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SPAFA Digest, 1989, Vol 10, No 2 26 Music and Dance as a Living Tradition in Indonesia by Enoch Atmadibrata 27 Consisting of three thousand islands, Indonesia is inhabited by hundreds of ethnic groups living in their own environments, beliefs and customs. Indonesia, as a result, inherited a variety of music and dance forms and other performing arts as well. The successive waves of foreign influence have all left their imprint on Indonesian culture to some extent. But the indigenous cultural tradition maintains its link with the contem- porary culture. In most rural villages, especially in the mountainous areas, art forms closely related to animistic religious beliefs are still practiced. Apart from these forms of arts, Folk dance performed on stage stressing unison in movement. in the coastal areas, we can find dance, music, and theatre forms with Opposite page: Western modern dance influence is clearly indicated in this piece Islamic religious connotations. Since choreographed by Tom Ibnur. the early development of art, art forms have been centered in the Ritual and Ceremonial Dance The Bedaya dance of the Royal aristocratic royal court of Java and and Music Courts in Central Java, the Pendet have been largely influenced by the The first type to be discussed dance of Bali, which is familiar to Hindu religion, except for those in and which are probably one of the visitors, and the Sang Hiyang Hiyang Bali, which are based on the oldest surviving music arc : the Sawer dance, performed by young girls, still Hindu-Bali beliefs. and Tutunggulan. They still have have ceremonial meanings. Modern art forms, coming ritual meaning's in rural villages. from the West, started in the big The Sawer and Tutunggulan are Social Dance and Music cities. Then they penetrated into the chantings in old local language. They While ritual dances are addressed surrounding areas. But a two-way are still sung by women, of the to the spirits, asking for blessings interchange of influence, between the Sundanese peoples in West Java, from the holy or preventing evil, modern and traditional forms, is in while pounding rice for praising and social dances and music are addressed process today. As a matter of fact, welcoming the rice goddess. to the participants themselves. modern-day Indonesian artists are The dance type performed with Samples of social music are : the now looking at their roots and want these chantings are also connected Tembang, Macapat and Mamaea. to express and revive their traditional with the rice culture in Ngalage. They are party songs, among friends art forms. During the rice planting rite, while and relatives. Social dancing include Traditional Indonesian dance playing the Angklung (bamboo Tayub and Ketuktilu in Java, Joget and music, as they exist today, can be shaked instruments), a male dances in Sumatra, and Lenso in the eastern classified, in terms of function : ritual around a Pupuhunan (a life-tree). part of Indonesia. and ceremonial, social, and per- A Dukun chants while touching the forming dance and music. In addition, rice grain to be planted. After the Performing Dance and Music self-defence dance could be con- dance, the planting of rice in the Social dance and music does sidered a special type of dance. Ladang (dry rice field) starts. not separate the audience from the 28 performers. But in professional dance the many examples worth mentioning preserved as they are the roots of and music, or other theatrical per- here are : Randay and Makyong in living Indonesian art tradition. formances, the acitivity is raised to Sumatra; Mundu in Kalimantan Maintaining the traditional culture a level to please the audience. Wayang; Ketoprak, Banjet and then becomes an important task of There are numerous examples Ludruk in Java; and Gambuh in Bali. the contemporary artist. of professional dance and music. Sendratari is an innovative idea. In the following paragraphs, Among others, the Wayang dances in In this theatrical performance, the Pesta Desa Di Sunda, a village festival Java, Kebayar dances and Baris dialogues are dropped. Instead, new in Suna, West Java, is selected as a dances Bali and, the Topeng (mask movements arc choreographed to case study to illustrate the range of dances) in Java and Bali are also well replace the dialogues. Corollary to dances that are popular in known. The Mainang dan Serampang this, it is interesting to mention that contemporary Indonesia. This festival 12 in Sumatra, Pakarena in Sulawasi modern dramas in Indonesia are comprise the Gondang dance and are also some of the more popular starting to include dance and music. music, Calling ensemble, Jaipongan ones. While some are working for dance, Penca, Kendang Rampak, the Theatrical performances, in- innovations in the performing arts, music of Kecapi-Suling and terweaving