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The Image of the Turk in Early Modern Board Games and Playing Cards

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The Image of the Turk in Early Modern Board Games and Playing Cards THE IMAGE OF THE TURK IN EARLY MODERN BOARD GAMES AND PLAYING CARDS ÖMER FATİH PARLAK PHD THESIS Directed by DR. MARÍA JOSÉ VEGA RAMOS and DR. LARA VILÀ TOMAS Literary Theory and Comparative Literature Department of Spanish Literature Faculty of PhiLosophy and Arts BarceLona 2019 In memory of my father, Adem Parlak (1949-2014) TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... 5 TABLE OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 10 RESUMEN ......................................................................................................................... 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. 12 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 15 GAMES INDEX ................................................................................................................... 23 Germany ...................................................................................................................... 23 Italy .............................................................................................................................. 31 France .......................................................................................................................... 35 Britain .......................................................................................................................... 40 Russia ........................................................................................................................... 44 Switzerland .................................................................................................................. 44 CHAPTER 1: DEFINING THE TURK AND ITS CONTENT .................................... 45 1.1 DISCUSSIONS ON THE ORIGINS OF THE TURK .............................................................. 47 1.2 RELIGIOPOLITICS ........................................................................................................ 51 1.3 CULTURAL PRODUCTIONS ........................................................................................... 53 1.4 CHALLENGING THE SCHOLARSHIP AND CONTESTING THE SOURCES ON THE TURK ..... 56 1.5 MUSLIMS IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE ....................................................................... 59 1.5.1 Native European Muslims .................................................................................. 59 1.5.2 Slaves .................................................................................................................. 60 1.5.3 Merchants ........................................................................................................... 64 1.5.4 Pirates ................................................................................................................. 65 1.6 TURKS’ VIEW OF THE EUROPEAN ................................................................................ 66 1.7 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 71 5 CHAPTER 2: GAME IN CONTEXT .............................................................................. 73 2.1 DEFINITIONS OF GAME AND PLAY .............................................................................. 76 2.1.1 Real/Unreal World ............................................................................................. 81 2.2 EARLY HISTORY ......................................................................................................... 84 2.3 EVOLUTION OF THE GAME SPACE IN EARLY MODERN PERIOD AND THE CRITIQUE OF THE SOCIETY .................................................................................................................... 94 2.3.1 Political Conditions .......................................................................................... 102 2.3.2 Religious Conditions ......................................................................................... 103 2.3.3 Other Social Conditions ................................................................................... 105 2.4 DIDACTIC GAMES IN EARLY MODERN PERIOD ......................................................... 111 2.5 GAMES VERSUS GODS ............................................................................................... 112 2.6 MEMENTO MORI OR REMEMBERING DEATH IN GAMES ............................................ 118 CHAPTER 3: THE TURK COMES INTO PLAY ....................................................... 121 3.1 FIRST TURKS IN GAMES ............................................................................................ 121 3.1.1 Master PW’s Round Playing Cards .................................................................. 121 3.1.2 The Place of the Turk in Carnivalesque Playing Cards by Peter Flötner ....... 131 3.1.3 Jost Amman and the Mighty Turk ..................................................................... 145 3.1.4 Pluck the Owl .................................................................................................... 148 3.2 VICTORY ON THE BATTLEFIELD—DEFEAT ON THE GAME FIELD: OTTOMANS’ RETREAT FROM EUROPE AS REPRESENTED IN GAMES .................................................................... 157 3.2.1 Giuseppe Maria Mitelli .................................................................................... 160 3.2.2 Games Related to the Retreat of the Ottomans from Central Europe .............. 174 3.3 WHEREABOUT IS THE TURK’S COUNTRY—IN EUROPE? ........................................... 176 CHAPTER 4: FROM “FIEND” TO “FRIEND” .......................................................... 191 4.1 HABSBURG GAMES SETS .......................................................................................... 192 4.2 GAME OF MONKEYS BY ALTIERO GATTI .................................................................. 196 4.3 JOHN LENTHALL’S FORTUNETELLING CARDS ........................................................... 198 4.4 IMAGINARY CONFRONTATIONS: TURKS VS NATIVE AMERICANS .............................. 202 6 CHAPTER 5: WHAT HAPPENED AFTERWARD? ................................................. 209 5.1 REPRESENTATIONAL DECLINE: THE TURK IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY GAMES ......... 213 5.2 OUT OF THE GAME: THE INEXISTENCE OF THE TURK IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY GAMES ....................................................................................................................................... 222 5.3 RESURRECTION: THE IMAGE OF THE TURK IN DIGITAL GAMES ................................ 229 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 231 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF THE GAMES INDEX ........................................................ 235 GAMES CITED ............................................................................................................... 241 ART AND HANDCRAFT ITEMS CITED ................................................................... 247 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 250 7 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The AngeL, The Christ ChiLd, and dice combinations in Paul Pambst (1546). .. 99 Figure 3.1 Master PW's round playing cards (c.1500). ..................................................... 129 Figure 3.2 Peter FLötner’s PLaying Cards (c.1545). ........................................................... 137 Figure 3.3 Charta Lusoria, Jost Amman (1588). ............................................................... 146 Figure 3.4 Ambrogio BrambiLLa’s Il Piacevole e Nuovo Guioco Novamente Trovato detto PeLa iL Chiu (PLuck the OwL) (1589). ................................................................................. 149 Figure 3.5 An aLLegory of the change of momentum in Europe by MiteLLi (1692). .......... 162 Figure 3.6 MiteLLi’s Il Gioco deL AquiLa (c.1683-1690). ................................................... 164 Figure 3.7 MiteLLi’s Gioco della Fortuna e di Disgratia, (c.1690-1718). ......................... 167 Figure 3.8 MiteLLi’s Gioco de Signori Soldati Spiantamondo, con le sue Cariche e Sopranomi, (1692). ............................................................................................................ 169 Figure 3.9 MiteLLi’s Giuoco del Passa Tempo (1690). ...................................................... 171 Figure 3.10 Defeat of the Turks by Germans (c.1717), anonymous. ................................ 174 Figure 3.11 La Jeu du Monde (1645), by Pierre DuvaL. .................................................... 177 Figure 3.12 DuvaL’s (1662) Le Jeu des Princes de L'Europe. ........................................... 180 Figure 3.13 Henry Winstanley’s (1675-1676) Geography-Themed PLaying Cards. ......... 189 Figure 4.1 Schloss Ambrass Chess Set (c.1550). .............................................................. 193 Figure 4.2 Counters for the game “langen puff” (1535-1540) by Hans KeLs. ................... 195 Figure 4.3 ALtiero Gatti’s (1588) Gioco della Scimia. .....................................................
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