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Vaccine Development Using Recombinant DNA Technology Animal Agriculture’S Future Through Biotechnology, Part 7

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Vaccine Development Using Recombinant DNA Technology Animal Agriculture’S Future Through Biotechnology, Part 7 Number 38 May 2008 Vaccine Development Using Recombinant DNA Technology Animal Agriculture’s Future through Biotechnology, Part 7 ABSTRACT Development of vaccination as a tool in fighting disease has resulted in the potential to combat almost all infec- tious agents affecting people and ani- mals. The ultimate objective of vacci- nation is to induce an immune response that subsequently recognizes the infec- tious agent and fights off the disease. Current public health threats posed by the potential spread of highly infectious disease agents between animals and humans, as well as the emergence of new diseases, impact animal agriculture significantly. Animal vaccinations are among the most effective, successful tools for dealing with these concerns. This Issue Paper provides a brief historical overview of vaccine develop- ment and describes three basic catego- ries of newer, recombinant vaccines: live genetically modified organisms, recombinant inactivated (“killed”) vac- cines, and genetic vaccines. Separate sections evaluate the development of vaccines for cattle, sheep, and goats; In laboratory tests, a vaccine injection with recombinant DNA is used to im- swine; poultry; fish; and companion an- munize chicks against coccidia. (Photo courtesy of the USDA Agricultural imals. Within each category, the authors Research Service.) describe the vaccines that are commer- cially available, outline the recent ad- vances in recombinant vaccines for the cines against diseases that currently lose the use of several important anti- control of specific infectious diseases, have few or no control measures. microbial agents and drug classes for and discuss the future of vaccines for two reasons: (1) increased resistance animal diseases. among pathogens and (2) public health Future research needs to focus on INTRODUCTION threats posed by the potential spread of 1 vaccine delivery methodology. In ad- Infectious animal diseases continue antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic mi- dition, new efforts need to target the to rank foremost among the significant crobes. Consequently, new approaches development of vaccines for economi- factors limiting efficient production in are needed to develop improved tools cally important diseases for which no animal agriculture. In addition, infec- and strategies for prevention and con- currently available vaccines exist, and tious agents that are transmitted from trol of infectious diseases in animal diseases for which poorly effective vac- animals to humans by way of food agriculture. Among the most effective cines are currently in use. Advances and water present an increasing threat and successful of these tools are animal in recombinant DNA technology, in to the safety and security of the world vaccines. knowledge of the host immune re- food supply and continue to affect hu- sponse, and in the genetic makeup of man health significantly. Awareness is 1 Italicized terms (except genus and species disease agents will lead to new vac- increasing that animal agriculture could names) are defined in the Glossary. This material is based upon work supported by the United States Department of Agriculture under Grant No. 2005-38902-02319, Grant No. 2006-38902-03539, and Grant No. 2007-31100-06019/ISU Project No. 413-40-02. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or Iowa State University. CAST Issue Paper 38 Task Force Members Authors Robert Silva, Avian Disease and Ronald D. Schultz, School of Oncology Laboratory, USDA–ARS, Veterinary Medicine, University of Mark W. Jackwood (Chair), Poultry East Lansing, Michigan Wisconsin–Madison Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens Reviewers CAST Liaison Leslie Hickle, Synthetic Genomics, Klaus Osterrieder, College of Vet- Alan W. Bell, CSIRO Livestock Inc., La Jolla, California erinary Medicine, Cornell University, Industries, St. Lucia, Queensland, Sanjay Kapil, Oklahoma Animal Ithaca, New York Australia Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Christopher Prideaux, CSIRO Center for Veterinary Health Sci- Livestock Industries, St. Lucia, ences, Oklahoma State University, Queensland, Australia Stillwater Using recombinant deoxyribonucle- HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF system. The animal’s immune system ic acid (rDNA) technologies, scientists has the ability to distinguish between a have been able to develop three types of VACCINE DEVELOPMENT foreign substance, such as the proteins recombinant vaccines: (1) live geneti- The history of vaccination dates in a virus or bacterium, and its own pro- cally modified