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1 an Historical and Psychoanalytic Investigation with Reference to The An historical and psychoanalytic investigation with reference to the bride-in-white Gavin Williams Student No. 22011083 Submitted for the degree of M.Phil. Psychoanalytic Studies Goldsmiths College, University of London Department PACE: Professional and Community Education 2012 1 Contents Frontispiece - The group blesses the new union……………….…………...….…after p4 Abstract………………………………………….………….………………..……..….p5 Acknowledgements………………………………………….……………..…….…….p6 Author’s note………………………………………….…………………………….….p7 Introduction………………………………………….………….……………..……….p8 PART ONE Locating the bride: in history, through ritual and with reference to psychodynamics 1.1 Locating the bride-in-white……………………………….…………………..…..p17 1.2 Clothed in white, Christian ritual and the significance of purity…………..……..p19 1.3 Ideals: virginity and purity in philosophical, religious and physical terms…..…..p27 1.4 Between life and death: white, virginity and purity in practice…………………..p48 1.5 Virginity and purity from a psychological perspective…………….…………….p59 1.6 The exchange of women……………………………………………….………….p65 1.7 The institution of marriage: monogamy versus polygamy…………….…………p77 1.8 Victorian values: the phenomenon of the bride-in-white……………………....…p85 1.9 Freud and psychoanalytic theory…………………………………..……………..p89 1.10 Psychoanalytic practice and the brides’ experiences…………………………….p93 1.11 To aspire to an ideal: the psychology of the ego ideal and idealisation…………p96 1.12 Clothing the body: a psychological interpretation of exhibitionism…………...p103 1.13 In search of a satisfactory object: psychological understanding of repudiation..p110 1.14 To aspire to become…a psychological interpretation of transformation……....p116 1.15 Summary of Part One…………………………………………………………..p122 PART TWO Methodology and methods: theory and practice 2.1 Methodology…………………………………………………………………….p127 2.2 Theory of data analysis……………………………………………………….…p130 2.3 Theory: in search of truth and knowledge………………………………………p132 2.4 Practice: methods of data collection and interviewing process…………………p156 2.5 The group of participants……………………………………………………….p167 2.6 Practice: applying phenomenological hermeneutics…………………………….p174 2.7 Limitations of the study…………………………………………………………p175 2 PART THREE The infant girl’s psychological development 3.1 A Freudian and post-Freudian model with relevance to the bride’s experience...p176 3.2 Seeing and being seen: the veiled bride and the primal scene………………..…p198 3.3 A sacred walk with father: Part A - unconscious incestuous desire………….…p208 3.4 How the bride psychologically uses clothes to process change…………….…...p225 PART FOUR Interpreting the marriage ceremony with reference to the bride-in-white’s ‘felt’ experience 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….…..p233 4.2 Psychoanalytic interpretation………………………………………………...….p234 4.3 Interpreting the ceremony in Oedipal terms: chaos or order……………………p238 4.4 The mother’s relation to the bride and the bride’s response to the mother…...…p250 4.5 A sacred walk with father: Part B - the bride’s intermediate locus of desire…....p267 4.6 Transformation inside the Church……………………………………………….p276 4.7 On relating to the non-incestuous other……………………………………….…p293 4.8 Processing change: separation anxiety and the use of a ‘transitional object’……p301 4.9 Summary of Part Four…………………………………….………………..……p321 PART FIVE Conclusion 5.1 Introduction………..……………………………………………………..……...p325 5.2 The ego ideal: purity, perfection and faultlessness in practice………………….p332 5.3 Wearing wedding white as an ideal……………………………………………..p333 5.4 On being the centre of attention: exhibitionism…………………………………p334 5.5 Striking out to form a new union: repudiation…………………………….…….p335 5.6 The transformation into ‘passive aims’………………………………….………p336 5.7 The ‘transitional object’: an aide-mémoire and the use of illusion……….……..p337 3 List of illustrations…………………………………..………….………….………..p340 Plates……………………………..……………….…….…………...…………after p340 Appendix A – Participant Consent Form…………………………………...….……p341 Appendix B – Questionnaire……………………………………….…………..……p342 Appendix C – Sample data………………………………..…….….…………..……p344 Appendix D – Searching for themes and establishing themes…………..……..……p345 2.6 Theory and practice of theme analysis………………………………......p345 2.6.1 The science of psychoanalytic interpretation……………………….…p345 2.6.2 The hermeneutic circle of enquiry………………………………….…p351 2.6.3 Theory and practice of phenomenological analysis…………………...p355 2.6.4 Applying phenomenological analysis…………………………………p362 2.6.5 Case Studies……………………………………………………………p367 A general reading of the data supplied by Sue……………………....p368 A general reading of the interview with Sis……………………..