DOCSLIB.ORG

Antibody Response and Evaluation of Protection After Immunisation With

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antibody Response and Evaluation of Protection After Immunisation With Aus dem Institut für Virologie der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeitsprüfung und praktischen Anwendung von viralen Rinderimpstoffen [Investigations on the efficacy testing and practical application of viral cattle vaccines] Habilitationsschrift zur Erlangung der Venia legendi an der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover Vorgelegt von Dr. med. vet. Birgit Makoschey Hannover 2009 Tag der nichtöffentlichen wissenschaftlichen Aussprache 15. Juni 2010 Table of contents Table of contents Table of contents.....................................................................................................................................3 Abbreviations..........................................................................................................................................4 List of used publications ........................................................................................................................6 A. Introduction...................................................................................................................................8 Vaccines in veterinary medicine.........................................................................................................8 Live attenuated vaccines .................................................................................................................8 Inactivated vaccines ........................................................................................................................9 Alternative approaches to vaccine development...........................................................................10 Production of Vaccines .................................................................................................................11 Viruses used in the studies described ...............................................................................................12 Bovine viral diarrhoea virus..........................................................................................................12 Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus..........................................................................................16 Bovine respiratory syncytial virus ................................................................................................20 Use of vaccines in control programs for viral cattle diseases in Europe ........................................23 B. Definition of the problem ...........................................................................................................26 C. Results..........................................................................................................................................27 Challenge models for the experimental evaluation of vaccine efficacy..........................................27 Combined application of a live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine with other cattle vaccines ...........................................................................................................................................................31 Marker aspect of inactivated BVD vaccine......................................................................................33 Risk assessment for unintended immunisation of cattle by use of vaccines...................................36 D. Discussion ....................................................................................................................................38 Critical factors in the development of animal models for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy........38 Effect of a live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis marker vaccine on the immune response to other cattle vaccines applied at the same time...........................................................................................42 Evaluation of the marker vaccine concept for an inactivated bovine viral diarrhoea virus vaccine ...........................................................................................................................................................43 Risk assessment for unintended immunisation of cattle by use of vaccines...................................45 E. Summary......................................................................................................................................48 F. Zusammenfassung.......................................................................................................................50 G. References....................................................................................................................................52 Statement own contribution to scientific publications ......................................................................80 Dankwort...............................................................................................................................................84 Anhang ..................................................................................................................................................86 - 3 - Abbreviations Abbreviations BDV Border disease virus BRSV Bovine respiratory syncytial virus BTV Bluetongue virus BVDV Bovine viral diarrhoea cp Cytopathic CSF Classical swine fever virus ELSIA Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay F BRSV fusion protein FCS Fetal calf serum FMD Foot and mouth disease g BoHV-1 glycoprotein G BRSV glycoprotein GMP Good manufacturing practice IPB Infectious balanoposthitis IBR Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis IPV Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis M BRSV matrix protein MD Mucosal disease Mh Mannheimia haemolytica L BRSV polymerase ncp Non-cytopathic N BRSV nucleoprotein NS Non-structural NTR Non-translated regions P BRSV phosphoprotein PI Persistently infected PI3 Bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus Pm Pasteurella multocida - 4 - List of used publications List of used publications Makoschey, B.; Janssen, M.G.J.; Vrijenhoek, M.P.; Korsten, J.H.M. and van der Marel, P. (2001) An inactivated bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine affords clinical protection against BVDV type 2. Vaccine 19, 3261-3268 Makoschey, B., van Gelder, P.T., Keijsers, V. and Goovaerts, D. (2003) Bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen in foetal calf serum batches and consequences of such contamination for vaccine production, Biologicals, 31, 203-208. Makoschey, B.; Becher, P.; Janssen, M.G.J.; Orlich, M.; Thiel; H.