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IJEL) ISSN(P): 2249-6912; ISSN(E): 2249-8028 Vol International Journal of English and Literature (IJEL) ISSN(P): 2249-6912; ISSN(E): 2249-8028 Vol. 5, Issue 1, Feb 2015, 71-80 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. A POSTMODERN READING OF A. K. RAMANUJAN GOUTAM KARMAKAR Assistant Teacher, Department of English, Bhagilata High School (H. S), Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India ABSTRACT After 1980, a new identity, new characteristics, new sense of direction came in Indian English Literature and came to be viewed both as an Indian Literature and also a part of Commonwealth literature. This new identity came to be knows as Postmodern Indian English Literature and Postmodern Indian English Poetry is a great chapter in that whole literature. Several poets made their contribution to give Indian English Poetry much international attention and readers as well as critics are still mesmerized by the older generation of poets- Nissim Ezekiel, Kamala Das and A. K. Ramanujan. Salman Rushdie’s ‘Midnight’s Children’ marks the postmodernism in Indian English Fiction and in the same way A. K. Ramanujan’s poetry embodied postmodernism. In this paper I have attempted to highlight some of the postmodern characteristics in A. K. Ramanujan’s poetry. KEYWORDS: Family, Irony, Myth, Nature, Postmodernism, Social Concern INTRODUCTION “Ramanujan is neither nostalgic nor an advocate of modernization and westernization. He is a a product of both and his poems reflect a personality conscious of change, enjoying its vitality, freedom and contradictions, but also aware of memories which form his inner self, memories of an unconscious ‘namelessness’, which are still alive, at the foundation of the self.” (Ghosh, 190) No discussion of Indian English Poetry in the postmodern period can begin with any other poet than Attipat Krishnaswamy Ramanujan. He occupies a important place as a poet in the cosmos of Indian English Poetry. His poetry is somewhat different and unique from Kamala Das and Nissim Ezekiel. A close reading to his works show that his poetry consists of a que3st- a quest for roots in the tradition and a quest for a higher self. As a postmodern poet he tries to show in his poetry irony, humour, pastiche, family relations and impact of nature, Hindu consciousness and myths with typical Indian sensibility. And these characteristics are found in some of his notable volumes of poetry like The Striders (1966), Relations (1971), Second Sight(1986) and The Collected Poems of A. K. Ramanujan (1995) Ramanujan is a unique, individual voice and as a postmodern poet his poetry symbolizes Nature with Indian ethos and sensibility. Man has a great connection with Nature. In “A River’, he shows Madurai city with traditional Tamil culture: “In Madurai, city of temples and poets who sang of cities and temples: every summer www.tjprc.org [email protected] 72 Goutam Karmakar a river dries to a trickle in the sand.” (A River) In his ‘Christmas’, his connection with Nature is also shown. The tree in this poem is leafless and this leafless tree in U. S. A reminds him of the tree in India. And such was his connection with Nature that he feels that he is unable to distinguish the branch from the root of the tree and he can’t distinguish himself from the tree: “For a moment, I no longer know leaf from parrot or branch from root nor for that matter that tree from you or me.” (Christmas) In his ‘A Hindu to His Body’, he says that he wants to born again in the form of a tree as he wants to feel the weight of honey-hives in his branches. His identification with the Nature is really unique: “when you muffle and put away my pulse to rise in the sap of trees let me go with you and feel the weight of honey-hives in my branches and the burlap weave of weaver-birds in my hair.” (A Hindu to His Body) Ramanujan in his ‘Leaky Tap after a Sister’s weeding’ shows his pity, sympathy for the tree because of the pain given to it by woodpecker. And what he wishes is shown in these lines: “My sister and I always wished a tree could shriek or at least writhe like that other snake we saw under the beak of the crow.” (TS 7-8) In some other poems like ‘Chess Under Tree’, ‘Ecology’, ‘An Image for Politics’, ‘Epitaph on a street Dog’, ‘Army of Ants’, ‘Lac into Seal’, ‘Snake’, his love, pity, sympathy for tree and animals are shown. Even he says that man’s isolation can also be removed by the company of them. As in ‘No Man is an Island’, he says: Impact Factor (JCC): 4.0867 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0 A Postmodern Reading of A. K. Ramanujan 73 “Certain small sea-birds are said to pick