) (11) Stylose Mangrove + Cornmon Certops Community ( Rhz^ophor@ stylos@ + Cellops lago/ Conrrnunity ) (12) Common Certops + CGriferous Farmentiera Community ( Genops tag@I + Hegiceras comiculatttm Coriumunity ) (13) Common Sonneratia + Kandelia Community ( SCOseol@lis + Kandeli@ conde! Community ) The mainly communities type of hemi-mangrove plants are: (1) Thatch Screwpine Cornmunity ( Pand'@nt!s teetorit, s 80/11rs Coinmunity ) (2) Poongaoil Pongainia Coinmunity ( Pollg@ini@ piniz@to Coriumunity ) 5.1.2 Flora Features Not only does Haman province have the mangyoves of the low temperature 65 resistance broad distributing ( Kandelia, Certferous Farmentiera, Coastal AVIcennia ) and themlophilic broad distributing ( Coriumon Bruguiera, Coastal Heritiera ), but also it has the thennophilic confined distributing mangi. oves ( Sharpleaf Mangi. ove, Sixangled Bruguiera, Common Sonnetatia, White Connnon Sonneratia, Shrub Nypa ). The flora features of mangyoves in this province belong to pan-tropical flora features. 5.1.3 Rare Species A great deal of precious, infrequent and endangered mangrove species are discovered in Haman province , such as Shrub I\Iypa ( Ivypa 1.31tic@, Is ), Red Lullimtzera ( L"mitttzro Intore, I ), Haman Sonneratia ( S. hatingrearsis ), Cupcalyx Sonneratia ( Sonizer@tto a/b@ ), Ovateleaf Sonneratia ( S. ov@!a ), False Sonneratia ( S. par@caseol@ris ), Common Xylocarpus( .\710cq, :pus granatz{in ), Sharpleaf Leather Fein ( A. speciosum Wind ) and so on. had Haman Sonneratia ( S. hat"one"sis ) and Sharpleaf Leather Fern ( A. speciosum Wind ) are the endemic species in Haman province, Shrub Nypa ( hypo fruitc", Is ), Red Lullimtaera ( Lt!innttzra littore@ ), Haman Sonneratia ( S. ham"mensis ), Cupcalyx Sonneratia ( 8011/2eroti" albcz ), Ovateleaf Sonneratia ( S. ovct@ ), False Sonneratia ( S. PCrac"seolaris ) and Common Xylocarpus ( Xi, ,local;pus granatt!in ) are endangered species in Haman with less seeds in their fluctifications and low geminate rate, Shrub Nypa( Nypcz lintic"ns ), Red Lullmitaera ( Lt, mintzr@ littore@ ), Haman Sonneratia ( S. foamonensis ), False Sonneratia( S. paractiseol^lis ) and Cornmon Xylocarpus(, 15?!0ca, pus gloriat"in ) are list in Ching Plants Red DCta Book Red Lullrrittaera( Lt, mittizr@ fillore" ) and Haman Sonneratia ( S. horn@reel, sir ) are placed on the inventory of plant species priority protection in "Action Plan on Bidiversity, Protection in China ". 5.2 ^'aruma 5.2. I Amimal species D Mainmals There are 8 species of mainmals in Haman Province including Haman black giant squirrel ^ Haman otter* Short-nosed fruit bat etc. Haman otter is involved in Class Two National Wildlife Conservation, 2 ) Birds There are 78 species of 26 families of 12 orders of birds in Haman Province, 66 including 45 species of water birds, accounting for 57.7% of the total; 33 species of terrestrial birds, accounting for 42,39'0 of the total. Of the total 78 species of birds, 30 species are winter resident, 43 species are resident, 5 species are birds of passage. There are 9 Class Two National Wildlife Conservation birds, 32 species are included into Sino-Japanese Migratory Birds Conservation Agi'Gement, and 14 species are induded into Sino-Australian Agreement on Migr. atory Birds Conservation. The birds there including: Gray Heron 01 rde" cinerea )* Striated Heron CB adorides siri@ms )* Chinese Pond-Heron 01 IdeolQ bacch"s )^ Great Egi'et (E, atbq )* Little Egt'et (E' garzetta )^ Chinese Egret CE'. ez, !qphotes )* hatennediate Egret (E'. interin edi@ )^ Niglit-Heron (, lyeticorn. x 11ycticorqx)* Chinese Little Bittern ofxobiychi, s sinensis)* Cinnamon Bittern Cl. Ginizam omens)^ Black-faced Spoonbill CPI"tale"minor)* Eurasian Wigeon (Arias perle!ope ) ^ Northern Shoveler (A. c!ypeat@ ) ^ Sparrow-Hawk ( ACc;piter in^Ms ) * Coriumon Buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) * OSprey CPandro?I hat^^erus )* Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus )* Partridge (Francofinz, s pint"deant, s ) * Blue-breasted Banded Rail (Roll"s striatus ) ^ Ruddybreasted CTake (Porzanaji{sca)* White-breasted Water-Heri 01ma, ,form^ pitoenict, n4s ) ^ Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola ) * Kentish Plover (Chorddriws alex@ridrt"t's)^ Large Sand Plover (Ch. lesehen"Mitti)* Whimbrel < NIImeni"s ph@eopus )* Eurasian Curlew or. arquQtQ )* Bar-tailed Godwit (Limos" 14ppoiiic@ )* Redshank (flingc to!grills )* Marsh Sandpiper (11 stag, loti!is )* Greenshank (I': nebulari@)* Green Sandpiper (11 0chrop^s)* Wood Sandpiper (I': gloreol" )^ Conmion Sandpiper (I': hypolet, cos)^ Torek Sandpiper ore?Itrs cinerea)* Ruddy Tomstone (Arenario internres )* Great Knot (Catidris zenz, iyostris )* Rufous-necked Sandpiper ( C. runeo!!is ) * Dunlin ( C. q!pin" ) * Northern Phalarope (:Ph@toyop"s loba!t's)^ Sawiders's Gull CLor"s scullder^?^ Black"headed Gull CC. richb"ridt, s)* White"winged Black Tern (Childoni@s Ie"copter@)* Rufous Turtle Dove <8treptope!10 often!dfts). Spotted Dove (S. chinensis). Red Turtle Dove (Ogretriop"s sinensis). Short-winged Cuckoo (Clie"jus micropter"s)^ Coinmon Coucal (Centrop"s sinensis )^ Spotted SCOPs-Owl (Otus .$piloc 67 L Kingfisher < A1cedo atthis ) ^ White-breasted Kingfisher ( Halcyon sinyriiensis ) * Black-capped Kingfisher ( H. pileata ) ^ Hoopoe ( Upup a GPops ) * Bam Swallow ( Hirundo rustica ) ^ White Wagtail ( Motacilla alba ) * Gray Wagtail ( M. cinerea ) * Yellow Wagtail ( M. flava ) * Richard's Pipit ( Arithus novaeseelandiae ) -. Chinese Bulbul ( Pycnonotus sinensis ) * Black-headed Shake ( Lamus schach ) ~ Black Drongo ( Dicrurus macrocercus ) * Silky Starling ( Strumus senceus ) * Gray-backed Starling < S. sinensis ) * Crested Myna ( Acridotheres Glistatellus ) * Gray Treepie < Crypsirina fonnosae ) * Dyal ( Copsychus saularis ) * Stonechat ( Saricola torquata ) . Blue Rock Thrush < Monticola sontarius ) * Blackbird < Turdus menila ) * Black-froated Laugliingtlnush < Gamulax chinensis ) * Hwa-Mei < Gcanorus ) * Dusky Warbler CFhylloscopus fuscatus )^ Yellow-browed Warbler ( Ph, mornatus)^ Yellow-bellied Wren-Warbler ( Prima naviventris ) * Plain Floweryecker ( Dicaeum concolor ) * Yellow-breasted Sunbird ( Nectarinia jugularis ) * Japanese White-Eye ( Zosterops japonica), 3 ) amphibians and Reptiles Amphibians here including White lipped tree frog* Changeable Lizard and terrestrial frog; The reptiles are mainly snakes. 4 ) Insects There are 27 species of 6 families of butterflies in Haman Province, 5 ) Fishes There are 57 species of fishes in Haman Province recorded. 6 ) Bentliic Animals There are 68 species of 35 families 6 phylums of large beach land bentliic aimnals in Haman Province, There are 39 species of 17 families of Mollusk, accounting for 57.4% of the total, which is the biggest phylum; 19 species of 9 faintlies of Crustacea, which is the second one' accounting for 27.9% of the total* The predominance species in winter are Certthidea cmgulata^ Batillada cunningi and Cyclotellina ramies; The predominance species in sinnmer are Centidea cmgulata^ Cyclotellina termes and Potamocorbula rubromuscula. Large bentlitc animals in mangrove beach land including s planaria 68 ( Paraplanocera sp. ) of flatfonn, Nanalycastis atbiuma and Tylonereis bogoyawlesky of NGreididae of armelid;Notomastus latericeus of Capitellidae;Litnnodriloides sp. , of Tubidicidae; Pontodrilus sp. , of Megascolecidae; Cliffion oualaiiiensis of NGritidae; Bithynia filchsiana of Bidiyiiiidae; stick turret shell < Twitella bacillum ) of Turntellidae; Certthidea Gingulata of Potamodidae;Batillaria comingi , Nassadus(Ratiounassa)festivus of Nassariidae; Phascolosoma esculenta of Phascolosomatidae of Sipuncula ; Bloody clam < Tegillarca granosa ) ^ Arcopsis internlicata ^ Arcopsis interplicata of Arcidae; Modiolus(Fulgida)flayidus > of Mytindae; Windowpane oyster Circe sintzeri* Hard clam < Meretrix meretrix ) ^ Common orient clam ( Meretrix