-J. and Lütticken, D. (2004) Bovine viral diarrhea virus with deletions in the 5’-nontranslated region: reduction of replication in calves and induction of protective immunity. Vaccine 22, 3285-3294 Makoschey, B. and Beer, M. (2004) Assessment of the risk of transmission of vaccine viruses by using insufficiently cleaned injection devices. The Veterinary Record, 155, 563-564 Makoschey, B.; Chanter, N. and Reddick, D.A. (2006) Comprehensive protection against all important primary pathogens within the bovine respiratory disease complex by combination of two vaccines; Der praktische Tierarzt 87, 819-826 Álvarez, M.; Muñoz Bielsa, J.; Santos, L. and Makoschey, B. (2007) Compatibility of a live Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) marker vaccine and an inactivated Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) vaccine. Vaccine 25, 6613 - 6617 Makoschey, B. and Beer, M. (2007) A live bovine herpesvirus-1 marker vaccine is not shed after intramuscular vaccination. Berliner und Münchner Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 120, 480-482 Makoschey, B.; Sonnemans, D.; Muñoz Bielsa, J.; Franken, P.; Mars, M.; Santos, L. and Álvarez, M. (2007) Evaluation of the induction of NS3 specific BVDV antibodies using a commercial inactivated BVDV vaccine in immunization and challenge trials. Vaccine 25, 6140 - 6145 Kuijk. H.; Franken, P.; Mars, M.; bij de Weg, W. and Makoschey, B. (2008) Monitoring of a BVDV infection in a vaccinated herd by testing of milk for antibodies against NS3. The Veterinary Record 163; 482 - 484 - 6 - List of used publications Álvarez, M.; Donate, J. and Makoschey, B. Development of antibodies against non- structural proteins of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus in serum and milk samples from vaccinated animals. Submitted Makoschey, B. and Janssen, M.G.J. Investigations on fetal infection models with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Submitted van der Sluijs, M.T.W.; Kuhn, E.M. and Makoschey, B. A single vaccination with an inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine primes the cellular immune response in calves with maternal antibodies. BMC Veterinary Research Accepted - 7 - Introduction A. Introduction Vaccines in veterinary medicine The first successful use of a vaccine was in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox which subsequently protected the boy against challenge with Smallpox. Since then, vaccines have been widely used to control viral infectious diseases of humans and animals. In the case of humans and companion animals, vaccinology primarily focuses on the individual, while concern for the health of the herd is the main reason for vaccination of lifestock. The first vaccines for veterinary use were live attenuated and one of the most successfully applied attenuated vaccines was the Plowright vaccine against rinderpest (Plowright & Ferris 1962). This vaccine has been instrumental in the near eradication of rinderpest. Another important achievement in the field of vaccinology was the development of the vaccine against foot and mouth disease (FMD), the first inactivated vaccine produced at industrial scale (Waldmann et al. 1937). More recently, the first vaccines allowing differentiation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vaccination As a Control Tool for Exotic Animal Diseases
    www.defra.gov.uk Vaccination as a Control Tool for Exotic Animal Disease Key Considerations March 2010 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Nobel House 17 Smith Square London SW1P 3JR Tel: 020 7238 6000 Website: www.defra.gov.uk © Crown copyright 2010 Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design rests with the Crown. This publication (excluding the Royal Arms and departmental logos) may be re-used free of charge in any format or medium for research for non-commercial purposes, private study or for internal circulation within an organisation. This is subject to it being re-used accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the publication specified. For any other use of this material please apply for a Click-Use PSI Licence or by writing to: Office of Public Sector Information Information Policy Team Kew Richmond Surrey TW9 4DU e-mail: [email protected] Information about this publication and copies are available from: Exotic Disease Policy Programme Defra Nobel House 17 Smith Square London SW1P 3JR This document is available on the Defra website: Published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Vaccination as a Control Tool for Exotic Animal Disease Key Considerations Introduction 4 Using Vaccination against an Exotic Animal Disease: Implications 5 and Considerations Veterinary and Technical Considerations 5 Whether vaccination is the most appropriate disease control tool 5 Box A: A disease for which vaccination is
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV1)
