Wayang Dalam Tari Sunda Gaya Priangan

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Wayang Dalam Tari Sunda Gaya Priangan Panggung Vol. 26 No. 2, Juni 2016 151 Wayang Dalam Tari Sunda Gaya Priangan Iyus Rusliana Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia (ISBI) Bandung Jln. Buahbatu 212 Bandung ABSTRACT This paper is a study on the potential of puppet (wayang) in the scope of Sundanese culture of Priangan subculture, especially dance. Formerly the term of wayang means to call dolls made of wood which are played by a puppeteer (dalang) in a performance of puppetry art or to tell the story of its performance, and it is also directly to call the art of Wayang Golek puppetry. Later, the potential of wayang affects strongly to the various aspects of life which are related to belief and art, including to Sundanese dance of Priangan style. Since wayang con- sists of religious sense which is implied in the story, thus wayang in Sundanese dance of Priangan style is not separated from the mission or moral value to the guidance of life. The emerge of Wayang Wong Priangan revealed as a dance drama with dialogue carrying the story of wayang in complete or partly, and there are always, conflicts between the evil wayang characters and the ones who extinguish the evils. Keywords: wayang in Sundanese culture of Priangan subculture, Wayang Dance of Priangan style ABSTRAK Tulisan ini merupakan kajian terhadap potensi wayang dalam lingkup budaya Sunda subkultur Priangan, khususnya seni tari. Awalnya kata wayang diartikan untuk menyebut boneka dari kayu yang dimainkan dalang dalam pertunjukan seni pedalangan atau untuk menunjukkan ceritanya dalam pertunjukan seni padalangan, dan juga bisa secara langsung untuk menyebut seni padalangan Wayang Golek. Selanjutnya potensi wayang ini berpengaruh kuat ke dalam beberapa aspek kehidupan yang berbau kepercayaan dan juga kesenian, termasuk ke tari Sunda gaya Priangan. Karena wayang mengandung makna religius yang tersirat dalam isi ceritanya, maka wayang dalam tari Sunda gaya Priangan tidaklah lepas dari misi atau pesan moral ke arah tuntunan hidup. Lahirnya Wayang Wong Priangan, terungkap sebagai bentuk dramatari berdialog dengan membawakan cerita wayang secara utuh atau sebagian, dan senantiasa adanya pertentangan antara tokoh wayang yang jahat dengan yang menumpas kejahatan. Kata kunci: wayang dalam budaya Sunda subkultur Priangan, dan Tari Wayang gaya Priangan Rusliana: Wayang Dalam Tari Sunda Gaya Priangan 152 PENDAHULUAN ini kemudian menjadi pertunjukan Fenomena kehidupan pada zaman pra wayang yang dilakukan oleh seorang sejarah yang antara lain ditandai dengan dalang pada malam hari dengan sebelum berdirinya kerajaan-kerajaan atau mempergunakan peralatan sederhana yang sebelum masuknya kebudayaan Hindu di prinsipnya mirip dengan yang ada pulau Jawa (Pra Hindu), pada umumnya sekarang (1998: 33). orang hidup berkelompok dan tidak Adanya akulturasi kebudayaan, adalah mengenal adanya pimpinan secara formal peristiwa yang wajar terjadi. Sejarah telah seperti kerajaan, kecuali adanya pimpinan membuktikan bahwa bumi Nusantara kelompok yang dikenal dengan sebutan dari zaman dulu hingga sekarang banyak kepala suku atau syaman. Keterbatasan didatangi oleh orang asing. Akan