The Engineering and Mining Journal

WITH WHICH IS CONSOLIDATED “MINING AND METALLURGY.”

VOL. LXXVIII. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1904. No. 17.

CONTENTS. EDITORIAL. The UTUUSBED Editorials: We take IT.EASUKE ill noting that Mr. Wil¬ Notes.•. 657 liam Frecheville has been chosen president of The Iron and Steel Institute. 658 PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY Certificates for Anthracite Miners.659 the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Lon¬ 261 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Dry Air for Blast Furnaces. 659 don, in succession to Mr. Hennen Jennings, Tblbpronb 6869 Cortland P. O. Box 1833. The Iron and Steel Institute.R. W. Raymond 660 Cablb Address " Enominjour” Wbw York. who has held this honorable office for the past ♦Dry Air Blast in the Manufacture of Iron. James Gayley 661 two years. T. A. Rickard Discussion; Frederick Hobart Gold Mining in Siberia.Arthur L. Pearse 664 Mr. George Lansell, the distinguished and Samubl Sanford Associate Editors ♦Copper Mines of Lake Superior—III. T. A. Rickard 665 D. H. Nbwi.and public-spirited mine owner of Bendigo, Aus¬ Preparation of Alabama Coal for Coke Making. L. O. Gabany 667 tralia, attained his eighty-first birthday re¬ Special Contributors. ♦Chlorination in Colorado .... \Vm. E. Grcenawalt 668 cently, amid the good-will of many friends in .R. W. Ratmond ♦The Hagan Coal Field.Charles R. Keyes 670 J. Parke Channing Australia and elsewhere. Mr. Lansell is the ♦A New Ore-Testing Plant.•.672 John A. Church owner of the i8o mine, long celebrated as being Robert T. Hill Iron and Steel in France. 67.3 Joseph Struthbrs Copper Deposits of Mount Sicker, Vancouver Island. the deepest gold mine in the world. It has .W. R. Ingalls Robert Musgrave 673 lately been passed by its neighbor, the Vic¬ Edward D. Peters A Mining Organization in Western Texas.674 Philadelphia F. Lvnwood Garrison toria Quartz, which is 4,029 ft. deep, as against Manganese Ore in India. 674 R. F. Penrose, Jr. the 3,350 ft. of the old 180 shaft. Anstbd, W. Va .W. N. Page Books Reviewed. 675 Wilkes-Barre, Pa.Robert V. Norris Books Received. 675 Washington . .S. F. Emmons Correspondence: By doubling its October quarterly dividend, Edward W. Parker Spelter and Zinc Ore Prices.Metal Dealer 676 J. E. Spurr making a new record at 16 per cent per annum Abstracts of Official Reports; W, H. Weed Quicksilver Mining Company. 676 on par value, the Alaska Treadwell mine has .Philip Argall Questions and Answers. 677 Chester W. Purington paid in less than 15 years a total of iii.S per Recent Decisions. 677 San Francisco .R. Gilman Brown Mining Awards at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 678 cent on a capitalization of $5,000,000. To win Charles G. Yale Patents Relating to Mining and Metallurgy: . . . . A. G. Charleton these large profits from ore that assayed only ♦United States. 679 Henry F. Collins Great Britain. 680 $1.88 to $3.49 gold per ton shows excellent mine J. H. Curls T. Kirks Ross management. South Africa . T. Lane Carter G. A. Denny .Donald Clark DEPARTMENTS. On another page we publish a list of the F. Danvers Power Assessments. 695 awards made by the juries in the Department