Iusoria) * Allomalodiscus squamosus* Clausinella calophylla* Clansinella isthemna* Clam ( Cyclina sinensis ) * Marcia hiantina* Tapes dorsalus ^ Cryptonema producta of Veneridae , Potainocorbula rubrom usCUIa of Corbulidae; Latemula(Exolatemula)trimcata* Nassarius(Zeuxis)siqufjorensis* Nassarius thersites of Latemulidae. Loligo duvaucelii of Longinidae, eye- cuttlefis CSepia aculeata) of Sepiidae ;Miropods species induding Middle shamp < Metapenaeus intennedius ) of Penaeidea, Giant tiger prawn CFenaeus monodon>, Carpenter prawn (Palaemon serrifer ) of Famemonidae , Chases snapping shamp ( A1pheus distinguendus ) of kipheidae, Philyra carinata of Leucosiidae, Marine crab ( Formnus pelagicus ) * red spot swiinmirig crab ( Formnus sang!linolentus ) ^ Blue crab ( Portorius tomberculatus ) of Porrumdae; Mictyris longicarpus of Mictyridae, Uca(Thaiassuca)borealis * Macrophthalmus(Mareotis)erato, Leipocten trigi. anulum ^ myoplax serrata ^ Macrophthalmus (Mareotis)pacificus of Ocypodidae, Metaplax shelli of Grapsidae, Allchisquilla fasciata* CIOridopsis scorpio * Mouth squilla ( Oratosquilla oratoria > * Black mouth squilla ( Oratosquilla kernpi ) of Squillidae , Chinese bearded ell 69 < Cmhimuraena chinensis ) of Ophichthyidae, Maned goby ( Oxyurichthys microlepis ) of Gobiidae , Blue muchopper ( Scadelaos vimdis ) of Perlophthalmidae . 5.2.2 Rare and Erudaiigered Species The conservation for many birds' wintering gi'onrid and resting-place in migratory, of which, Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalearninor)* Saunders's Gull < Larus saundersi) * Chinese Egi'et < E. GUIophotes ) are precious and endangered birds of these section. Haman otter in the conservation is national conservative animal. The species under protection also including Little Egr. et (E. garzetta>* Striated Heron (B utorides striatus ) . Chinese Francolin ( Francolinus pintadeanus ) * Black-faced Spoonbill (Plataleaminor> . 5.3 Econontic status 5.3. I Current economic status and problems There are more people but fewer lands around the reserves. Villagers nearby the sea live on CUImmiiig shamps and fish, and fishing in tidal ditches. Armual per capital income is quiet plentiful, about 3500 Yuan. It is said that thousands acreages of mangrove forests can support thousands of people. Shamp and fish cultivation is most profitable. Consequently, a tidal wave of cutting down mangrove forest and digging ponds for shamp cultivation came into being, At the present time, it is forbidden to cut down mangrove forests and dig ponds for cultivation. However, the ponds dug before are used continuously. The long-tenn marine cultivation results in salimzation of soil that is not suitable for planting crops, So just a few locals still farm but many locals changed their profession to fishing, because the earnings of fishing is steady whether it is drouglit or flood and don't need raw material, Much more people fish and use umeasonable methods for fishing which results in excess fishing. It is reported that many locals use a kind of fishnet which can purchases every sizes of marine lives containing numerous small fish, crabs and other small marine lives. Consequently, marine life resources can't make up a loss in time and fishing quantity declines. in addition, environmental contamination is a factor that reduces the revenue of fishing, The major pollution is generated by fish and 70 shamp cultivation. Because the cultivation of fish and shamp damands litgli level of sanitation, it is required that people should sterilize water before pouting it into ponds after discharging sewage to eXchange water. Sewage and disinfector is the main pollution source. Above all, the present fishing can still maintain the living of fisherfolk. The road traffic is developed and electric power is plentiful in Haman Province. The terrain is flat in villages near the reserves. Roads extend in all directions and traffic is convenient. Electric net provides