tetapi pengetahuannya tentang seluk-beluk dalam proses persentuhannya ini tidaklah keadaan, kejadian dan teknologi, antara hanya menyerap, mengambil atau lain menimbulkan anggapan bahwa memindahkan begitu saja, melainkan benda-benda alam yang ada di sekeliling- secara alami disesuaikan dengan situasi dan nya merupakan fenomena metafisika yang kondisi serta kepribadian bangsa Indone- memiliki kekuatan magis. Begitu pula jika sia sendiri, atau senantiasa diselaraskan dari kelompoknya ada yang dianggap kuat, dengan kebudayaan yang telah ada terpandai, atau yang dipercaya sebagai sebelumnya. Pola kebudayaan Indonesia pimpinan kelompoknya dan sudah wafat, tetap tidak berubah, sebab anasir maka rohnya dianggap memiliki sumber kebudayaan asing itu telah dijalin dalam kekuatan magis yang melindunginya pola kebudayaan Indonesia. sepanjang masa. Kaitannya dengan hal ini, Pada zaman Hindu atau pada saat tumbuh dalam upacara pemujaan yang masuknya pengaruh kebudayaan Hindu sakral. Roh yang sudah meninggal itu ke Indonesia, antara lain dilatarbelakangi dapat dibangunkan dan didatangkan oleh dengan datangnya para pedagang dari In- seorang “syaman”, dan kehadiran roh dia yang kemudian menetap di Indonesia, tersebut diharapkan dapat memberi dan selanjutnya menanamkan kebudaya- pertolongan dan berkah kepada mereka annya kepada pribumi. Adapun tanda lain yang masih hidup (Mulyono, 1978: 53). yang kerap kali dijadikan batas awal zaman Kedatangan rohnya ini diwujudkan Hindu di Indonesia, adalah dimulai dengan dalam bentuk bayangan, dan meraka adanya kerajaan Hindu. Pada zaman ini datang oleh karena diminta untuk di Indonesia terjadi akulturasi kebudayaan, memberi restu atau pertolongan. Bentuk sehingga pada umumnya di kawasan bumi bayang-bayang atau wayang ini dibuat Nusantara lahir beberapa jenis dan corak dari kulit dan menggambarkan arwah kesenian Indonesia yang berbau budaya nenek moyang; lakon wayang dalam Hindu. Perpaduan tersebut senantiasa zaman ini menceritakan kepahlawanan berjalan mulus dan tanpa paksaan, karena dan petualangan nenek moyang (Hazim unsur-unsur kesenian India atau Hindu Amir, 1994: 34). Perihal ini didukung oleh yang terpadu pada saat itu tidak Burhan Nurgiyantoro, bahwa pemujaan itu menyimpang dari budaya pertunjukan dilakukan dalam bentuk “pentas wayang. bayangan” yang dilakukan oleh seorang Dalam Kamus Kawi-Indonesia, kata sakti yang disebut “syaman”, dan pentas Wayang berarti bayangan (Wojowasito, Panggung Vol. 26 No. 2, Juni 2016 153 1977: 299). Adapun kata “wayang”, dapat ditanggap wayang pada siang hari, ceritanya seperti biasanya. Agar yang “hamayang” pada waktu dulu berarti: melakonkan wayang di mana-mana sama, mempertunjukan “bayangan”, dan lambat- selanjutnya pada tahun 1584 Sultan Pajang laun menjadi pertunjukan bayang-bayang membuat pakem wayang purwa dan wayang gedog” kemudian menjadi seni pentas bayang- bayang atau wayang (Mulyono, 1977: 51). Kemudian dijelaskan lagi: Zaman Indonesia Islam yang pertama di “...sanggeusna aja dijalan pos (1808-1811) patalimarga leuwih babari. Wajang golek ti Pulau Jawa, diperkirakan mulai dari kerajaan Tjirebon oge beuki asup ka Priangan, nu barisa Demak sekitar tahun 1500-1550 sebagai ngadalang beuki loba, sebab banguna oge leuwih pengganti kerajaan Majapahit. Setelah itu memper dijalma, lantaran badan sakudjurna teu beda ti “djalma make kedok”, nu teu tembong the ngan berlanjut adanya kerajaan Pajang sekitar ti semet tjangkeng ka handap tapi lantaran tahun 1568-1586 dan seterusnya muncul disampingan djadi asa aja bae awak bagian ka kerajaan Mataram yang dimulai sejak tahun handapna teh” (1942: 21). 