organisms, (2) recombi- back to the 1798 studies by Edward teins. It does not matter whether the for- nant inactivated (“killed”) vaccines, and Jenner, an English physician who used eign proteins are from a disease agent or (3) genetic vaccines. These vaccines no cowpox virus to immunize people a vaccine against the disease agent, the longer cause disease, but still induce a against smallpox (Jenner 1798). Almost immune response is similar: when the strong immune response. Paralleling the 200 years later, the comprehensive animal encounters the virus or bacteria development of new, more efficacious, smallpox vaccination program estab- again, the immune system recognizes it stable, and safe recombinant vaccines lished by the World Health Organization and, ideally, responds to protect the ani- has been the study of vaccine delivery eventually led to the worldwide eradica- mal from the disease. methods and immunostimulating adju- tion of that disease. That success story Although vaccination has saved vant compounds that enhance the im- is proof of the tremendous potential of countless lives, it can have both favor- mune response. vaccination and has led to the devel- able and unfavorable consequences. Advances in gene discovery of ani- opment of vaccines against almost all Certain vaccines—specifically, live vac- mal pathogens can be expected to iden- infectious agents affecting people and cines—can revert back to pathogenic or- tify new proteins and metabolic path- animals. The ultimate objective of vacci- ganisms and produce disease or, in some ways, thereby providing a foundation nation is to induce an immune response instances, even death. The development for improved understanding of pathogen that subsequently recognizes the infec- of rDNA technologies has provided new biology and, ultimately, aiding in the de- tious agent and fights off the disease. ways of attenuating disease agents by sign of new and effective therapies. New Vaccination usually is accom- modifying their genetic makeup, or ge- treatments, whether vaccines or new plished with either weakened or attenu- nomes, to create safer, more efficacious drugs, must rely on more than empirical ated live agents; with inactivated agents vaccines. methods of discovery and must be based that no longer can cause disease; or The genome of all living beings is on a fundamental knowledge of patho- with selected, immunogenic parts of the made up of many genes that define the gen biology and genetics. disease agent called subunit vaccines. characteristics of the organism. The ge- This Issue Paper first provides a Traditional methods of creating vac- netic material consists of nucleic acids brief historical overview of vaccine de- cines include using a similar agent that (DNA and ribonucleic acid [RNA]) that velopment and describes the three basic does not cause disease, such as Jenner’s carry and convey genetic information categories of recombinant vaccines. The cowpox virus, or passing a pathogenic through their bases (adenine, cytosine, following sections evaluate the develop- disease agent through a laboratory host guanine, and thymine); in RNA, thy- ment of vaccines for cattle, sheep, and system to weaken or attenuate the agent. mine is replaced by uracil). The bases goats; swine; poultry; fish; and compan- Inactivating the disease agent with one are uniquely ordered to make up the se- ion animals. Within each category, the or more chemicals also can be used to quence of the particular gene. Modifying authors describe the vaccines that are create vaccines. In addition, extracting, or deleting the genes responsible for commercially available, outline the re- purifying, and using one or more parts causing disease in an organism can be cent advances in recombinant vaccines of the disease agent can be used to in- accomplished in the laboratory using for the control of infectious diseases, duce a protective immune response. rDNA technologies. and discuss the future of vaccines for An immune response is stimulat- Typically, rDNA technology refers animal diseases. ed when a foreign substance called an to laboratory methods used to break and antigen is encountered by the immune recombine DNA molecules from differ- COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ent organisms. The terminology also has remains stable and cannot revert to a the laboratory and represent the most grown to include laboratory methods pathogenic agent (Uzzau et al. 2005). basic portion of a protein that induces an used for gene isolation, sequence modi- Developing a vaccine of this type immune response. Subunit vaccines also fication, nucleic acid synthesis, and gene requires knowledge of the gene(s) re- can consist of whole proteins extract- cloning. sponsible for pathogenicity and assumes ed from the disease agent or expressed Using rDNA technologies, scien- that those genes are not the same genes
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