Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk McCormack, Peter (2019) Masculinity and shell shock in the poetry of Siegfried Sassoon: soldier of trauma and poet of abjection. Masters thesis, Middlesex University. [Thesis] Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/26781/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. 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See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy Masculinity and Shell Shock in the Poetry of Siegfried Sassoon: Soldier of Trauma and Poet of Abjection Author: Peter McCormack Student Number: M00649457 A thesis submitted to Middlesex University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MSc by Research in Psychoanalysis. Centre for Psychoanalysis. December 2018. Masculinity and Shell Shock in the Poetry of Siegfried Sassoon: Soldier of Trauma and Poet of Abjection Author: Peter McCormack Abstract This dissertation assesses potential links between masculinity and shell shock, explored through a psychoanalytic perspective in the First World War poetry of Siegfried Sassoon. I suggest that Sassoon, through his poetry, critiques the idea of a heteronormative, hypermasculinity that was propagated throughout the period of WW1. The pressure to perform in the hypermasculine area of war resulted in emotional conflict for Sassoon subliminally explored through his writing, which allowed him to express a personal critical evaluation of masculinity in the war period. The personal perspective offered by Sassoon, leads to a wider critique, as Sassoon’s poetry offers a social perspective on the presentation of a desired masculinity that the period required. This study suggests that there are inextricable links between performing heteronormative hypermasculinity and shell shock. Acknowledgements Thank you to my supervisors, Julia Borossa, and Werner Prall, for their patience and dedication they have shown throughout the process of my research. Their time, energy and attention to detail throughout the process of writing this dissertation is much appreciated. Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Chapter Summaries ........................................................................................ 12 Chapter One ............................................................................................................ 14 The Evolution of Freud’s Formulation of the Oedipus Complex ................ 15 Chapter Two: Sassoon’s Psychical War .............................................................. 32 The Return of Oedipal Repressions in the Theatre of War ......................... 32 Chapter Three: Sassoon’s Social War ................................................................ 623 Desiring and Failing Masculinity ................................................................... 63 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 104 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 108 Introduction Attention to psychoanalysis began to garner wider interest during the First World War, particularly because of the phenomena of shell shock. As physicians and psychiatrists sought to understand the debilitating and shocking symptoms of shell shock, psychoanalysis offered insights into addressing why some soldiers displayed symptoms of shell shock, even though they had not served on the front line in direct combat. This led to a focus that emphasised the psychical as opposed to solely physical reasons of soldiers displaying symptoms of shell shock. One other central defining feature of the war was the construct of masculinity propagated in a particular military form. Many critics have highlighted the theme of military masculinity as an area of scholarly consideration. Ana Carden-Coyne (2013) suggests that interdisciplinary research on masculinity in war should be conducted in order to explore resistance to the cultural image of masculinity inherited from the masculine codes and ideals of late-Victorian and Edwardian society, such as expectations of stoicism, heroism, and chivalry (Shephard, 2000), and the ideals of ‘unconquerable manhood’ and heroic sacrifice (Koureas, 2007). Despite the fact that shell shock and masculinity are two of the prominent characterising features of the First World War, there is a glaring omission in scholarly literature, between the construct of masculinity and its potential contribution to shell shock. This study focuses on the problematic links between shell shock and masculinity explored from a psychoanalytical perspective and addressed through the First World War poetry of Siegfried Sassoon. Sassoon, at times, presents as an archetypal model of masculinity: a courageous, patriotic heterosexual war hero who was awarded the Military Cross for Bravery. Yet he was also a homosexual, a subversive poet, a resolute protestor 1 against the futility of war, and was deemed a ‘lunatic’ by the War Office (Davies, 1998). The contradictions within Sassoon were explored through his poetry, with the underpinning theme of masculinity. My overarching question is: ‘How did Sassoon use his poetry to explore his conflicted masculinity in the war period, and did this exploration lead him to infer a correlation between performing a culturally expected masculinity and shell shock?’ The symptoms of shell shock were documented throughout the war. Charles Myers, a war physician, coined the term ‘shell shock’, which first appeared in the medical journal The Lancet in 1915. Myers cited three short case studies of soldiers, all attributing the cause of the condition to artillery shells bursting about them, described by one as feeling ‘like a punch on the head, without any pain after it’ (Myers, 1915, pp. 316-317). Myers suggested that the high-frequency vibrations caused a commotion in the brain. He later regretted the term, no doubt aware of the repercussions of its limitations in failing to account for any psychical origin, and described it as being ‘a singularly ill-chosen term; and in other respects, a singularly harmful one’ (Myers, 1940, p. 26). Common symptoms of shell shock consisted of shaking, paralysis and an inability to walk or speak coherently, while other symptoms presented as visual and sensory issues, described in some detail by officers. ‘The eyes pop out […], the expression becomes fixed and glassy. […] The heart works in short, convulsive beats’. Another physician described the symptoms as follows: ‘men in this state break down in tears if asked to describe their experiences at the front’ (Downing, 2016, p. 78-79). One officer suggested that ‘a man instinctively masks his emotions almost as a matter of routine’, the result being, ‘loss of control, hysteria, irresponsible chattering, mutism, amnesia, inhibition of the senses, acute mania, insensibility, etc., with the 2 diagnosis of a nervous breakdown or shell shock. Fear of being found afraid. Any emotion which has to be repressed or concealed’ (Downing, 2016, p. 78-79). Another officer described his shell shock to the War Office as being the result of ‘the repression of fear, the repression of the emotion of being afraid’ (Southborough, 1922, p. 16). The officers’ testimonies allude to the idea that they were suffering from a fear of not appearing masculine. The symptoms of shell shock described were similar to those found with hysteria, including paralysis and convulsions, but with no apparent physical injury. ‘During the 1880s, Charcot published the case histories of more than 60 male "hysterics" […] Between a third and a quarter of the overall number of hysterical patients he presented in his printed works were men or children’ (Micale, 1990, p. 365). Eventually, Freud suggested that hysteria was rooted in repressed memories of a sexual nature (Freud, 1896). Despite the similarities and evidence of hysteria existing in males, the military resisted using the