Horace M. Swstland President Chemicals and Minerals: of Mining and Metallurgy at the Louisiana J. T. Morris Manager and Treasurer New York. 692 Purchase Exposition. The list, we believe, is Foreign.693 complete so far as the United States exhibi¬ BRANCH OFFICES. Coal Markets; Chicago, Tel.: Harrison 3326 . 520 Monadnock Block United States. 690 tors are concerned, but not quite full as re¬ Pittsburg, Tel.: 504 Court . 701 Keystone Building Foreign. 691 Denver. 206 Boston Building gards the foreign exhibits. The awards, while Salt Lake City. 662 Main Street Dividends. 692 Butte, Montana.19 & 20 Owsl^ Block Financial Notes: given as a matter of general interest, do not San Francisco.168 Crocker Building London, England ... 20 Bucklersbury, E. C. Gold and Silver Movement. 604 call for any special comment. Probably most Prices of Foreign Coins. 694 of our readers w’ho have visited the Exposition Industrial Notes.685 SUBSCRIPTION, payable in advance, $5.00 a Year of 52 numbers. Including Postage in the UNITED Iron and Steel Markets: will be inclined to approve the awards, as just STATES, CANADA, MEXICO, CUBA, PORTO United States. 691 RICO, HAWAII or the PHILIPPINES. and, in the main, correct. To Foreign Countries, Including Postage $8.00 Foreign.692 or its equivalent, 33 Shillings; 32 Marks; or 40 Francs. Metal Markets: Silver. 693 We have already noted in the Journal the NOTICE TO DISCONTINUE Copper, Tin, Lead, Spelter, and Minor Metals. .. . 694 Should be WRITTEN to the New York Office in every fact that there have been considerable pur¬ Average Monthly Prices-Current.695 Mining News: chases of copper in this market for Chinese Copies are on sale at the news-stands of the following Summaries—Bisbee, Denver, Goldfield, Salt Lake account. This buying has continued, and the hotels;—Waldorf-Astoria, New York; Brown Palace, City. Dawson, London, Monterey, Sydney, To¬ Denver; Palace Hotel, &n Francisco, and the leading ronto, Victoria.680 total must now reach a very respectable amount hotels in the principal cities. United States. 686 In some quarters it is said to be as much as Foreign.687 ADVERTISING COPY Mining Stocks: 10,000 tons, but this seems to be an exagger¬ Should reach NEW YORK office by Monday morning Market Reviews.688 of issue week; Changes of Copy by ated estimate. At any rate, the quantity has Quotations.695,696 the Preceding Thursday. been sufficient to exert a material effect in sup¬ Obituary.684 porting quotations. It is surmised that a con¬ Copyright, 1904, by Schools, Technical.•.684 The Engineering and Mining Journal. Societies._. 684 siderable part of this is intended for the manu¬ Entered at New York Post Office as 2nd Class matter. Trade Catalogues ,. 685 facture of cartridges and other war material. 658 THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904. as the development of electrical enterprises in active interest. Dr. Hulst has always been a principles. Sir James Kitson told the story of China is not rapid enough to require large student, notwithstanding the pressure of his being taken through one of the Pittsburg works quantities of metal at the present time. The active work, and few men are better acquainted by Mr. Carnegie, and, asking him whether he Chinese imports of copper have usually been with the geology of the iron ranges around understood the details of the machinery they from Japan, and these have been cut off in con¬ Lake Superior. It is understood that he retires were then inspecting, “No,” the answer came, sequence of the war. There seems to be, how¬ partly for the purpose of devoting some time “but I understand the human machine.” On ever, an unusual demand at the present time, as to further study and exploration, and partly to Monday evening the distinguished man who the purchases here and in Australia have been attend to his private interests. said this repeated his former wish that his much larger than would be needed to make up epitaph should read, “Here lies one who knew for the Japanese shortage. China is a new cus¬ how to get round him men cleverer than him¬ THE IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE. tomer for our copper, at least so far as direct self.” And if he got around men cleverer than The opening proceedings of the New York buying is concerned. himself at the same time, we can at least ad¬ meeting of the British Iron and Steel Institute, mire his fundamental appreciation of the fact on Monday evening, at Sherry’s, did not lack The Council of the Institution of Mining that the cordial co-operation of fellow workers interest. Mr. Carnegie evidently appreciated and Metallurgy, London, at a recent meeting, is essential to the success of great industrial his dual part as an .American host welcom¬ adopted the following resolution; “That no enterprises. ing the English visitors, and as the president member, associate, or student of the Institution of a British institute expressing thanks for We do not know what impressions our Eng¬ of Mining and Metallurgy shall make use of .American courtesy; in fact, he has that touch lish friends will carry home with them; they the discussion on papers or other subjects at of humor which makes the whole world kin. may feel as other visitors have felt, that it the meetings of the Institution, in prospec¬ And it was this feeling of kinship, as between would be easier to express admiration over the tuses or any other documents published in con¬ the Anglo-Ccltic nations, as between fellow achievements of their hosts, if the latter did nection with commercial undertakings, without workers in a great industry, as between white not anticipate compliment by self-congratula¬ the written authority of the Council, and of men. which was the dominant note of all the tion. It certainly robs appreciation of its fine each individual speaker or writer concerned, speeches. Exchange of experience and the deur. But makers of iron and steel need no previously obtained.” The infraction of this noble barter of knowledge are the motive that accentuated laudation of the wonderful strides resolution is to be regarded as justifying the impels these visits from one side of the At¬ which the industry has made; more eloquent expulsion of a member. It is further recom¬ lantic to the other. When, fourteen years ago, than statistics and more convincing than rhet¬ mended that members should insist upon their the Institute made its first official visit to oric is the object lesson of New York city her¬ reports and other documents connected with America, the members were promised by Mr. self. commercial undertakings, whenever published, Carnegie, speaking for his fellow crafts¬ Fourteen years ago, when the incoming being distinctly dated, being published in ex- men, the unrestrained entry into every mining steamer brought the members of the Institute tc7iso, or if summarized, the summary to be and metallurgical plant and the free gift of into the quiet waters of New York harbor, the approved and signed by the member concerned. any information required. Sir James Kitson, first sight of the city was the gilded dome of We commend this decision and trust that the the president of that year, has recorded in be¬ the World building, and then, above lower recommendations will be put into effect. The half of the Institute that this undertaking was Broadway, Trinity church-spire came to view. action of the Council bears upon a matter which amply fulfilled. It was the policy of the ‘open When Huxley came up the bay he said that we intend to discuss at greater length on a door,’ carried out not with that cynical humor while the incoming traveler to other ports usu¬ more convenient occasion. which demands free entrance to every Chinese ally first saw the tops of church steeples, on port, and then debars the Chinaman, as though reaching America the first thing in sight was a The retirement of Dr. Nelson P. Hulst a leper, from landing upon these shores, but newspaper office. And it was typical of the from his position as vice-president of the Ol¬ with the sincerity of Science. And in meeting community amid which he was about to land; iver Iron Mining Company, which will take the Englishmen in this spirit, our men of iron not but that most of ns are glad that other in¬ place on January i, will remove from active and steel recognized fittingly their own great fluences more creditable than those represented work a man who has been prominent in the obligations to the inventive genius of Cort and by such a paper as the World now find sug¬ development of the Lake Superior iron region, Nelson, Gilchrist and Thomas, Siemens and gestion in the lofty buildings which, like a Ti¬ although we hope that he may be able to do Bessemer. These men developed epoch-making tan’s stronghold, are silhouetted against the sky good work for a long time to come. Dr. Hulst metallurgical processes, the transcendent value as the traveler approaches New York from sea¬ has long been known as a geologist. Many of which was emphasized a hundredfold by the ward. For, higher than the building of a cor¬ years ago he was one of the first to recognize application and mechanical development of rupting newspaper or the spire of a beautiful the importance of the deposits of the Menom¬ them in the fast-growing industries of the church, there looms against the sky to-day the inee iron range, and he was connected closely United States. The American has been keen giant skeleton of a building which, in size, in with its development. Soon after the Carnegie to appreciate valuable ideas and quick to apply material and in design, typifies to the full the and Oliver interests realized the idea of oper¬ them; foremost of all has been the canny steel industry of America. Any Englishman, ation of mines directly by the steel interests, Scotchman, who, like his countrymen, “keeps or even a foreigner, who catches sight of the and formed the Oliver Iron Mining Company, the Sabbath and anything else that he can lay tall tracery of Trinity building, with its inter¬ he was made general manager of the company, his hands upon,” as he himself expressed it. lacing of steel girders and its veneer of sculp¬ and when that concern was transferred to the And. after all, this fulfilment of knowledge, tured stone will appreciate what an impetus L^nited States Steel Corporation he was made this broad-gauge utilization of technical sci¬ has been given to the iron industry by the vice-president, and was put in charge of his ence. is it not in itself as splendid as the in¬ general use of structural steel in building con¬ favorite work, that of geology and exploration. ventive genius that furnishes the foundation struction. As he observes how the stone fac¬ He was the discoverer of the Pewabic mine, at upon which the many-storied structure is ing is being placed upon the metal-work twen- lion Mountain, and always had an active of¬ erected? t\'-five stories high, he will see that this opera¬ ficial connection with the company. He was If Mr. Carnegie is Scotch by birth and tion is proceeding not only from the ground connected with many other mining companies, American by process of law, it is certain that up, but from the twelfth story also, in order and was one of the founders of the Lake Su¬ he is also American to his finger-tips in spirit, that the rate of progress may be doubled and perior Mining Institute, in which he took an by the evidence of his appreciation of business the interest on the capital invested forthcoming October 27, 1904. THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. 659 at the earliest possible date. A steel building having had not less than two years’ practical The act is now before the courts and its con¬ twenty-five stories high, able to house the pop¬ experience as a miner or mine laborer in the stitutionality is to be tested. One John Sha¬ ulation of a village, and earning a rental of mines of the State; must answer correctly at ken, who was not a resident of Pennsylvania, $20,000 per annum per floor, is measurable in least twelve questions in English relating to but had an experience of over two years in the two units—feet and dollars—which easiest the requirements of a practical miner, and be coal mining in Illinois, was recently arrested impress the human mind, and though the gi¬ identified. near Scranton for having worked at an anthra¬ gantic structure towers over quiet Trinity These provisions, it will be seen, amount cite mine without having secured a certificate churchyard and overtops its graceful spire, is simply to the requirement of two years’ em¬ or having registered. One of the large an¬ there not a touch of lingering sentiment in the ployment in the mines of the State, since the thracite mining companies was instrumental in ecclesiastical tone given to the architectural answering of at least twelve questions in Eng¬ having Shaken arrested, wishing to have the front of a building which looks over churches, lish is a pure formality if the board be in¬ constitutionality of the law decided. A jury newspaper offices and warehouses alike, to tell clined, for any reason, to pass the applicant. returned a special verdict setting forth that the incoming Briton that Bessemer and his Also, it should be noted that the clause does there is no material difference in the methods peers builded better than they knew when they not require two years’ experience at coal of mining coal in the bituminous mines of invented a metallurgical process which has won mines; experience at an iron mine or at a clay Pennsylvania and of other States, and that from the earth a wealth greater than the na¬ mine will do just as well. Consequently, the the duties of a miner in the bituminous mines tional debt of the United States? title of the act is a misnomer, and its real in¬ of one of those States would as fully qualify tent is to place the power to issue certificates a person for working in an anthracite mine as CERTIFICATES FOR ANTHRACITE or to register miners in certain hands, and to would employment at a Pennsylvania bitumi¬ MINERS. make it impossible for any person not a resi¬ nous mine, iron mine or zinc mine. This ver¬ The Pennsylvania laws governing the oper¬ dent of the State for two years to get em¬ dict is only a formal one, given so that the ation of coal mines, more particularly anthra¬ ployment as a miner in an anthracite mine. legal questions involved can be brought before cite mines, are a curious mixture of the exact The practical results of the act were seen in the higher courts, which will decide whether or and the inexact, of specific directions intended the strikes of 1900 and 1902, when the Mine not the law is, in effect, class legislation, or to minimize the danger from all manner of Workers had gained control of the examining whether it is unconstitutional, as interfering accidents and of general provisions so poorly boards, and the anthracite operators were un¬ with the rights of citizens of other States to worded that literal compliance with them is able to import men from other States to mine pursue their occupations in Pennsylvania. impossible. In addition, while the bulk of the coal. various mandates were probably intended to Such an act is liable to cause abuses; it is DRY AIR FOR BLAST FURNACES. effect their nominal purposes, acts of another common report that there has been the great¬ The paper read by Mr. James Gayky before sort have been passed by the legislature, which, est laxity in the issue of miners’ certificates the Iron and Steel Institute this week, an ab¬ apparently aiming at the general good, were by the examining boards. All the require¬ stract of which is given on another page, gives really intended for a quite different object. ments of competency, if the words of the a full and clear account of an exceedingly im¬ In this class are to be placed several amend¬ miners themselves are to be trusted, have been portant series of experiments. It is not too ments to the mining law of i8gi that have ignored or evaded, and foreigners unable to much to say that the dry-air blast, which Mr. been passed through the political influence, speak English, and utterly lacking necessary Gayky has been testing, is the most important real or supposed, of the lalxjr unions in the knowledge, have secured certificates by pur¬ step in iron metallurgy, and in the reduction anthracite region. One of these was the act chase. of the costs of blast-furnace operation, since making the office of mine inspector elective, One curious result is that a Pennsylvania the utilization of the waste gases from the and subdividing the' mining districts in an il¬ iron miner, entirely ignorant of the dangers furnace was tried in Germany and Belgium logical way; another, now under discussion, peculiar to coal mining, can register and get a several years ago. How important it might regulated the issuing of certificates to qualified certificate of competency to mine anthracite, be has not, we think, been fully realized. It miners, and forbade the employment of miners while a bituminous miner from another State, is true that some metallurgists, as Mr. Gayky without certificates. This act supplanted an with years of experience, is debarred until he says, have referred to the subject theoretically; act of 1889 providing for the examination of has had two years’ experience in Pennsylvania. and Dr. Wm. B. Phillips predicted several miners by duly authorized examining boards. In contrast, a rockman who has worked in tun¬ years ago that drying the blast would probably The new act, which, it may be noted, was nels, slopes and shafts, and may be an excel¬ be the next advance in blast-furnace economy. passed when the United Mine Workers were lent miner, cannot mine coal, but can work at But it is one thing to argue from theory and beginning to build up their membership in the anthracite mines without registry, and can another to reduce to practice; and Mr. Gay¬ anthracite region, that is, in 1897, had as its come directly from another State to work. The ky deserves all the credit of being the first nominal object the protection of men from clauses relating to competency thus pertain to devise the methods of carrying out this the dangers resulting from incompetent miners. simply to the man who breaks down the coal, improvement and putting it into practical use It provided for the appointment of examining and the miners’ certificate act is evidently far and service. boards in each of the eight anthracite dis¬ from being a certain means of insuring pro¬ It must be remembered also that any change tricts created by the act of 1891, required each tection to life and property. in the blast furnace cannot be demonstrated miner working to appear at some designated How the Pennsylvania legislature came to as practical or important by theoretical calcu¬ place within his district and register, forbade pass such an act remains something of a mys¬ lation or laboratory experiments. It must be the employment of men not registered, and tery, for the devious ways of politics in Penn¬ tried on a large scale, involving a heavy ex¬ gave the DoaruS pow’er to issue certificates of sylvania are not easy to understand. The great pense; and it requires courage and conviction competency to those duly examined. corporations most vitally interested were sup¬ to work it out, as well as long experience and On the face of the case, none of these pro¬ posed to have men guarding their affairs at thorough knowledge of the furnace. In this visions is in any way prejudicial to the best Harrisburg; evidently those who were expect¬ case, fortunately, all these requisites were iterest of the State, but two clauses which ed to be on the lookout failed to realize the found. Mr. Gayky deserves thanks, not only plainly had quite another intent are these: importance of the two years’ residence clause, for the admirable work he has done, but also \11 persons applying for a certificate of com¬ and did not foresee the growth of the power for the full and clear exposition he has made petency must present satisfactory evidence of of the United Mine Workers. for the benefit of his professional brethren. 66o THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904.