its teeth for yellow crabs and jelly-fish But this man, I know, buys dental floss”. (TS 26) In this connection it can be also said that apart from a connection between body and Nature, he also shows that time and culture make him to do so and these all are part of human life in general and it is shown in these lines: “Time moves in and out of me a stream of sound, a breeze, an electric current that seeks the ground Morning brown into evening before I turn around in the day.” (Sonnet CP 220) As a postmodern poet, Ramanujan feels the need of relations, family bonding in one’s life and he has shown it with vivid imagery along with Indian sensibilities. Poems like ‘Of Mothers, among other things’, ‘Extended Family’, ‘Still another for mother’, ‘Love poem for a wife 1’, ‘Love poem for a wife 2’, ‘Small Scale Reflections on a Great House’ illustrate these theme. In his ‘Of Mothers, among other things’, he shows the Indian mother’s youth, her care for her children, her devotion to her work as she gives her all to do her domestic responsibility. The last stanza illustrates these all: “My cold parchment tongue licks bark in the mouth when I see her four still sensible fingers slowly flex to pick a grain of rice from the kitchen floor.” (Of Mothers, among other things) In ‘Love poem for a wife 1’, he shows many family members like father, father-in-law, cousins, grandparents, sister-in-law and brother-in-law with details: “…you cannot, for instance meet my father. He is some years dead. Neither can I meet yours: He has lately lost his temper www.tjprc.org [email protected] 74 Goutam Karmakar And mellowed only two weeks ago, in Chicago you and brother James started one of your old drag-out fights sister-in-law and I were rather blank, cut-outs sitting in our respective slots in a room.” (Love poem for a wife 1) Actually Ramanujan had cherished in his heart the image and pleasure of shared childhood. In his ‘What He Said’, he says: “What kin was your mother to mine? What was my father to yours anyway? And how did you and I meet ever.” (What He Said) In his ‘Small Scale Reflections on a Great House’, we find the management power of a house as it contains both good and bad things. On one hand it welcomes all types of people and on the other hand it also manages others in a familiar way: “Sometimes I think that nothing that ever comes into this house goes out. Things come in everyday to lose themselves among other things lost long ago among other things lost long ago.” (Small Scale Reflections on A Great House) He shows his love and care for not only to his wife but also for children as he writes in ‘Entries for a Catalogue of Fears’: “I’ll love my children without end.” (Entries for a Catalogue of Fears) Being a postmodern poet, he shows elements of love in a new way. In his ‘Still Another View of Grace’, he shows his burning desires and tension in a vivid way. In this poem the speaker gives many eloquent arguments against lust as lust comes to him in the shape of a woman and not him but his mind is overwhelmed. As he shows: Impact Factor (JCC): 4.0867 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0 A Postmodern Reading of A. K. Ramanujan 75 “I burned and burned, But one day I turned and caught that thought by the screams of her hair.” (Still Another View of Grace) It should be also mentioned that behind his search for family connection, he actually wants to find his roots. In ‘Waterfalls in a Bank’, he says that he is haunted with the country of his birth till the end of time: “As I transact with the past as with another Country with its own customs, currency, stock exchange, always at a loss when I count my change.” (Waterfalls in a Bank) As a post modern poet, Ramanujan in his poetry tries to show contemporary condition, social problems, obstacles, issues and socio-cultural concern. In “A River”, he tells the old and new poets to show not only happiness but also misery in a large scale. He says here in a sad tone: “The new poets still quoted the old poets, but no one spoke in verse of the pregnant woman- drowned, with perhaps twins in her, kicking at the blank walls even before birth.” (A River) Concern and anxiety for Indian woman is also showed in his “The Opposable Thumb”. Here the poet shows the ill treatment received by Indian woman from their husband: “Just one finger left to five, a real thumb no longer usual, casual, or opposable after her husband’s knifing temper one Sunday morning half a century ago.” (The Opposable Thumb) Ramanujan feels sympathy for woman as they leave their own house and come to a man’s house with no hesitation but with utmost belief on that man.
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