…..p374 A general reading of Liz’s narrative………………………………...p377 Using metaphor: an overview reading of Rose’s interview………....p383 Asking ‘what was not said’, an overview of Francis’ interview….....p387 Patterns of behaviour during a general reading of Ann’s interview…p391 2.6.6 Analysis, so far…………….……………………………………….….p395 2.6.7 Data analysis generated by indexing the whole data…………………..p399 2.6.8 Data, analysis and the emergence of overarching themes……………..p407 Interview with Ann: a closer reading and trial analysis……………..p413 Applying concepts in practice………………………………..……...p414 Bibliography to Appendix D………………………………………………...p422 Appendix E – Whole interviews and interpretation………………………...……….p424 1. Interview and interpretation – Sue………………………………….…...p424 2. Interview and interpretation – Rose……………………………………..p429 3. Interview and interpretation – Francis……………………………….….p435 4. Interview and interpretation – Liz and Freesia………………………….p445 Bibliography ……………………..…………………………………………….……p455 4 Abstract Asking how the subjective experience of the bride-in-white, who marries in an Anglican Church, can best be understood led to an historical exploration of the importance of virginity, the efficacy of wearing white and Church authority. From a religious perspective, in contrast to Eve’s disobedience and ejection from God’s presence, the Virgin Mary points towards a need to appear spotless and obedient. Although the historical investigation offers evidence to ‘when and where’, often it does not address ‘why’, so attention was turned to psychoanalysis and the junction between ‘the child’ and ‘the adult’. Key to psychoanalytic understanding suggests that childhood memories become repressed and emerge in adulthood. This thesis argues that recognised psychoanalytic concepts offer indications for the unconscious motivations of the bride. These include that the infant sets up both their own ideals and also idealises others. In infancy there can be a sense of exhibitionism without shame. That experienced during the Oedipus complex the infant negotiates separation from the mother, allowing the father to become a whole object, and in repudiating their authority finds independence. Later under the influence of envy of the mother’s relationship to the father, the infant girl develops femininity. Interviews indicate that, although the bride has a need to appear spotless like a virgin, submit to Church authority, rather than a civil ceremony, that sometimes repudiating parental authority can be problematic, on occasions ‘penis envy’ could not be resisted prior to marriage. While the bride by wearing wedding white receives maximum attention, surprisingly the warmth generated from the familial group seems paramount. That is, the bride-in-white who marries in Church, appearing like a virgin, submitting to ecclesiastical and patriarchal authority, receives the familial group’s acceptance of her new union. A selection of plates, illustrate the themes under investigation. 5 Acknowledgements I would like to thank a number of people for their support, generosity of spirit and friendship during the researching and writing of this thesis but particularly Tessa Adams, F.R.S.A., Ph.D, my doctoral supervisor, to whom I am grateful for her constant, untiring interest throughout this project. During the course of this project I have become indebted to a number of people to whom confidentiality is assured and they fall into two categories. The principle group are the brides who became the participants. I am grateful to them for giving their permission to record an interview thus making an invaluable contribution. The second group are the numerous people who have attended psychotherapy sessions with me from whom I constantly learn and indirectly have been an immense source of inspiration. A deep sense of gratitude goes to my mother who was a midwife and my father who was a Master Mariner, for their belief in me. 6 Authors note All quotations from Freud, unless otherwise noted, are from The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 24 volumes, complied by Angela Richards, translated from the German under the general editorship of James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix Strachey and Alan Tyson, editorial assistant Angela Richards. London: Vintage, The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1974, Vintage 2001, (abbreviated as SE). Works that take up less than a whole volume are referred to by page numbers. All biblical references are taken from The New English Bible1, Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, 1970, unless otherwise stated. Whenever reference is made to ‘the Church’, it is the Anglican Church and its Services that are being specifically referred to, unless otherwise specified. 1 The Old Testament part of The Holy Bible, compiled from c.1000BC to c.100BC, tells of Hebrew Judaism and
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