THE IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE. which filled the channels of a hundred creeks, pure, lofty, disinterested and reverently and By R. W. Raymond. which in turn flooded the tributaries of the At- profoundly inquiring spirit the ability to read We give below the full text of the speech bara, until at last, far from the sources which the future. made by Dr. R. W. Raymond in offering the had fed its waters, the Blue Nile came down, Far be it from me to boast of the extraor¬ toast of “The Iron and Steel Institute” at the in a wall of water twelve feet high, to cover dinary progress of my country in this field. In banquet of the Institute, at the Waldorf- and to fructify for a thousand miles the land the first place, that progress has been chiefly Astoria, October 26: of Egypt. So new knowledge is distilled from based upon virgin resources, for the possession Mr. President and Gentlemen : heaven into a thousand souls; so they combine of which we can claim no credit. It was total¬ In the discharge of the honorable duty as¬ to fill and overflow the ancient channels of ly without knowledge of the future value of the signed to me on this occasion, I am both stim¬ human intercourse; so they constitute at last Lake Superior iron ore deposits that the boun¬ ulated and embarrassed by the circumstance the deluge, out of which emerges a new world. dary line between us and Canada was so drawn that I have recently received one of the high¬ Now, the beginnings of such a beneficent as to give us almost all of those deposits, upon est distinctions to which one of my profession cataclysm fell very near the year iSbp. The which our vast iron industry now so largely could aspire, namely, an unsolicited, unexpect¬ address of the Duke of Devonshire recognizes depends. In the second place, if I were in¬ ed and unanimous election as Honorary Mem¬ as already in use and likely to become widely clined to boast, I should be checked by the re¬ ber of the Iron and Steel Institute. The ad¬ important, the large blast furnace, the brick flection that one of the chief agents in the ex¬ dition of my name to a small list, headed by stove for heating the blast, the bessemer con¬ traordinary development of the American iron that of the King of •England (may God bless verter, the open-hearth steel process, the gen¬ and steel business has been that cosmopolitan him, as God blessed his sainted mother, to be eral substitution of rolls for hammers, Whit¬ captain of industry, now president of the Iron a potent factor in the peace and progress of worth’s casting of steel under compression, to¬ and Steel Institute, Mr. Andrew Carnegie, the world), and comprising those of some of gether with some other inventions, which after¬ whose merits and achievements have just been the greatest leaders in what is, perhaps, the wards more or less disappointed the expecta¬ recognized by the conferment of the Bessemer most important department of scientific and in¬ tions then entertained concerning them. More¬ gold medal, to my mind one of the greatest dustrial advance affecting the welfare of man¬ over, with singular acuteness, it calls attention distinctions which human hands can place upon kind, might well be supposed to warp my judg¬ to the unfavorable effect of the relatively low a human breast, and by the election of whom ment concerning the illustrious companionship density and high humidity of the air blown as its executive officer the Institute has de¬ to which I have thus been admitted. Permit into the blast furnace during warm weather, clared that its labors and its rewards are not me, nevertheless, to speak to-night from that an evil which, by a happy coincidence, is limited* by political boundaries. And, finally, 1 standpoint of a disinterested observer, which to receive its latest discussion and its first must bear witness, for every one of the stu¬ I have until lately occupied, and which, I effective remedy through the paper of Mr. dents and practitioners who have contributed fancy, I can still, through force of habit, re¬ Gayley at this meeting of the Institute. during the last thirty-five years to the devel¬ sume. But neither the Duke of Devonshire nor opment of the iron and steel industry of the J'he Iron and Steel Institute was organized any one else realized the extent of the flood United States, that they have always looked to in 1869. Thirty-five years is a small period to which was to come from the springs he noted. the Iron and Steel Institute for sympathetic and compass such a career and to deserve and win At the time of his address the world’s produc¬ helpful criticism, guidance and inspiration. such world-wide recognition as this society has tion of pig iron was, in round numbers, twelve Whatever success we have achieved may justly achieved. At the inaugural meeting, held in million tons, of which Great Britain produced be added as a jewel to the crown of fame London, June 23, i86g, its first president, the something less than half; the United States, which that society has fairly earned and may Duke of Devonshire, whose intelligent inter¬ Germany and France about one-eighth each, proudly wear. est and responsible participation in the British and the rest of the world the remainder, a In that priceless Volume I of the Journal iron manufacture, not less than his official con¬ little more than one-eighth. Last year the which I have cited, the first technical contribu¬ nection with the ancient University of Cam¬ world produced nearly forty-seven million tons tion is a paper by Isaac Lowthian Bell ‘On the bridge, reflected new luster upon his ancestral of pig iron, of which Great Britain, though she Development of Heat and Its Appropriation in rank, delivered an admirable address, sketch¬ had increased her output 63 per cent, fur¬ Blast Furnaces of Different Dimensions.’ 1 ing the history of the manufacture of iron, nished not quite one-fifth, while the United need not say what a profound effect that paper, noting the steps of its progress, and indicating States, with an increase of more than 900 per with its successors, produced upon the metal¬ its situation throughout the world. cent, contributed much more than one-third, lurgists of the world. To this day no man is That address illustrates the manner in which and Germany something more than one-fifth, competent to write upon the interior reactions great scientific improvements produce their rev¬ an increase of 613 per cent. Now, it was in of the iron blast furnace who has not first mas¬ olutionary results. Not at the date of the in¬ Great Britain that most of the factors of this tered the classic discussion of that subject by vention of the steam-engine, the puddling-fur¬ progress originated, and it is evident that the Sir Lowthian Bell. Not only to me as an nace, the rolling-mill, the bessemcr converter, grand result, like the rise of the Nile, has ardent and grateful personal friend, but also the open-hearth furnace, the railroad or the been e.xhibited far from its original sources. to every one of you, it must be cause for grati¬ telegraph, did either of these exhibit its full I have said that no one realized in 1869 the tude that this far-seeing, undaunted, wise and effect upon the world. At a later period, when extent of this coming flood. But justice re¬ generous pioneer and teacher is still preserved improved furnaces and mills had combined quires that I should call attention to the re¬ to us, in mental powers unimpaired by age, as to make machinery good and cheap and com¬ markable prescience shown a little later by it is cause for regret that we cannot see once mon ; when railroads had enmeshed all civilized Abram S. Hewitt, whom the Institute honored more among us, as so often heretofore, his be¬ States, and steel rails had brought together in 1890 with the Bessemer medal. In an ad¬ nign and noble face. producers and consumers (“Whom God hath dress of welcome to the American Institute of But I cannot inflict upon you at this time a joined together, let no man put asunder;” but Mining Engineers, delivered in this city in detailed account of the varied and effective whom God hath put asunder, it is His will that May, 1872, Mr. Hewitt prophesied that in 1890 labors of this society. I might fairly apply to man should bring together) ; when ocean the world’s product of pig iron would be twen¬ it, in substance, the famous epitaph of Johnson cables—not one or two, but a hundred, and ty-eight million tons—it was 27,630,000 tons; upon Goldsmith (only no epitaph would be ap¬ ocean steamers by the thousand, had super¬ that it would be at the beginning of the twen¬ propriate to a career still so vigorous and seded the cumbrous commercial systems of tieth century more than forty million tons—it fruitful), and say that there is no subject of two hemispheres; when swift intercommunica¬ was 40,499.786 tons; that the product of the importance to the sciences and art connected tion and free trade in ideas had made each United States in 1897 would be ten million with iron and steel which the Institute has not forward step of improvement the immediate tons—it was 9,652,680 tons; and that the an¬ treated, and that it has treated nothing which property of all the world, then it was that the nual product of this country at the beginning it has not adorned. In every step of that combined effect of all these agencies became of the twentieth century would be fifteen million progress, the fruits of which we enjoy, it has evident, with a suddenness and power which tons—it was 14,960,000 tons. I venture to say taken an influential part. It is not the Iron puzzled the political economist, worried the that our theological friends, if they could pro¬ and Steel Institute “of Great Britain”; it is statesman, and temporarily disarranged, while duce such a verification of the declarations of The Iron and Steel Institute, representing us it ultimately and speedily reconstructed in new an Old Testament prophet, would deem it con¬ all! power, the industries of men. Sir Samuel clusive proof of divine inspiration. To me it Gentlemen, I offer the toast of “The Iron and Baker found the fertilizing flood of the Nile to is a proof that, even outside of the biblical Steel Institute,” and I couple with this senti¬ be the result of a thousand small freshets in list, the divine power, through the operation ment the name of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, its the mountains of Abyssinia, the confluence of of the laws it has ordained, may grant to a honored president. I