    Sanco/C3/AH/R20/2000 EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Directorate C - Scientific Opinions &ÃÃ0DQDJHPHQWÃRIÃVFLHQWLILFÃFRPPLWWHHVÃ,,ÃVFLHQWLILFÃFRRSHUDWLRQÃDQGÃQHWZRUNV 5HSRUWRQ %RYLQH+HUSHVYLUXV %+9 PDUNHUYDFFLQHV DQGWKHDFFRPSDQ\LQJ GLDJQRVWLFWHVWV 6FLHQWLILF&RPPLWWHHRQ$QLPDO+HDOWKDQG$QLPDO:HOIDUH $GRSWHG2FWREHU 5HSRUWRQ %RYLQH+HUSHVYLUXV %+9 PDUNHUYDFFLQHVDQGWKH DFFRPSDQ\LQJGLDJQRVWLFWHVWV 6FLHQWLILF&RPPLWWHHRQ$QLPDO+HDOWKDQG$QLPDO:HOIDUH 6&$+$: &RQWHQWV 5(48(67)25$123,1,21 ,1752'8&7,21$1'%$&.*5281' ',6&866,21211(:'$7$210$5.(59$&&,1(6$1'7+(,5,03/,&$7,216)25 %+9(5$',&$7,21 3.1. TYPES OF MARKER VACCINES AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ..........................................3 3.2. EFFICACY OF MARKER VACCINES FOR USE IN ERADICATION PROGRAMMES ......................................................3 ([SHULPHQWDOVWXGLHV )LHOGWULDOV 'LVFXVVLRQDQGFRQFOXVLRQ 3.3 SAFETY, RISKS OF LATENCY, REACTIVATION, RE-EXCRETION, TRANSMISSION AND RECOMBINATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF LIVE MARKER VACCINES ............................................................................................7 ([SHULPHQWDOVWXGLHV 'LVFXVVLRQDQGFRQFOXVLRQ 3.4. QUALITY OF THE AVAILABLE ACCOMPANYING DIAGNOSTIC TESTS..................................................................9 7HVW6HQVLWLYLW\DQG6SHFLILFLW\ 5HSURGXFLELOLW\ 'LVFXVVLRQ 3.5 POSSIBILITY OF THE EXISTENCE OF SERONEGATIVE CARRIERS AND THE RISKS POSED.....................................11 ([SHULPHQWDOGDWD 'LVFXVVLRQDQGFRQFOXVLRQ *(1(5$/&21&/86,21
    [Show full text]
  • A Decade of Research Into Classical Swine Fever
    Blome et al. Vet Res (2017) 48:51 DOI 10.1186/s13567-017-0457-y REVIEW Open Access A decade of research into classical swine fever marker vaccine CP7_E2alf ­(Suvaxyn® CSF Marker): a review of vaccine properties Sandra Blome*, Kerstin Wernike, Ilona Reimann, Patricia König, Claudia Moß and Martin Beer Abstract Due to its impact on animal health and pig industry, classical swine fever (CSF) is still one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. To control the disease, safe and highly efcacious live attenuated vaccines exist for decades. However, until recently, the available live vaccines did not allow a serological marker concept that is essentially important to circumvent long-term trade restrictions. In 2014, a new live attenuated marker vaccine, Suvaxyn­ ® CSF Marker (Zoetis), was licensed by the European Medicines Agency. This vaccine is based on pestivirus chimera “CP7_E2alf” that car- ries the main immunogen of CSF virus “Alfort/187”, glycoprotein E2, in a bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 backbone (“CP7”). This review summarizes the available data on design, safety, efcacy, marker diagnostics, and its possible integration into control strategies. Table of contents in either endemic situations or in case of large, high- 1 Introduction impact contingencies, safe and highly efcacious live 2 Design and manufacturing attenuated vaccines exist for decades [50]. Te under- lying virus strains (e.g. the C-strain of CSFV or the 3 Genetic stability guinea-pig exaltation negative ­GPE−-strain) were 4 Safety and vaccine virus distribution attenuated through serial passages in either animals 5 Efcacy (rabbits) or cell culture, and have been implemented 6 Diva as part of mandatory control programs that led to the 6.1 Genetic DIVA eradication of CSF from several countries [19].
    [Show full text]
  • Farm-Vaccine-Long.Pdf
    GUIDELINES Responsible use of vaccines and vaccinations in farm animal production A farm health planning initiative in partnership with DEFRA Supported by the National Office of Animal Health (NOAH) November 2006 CONTENTS Page No. CONTENTS........................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 3 THE MECHANISMS OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY ......................................... 4 Defence Mechanisms.......................................................................................................... 4 IMMUNITY........................................................................................................................5 Humoral (or [Blood] Circulating) Immunity .................................................................. 6 Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI) ....................................................................................... 7 THE OBJECTIVES OF VACCINATION ...................................................................... 8 TYPES OF ANTIBODY.................................................................................................... 8 THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE.................................. 8 Vaccines ............................................................................................................................ 10 Reactivation of the Immune Response..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Review About Different Vaccines Against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions
    Review A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions Liani Coronado 1, Carmen L. Perera 1, Liliam Rios 2, María T. Frías 1 and Lester J. Pérez 3,*,† 1 National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (C.L.P.); [email protected] (M.T.F.) 2 Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada; [email protected] 3 Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] † New Affiliation: Virus Discovery Group, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA. Abstract: Classical swine fever (CSF) is, without any doubt, one of the most devasting viral infec- tious diseases affecting the members of Suidae family, which causes a severe impact on the global economy. The reemergence of CSF virus (CSFV) in several countries in America, Asia, and sporadic outbreaks in Europe, sheds light about the serious concern that a potential global reemergence of this disease represents. The negative aspects related with the application of mass stamping out policies, including elevated costs and ethical issues, point out vaccination as the main control measure against future outbreaks. Hence, it is imperative for the scientific community to continue with the active Citation: Coronado, L.; Perera, C.L.; investigations for more effective vaccines against CSFV.