dance, music and play others are concentrating their Tembang/Kawih and the dance of into one work of art, are also played attention to the traditional forms of Gotong Singa. to entertain the spectators. Some of these arts. These forms must be Gondang Dance and Music Gondang is the name of a performing piece which was brought about by the rice-pounding ritual of the villagers. This ritual is held during the harvest festival, when the first harvested rice bundles are pounded. It follows other rituals related to the praise-offering of peasants to the rice goddess, Dewi Sri or Sanghyang Pohaci. During this ritual, a group of women bring the first harvested rice bundles to the house of the village head, who keeps the village rice-shed and the rice-block (lesung) especially used in the ritual. When the rice bundles are all placed in the rice-block, one of the elderly women sings or chants in praise of Dewi Sri or Sanghyan The modern ballet above was Pohaci. She asks for her kindness and performed at the Sekolah to give them much harvest. After the Tinggi Seni Indonesia while singing and chanting, all the old the Sundanese dance item on women of the village take turns, the right was performed at the group by group, in pounding the rice 1980 Dance Festival in until it is ready to be put in the Bandung. rice-shed. 29 as enjoyed by the masses as a social dance. Penca Dance Penca Silat is an art of self-defence. It is a part of a larger tradition found throughout Asia. In Indonesia, it has developed into a unique dance called Penca. Penca utilizes the movements of self-defence, which have been set into a distinctive type of music, called Kendang Penca. Kendang is the name of a drum. The instruments used for this dance are two different drums, a reed instrument, and a small gong called Kempul. Penca dances are divided into four main types, according to the Javanese classical dance retains strong appeal to contemporary audience drum beat patterns and the tempo. They are : the Pandungdung, the Tepak-Dua, the Tepak-Tilu, and the Gondang dance and music have peasants while watching his rice field Peleredan. been created according to this ritual. to ward off birds. It was also played The Padungdung has the fastest The pounding sound by the poles when harvest is done and the first tempo. It also functions as the hitting the rice-block, was however bundles of the harvested rice are opening piece. The Tepak-Dua, on the added, to make the performance carried to the rice-shed. contrary, is the slowest. And the more pleasant with rhythmical beats. The idea of the calung jingjing, Tepak-Tilu and peleredan have The movements of the performers developed in the 1950's, is a synthesis medium tempos. The latter has, and the songs have also been of two activities. Carrying their notably, a steady drum pattern. modified for theatrical presentation. bamboo drums (kohkol), the night- Penca dances are usually But one thing has to be noted : watchers of the village beat drums performed on festive events, such as beating the rice-block is actually not to prevent them from sleeping. While circumcisions and weddings. On the always connected with the rice- beating the kohkol, they also sing. occasion of the Penca Festival, the pounding. Village people beat the best penca dance is selected. rice-block or lesung, only when there Jaipongan Dance. is an eclipse. An eclipse, they believe, The name Jaipongan was The Music of Kecapi-Suling and could cast evil to the people, causing borrowed from three nonsensical Tembang/Kawih epidemics and other frightening syllables, ja-li-pong. The syllables The oldest style of singing dangers. It can also give signals, imitate the sound of a drum, used as accompanied by a kecapi, or a zither, warning people of floods, fires, etc. an accompaniment for one of the is the pantun story-telling. The oldest folkdance styles, called performance is held during the entire Calung Ensemble Ketuktilu. Jaipongan uses a drum night. Pantun story-telling has a close The Calung Jingjing, or simply beat with a lively pattern and which connection with the rice rituals as well the Calung Ensemble borrowed its has been forgotten for a long period as initiation rites. name from the bamboo xylophone. of time. The Jaipongan dance is often In the late 19th century, fixed This xylophone used to be played by performed by skillful dancers as well classical songs were developed out of 30 Social dance encourages improvisation. Picture shows joyous men flirting with girl. the pantun chant. Later on, a flute was The entertainment could be any kind carriers and by others who join the added and this was followed by the and may be a pencil performance, a funny dances. insertion of the rincik, a small kecapi, small carnival for children, folkdance The dancing procession crosses to the ensemble.
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