October 27, 1904. THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. 661

DRY AIR BLAST IN THE MANUFACTURE of air blown into blast furnaces is expressed in from the way in which he is required to manip¬ OF IRON.* cubic feet. With air containing one grain of ulate the bot-blast temperatures, and from the By James Gayley. water per cubic foot, there is passed into the silicon in the metal, which is the thermometer The atmosphere, which plays such an im¬ furnace, for each i,ooo cubic feet used per min¬ of the hearth. portant part in the manufacture of iron and ute, practically one gallon of water per hour. It has often been a matter of surprise that steel, is the most variable element to contend The furnaces of average size in the Pittsburg a greater saving of fuel per ton of iron was with in its several processes; and particularly district consume about 40,000 cubic feet of air not obtained in the winter, as compared with is this true of the blast-furnace process, which per minute, which would pass into the furnace the summer season, as the records show a much consumes air in large quantities. At no time 40 gallons of water per hour for each grain of less content of moisture in the atmosphere, since the blast furnace became an important moisture contained in a cubic foot of air. The the reason being that blowing-engines at blast and widely used apparatus—even when it was quantity 6f moisture in the air, taken from daily furnaces do not receive air of the dryness operated in the most crude manner—have the readings, varies from 2.8 grains per cubic foot shown in the meteorological record. In summer variations in composition of the raw materials to 7 grains. Similarly, observations taken at the windows and doors of the blowing-engine used been as frequent and as great as the varia¬ one of the furnaces in Pittsburg showed a vari¬ room are wide open, and the supply of air, tions in humidity of the atmosphere. Great ation from month to month, the average being with reference to humidity, is practically that and important improvements have been made lowest in February—2.7 grains of water per of the atmosphere; but in winter they are in the blast furnace and its accessories, as in cubic foot of air—and highest in June—7.3 nearly or quite closed, and the entering air the hot-blast stoves, the increase in size and grains per cubic foot. The variations in mois¬ has mixed with it all of the steam that change in the shape of the furnace, more effi¬ ture from month to month demonstrate clearly leaks from the engine and is contaminated cient blowing engines, the increased protection the conditions as to atmosphere with which blast therewith. Records taken over a number of given to the bosh walls, and in the careful prep¬ furnaces in this country have had to contend. years show that there is not a very great dif¬ aration of the raw material, all of which have If these conditions were uniform throughout ference in the moisture in atmosphere be¬ exerted a pronounced influence on the furnace the whole month, it would not be a difficult tween observations taken outdoors in summer operations from a metallurgical standpoint. problem to deal with; but unfortunately they and in the engine-room in winter. During the past eight years but little advance are not uniform. Thus the moisture in the atmos¬ Comparisons of the data collected suggest has been made in this direction; the fuel con¬ phere in the month of January was much less that a great advantage could be derived by sumption has not diminished, nor has there than in July, yet the percentage of variation leading pipes from outdoors to the inlet-valves been any material increase in production. With¬ was greater. The changes are great not only of the mr-cylinder. So impressed was the in this period, however, there has been wit¬ from day to day, but from hour to hour in the writer with this conclusion that the blowing- nessed the greatest development in appliances same day, and often they are very abrupt. engines at a furnace under his direction were for the economical handling of material, and so The records quoted were made at a furnace so equipped. The excellent results expected in complete has been the work in this direction plant located on the bank of a river, where the the summer season did not materialize, or that, except in isolated cases, in this country at conditions exist for an increase in humidity as rather were so slight, as compared with a least, a further extension does not hold out compared with higher ground; and to what ex¬ companion furnace not so equipped, as to argue much promise of a satisfactory return on the tent the abrupt changes may have been caused against any extension along that line. This investment required. It seemed that, with the by the presence of steam in the atmosphere— experience suggested the conclusion that while exception of the gas-engine, we had about absorbed from spraying of the hot pig beds, the the air in the engine-room was higher in its reached the limit, for, like a strong wall, the blow-off from boilers and exhaust from en¬ content of moisture, through its admixture atmosphere, with its humidity as variable to¬ gines, or from a rainstorm, when the humidity with steam, than the outside air, yet it was not day as when first blown into a primitive blast decreases suddenly—it is impossible to say. subject to the same variations; and, further, furnace, appeared to stand as a barrier to How frequently has it happened in the experi¬ that these variations, which were often sud¬ further progress. In furnaces using ore from ence of every furnace manager, that the fur¬ den and great, were really the most trouble¬ the Lake Superior district, the raw material, nace has gradually or suddenly lost its hearth some feature, and that nothing less than main¬ amounting to about 7,200 lb. per ton of iron, temperature, and produced a grade of iron taining the atmosphere uniform with respect varies in composition within 10 per cent, and either undesirable or unmarketable, without to humidity would prove of any material ad¬ is as uniform as human skill can make it; but any visible cause. Tuyeres are examined for vantage. The saving in fuel through such uni¬ the atmosphere, of which 11,700 lb. are con¬ leaks, the raw material in the stockyard is care¬ formity could not be accurately set forth. The sumed per ton of iron, varies in its content of fully inspected, and usually the coke is con¬ amount of fuel necessary for the decomposi¬ moisture from 20 to 100 per cent from day to demned. A more intimate acquaintance with tion of the moisture in the blast can be closely day, and often in the same day, thus rendering the atmosphere would have provided a correct arrived at, but to what extent that which might the process, even with the best appliances, an and ready reason, for the variations therein be designated as the surplus of heat, utilized uncertain one and dependent on the caprice of are not only many times greater than in the for counteracting the variations in mois¬ the atmosphere. raw material, but a greater weight of it is used ture, could be diminished, must of necessity be The dessication of the air used in blast fur¬ per ton of iron. an approximation, as there existed no tangible naces to such extent as to cause a practical It is true that the atmosphere has been rec¬ data for estimating it. Nevertheless, the saving elimination of the moisture, or its reduction to ognized by many metallurgists as the cause of therein was deemed to be considerable. a small quantity, and maintaining it uniform, many and serious irregularities in blast-furnace It may reasonably be assumed that in order must of necessity contribute in a very marked operations, but it is doubtful if its influence to determine the most feasible method and degree toward the attainment of uniformity in has been adequately recognized. Many writers apparatus for extracting the moisture, a wide the furnace operations, and the advantages on metallurgical subjects have considered the field of experiment must be covered. Vari¬ from dessication can be appreciated only after moisture in the atmosphere, and calculated the ous schemes for absorbing the moisture were due consideration is given to the volume of air absorption of heat necessary for its dissipation worked out and in turn abandoned, and refrig¬ that is consumed per minute and the large —and invariably underestimated; and have dis¬ eration by means of anhydrous ammonia was amount of moisture which it contains. Man¬ missed the subject with the conclusion that to chosen. After many preliminary experiments agers of blast furnaces are familiar with the extract the moisture the game was not worth an insulated chamber containing coils of pipe, chilling effects produced in the hearth by a the candle, or in a spirit of resignation accepted and of sufficient size to treat the air from a tuyere that is leaking, which impiediately re¬ it—like storm and sunshine—as a condition be¬ blowing cylinder 3 ft. in diameter, was built. sults in a deterioration in the grade of the iron, yond our control. This conclusion has no doubt A small ice-machine was installed to circulate and yet the quantity of water ordinarily enter¬ been reached by a consideration alone of the the ammonia through the coils, and the air ing the furnace under these conditions is not quantity of fuel necessary to dissipate the mois¬ was admitted to the refrigerating chamber greatly in excess of the quantity carried in, like ture in the furnace hearth, based on observa¬ from an auxiliary chamber in which steam a steady stream, by the atmosphere during a tions of the humidity of the atmosphere taken could be introduced at will, thus making it period of the average humid conditions pre¬ outside the blowing-engine room, and this possible to treat, at any time, air containing vailing in the summer season in this country. quantity, while important, does not indicate a the maximum amount of moisture with which It has been deemed preferable in this com¬ great saving in fuel. Of much greater im¬ it would be necessary to contend in the sum¬ munication to express the quantity of moisture portance is the variation in moisture from time mer months. In this experimental plant air contained in the atmosphere as grains of water to time, and the margin of heat carried in the was treated under a variety of conditions per cubic foot of air, inasmuch as the quantity furnace to compensate for these variations, for quite a period, and from the data obtained which margin is invariably large; and every the equipment for a modern furnace was •Abstract of paper read before the Iron and Steel In¬ furnace manager is aware of its existence. worked out. stitute, New York, October 26, 1904 THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904.

Isabella Furnace, of the Carnegie Steel Com¬ In the brine-tank are 20 coils of pipe, cov¬ of coil at a time, and through an auxiliary pany, at Etna, Pa., was selected as the plant ered with calcium chloride brine having a sp. pump and line of pipe brine that has been at which to instal the apparatus for applying gr. of 1.21. The return brine from the re¬ heated in a tank with steam is forced through, the dry-air blast. frigerating chamber flows into the top of the and in a few minutes the frost is melted. Con¬ The lines and dimensions of this furnace arc- tank, is cooled by the ammonia e.xpanding be¬ nection is then made with the cold-brine sys¬ shown in Fig. I, and represent the usual con¬ tween the outer and inner pipes, withdrawn tem, and frost begins to deposit quickly. The struction of furnaces in the Pittsburg dis¬ therefrom by a pump and forced back through frost which has been melted off the pipes col¬ trict. The furnace is blown with twelve 6-in. a pipe into the 2-in. or inner pipes, where it lects in a trough in the basement floor, from tuyeres, and is equipped with four IxJt-blast is cooled below the freezing-point, and thence which it flows into the supply-tank for the stoves. Blast is supplied by three blowing- into the coils in the refrigerating chamber. condenser. engines having steam cylinder. 44 in. diameter; The ammonia enters at the bottom of the The dry-blast plant was put in operation Au¬ air-cylinder, 84 in.; stroke, 60 in. pipes, thus traveling in the opposite direc¬ gust II, 1904. The furnace was making a grade Fig. 2 shows in elevation the ammonia com¬ tion from the brine, and by expanding between of iron suitable for the basic open-hearth fur¬ pressors, condensers, and the refrigerating the 2-in. and 3-in. pipe cools the brine both in nace, containing less than i per cent silicon, \' \ chamber. This view of the refrigerating cham- the tank and in the inner pipes. Forty thousand with an ore mixture consisting of 50 per cent gallons of brine are required in the system. Mesabi ore, the balance being soft hematites Fig. 3 shows the arrangement of pipes in from Michigan. The mixture showed a yield, the refrigerating chamber. There are in each by analysis, of 53.5 per cent iron. The coke vertical line of coils 75 pipes 2 in. diam- used was shipped from two mines and con-

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lAnnOHiACONCtWXR!