    [Show full text]
  • Expert Opinion on Vaccine And/Or Diagnostic Banks for Major Animal Diseases
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION HEALTH & CONSUMERS DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Directorate D — Animal Health and Welfare D1-Animal Health and Standing Committees Brussels, May 2010 SANCO/7070/2010 EXPERT OPINION ON VACCINE AND/OR DIAGNOSTIC BANKS FOR MAJOR ANIMAL DISEASES STRATEGIC PLANNING OPTIONS FOR EMERGENCY SITUATIONS OR MAJOR CRISES This document does not necessarily represent the views of the Commission Services Please note that this document is the outcome of an expert group and has been prepared for information and consultation purposes only. It has not been adopted or in any way approved by the European Commission and should not be regarded as representative of the views of the Commission Services either. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the information provided, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. 1. Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 5 2. Acronyms and abreviations................................................................................................ 6 3. Key Messages..................................................................................................................... 7 4. Summary ............................................................................................................................ 8 4.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 8 4.2. Scope of this paper ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccination for Contagious Diseases Appendix A: Foot-And-Mouth Disease
    NAHEMS GUIDELINES: VACCINATION FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES APPENDIX A: FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE FAD PReP Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness & Response Plan NAHEMS National Animal Health Emergency Management System United States Department of Agriculture • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service • Veterinary Services MAY 2015 The Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Plan (FAD PReP)/National Animal Health Emergency Management System (NAHEMS) Guidelines provide a framework for use in dealing with an animal health emergency in the United States. This FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines was produced by the Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service through a cooperative agreement. This document was last updated May 2015. Please send questions or comments to: Center for Food Security and Public Health National Preparedness and Incident Coordination 2160 Veterinary Medicine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Iowa State University of Science and Technology U.S. Department of Agriculture Ames, IA 50011 4700 River Road, Unit 41 Phone: (515) 294-1492 Riverdale, Maryland 20737 Fax: (515) 294-8259 Telephone: (301) 851-3595 Email: [email protected] Fax: (301) 734-7817 Subject line: FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines E-mail: [email protected] While best efforts have been used in developing and preparing the FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines, the U.S. Government, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and Iowa State University of Science and Technology (ISU) and other parties, such as employees and contractors contributing to this document, neither warrant nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information or procedure disclosed.
    [Show full text]
  • FAD Prep/NAHEMS Guidelines
    NAHEMS GUIDELINES: VACCINATION FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES APPENDIX A: FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE FAD PReP Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness & Response Plan NAHEMS National Animal Health Emergency Management System United States Department of Agriculture • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service • Veterinary Services MAY 2015 The Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Plan (FAD PReP)/National Animal Health Emergency Management System (NAHEMS) Guidelines provide a framework for use in dealing with an animal health emergency in the United States. This FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines was produced by the Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service through a cooperative agreement. This document was last updated May 2015. Please send questions or comments to: Center for Food Security and Public Health National Preparedness and Incident Coordination 2160 Veterinary Medicine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Iowa State University of Science and Technology U.S. Department of Agriculture Ames, IA 50011 4700 River Road, Unit 41 Phone: (515) 294-1492 Riverdale, Maryland 20737 Fax: (515) 294-8259 Telephone: (301) 851-3595 Email: [email protected] Fax: (301) 734-7817 Subject line: FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines E-mail: [email protected] While best efforts have been used in developing and preparing the FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines, the U.S. Government, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and Iowa State University of Science and Technology (ISU) and other parties, such as employees and contractors contributing to this document, neither warrant nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information or procedure disclosed.
    [Show full text]
  • Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following Mrna COVID-19 Vaccination: What Do We Know So Far?
