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Field Survey, Host Specificity and Life Cycle of the Mesquite Seed Feeding Bruchid Algarobius Prosopis (Leconte), Bruchidae, Coleoptera

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Field Survey, Host Specificity and Life Cycle of the Mesquite Seed Feeding Bruchid Algarobius Prosopis (Leconte), Bruchidae, Coleoptera Field survey, host specificity and life cycle of the mesquite seed feeding bruchid Algarobius prosopis (LeConte), Bruchidae, Coleoptera. By: Mohamed Ali Sid Ahmed Salih (١٩٨٢) B.Sc. (Agriculture) honors University of Khartoum A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of M.Sc. requirement at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum. FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM ٢٠٠٥ JANUARY DEDICATION To the soul of my father To the soul of my mother To my beloved kids, Alaa, Hana, Doaa, my wife Nagat To my dear brothers and sisters I dedicate this work. ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciations and deepest gratitude to my supervisor Professor Magzoub Omer Bashir, for his keen supervision, generous help, enthusiasm and advice during this course of study. I am indebted to the head and staff of Plant Protection Directorate (PPD) Khartoum north for sponsoring my Msc. also to the head and colleagues of the Plant Quarantine Service Khartoum North and Port Sudan for their constant and friendly cooperation. I also to express my deep and sincere thanks to my colleagues Hamid and Moawia (Nilan International) for their valuable assistance in providing me with references and papers related to scope of the study and facilitating internal and external contacts. My great thanks are also to Prof. Elshazli (Head store Pests- ARC, Shambat) and Dr. Musa (Head Insect Identification Unit – Wadmedeni) for their valuable suggestions during the journey to identify the species under study. Thanks are also extended to the staff of ICIPE, field station, Port Sudan, for their valuable assistance and friendly cooperation. Deepest and warmest thanks for those who have encourage me behind the curtains. Before all my thanks to Allah, The God, the merciful and compassionate, who gave me the life, patient and energy to finish this work. ABSTRACT Algarobius prosopis is a mesquite seed feeding bruchid imported from Southwestern United States into South Africa and Australia as a potential biocontrol agent against mesquite tree. The tree causes several ecological and economical impacts at different parts in Sudan. This biocontrol agent was found attacking Prosopis pods at several locations including Red Sea, Kassala, Khartoum and Northern States. The pathway or means of introduction of the species is unknown. revealed that, this species ,٢٠٠٤ The survey carried out during August, October occurred at most mesquite invasion areas in this country and it seems have no negative impact on groundnuts and Senna seeds. The percentage of damage on Prosopis pods collected from different parts in this ,for Kassala, Albutana ٪٩٠٫١٩ and ,٪٧٫٣١ ,٪٢٤٫٠٣ ,٪٩٫٦٦ ,٪٠٠ ,٪٤٫٧٩ country was found Khartoum (Kafouri), Khartoum (Soba), Northern State (Kelenarti) and Toker respectively. The age of the pods was unknown but it seems to be new crop except for months. The pods do not last long on soil ٨-٧ Toker where the age of examined pods was as they are utilized by herbivore animals before the beetles make access to them. Ounce the pods are ingested by animals and passed the digestive tract, they are no longer suitable for the beetles. Most seeds pass the animal’s gut undamaged, thus the animal droppings constitute the main factor for spreading of mesquite. Other natural enemies detected on mesquite in this country, include Caryedon serratus, Lasioderma serricorne and Cicada. Host specificity tests carried out on nine leguminous plants that include, Acacia nilotica, Acacia nubica, Acacia senegalensis, Prosopis chelensis, Arachis hypogaea, Vicia faba Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, and Cassia senna, revealed that Prosopis is a potential host for this species. Cassia senna and groundnuts stands as lower ranked hosts with much longer developmental period. No development occurred on the other six plant species. The life cycle aspect that determined specificity was the first instar larvae. Studies carried out for host specificity at Australia on a number of plants including groundnuts, come in consistent with results obtained under this study, when they test meters apart ١٫٥ these plants in large cages where the seeds of test plants were placed from mesquite pods, adult Bruchids oviposited only on mesquite pods, no oviposition occurred on other test plant seeds. Algarobius prosopis was found specific to mesquite. The agent was released at that country. In the life cycle study of the species reared on mesquite pods for two generations, the .days. The total larval period was two weeks ٥ incubation period was found to be days while ٧٫٤ days. The longevity of the male was found to be ٤ Pupation took about hours after adult ٣٦ days. Preoviposition period was less than ٩٫٦ that of the female was emergence. Algarobius eggs are laid in cracks and blemishes on the seed pods; the newly hatched neonate larva which is motile enters and entirely destroys a single seed during its development. Pupation occurs within the hallowed out seed and adults emerge through distinctive holes on the surface of the pods. Only the seeds within the pods are damaged by the beetles. The seed pods and vegetative parts of the plant are not affected. ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻷﻃﺮوﺣــــﺔ Algarobius propsopis أﻟﻘﺎروﺑﻴﺲ ﺑﺮوﺳﻮﺑﻴﺲ ﺣﺸﺮة ﺗﺘﻐﺬى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﻴﺮادهﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻻﻣــﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﻮب أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ واﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻹﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﻤﺴــــــﻜﻴﺖ . ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ اﺛﺮت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺰراﻋﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺴﻮدان ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻃﻮآﺮ ، اﻟﻘﺎش ، ﺣﻠﻔﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ، ﻧﻬﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﻞ واﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ . وﺟﺪت هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ ﻓﻲ وﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻻﺣﻤﺮ . اﻟﻤﺴﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺴﻮدان أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرهﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت أﺧﺬت ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ آﺎﻵﺗﻲ : آﺴﻼ ٤،٧ % ، ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ آﺒﺮى اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﻋــﻄﺒﺮﻩ ﺻﻔﺮ% ، وﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم (آﺎﻓﻮرى) ٩،٦٦% (ﺳﻮﺑﺎ) ٢٤،٠٣% اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨـﻄﻘﺔ آﻠﻨﺎرﺗﻰ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق اﻟﻘﻮﻟﺪ ٧،٣١% اﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻃﻮآﺮ ﻓﻘﺪ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﺻـــــﺎﺑﺔ ٩٠،١٩% . ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻧﺘﺎج هﺬﻩ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﺪو اﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻣﺎﻋﺪا ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻃﻮآﺮ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اوآﺴﻔﺎم اﻣﺘﺪت ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ أﻟﻲ ٧-٨ ﺷﻬﻮر. ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ان اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ ﻳﺒﺪا اﻹزهﺎر ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ أآﺘﻮﺑﺮ وﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ وﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺜﻤـﺎر ﻣﻦ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ أﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻣﻊ ان ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺷﻬﻮر اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺨﻠﻮ ﺗﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج. ﺗﻤﺖ اﻟﺰﻳﺎرات ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ اﻟﻰ أآﺘﻮﺑﺮ وﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻤﺎر ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳــﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻋﻰ. اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ دﺧﻠﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة اﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻮدان ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ . إﻣﺎ إﻧﻬﺎ دﺧـــﻠﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺬور اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻴﺮادهﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج او اﻧﺘﺸﺮت اﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﻼد ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺮآﻬﺎ ﺷﻤﺎﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨــﻮب أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ أﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎم ١٩٨٧ م ﻻول ﻣﺮﻩ . اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺘﻰ اﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺒﻘﻮﻟﻴﻪ اﺛﺒﺘﺖ ان اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة ﻣﻊ دورة ﺣﻴﺎة ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ٢١ اﻟﻰ ٣٣ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ. واﻳﻀﺎ هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻮاﻟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮل اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻰ واﻟﺴﻨﻤﻜﻪ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺪاد ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪا " ﻣﻊ دورة ﺣﻴﺎة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﻪ (ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻮل اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻰ ٥٧ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ " وﻓﻰ اﻟﺴﻨﻤﻜﻪ اآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮة اﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ) . ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة آﺂﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮدان وﻋﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻔﻮل واﻟﺴﻨﻤﻜﻪ اﻟﺘﻰ اﺧﺬت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻻﺣﻤﺮ وآﺴﻼ وﺣﻠﻔﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪة ﻟﻠﺼﺎدر اﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻋﺪم اﺻﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة . ﻓﻠﺬا ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﺎن هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺛﻤﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ وﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ. اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﻮل اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻰ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ " ﻣﻊ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺘﻰ اﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﺟﺮوا ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺛﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ وﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ١،٥ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺛﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ وهﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ان هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة ﺗﻀﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺬور اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺧﺘﻼﻃﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺛﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ وهﺬا ﻻﻳﺤﺪث ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ " ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ . ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺮر اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ان هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ وﺗﻢ اﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎدﻩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻹﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ. اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ دورة ﺣﻴﺎة هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ ﻟﺠﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﻴﻦ أﺛﺒﺘﺖ أن ﻓﺘﺮة ﺣﻀﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ٥ (ﺧﻤﺴﻪ أﻳﺎم ). وﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﻴﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﺄﻃﻮارهﺎ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ أﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ .اﺳﺘﻐﺮق ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺸﺮﻧﻘﺔ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻳﺎم ، ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﺬآﻮر ٧،٤ ﻳﻮم وﻣﺘﻮﺳــــﻂ ﻋﻤﺮ اﻹﻧﺎث ٩،٦ ﻳﻮم. اﻣﺎ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ٣٦ ﺳﺎﻋﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺧﺮوج اﻟﺤﺸﺮة اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﻣﻦ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺬرﻩ. ﺗﻀﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة ﺑﻴﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻘﻮق واﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺛﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ وﻻ ﺗﻠﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر آﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ اﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻰ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ (Bruchidae). ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻴﺮﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻰ ان ﺗﺨﺘﺎر اﺣﺪ اﻟﺒﺬوز وﺗﺨﺘﺮﻗﻬﺎ وﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ ان ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻃﻮر اﻟﺤﺸﺮة اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﺬرة ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺒﺎت. ﺗﻘﻀﻰ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻧﻖ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺬرة اﻟﻰ ان ﺗﺨﺮج اﻻﻃﻮار اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺎت ﻣﻤﻴﺰة ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺜﻤﺮة. ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺬور ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮة اﻣﺎ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر وﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﺟﺰاء اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻻﺗﺘﺎﺛﺮ. ﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻻﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻜﻴﺖ واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ رﺻﺪهﺎ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺬور اﻟﻔﻮل اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻰ Caryedon serratus وﺧﻨﻔﺴﺎء اﻟﺘﺒﻎ (Lasioderma sirricorne) وأﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺸﺮة اﻟﺴﻴﻜﺎدا. آﻤﺎ ذآﺮ ﻓﺎن اﻟﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻرض ﻻﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻻﺷﺠﺎر ﻻن ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﻋﻰ ﺗﻠﺘﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ وﺻﻮل هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﻴﻬﺎ . ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎن ﺗﺮك هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﺗﺮﻋﻰ ﺑﺪون ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﺋﻘﺎ" اﻣﺎم اﻧﺘﺸﺎر وﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات ﺧﺎﺻﺔ وان ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﺬور ﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت وهﻰ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻋﺪم ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎ آﻐﺬاء ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات. LIST OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE NO ١ DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II ABSTRACT III ١V (SUMMERY ( IN ARABIC ١ INTRODUCTION ١ Description of Mesquite tree -١ ١ Distribution -٢ ٤ Problems of Mesquite -٣ ٩ LITERITURE REVIEW ٩ Mesquite history in Sudan -١ ١٢ Control of Mesquite -٢ ١٣ Mesquite management scenario ١-٢ ١٣ Method of control ٢-٢ ١٣ Preventive measures ١-٢-٢ ١٤ Mesquite eradication and replacement ٢-٢-٢ ١٤ Mechanical control ١-٢-٢-٢ ١٦ Burning ٢-٢-٢-٢ ١٦ Chemical control ٣-٢-٢-٢ ١٨ Mesquite natural enemies -٣ ٢٠ Mesquite biocontrol efforts -٤ ٣٣ MATERIALS AND METHODS ٣٣ Field survey -١ ٣٣ Identification of the species-٢ ٣٤ Stock culture -٣ ٣٥ Host specificity tests -٤ ٣٥ Group tests ١-٤ ٣٦ Pair tests ٢-٤ ٣٧ Starvation tests ٣-٤ ٣٧ Life cycle – ٥ ٣٩ RESULTS ٣٩ Field survey -١ ٤١ Natural enemies detected on Mesquite during study -٢ ٤٢ Identification of the species-٣ ٤٢ Host specificity tests -٤ ٤٢ Group tests ١-٤ ٤٤ Sub-list group tests ٢-٤ ٤٦ Pair tests ٣-٤ ٤٦ Prosopis versus Arachis hypogaea ١-٣-٤ ٤٦ Prosopis versus Cassia senna ٢-٣-٤ ٤٦ A.hypogaea versus C.
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