OEFPidCRAIlN'G ChATIBEP

conPOCSSOR noon

CuTT

FIG. 2.—SECTION OF REFRIGERATING PLANT. eter and 20 ft. long, and in the chamber there tained on an average 10.5 per cent and 12.5 are 60 vertical lines of coil, the whole repre¬ per cent of ash respectively, and also varied senting 90,000 ft. of 2-in. pipe in the chamber. considerably in ash. In order to obtain cor¬ The pipes in each vertical coil are placed in rect data from the use of the dry-blast, it was FIG. I. staggered position to insure better contact with determined before-hand that no changes in any her shows it to be connected for the direct the air. The scries of coils is divided into three particular were to be made in the operation expansion of ammonia, but as the escape of sections and fed through a 4-in. header, and of the furnace, other than the introduction of ammonia gas through a broken pipe or leaking discharges into a 6-in. header, thence into a dry air, and this has been rigidly adhered to. joint might imperil the life of anyone in the standpipe, from which the brine flows to the In the data following a comparison is made chamber at the time, it was decided to adopt brine-tank, its feed being arranged to cause between the operations of the furnace using the brine system, and the pipe connections are the brine to flow in a direction opposite to dry air after August ii and those from August as shown in Fig. 3. representing the refrigerat¬ that of the air. As the space between the I to II, when the furnace was using the at¬ ing chamber in end view. The refrigerating pipes would become gradually reduced through mosphere under ordinary conditions. A com¬ chamber is lined on the inside with plates of the accumulation of frost, w-hich might di¬ parison with the previous month would show compressed cork 2 in. thick. minish the efficiency of the blowing-engine, a a greater economy in coke, but since a change The ammonia machines are of the com¬ blower was installed to force air into the refrig¬ was made in the ore mixture in the latter part pressor type, and w’ere built by the York Man¬ erating chamber, and in order to secure a of July—which gave a lower coke consumption ufacturing Company, York, Pa. The diameter uniform distribution of air over the coils, re¬ per ton of iron—a comparison of data when of the high-pressure steam-cylinder, 28.5 in.; volving electric fans were placed in the space using dry air w'ith that obtained in August low-pressure, 56 in.; compressor cylinder, 22.5 underneath, so that all of the coils would frost prior to its use, and with the same ore mixture, in.; stroke, 36 in. Two compressors were alike. The entering air, according to its hu¬ would more accurately show the benefits de¬ installed in order to have one in reserve at all midity, deposits the moisture in the form of rived. The burden on the furnace from August times, as a furnace operating on uniformly dry water or frost on the lower pipes, and as I to II inclusive was 10,200 lb. coke, 20,000 lb. air cannot be subjected to ordinary atmospheric frost only on the upper pipes, and passes from ore and 5,000 lb. stone. On August ii a 5 per conditions without serious results, and fre¬ the top of the chamber to the blow’ing-engines cent increase in burden was put on the furnace quently on very humid days the assistance of at a temperature of freezing or below and with and later in the day 33 per cent of dry-blast the second engine might be required. Each a practically uniform content of moisture. was used. As soon as this small quantity was compressor’s capacity is 225 tons ice melting When the pipes become covered with frost the introduced its effect was noticeable by a bright¬ effect. cold brine is shut off from several vertical lines ening of the tuyers and an increasing temper- October 27, 1904. THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. 663 ature of the cinder. After this change in bur¬ The average analysis of the gas for 10 days in the furnace operations resulting from the den had come to work and the condition of prior to the introduction of the dry-blast dry-blast permitted the keeping of the silicon the furnace showing, if anything, more satis¬ showed CO, 22.3 per cent; CO2, 13 per cent, at a lower range without increasing the sul¬ factory, an additional 5 per cent of burden was with an average temperature of 538®. Later, phur. It has been generally observed by fur¬ put on with confidence, feeling assured that an with dry-blast used entirely, the average an¬ nace managers that when the silicon is lowered increased use of dry-blast would offset the in¬ alysis was CO, 19.9 per cent; CO;, 16 per cent, through increased humidity in the atmosphere, creased duty on the furnace. From this period with an average temperature of 376°. This re¬ a leaking tuyere, or through other causes, the on the burden and volume of dry-blast were duction in temperature of 162® is a necessary sulphur is rapidly increased; but it has been increased more slowly, until, on August 25, the consequence of the greater concentration of found in using the dry-blast that when the furnace, using dry-blast entirely, had the fol¬ heat in the hearth by the dry-blast combustion hearth temperature was suddenly lowered, lowing burden at work; Coke, 10,200 lb.; ore, and the greater weight of burden heated by the principally from the accretions on the bosh 24,000 lb.; stone, 6,000 lb.; thus in two weeks gas, and represents an important saving of heat reaching the hearth, the sulphur did not in¬ obtaining an increase in burden of 20 per cent. in the furnace. crease, and in this respect the furnace has The record of the furnace from August i to The use of the dry-blast has resulted in econ¬ shown a remarkable uniformity in composition II, prior to the use of the dry-blast, shows an omies in several other directions. With the of the metal produced. average daily production of 358 tons of iron, with an average consumption of 2,147 lb. coke. From August 25 to September 9 the average output was 447 tons iron, with a consumption of 1,726 lb. coke per ton. The effect-of reducing and making more uni¬ form the moisture in the blast was clearly shown w’hen, during a period of excessive hu¬ midity extending over three days, a neighbor¬ ing furnace charged during this period an extra quantity of coke and increased the quan¬ tity each day in order to maintain the grade of iron, while the Isabella furnace, operating on dry-blast, was in no wise affected. In order to show what changes have been made in the atmosphere by passing it through a refrigerating chamber, the following daily records of operations will give a clear idea; During a period of 13 days the average mois¬ ture in the atmosphere was 5.66 grains per cu. ft. and in the dry air 1.75 grains. Sixty- nine pounds of water were removed from the blast per ton of iron produced, which repre¬ sents an average of 23,192 lb. (equivalent to 2,874 gal.) for the 24 hours. This weight was calculated from the volume of air blown into the furnace, as shown by piston displacement. For four days during the above period the water caught in the tank underneath the refrig¬ erating chamber amounted to an average of 21,561 lb. (equivalent to 2,588 gal.) for the 24 hours, which is as close an agreement as could be expected, considering that the figures do not represent the same number of days, and the difficulty in accurately determining the vol¬ ume and humidity of the air supplied in a given period. It is found sufficient in prac¬ tice to thaw the frost off the pipes every three days. The coils are divided, for the purpose of thawing off, into three sections, each represent¬ ing the same number of coils, and a section is thawed each day, and in this way the work of refrigeration is not interfered with. As the dry-blast was supplied to the furnace it became necessary to reduce the revolutions of the blowing-engines, since the air supplied to the engines was lower in temperature than FIG.C3.—REFRIGERATING CHAMBER. with the natural atmosphere and contained more oxygen per cu. ft., and the tendency of the furnace was to drive too fast. Before use of Mesabi ore. which is very fine in struc¬ Mention has been made of the saving eftecten applying the dry-blast the engines were running ture, the waste of ore dust through the escap¬ in the blowing-engines through a reduction in at 114 revolutions and supplying 40,000 cu. ing gases is quite large, and at many furnaces the number of the revolutions, and this saving ft. of air per minute; the revolutions were grad¬ the waste in ore has become quite burdensome. has an important bearing on the expenditure ually reduced to 96, thereby reducing the vol¬ The waste at Isabella furnace before dry-blast for power in operating the machines in the dry- ume of blast over 6,000 cu. ft. per minute and was used amounted to 5 per cent of the ore blast plant. From indicator cards taken at increasing the efficiency of the engines by 14 charged; this has been reduced, through the different times, it appeared that the saving in per cent. With dried blast, 96 revolutions per greater uniformity in the furnace working, to power when using dry-blast was 229 h.p. for minute of the blowing-engines burned nearly i less than i per cent. each engine, or 687 h.p. in all. The drying per cent more coke and produced 89 tons more The saving in coke consumption reduces the plant required 535 h.p., or less than the saving pig-iron in 24 hours than 114 revolutions on phosphorus in the metal, and this, in making on the blast engines. These figures, however, natural air. The reduction in the revolutions bessemer iron, permits the use of higher phos¬ may not represent accurately the difference resulted in a gain of 150® in temperature of phorus ores. As Isabella furnace was making in power consumption, as the blowing-engines the blast, which even with this increase, through basic iron, it was of advantage to keep the sili¬ were indicated at different times and the first lack of area in the waste-gas ports of the stove, con as low as possible, providing the sulphur test was taken with a blast pressure on the fur¬ did not average above 870°. was kept low. and the absence of irreg;ularities nace of 17 lb., while the test made with the 664 THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904. dry-blast was 15 lb., and the figures given DISCUSSION. The distance of the mines from a railway is above might require some modification, as the not so serious a drawback, for the Siberian effect of dry-blast on blast pressure is not yet roads are notoriously good, and there is be¬ Readers are invited to use this department for the fully determined. The increase of uniformity discussion of questions arising in technical practice or sides a good system of river traffic. The mine suggested by articles appearing in the columns of Thb which your contributor refers to as 1,200 miles in the working of the furnace, which is obtained Enginbbring and Mining Journal. through the dry-blast, would result in a de¬ from the railway must be a very special case, crease in the blast pressure, and it would ap¬ but most probably it has river traffic at no pear in any event that the saving in power GOLD MINING IN SIBERIA. great distance. In winter one has the cheap¬ consumption in the blowing-engine room would The Editor: est and finest roads in the world—snow trails nearly or quite compensate for the require¬ Sir—In your issue dated September 15 I and frozen rivers. Roads are not impassable ments at the dry-blast plant. notice that you have reprinted an article on for as much as three months—the utmost limit The application of the dry-blast to the blast¬ ‘Gold Mining in Siberia,’ published in The for all ordinary traffic being two months. furnace has shown, in addition to the economies Economist of the 27th ultimo. Present methods of alluvial work are no effected, that the furnace can be operated with I have already written to the paper which criterion; the future lies in quartz mining, precision; it works with greater regularity, and published this extremely misleading article— which would necessarily be undertaken by in consequence the product is uniform with re¬ an article confessedly based upon a most super¬ modern methods, and there would be no more spect to grade and composition, which makes ficial observation. necessity to stop work here in winter than the dry-blast of particular value in the making I must demur to the conclusion formed by in British Columbia, Alaska, and other cold of foundry iron, which is marketed by grade. your contributor, that there is not much chance countries, where mining operations are suc¬ An increase or decrease in blast temperature for English capital in Siberia; and I do so on cessfully carried on all the year round. has a definite effect and can be relied on to the grounds of experience, gained by actual There are cheap provisions and -labor, often accomplish the desired result. work in the country. By his own admission water power, and usually cheap fuel. Trans¬ The dry-blast plant, since it was started on your contributor bases his arguments on data , port rates are low. August II, has been in regular operation. It collected in his visits to Siberian mines during Your commissioner states that alluvial min¬ started without a hitch, and no difficulties have the present year—let us say, eight months’ ing must continue for some time to be the developed in any direction. Some modifica¬ work; I have known the country intimately backbone of mining in Siberia. Of Russian tion in construction has been indicated as the for as many years. mining, possibly; but I can affirm from my result of the operation of the plant which would To take the various points seriatim; personal knowledge that there are large areas further reduce the moisture and add to its uni¬ I. Racial Conditions.—The Russian language of quartz-bearing country, which offer a splen¬ formity, but so far the changes suggested have is certainly a difficulty, but it is not insuper¬ did prospect to those who will approach the been slight. able. Two of my engineers at a quartz mine matter with a proper knowledge of the exist¬ While the application of the dry-blast to the in Trans-Baikalia learned enough in six weeks ing conditions. Arthur L. Pearse. blast furnace has effected various economies to enable them to handle the workmen satis¬ London, Sept. 26, 1904. and produced a more uniform metal, its fur¬ factorily, and after six months were able to ther application to the bessemer converter transact all the business of the company with¬ would no doubt result in great benefit, since air out any assistance, except in the keeping of IRON ORE IN SOUTH AFRICA.—For is used in large quantities and the varying the books required by the Russian Govern¬ some time past attention has been drawn to humidity affects the temperature of the charge ment, which are complicated and technical. I certain deposits of iron ore known to exist in and in consequence the quality of the steel. could quote several other almost parallel cases. the Transvaal and Orange river colonies, and The metal from the metal-mixer is remarkably 1 do not agree that the Russian temperament it has been reported that a company was to uniform, and the additional uniformity secured is such an enigma as your contributor would be formed to work these deposits. Hematite through the use of dry air would be of fur¬ represent. That it lacks the “peculiar energy’’ ores, with high content in metallic iron, are ther advantage. It happens that a higher sili¬ inherent in the English-speaking races is true, known to exist, but it is said that they vary con is required in the summer months to main¬ but at the mine I have already cited the labor very much within small areas, and also run tain the temperature of the blow, in which conditions before the outbreak of the war were high in sulphur and phosphorus. However, period it is also more expensive to maintain not such as to “make all the difference between the ores have not been tested as yet. Another the right amount of silicon in the pig-iron. With success and failure.” serious difficulty is that Transvaal coal is soft the use of the dry-blast in the converter the The Russian is not extremely conservative. and not adapted for use in the blast furnace, proper temperature could be secured with a Miners learn very quickly to become efficient, while no coking coals are known to exist in lower silicon in the metal, and this in turn and it only needs tact and supervision to make South Africa. The cost of importing coke would further reduce the coke consumption good workers of a considerable percentage of would be too great to make it possible to smelt at the furnaces. In other processes where air them. the ores profitably. For these reasons they are is used in large quantities—particularly in hardly likely to be worked for some time to Reliable Russians can be selected to assist in come. smelters and copper converters and in the carrying on the work and administration. The open-hearth furnace and in cupolas—it would position of foreman is much sought after, and appear that the use of dry air would effect great personal interest is taken in the mine. COAL IN CHINA.—A recent British con¬ important economies. The labor difficulty is far from insurmount¬ sular report states that the Chinese imports of able, even without Chinese labor, which is coal in 1903 were 1402,701 long tons, and easily obtained if necessary, especially east of STATE COAL MINES IN. VENEZUELA. of coke, 8,790 tons, an increase in coal im¬ Lake Baikal. —The British Minister at Caracas reports the ports of 62,000 tons over 1902. Of the 1903 2 Political conditions are hard in theory, issue of a decree on August 20 to the effect that imports, 804,050 tons came from Japan. The but in practice have been found to possess an all deposits of coal now existing in Venezuela output of native coal, though comparatively adaptability which is decidedly encouraging to will, in future, be exploited by the Federal small, is growing. If the cost of transport foreign capitalists. An agency in St. Peters¬ Executive. The decree respects the rights al¬ were reduced, Szuchuan coal, an excellent burg is essential, but its upkeep is not dis¬ ready acquired by previous concessionnaires. steam fuel, would rival the best grades of im¬ proportionate, and compares with the cost of ported coal. The mines are near waterways, similar agencies in Africa, Australia and else¬ and special boats could convey the coal to THE FRENCH IRON ORE TRADE.— where. Ichang, whence it could go by steamer to Han¬ To the end of August last only 1,134,034 tons 3. Dynamite.—The case your correspondent kow. A railway line, almost completed, will of foreign iron ore had been imported this year mentions occurred in the prospecting, and not bring down coal from Ping-hsiang, in Kiaghei, into France, as compared with 1,243478 tons in the working, stages of the mine. When one to a point 15 miles above Changsha, whence it the corresponding eight months of 1903. Of can show the government that a certain quan¬ will go by tow-boats to irrni works, at Hang- the total this year, 787,629 tons came from Ger¬ tity of dynamite is required, and that there is yang that will take 15,000 tons of coke an¬ many, 248.260 tons from Spain, and 39,955 proper storage for it, it can be obtained; but nually. The Peking Syndicate does not ex¬ tons from Algeria. The exports of French ore as it usually has to be brought long distances, pect to furnish Tientsin with anthracite be¬ during the eight months ending with August it should be ordered well in advance of re¬ fore the end of the present year. In 1903 last are returned at 830,505 tons, as contrasted quirements. the Kaiping collieries put out and disposed of with 453,149 tons in the corresponding eight 4. Economic Conditions.—The climate, if 700,000 tons, of which 200,000 tons were months of last year. rigorous, is healthy and bracing. shipped from Chingwangtao. October 27, 1904. THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL.

