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Maria Savinova KALININGRAD VS. KÖNIGSBERG the Role of The Maria Savinova KALININGRAD VS. KÖNIGSBERG The role of the renaming discussion for the formation of the Kaliningrad regional identity University of Tampere School of Management Cross-Border University International Relations Master’s Thesis Spring 2015 University of Tampere School of Management SAVINOVA, MARIA: Kaliningrad vs. Königsberg: The Role of the Renaming Discussion for the Formation of the Kaliningrad Regional Identity Master’s Thesis, 80 pages + 3 pages of Appendixes Cross-Border University / Internationals Relations Spring 2015 This thesis is dedicated to studying the current processes of the Kaliningrad Region’s identity transformation by examining debates over restoration of Kaliningrad’s historical name, Königsberg in regional media. The aim of the study is to find out how does the regional media contribute to the renaming debate, and how is the regional identity transformed within the discussion in the media. The material for the analysis is a collection of 24 articles from 5 regional media sources published in January-April 2013. Articles are examined using Fairclough’s three-dimensional concept of analysis of media texts. This work provides an introduction into the socio-cultural background of the topic. It thoroughly investigates how text producers use genre of “letters to the editor” to influence their audiences in a certain way. It discovers the political dimension of the renaming debate by looking at standpoints of various political actors and their representations in the media texts. It defines central topics within the renaming discussion and examines argumentation of renaming supporters and their opponents. It identifies discourses influencing the process of transformation of the Kaliningrad Region’s identity. The study has shown that some of regional media outlets prefer to keep the status quo, while others are interested in the further development of the renaming debate. The latter are trying to introduce new topics and fresh opinions to their audience. The analysis of argumentation has shown that some arguments have already lost their persuasive power since the beginning of the discussion in 1991, while new arguments are entering the scene. The most influential discourse is the discourse of Europeanness, which central idea is to become as close to the EU as it is possible, without being separated from Russia. It shows how the Kaliningrad Region attempts to utilize its position in- between the EU and Russia. Conducted study has demonstrated significance of borderlands as political actors in international relations and importance of analyzing political dynamics related to margins along with state-state dynamics. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The context of the renaming debate ......................................................................................... 3 1.2.1. De-Germanization and de-historization after 1945 .............................................................. 3 1.2.2. Reconstruction of pre-war history after 1991 ....................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Politics of the Kaliningrad Region since 1991 ...................................................................... 7 1.2.4 Renaming discussion in the Kaliningrad Region .................................................................. 9 1.3 Aims of the research ................................................................................................................. 12 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 14 2.1 Construction of regions and regional identity ....................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Theory of institutionalization of regions ............................................................................. 14 2.1.2 Conceptualization of regional identity ................................................................................ 16 2.1.3 Role of place identity in place branding .............................................................................. 18 2.2 Theorizing place names and naming ...................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Linking place name and place identity ................................................................................ 20 2.2.2 Political dimension of naming places .................................................................................. 22 2.2.3 Place names as place brands ................................................................................................ 26 3. METHODOLOGICAL ORIENTATIONS ................................................................................. 29 3.1 Data collection .......................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Three-dimensional concept of CDA ........................................................................................ 32 3.3 Instruments of analysis of communicative events ................................................................. 35 3.3.1 Tools for analyzing readers’ letters to editor ....................................................................... 35 3.3.2 Tools for analyzing representation of social actors ............................................................. 36 3.3.3 Tools for analyzing argumentative discourse ...................................................................... 38 4. ANALYSIS OF MEDIA TEXTS .................................................................................................. 41 4.1 Discourse practice analysis ...................................................................................................... 41 4.1.1 Using ‘voice of people’ in media texts ................................................................................ 41 4.1.2 Local newspapers contributing to renaming discussion ...................................................... 44 4.2 Textual analysis ........................................................................................................................ 48 4.2.1 Political dimension of renaming discussion ........................................................................ 48 4.2.2 Conflicting identities in the Kaliningrad Region ................................................................. 53 4.2.3 Renaming as an attempt to restore historical continuity ...................................................... 58 4.2.4 Using German heritage as brand identity ............................................................................ 62 iii 4.3 Discourses within the renaming discussion ............................................................................ 66 5. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................. 74 Primary Sources ............................................................................................................................ 74 Secondary Sources ........................................................................................................................ 76 APPENDIX: Integrum Search Results ............................................................................................ 81 Regional Printed Media ................................................................................................................ 81 Regional Internet Media ............................................................................................................... 82 iv 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview This research focuses on the debates over the name of Kaliningrad, the capital city of the Russian enclave within the borders of the EU. Its point of departure is the idea that as a “space in-between” (Browning & Joenniemi 2004) the political dynamics of the Kaliningrad Region can reveal interesting insights not only about European-Russian relations but additionally about international relations in general. Russia’s Kaliningrad Region1 attracted the attention of the academic world community due to its unique geopolitical location after the end of the Cold War. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the region became separated from the mainland Russia, and thus became an exclave. In addition to that, since its neighboring countries, Lithuania and Poland, joined the European Union in 2004, the Kaliningrad Region turned into an enclave within the EU (Vinokurov 2005: 57). Scholars have studied various aspects of the Kaliningrad Region related to its position in-between Russia and the EU, such as military-strategic aspects, issues of its socio-economic development, ensuring political stability in the region and preventing marginalization. Some scholars view the Kaliningrad Region as a region of confrontation, meaning that it may become a source of insecurity in the Baltic Sea region. Others believe that it is a region of cooperation, as it gives Russia a chance to be integrated into the process of Western European development on a regional level (Sergunin 2007: 56-57). Most scholars
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