    children Review Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: What Do We Know So Far? Bibhuti B. Das 1,*, William B. Moskowitz 1, Mary B. Taylor 2 and April Palmer 3 1 Department of Pediatrics, Children’s of Mississippi Heart Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-601-984-5250; Fax: +1-601-984-5283 Abstract: This is a cross-sectional study of 29 published cases of acute myopericarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. The most common presentation was chest pain within 1–5 days after the second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. All patients had an elevated troponin. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed late gadolinium enhancement consistent with myocarditis in 69% of cases. All patients recovered clinically rapidly within 1–3 weeks. Most patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for symptomatic relief, and 4 received intravenous immune globulin and corticosteroids. We speculate a possible causal relationship between vaccine administration and myocarditis. The data from our analysis confirms that all myocarditis and pericarditis cases are mild and resolve within a few days to few weeks. The bottom line is that the risk of cardiac complications among children and adults due to severe acute respiratory syndrome Citation: Das, B.B.; Moskowitz, W.B.; coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection far exceeds the minimal and rare risks of vaccination-related Taylor, M.B.; Palmer, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Porcilis Pesti
    MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBERING SYSTEM ADOPTED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PORCILIS PESTI EMEA CVMP OPINION No COMMUNITY VETERINARY APPLICATION No REGISTER OF MEDICINAL VETERINARY PRODUCT MEDICINAL PRESENTATION PRODUCTS No EMEA/V/C/046/01/0/0 EMEA/CVMP/698/99-Rev. 1 EU/2/99/016/001 Glass bottle containing 50 ml for 25 doses EMEA/V/C/046/01/0/0 EMEA/CVMP/698/99-Rev. 1 EU/2/99/016/002 Glass bottle containing 100 ml authorisedfor 50 doses EMEA/V/C/046/01/0/0 EMEA/CVMP/698/99-Rev. 1 EU/2/99/016/003 Glass bottle containing 250 ml for 125 doses EMEA/V/C/046/01/0/0 EMEA/CVMP/698/99-Rev. 1 EU/2/99/016/004 Polyethylene terephthalate bottle containing 50 ml for 25 doses EMEA/V/C/046/01/0/0 EMEA/CVMP/698/99-Rev. 1longer EU/2/99/016/005 Polyethylene terephthalate bottle containing 100 ml for 50 doses EMEA/V/C/046/01/0/0 EMEA/CVMP/698/99-Rev.no 1 EU/2/99/016/006 Polyethylene terephthalate bottle containing 250 ml for 125 doses product Medicinal PRODUCT PROFILE Product name: Porcilis Pesti Procedure No.: EMEA/V/C/046/01/0/0 Applicant company : Intervet International bv Wim de Körverstraat 35 P.O. Box 31 5831 AN Boxmeer The Netherlands authorised Active substances Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) - E2 subunit antigen Pharmaceutical form: Emulsion for injection Strength 120 Elisa Units (EU) per dose of 2 ml Presentation: Bottles of typelonger I hydrolytic glass or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containing 50 ml for 25 doses, 100 ml for 50 doses and no 250 ml for 125 doses.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of an Inactivated Marker Vaccine Against
    Article Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of an Inactivated Marker Vaccine against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Stefano Petrini 1,*,† , Alessandra Martucciello 2,†, Francesco Grandoni 3, Giovanna De Matteis 3 , Giovanna Cappelli 2, Monica Giammarioli 1, Eleonora Scoccia 1 , Carlo Grassi 2, Cecilia Righi 1, Giovanna Fusco 2, Giorgio Galiero 2, Michela Pela 1, Gian Mario De Mia 1 and Esterina De Carlo 2 1 National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati,” 06126 Perugia, Italy; [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (E.S.); [email protected] (C.R.); [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (G.M.D.M.) 2 National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (G.F.); [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (E.D.C.) 3 Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (F.G.); [email protected] (G.D.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-075-343-3069 † These authors contributed equally to this manuscript. Abstract: Recent studies have explored the seropositivity of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in Citation: Petrini, S.; Martucciello, A.; water buffaloes, suggesting the urgency for developing strategies to eradicate the virus involving Grandoni, F.; De Matteis, G.; Cappelli, both cattle and water buffaloes.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting the Challenge of Vaccination Hesitancy
    Foreword by Harvey V. Fineberg and Shirley M. Tilghman This publication is based on work funded in part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Aspen Institute 2300 N Street, N.W. Suite 700 Washington, DC 20037 Sabin Vaccine Institute 2175 K Street, N.W. Suite 400 Washington, DC 20037 ABOUT THE SABIN-ASPEN VACCINE SCIENCE & POLICY GROUP The Sabin-Aspen Vaccine Science & Policy Group brings together senior leaders across many disciplines to examine some of the most challenging vaccine-related issues and drive impactful change. Members are influential, creative, out-of-the-box thinkers who vigorously probe a single topic each year and develop actionable recommendations to advance innovative ideas for the development, distribution, and use of vaccines, as well as evidence- based and cost-effective approaches to immunization. 1 May 2020 We are pleased to introduce the second annual report of the Sabin-Aspen Vaccine Science & Policy Group: Meeting the Challenge of Vaccination Hesitancy. The package of “big ideas” presented here, and the rigorous evidence and consensus-driven insights on which they rest, reassure us that smart strategies are available not only to maintain, restore, and strengthen confidence in the value of vaccines, but also to underscore the broad societal obligation to promote their use. Implementing those strategies requires concerted commitment, and we are deeply grateful to the members of the Vaccine Science & Policy Group, who have helped us identify pathways to progress.
    [Show full text]