COPPER MINES OF LAKE SUPERIOR.—m. that persistence in depth has been established which adhered to the roots of the tree, and By T. A. Rickard. there is more foresight shown. The Calumet he then arranged for a systematic exploration. The maps showing the holdings of the & Hecla Company, for example, undoubtedly Thirteen pits were put down to a depth of different companies in the Lake Superior re¬ made a blunder in failing to secure the ‘deep 30 to 40 ft., and for lengths of 25 to 45 ft. gion exhibit none of that confusing inter¬ level’ of their big discovery, an omission which across the strike of the lode. All save two penetration of claims which characterizes the became the basis for the organization of the of these trenches exposed copper rock of good mining districts of the Rocky Mountains. That Tamarack, whose first shaft went down ver- grade, and the evidence thus obtained was held iniquitous principle represented by “the law to warrant the sinking of shafts. In this case of the apex” is not known; acreage replaces . *- ...t the drift overlying the true rock was only 12 to apex rights and simplicity of tenure obviates . ■ ? - ’ f'" “v 20 ft. thick, but elsewhere in the district such the interminable litigation which seems to be > * r..-;/. .r-, • * prospecting is rendered expensive by reason the necessary baptism of a rich mine in Mon¬ ^ - _ _ . of a heavy overburden of drift. On the Globe tana or Colorado. r * ^ _ *. ' ground, just south of the Champion, there is Any map of the region, as, for instance, much as 200 ft. of ‘wash,’ and in order that of the companies on the South Range, ■ ^ to determine the position and value of the lode herewith appended, exhibits the checkered ■ - T* ... it was necessary to put down two diamond squares of the sections into which each town¬ ^ « ill- ^ ^ holes from a point some distance dip- ship is subdivided. There are 36 sections to <'* *>' ward, so as to strike the lode at right angles, a township; the latter is six miles square, so I these holes passed through 225 ft. of drift that each section represents 640 acres, further ' * i and 600 ft. of rock before they cut the ore, subdivision being made into quarter-sections * ^ results that warranted the expenditure. of 160 acres and these again into 40-acre A good example of the application of geo- tracts. The boundary lines carry mineral logical knowledge to mining exploration is af- rights vertically downward, without restric¬ by story of the tion of any kind. The ownership of the land before a few near the copper mines has passed out of the tory remarks are The trap beds— hands of the original owner, the federal gov¬ the layers so large ernment; it is now held by individuals, where the Keweenaw —are so nearly not consolidated into company holdings, there alike that identification is ordinarily imprac¬ being one exception in the case of the St. THREE WELE-KNOWN COPPER MEN. ticable, but occasionally some mineralogical Mary’s Canal Mineral Land Company, which, W. A. Paine. John Stanton. F. McM. Stanton. characteristic will serve as a guide; thus the by reason of building the great waterway of footwall of the Kearsarge amygdaloid is a bed the Lakes through the Sault Ste. Marie, was tically 2,100 ft. before it cut the Calumet con- marked by large feldspars. Dr. L. L. Hubbard, given a grant of land, a large portion of which glomerate. At the present time the Allouez formerly State Geologist, used this fact to de¬ was selected so as to cover that part of the is another example of a ‘deep level’ enterprise, termine the position of the Kearsarge amygda¬ copper belt not already pre-empted. It is on it having been planned on an estimated dip of loid, and he proved that it was a safe indi¬ this territory that those discoveries were made 38® to cut the Kearsarge-Wolverine amygda- cator. It is also proper to state that the officers which led to the making of the mines on the loid at 1,100 feet. of the Michigan Geological Survey recognized South Range. Another exceptional landowner Bold outcrops of rich ore do not character- the footwall at the Mohawk as being this is the public school; by State law every Sec- ize the Lake district, so that the beginnings same bed, before they knew that any openings tion 16 was set aside as the property of the of a successful mine require more than the had disclosed copper, and they made known

THE :MINES op the COPPER RANGE CONSOLIDATED COMPANY.

public schools, and it is a matter of regret that ordinary prospector’s activity. The Mohawk this identification at once, although it was no Section 16 has as yet proved to be the was found by the uprooting of a tree, caused a long time before the people of the dis- site of a rich mineral development by the falling of another tree upon it, which trict would admit the correctness of the correl- The fact that the extension in depth of the had been felled by a wood chopper. Mr. John ation. Usually the amygdaloid layers are more lodes was not properly secured by claims in Stanton had obtained an option on the prop- susceptible to weathering than the compact the direction of dip did not enter into the erty with a view to prospecting. The chopper trap encasing them, consequently they be- calculations of the early operators, but now brought him a lump of rock showing copper, come covered with drift and soil. The • con- THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904. glomerate beds, on the other hand, resist ero¬ the carbonates; below this, within the seams trict has its own methods, dependent entirely sion and form occasional outcrops. It was in the amygdaloid rock, there were copper upon the nature of the mineral discovery and through one of these that the Champion mine stains for a further depth of 8 or g ft., although the amount of capital required to make it into was discovered. The Champion location covers the country itself exhibited no weathering. The a profitable mine. Of course, in the case of the southern extension of the Baltic lode; in the open-cut showed a wide lode carrying metallic these low-grade copper mines there is an Baltic mine there is a conglomerate bed lying copper distributed irregularly and to an extent enormous amount of money required for de¬ 112 ft. to the east—in the footwall—of the Bal¬ which the eye could not gauge. A succession velopment, for a mill, usually for a railroad tic copper-bearing amygdaloid; this conglom¬ of trenches indicated the manner in which and sometimes for a smelter, before the enter¬ erate is supposed to be Marvine’s No. 3. In the lode had been traced. prise is finally placed upon the safe plane of his explorations over what is now the Cham¬ Mr. Edwards told me the story of this young an investment. pion company’s ground, and was then a tract enterprise. At the southern end of the ground In comparing these lodes of native copper to of bush land belonging to the Canal com¬ a solitary outcrop of conglomerate was found other metalliferous deposits, they are found pany, Dr. Hubbard found one solitary out¬ by him; as I saw it, it was a rounded hum¬ to present one striking feature—the impossi¬ crop of what he took to be the No. 3 con¬ mock amid the bush, rising three or four feet bility of sampling them. To anyone accus¬ glomerate just referred to; this outcrop was above the general surface and extending for tomed to precious-metal mining, in which SO ft. long—long enough to give a line of 40 or 50 ft. He sunk pits in this conglomerate, every stage of intelligent enterprise is checked strike; he then stepped off 112 ft. westward so as to determine the line of the strike and by accurate sampling, the inability to employ and came to a ledge of trap, evidently not to permit him to infer the relative course of the this method in the Lake Superior mines, pre¬ what he was seeking; but a few feet beyond amygdaloid lode he was seeking. Mr. Ed¬ sents a subject of particular interest. It is there was a depression in the surface marking wards had made up his mind that this was the obvious that the occurrence of the metal in a the course of a stream, in the bed of which No. 3 conglomerate, which is quite prbminent native condition, and in sizes ranging between he found an amygdaloid. By following the at surface north of the Baltic, and knowing the microscopic and masses weighing many course of this amygdaloid, along another de¬ that its normal position was 112 to 115 ft. tons, offers an insurmountable obstacle to any pression between two outcrops of trap, he east of the Baltic amygdaloid, he obtained a sampling method which is based essentially on