abundance electricity for locals. Haman Province and Hatkou city are in the better conrrnunication conditions in the whole country. The eXchange of coinmoritcations has reliable guarantee. But it is short of internet communication in the neigliborhood of the reserves. Haman started exploiting mangrove forest tourism in the early time. At one time, people developed tourism enthusiastically, However, the low level exploitation destroyed environment and its economic benefits are less as well. Now, the establishaent of tourism projects has been perfected and reduced the destruction to mangi'ove forests, But, the level of tourism development is not higli and eco"tomsm is only on the agenda. Besides, some mangi. ove forests and tidal flat resources are polluted to different extent by living waste. For example, Qinglan Harbor reserve is contaminated by living waste. Six farms discharge sewage into the up river in Dongzai Harbor reserve and nearby the reserve poultry breeding also discharges contamination. 5.3.2 Suggestions (1) Reinforce the building of law system and realize legal management. (2) Carry througli scientific research (3) Frog'am reasonably and advance the sustainable utilization of mangrove resources with great exertion. (4) Propagate scientific knowledge to public and widely call forth communities to take part in the mangi. ove forest protection, (5) Frograrri and develop eco-tourism reasonably, (6) Themvestigation on sustainable management models of mangrove forests 71 References I. Zhang Qiaoming, Zhang Yechun, Research on the biogeomoi:phologic process 91 mangrove biological coasts of south Ching, V01,17 No. 4, Beijing, Quatemary Sciences, 1997. 2. Costariza R. , d'Atge R, , de Groot R. at at, Die value of the worlds! ecosystem services gild, lainre capitol, 387(1-3), Nature, 1997. 3, Tao Siming, rite mangrove forest ecosystem servicejii"cttons and it^ conservation, Oct. V01.18 No. I 0, Shangtiai, Shangliai environmental sciences, 1999. 4. R6nnbdck P. , The ecological basisjbr economic VCI"e of $84'00dprod, ,ction supported by inclzgrove ecosyste?us, V01.29, Ecological Economics, 1999. 5. Zhang Qiaomin, Sui Shunhen, The mangrove well""d resources and their conservqiion in China, Jan. V01.16 No. I, Beijing, Jounal of Natural Resources, 2001. 6. Lin Feng, A Review on the Mangrove Research in China, Mar. V01.40 No. 2, Xiamen, lowial of Xiamen University (Natural Science), 2001. 7. LV Calxia, ritepl@, I of ing, zeroves conservation and use ill China, second ed. , Befling, The Ocean Press, 2002. 8. Liti Feng, The Ch, zrczcteris!lbs of MCI"grove Wetlands and Some EGOlogic@! BIZgz', leering Questions in Ching, V01.5 No. 6, Beijing, Engineering Science, 2003. 9. DU Qun, Chen Zhengliai, Sun Mengjun et. al. , In yes!igaii0?I o71 mangrove resource grid development plan ill Zheng, Igprovii!ce, Sep, V01.29 No. 3, Yunnan, Forest inventory and Flaming, 2004, I O. Duan Shunshan, XU Jingliang, Functions of ingngrove wetlands ill the conservation of the coastal ecosystem, Nov. V01.23 No. 4, Guangdong ECologic Science, 2004, I I . Han Weidong, Biodiversity and Biomqss of Molluscs in Mangrove fireds of LetZhot, Peni, ISM!0, Jan. V01.29 No. I, Heilongjiang, Forestry Science and Technology, 2004. 72 12. Xie Ruihong, Zhou Zhaode, A summary of the ecosystem andji, nettoiz of mangrove, Dec. V01.11 No. 4, Guangdong, Jounal of south China university of tropical agriculture, 2005, 13. Liao BaOwen, Zheng Songfa, Chen Yujun et. al. , Advance in researches on reh"bzlztation technique of mangrove wetlo, Ids, Feb. V01*24 No. I, Guangdong, Ecological Science, 2005. 14. Fan Hangqing, Chen Guangliua, He Binyuan et, al. , Coast^! lyetlond glad Manczgement ofShQnkot, Mangroves, first ed. , Beijing, The Ocean Press, 2005. 15. Tang Yuli, Zhang Yinke, Li Nianlin et. al. , The Features ofZhq7qng Ligneous Fjordz grid/ts Reinjions with Plain Introduction grid Domestic"tion, V01.35 No. I, Fujian, Subtropical Plant Science, 2006. 73