1586. Kesenian yang hidup dan digemari “... setelah ada jalan pos (1808-1811) sebelumnya, adalah wayang yang banyak perjalanannya semakin mudah. Wayang mendapat pengaruh dari kebuda-yaan Golek dari Cirebon juga masuk ke Priangan, yang menjadi dalang semakin banyak, Hindu. Kompromistis senantiasa muncul sebab bentuknya mendekati manusia, secara bijak, dan terjadi pulalah beberapa karena seluruh tubuhnya tidak berbeda penyesuaian. Pada zaman kerajaan Demak, dengan “manusia memakai topeng”, yang tidak terlihatnya dari pinggang ke bawah wayang kulit diperhalus dan ditambah ditutupi dengan kain sinjang, jadi seperti jumlahnya, serta pertunjukannya diper- ada saja tubuh bagian bawahnya itu” gunakan sebagai sarana dakwah penyebaran agama Islam sekaligus sebagai hiburan Dari penjelasan ini didapatkan dengan dipelopori oleh Wali Sanga, dan pemahaman bahwa di Cirebon sudah ada cerita wayang kulit ini diubah serta wayang kulit dan wayang golek menak disesuaikan dengan ajaran Islam (Burhan sebelum tahun 1808. Sedangkan wayang Nurgiyantoro, 1998: 34). Apabila seni golek di Priangan yang lebih mengakar pewayangan yang sudah ada terbuat dari kuat hingga kini, berorientasi pada pakem kulit (wayang kulit) dengan ceritanya Wayang Purwa atau Mahabharata, Loka- berkembang dan berorientasi pada budaya pala, dan Bharatayuda. Setelah berkembang Hindu seperti Mahabharata, Ramayana, merata, muncul pula ceritera baru yang Bharatayuda dan Arjuna Sasrabahu, maka bertolak dari pakemnya (carangan atau seni pewayangan yang baru terbuat dari kayu sempalan) seperti cerita Jabang Tutuka, dikemukakan oleh Salmun sebagai berikut: Brajamusti, Arjuna Wiwaha, dan Layang Jamus Kalimusada. Hal ini seiring dengan Dina taun 1583 Sunan Kudus ngadamel wajang tina kai, disebutna wajang golek. Kuajana wajang pengertian wayang yang tertulis dalam golek, ajeuna mah bisa nanggap wajang golek ti Kamus Umum BASA SUNDA, yaitu beurang, lalakona sakumaha wajang biasa bae. “wayang: sarupa jejelemaan tina kulit atawa Sangkan anu ngalalakonkeun wajang di mana- mana sarua, tuluj dina taun 1584 Sultan Pajang kai nu diibaratkeun anu dilalakonkeunana ngadamel pakem wajang purwa djeung wajang dina carita Mahabharata jeung sajaba ti eta; gedog (1942: 18-19). nanggap wayang: nanggap dalang medakeun “Pada tahun 1583 Sunan Kudus membuat lalakon tina Mahabharata jeung sajaba ti wayang dari kayu yang disebut wayang eta bari ngamaenkeun wayang dipirig ku golek. Dengan adanya wayang golek, sekarang gamelan jeung sajaba ti eta” (Momon Rusliana: Wayang Dalam Tari Sunda Gaya Priangan 154 Wirahadikusumah, 1976: 561), artinya: METODE wayang seperti manusia-manusiaan yang Mengkaji dari lingkup seni pertunjukan terbuat dari kulit atau kayu dan diibarat- tentang Wayang Dalam Tari Sunda Gaya kan yang dilakonkannya dari cerita Maha- Priangan ini tentu memerlukan pem- bharata dan yang lainnya lagi;
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