HANCOCK AND QUINCY HILL.

soon unearthed some copper rock. Then, line of departure for his prospecting trenches. the doctrine of averages. To sample a vein guided by the strike of the conglomerate, he At 130 ft. he found the lode he was looking for, containing free gold in pocketty form has followed the parallel amygdaloid; he made 13 the greater distance being accountable to the long been given up as a hopeless task, more openings, and found the copper lode in all of difference in dip, 55° here, as against 73“ at the likely to mislead than to guide; this is prac¬ them. This w'as the beginning of the Cham¬ Baltic. Thereupon Messrs. J. P. Edwards, R. tically the problem in the Lake Superior re¬ pion mine, of which the successful geologist C. Pryor and others went to work to secure gion. No cross-sectional determination of con¬ just mentioned is now the efficient manager. terms from the owners of the land, which was tents by channeling a breast of copper rock While I was at Houghton there was talk held in 40, 60 and 95-acre tracts by various will help the appraiser of values, because not of discoveries on Section 15, a tract on which individuals. These gave them an option on only is the distribution of the metal sporadic, this same Baltic-Champion lode had been condition of $10,000 being raised for explora¬ but it occurs in a form rendering it impractica¬ found. As I wanted to see what appearance tory work, and, this being done, .n local com¬ ble to break a true sample. A moil and a was made by an infant copper mine of the pany was then organized to take over the op¬ hammer are of no more use than a pocket Lake Superior type, I went to see the discov¬ tion and distribute the shares pro rata accord¬ knife when it comes to cutting across a lump ery, by the courtesy of Messrs. R. E. Pryor, ing to the acreage of each participant. Enough of tenacious metal, and such lumps are the James Blandy and J. P. Edwards. Work was treasury stock—50,000 shares—was created to usual ingredients of an ordinary amygdaloidal proceeding in an open-cut, recently enlarged enable working capital to be raised as re¬ or conglomerate copper lode. from a prospecting trench, at the bottom of quired for the mining operations; 10,000 of The sampler and the assay plan are unknown which a copper lode was exposed. One foot to these shares were sold at $i to meet expenses at Houghton or at Calumet; but other methods 18 in. of soil and gravel formed a surface of prospecting, while the remainder was kept are employed. In the first place, experience layer, in which nests of carbonated copper in the treasury for further contingencies. It enables a man to judge the percentage of cop¬ were buried; these were essentially pieces of is intended to proceed with exploration and per in the rock; such judgment is subject to ‘float’ copper, so oxidized that the carbonated development. When sufficient work has been error, as being at best only a guess, but it mass usually contained only a nucleus, as big done and enough copper rock is accumulated, serves a useful purpose, especially when applied as a pea. of copper coated with- cuprite and arrangements will be made to lease a to different faces of the same lode, having its buried in malachite and azurite. Under this stamp and ship the output over the nearest own copper habit, that is, a certain ratio be¬ layer came three or four feet of ‘hard pan,’ railroad to the mill. tween the lumps and the finer particles. When a mass of brecciated rock and gravel well ce¬ This story has been related in order to examining a new discovery or a young mine mented. in which were seen further fragments exemplify the manner in which mining enter¬ undergoing early development, an experienced of. copper coated by cuprite and surrounded by prises are started in this region. Every dis- man will separate the ‘barrel work’ or lumps of October 27, 1904. THE ENGINEERING AND MINING* JOURNAL. 667 metal coming up in a given number of buckets PREPARATION OF ALABAMA COAL FOR proves the material to be washed, lessens the or cars, and in that way he can determine the COKE MAKING.* work on the crusher, and will effect a sub¬ number of pounds of copper per ton of rock. By L. O. Gabany. stantial saving in cost. Of course, he has no way of getting at the The Stein washer is composed of a series of fine copper scattered through the rock, and he Alabama has 23 veins of coal, of which 14 stationary jigs, in which a plunger has a verti¬ must decide from the character of the lode how veins are considered coking coals; out of these cal motion. The motion of the plunger forces great a part this plays in the actual percentage only nine furnish coal suitable for making the water through the screen, agitating the of metal present. If it appears from a test coke, the others being all too high in sulphur. coal on same, forcing the light material or such as this that the lode is rich enough to be¬ These nine seams are not in such condition coal over the top of the jigger, and the heavy come the basis for a profitable mine, then de¬ that coal from any one could be used by itself, material or slate is allowed to escape at the velopment is pushed until the enterprise reaches or without preparation. Some of them are bottom. The coal must be sized before it is the next stage. This is the accumulation of very much intermixed with slate partings, and distributed into the series of jiggers—namely, sufficient copper rock to permit of the leasing others cannot be mined clean enough, owing fine (under ^ in.), medium (over J4 in. and of a stamp and the making of a mill run. There to the smallness of the seams and the brittle under in.), coarse (over in. and under is usually some mill in the district which is slate which forms the top or bottom, and in 54 in.) ; the feed must be uniform; and the idle or has a stamp—out of two or three— mining will be mixed with the coal. Either material to be washed must be thoroughly which can be leased. The work of one stamp some of the seams make a spongy coke low in and uniformly sized. The capacity of one jig¬ means the crushing of from 500 to 600 tons per ash, and unsuitable in structure and texture ger is not over seven tons per hour with satis¬ day, and the trial may cover a shipment of for blast furnace use; or others are rather high factory results, and then it requires very care¬ 1,000 tons, or it may mean steady crushing in sulphur, or are dirty, that is, mixed with ful watching; one man cannot attend to more from a continuous output. In either case slate and similar impurities. The best coke is than six jiggers. The results of the Stein jigs the quality of the average output of the mine made by mixing coal from different seams. are very good. is adequately tested, and this will warrant Thus, for instance, a mixture of three parts of The Robinson & Ramsey washer consists of either the leasing of milling facilities for a coal from the Milldale seam and one part a cone-shaped receptacle, into which the water term of years or the erection of a mill in con¬ from the Brookwood makes a coke low in sul¬ is admitted from the bottom under high pres¬ nection with the mine. The charge for cus¬ phur, with moderate ash, dense texture, and sure, and the material to be washed descends tom milling ranges from 40 to 45c. per ton. in large pieces. It is equal to the standard from the top, and is agitated with revolving It was by such methods that most of the Connellsville. agitators. The light material or coal floats on mines made their beginning, and it is obvious In all cases the Alabama coal has to be the top and is discharged at the top, while the from this account that the determination of the washed before going to the coke oven. For heavy rubbish falls to the bottom, whence it value of a copper mine requires capital. It this purpose four types of machines are used; is discharged at intervals. This type of washer takes a gold mine to make a copper mine, but the Stein washer, the Robinson & Ramsey, is very cheap to operate with good results, if it is fair to add that when the copper mine the Stewart and the American. The funda¬ the specific gravities of coal and slate are at is once set going in the Lake region it out¬ mental principle of all these washers is the big variance. lasts several gold mines of the average kind. separation of the light material by a current of The American coal washer and the Stewart water, which is brought in motion either by coal washer are practically alike. The Ameri¬ moving the jigs or by a plunger, or by a can coal washer has simple mechanical move¬ SAND-LIME BRICK.—According to a pa¬ strong current of water. The most primitive ments. It consists of a stationary tank filled per prepared by S. V. Peppel for the United method of those formerly used is the trough with water, in which a receptacle (jigger), States Geological Survey, there are in this washer, but this has been practically abandoned with perforated bottom, has a vertical move¬ country at present about 50 plants, with a in recent years. ment. The material to be washed is fed total capacity of approximately 1,000,000 bricks An important point is the crushing of the coal from the top and farthest end of the square a day. The experience of these plants indi¬ before washing. It has been shown in prac¬ jigger. The light material or coal will cates that sand-lime brick can usually be man¬ tical tests that lump coal mixed with fine float toward the front, where it is discharged; ufactured at a cost below that of common clay coal produces an inferior coke. The process while the heavy rubbish will sink and is dis¬ brick. Sand-lime bricks have been in use long of coking in the oven is uneven. It has also charged into the tank, whence it is elevated to enough, both in this country and in foreign been tried to disintegrate or pulverize the coal. a convenient place. The capacity of one jig¬ countries, to prove that when properly made This method for preparing the coal for the ger is 30 tons per hour. The quantity of water they have sufficient strength and sufficient ovens I cannot recommend, although it has needed for its operation is less than in any water and weather resisting qualities to make many advocates. The fine coal checks the other washer. The coal need not be sized, them a safe building material. fusing process in an oven; and in examining but should not be over 54 in. in size, and only The sand-lime brick is the natural outcome the physical structure of cokes made out of one operator is required to handle four jigs. of improvements made in the old mortar brick, disintegrated coal we will find that the coke The output is equal to 1,200 tons daily. which has been known for years. This mortar has no tendency to split lengthwise, but it To sum up, I may say that the three im¬ brick was at first never more than a molded stays in short lumps. The coke nearest to the portant questions in the preparation of coal are mixture of lime and sand mortar, which was bottom is dense in texture; but after reaching (i) to wash the coal clean; (2) not to allow allowed to harden in the air. About twenty- the center it begins to have open pores, and any coal to be wasted with the impurities, and five or thirty years ago, one Dr. Michaelis pat¬ the top of the coke is composed of a spongy (3) to wash the coal as cheaply as possible. ented a process for the hardening of mix¬ mass, which, if not burned up in the oven, is Next in importance after the preparation of tures of lime and sand by steam under pres¬ absolutely useless for a furnace, as it has coal is the construction of coke ovens. The no strength to hold any burden. It pulverizes sure, which is the fundamental principle on size of the beehive ovens generally used in which the manufacture of sand-lime brick is and often chokes the furnace. The best sizes Alabama ranges from ii to 13 ft. in diameter. based. of coal for coking coal are all sizes under I have found by experience that the best re¬ The commercial development of the indus¬ ^ in. About one-half of the charge should sults are obtained from ovens 12 ft. in diameter, try dates back only fifteen years in foreign be % in. and under, and one-half of the charge with a 7-ft. sweep. It is a mistake to think countries, and not more than four years in the should be over % in., but not above ^ in. in that the Iqrger the oven the more coal can be United States. In 1896 Germany had only five size. put into it, and the more coke made per oven. factories where sand-lime brick was made, but This prevents much loss of clean coal, since There is a limit to everything, and so it is in now it has about 200, with an actual annual coal will adhere more or less to the slate, this case. In the first place, large ovens can¬ output of between 350,000,000 and 400,000,000. and the specific gravity of a large piece may be not be charged in proportion to their size and Early in 1901 a plant was built in Michigan such that it will be carried out with the refuse. cost on account of the labor. The laborers, City, Ind. In 1902 about 20 plants were in ex¬ The best results are obtained if the run-of-mine especially in summer months, will not draw istence and 6,000,000 bricks were actually sold. coal is first taken over the shaking screen with large charges. In the second place, the work Full data are not obtainable as to the actual 54-in. perforations, in order to avoid the crush¬ connected with the extraction of the coke from output in 1903, but about 20,000,000 bricks have ing of small pieces. Everything over 54-in¬ a large oyen is much greater in proportion than been reported as sold in that year. Many of size goes to the crusher. This method im- that with the small ovens, and the labor will the factories had just started, and were not cost much more per unit of coke. manufacturing to their full capacity during the •Abstract of a paper read before the Engineering As¬ An important question yet to be considered year. sociation of the South, July, 1904. is the waste of the gases from the coke-ovens. 668 THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904.

CHLORINATION IN COLORADO. silver content is from 0.25 oz. to 0.50 oz. per in the different mills has openings from half¬ , By William E. Grbbnawalt. ton, and the sulphur of the mixed ore at inch to one inch. The oversize goes to the Sixty thousand tons of ore per month are the bedding floors from 1.5 to 3 per cent. roughing rolls to be re-crushed. A sample is mined in the Cripple Creek district; this out¬ The methods employed, the machinery used taken after the roughing screen, as the ore put yields bullion worth $1,901,800. The dis¬ and the results accomplished are much the goes to the bedding floor; this sample is grad¬ tribution is as follows; same in all the mills. Differences are con¬ ually reduced in quantity and size of particles. Tons of fined to matters of detail. The total cost of Blake crushers, having an opening of 12 in. by Process of Reduction. ore treated. Total value. treatment varies from $2.75 to $3.50 per ton, Chlorination. 40.000 $1,049,000 24 in., are in general use. The roughing rolls Cyanidation. 9,000 192,000 and the extraction, as represented by the bul • vary considerably in size; some are geared, Smelting. 11,000 660,000 lion output, from 90 to 95 per cent. The while others are belt-driven. All the ore treated by chlorination is roasted. variation in the cost of treatment is due, Bedding.—The lots of ore vary from 0.25 In the cyanide process 2,800 tons, yielding $168,- largely, to the character of the ore. Oxidized, per cent to 5 per cent in sulphur, and from i to 000, is roasted; the remaining 6,000 tons, yield¬ or partially oxidized, ore can be treated cheaper 3 per cent in lime; the gold content may also ing $24,000, is treated raw. It will be noted and gives a higher extraction than the sulphide differ quite as much. In order to get a uni¬ from this statement that roasting, except on ore from the deeper levels of the mines. The form sulphur product for the furnaces, and dump stuff and low-grade oxidized ore, is uni¬ capacity of the roasting furnaces is de¬ lime and gold product for the barrels, a mix¬ versal, and that all the higher grade ore, pendent on the sulphur content. Their ca¬ ture is made. This is done by bedding it, whether treated by chlorine or cyanide, is pacity is greater, and the consumption of so that a cross-section of the bed represents roasted. fuel is less for the oxidized than for the sul¬ the average composition. If the lots compos¬ The preponderance in favor of chlorination phide ore. The chemical consumption in the ing the bed were treated separately, and suc¬ is evident. Most of the mills using this process barrels is also usually less for the oxidized ceeded each other through the mill, it is evi¬ were built after both cyanidation and chlorina¬ than for the sulphide ore, even though the sul¬ dent that the temperature of the furnaces, and tion had been in practical operation and com¬ phide ore is thoroughly roasted. rate of feeding, for one per cent sulphur ore would be absolutely disastrous to ore contain¬ ing 5 per cent sulphur. Again, a chemical charge which would gpve excellent results on ore containing one per cent lime might not even give an excess of chlorine where con¬ taining 3 per cent In order, therefore, to get uniformity in the working of the mill, a uni¬ form product is prepared for it. A bed fre¬ quently contains from 3,000 to 4,000 tons. Fine Crushing.—The ore is taken from the bedding floor to the dryers, where the moisture is driven off before fine crushing and screen¬ ing. These dryers are either revolving cylin¬ ders or mechanically-operated reverberatory roasting furnaces. In some of the mills the ore is given a thorough drying, while in others, if not too wet, so that the particles will ad¬ here in rolling or screening, it is not dried at all. Sometimes ore containing even two per cent moisture is crushed without drying. The fine crushing is done entirely with belt-driven rolls, the speed ranging from 54 to 100 rev. per min. There is also great latitude in the’ size and weight of these; the largest size used STANDARD AND COLORADO-PHILADELPHIA PLANTS has an i8-in. face and a 42-in. diameter, weigh¬ ing complete 34,000 lb. Revolving screens are petition for years. One of the largest of these Physical composition also has an important employed, also vibrating and shaking screens; chlorination mills was built by capitalists who bearing on the treatment, and on the extrac¬ the reduction varies from 8 to l6-mesh, oc¬ had previously employed both processes side by tion. Ore from some mines is more susceptible casionally to 20-mesh, 12-mesh being the aver¬ side in an earlier mill. It may be assumed, to treatment than that from other mines in the age. therefore, that the survival of chlorination is same neighborhood. There is even at times a Roasting.—Most of the ore is roasted in not a matter of sentiment, nor is it likely that great difference in the treatment of ore from chain-driven straight-line Wethey reverbera- cyanide will displace chlorine in the metal¬ different parts of the same mine. Ore con¬ tories, and in circular-hearth Pearce furnaces. lurgical treatment. If the ore has to be roasted, taining considerable tellurium is more difficult The oxidized ore contains as low as 0.25 per chlorination is quite as cheap as cyanidation. to treat and gives a lower extraction than the cent sulphur; the unoxidized, from the deeper With the application of chlorine, as generated sulphides. levels, contains as much as 5 per cent; the by electrolysis, which is now, and has been for The average chemical composition of Crip- average is from 1.5 to 2 per cent in the cus¬ several years, an assured success, cyanide will pie Creek ore is about as follows: tom mills, and from 2.5 to 3 per cent in not be able to compete with it even on the basis Per Cent. Per Cent. those belonging to mining companies. The of economy. SiO

90 tons, while, on the contrary, if the sulphur Coal, 12 tons at $2 per ton. $24.00 3 fumacemen at $2.50. 7.50 spective of the quantity actually consumed by is less than 1.5 per cent the capacity may even Coal and ash trammer. 2.25 the ore. The usual barrel charge is: General repairs, oil, water, etc. 5.00 exceed 120 tons. The hearth-area is between Power. 5.00 Ore. 20,000 lb. 1,100 and 1,500 sq. ft.; the grate-area is about Water. 10,000 “ Cost per 100 tons. $43.75 Sulphuric acid (66° B).200 to 400 “ 75 sq. ft. Many of the furnaces are fired with Cost per ton. . 4375 Bleaching powder (33i per cent Cl).100 to 200 * producer gas. The producers are of the Duff These estimates include cooling, conveying, The acid costs from i to 1.25c. per lb. and and Taylor type. Coolers are placed directly etc. The furnaces do not give much trouble. the bleach from 2.5 to 3c. per lb., delivered. under the roasting hearth, so that the ore on It is not unusual to have a lOO-ton furnace in Most of the mills use barrels treating 10 tons issuing from the roasting hearth drops to the continuous operation for several months with¬ of ore at a charge. The Economic is equipped cooling hearth, to be turned and advanced by out a serious shut-down; with occasional with barrels of twice that capacity, but this the rabble. changing of the rabbles the roasting proceeds larger size is not in favor. The lo-ton barrel The consumption of fuel varies from 10 to 15 indefinitely. is 66 in. diam. and from 14 to 16 ft. long; tons of western bituminous coal per 100 tons of The accumulation in the dust chambers is it weighs 34,000 lb. In construction it consists ore roasted. Lignite is used to some extent usually from 1.5 to 2.5 per cent; it is either of a ^-'m. steel shell with cast ends; the in¬ in connection with oil, but is not as effective shipped direct to the smelters or briquetted side is lined with ^-in. sheet-lead weighing as the longer flame bituminous. Oil and resid¬ before shipment; in some cases the dust is 24 lb. per square foot. uum are used, but generally in combination with treated at the mills. The average value is All the barrels have a filter inside. There is coal. If they are used together it takes about higher than that of the ore; this may be due to no uniformity of construction. The filters most

BARREL ROOM. UNION CHLORINATION PLANT.

5 tons of coal and 150 gal. of oil per 100 tons the fact that, in crushing, the sulphides and used are made of finely perforated sheet-lead of ore. tellurides are pulverized more than the quartz. weighing 4 or 6 lb. per sq. ft, laid on lead The ore, in roasting, is given an initial heat There is no appreciable loss by volatilization plates 14 to in. thick, perforated with 54-in. of from 800° F. to 1,000® F. under the first in oxidizing roasting. holes, 54 in. between centers. These plates are fire-box, and a finishing heat varying from A shallow bed, in roasting, with less time, supported by a wooden frame, which in turn 1,450 to 1,600° F. If 1,600° is exceeded the gives better results than a deep bed with more is firmly secured to the barrel. The perfora¬ ore is likely to fuse. time, the capacity of the furnace remaining the tions are about 3-32 in. diam. and about 54 in- The charge remains in the roasting furnace same. This is entirely a matter of air sup¬ apart. Their life varies from 20 to 60 charges. from 2.5 to 3 hours, and on the cooling hearth ply for oxidation. It is impossible to get the The wooden frame lasts about three months. from 1.5 to 2.5 hours. The bed is from 2.5 required amount of air fbr the desired oxida¬ The filter also acts as an agitator to thor¬ to 3.5 in. deep. The angle of the rabble blades tion of the sulphide ore when the bed exceeds oughly mix the ore. One of the fundamental is from 18° to 25°. In some furnaces the two or three inches, unless the time is pro¬ principles of barrel chlorination is agitation, ore is rabbled every 17 seconds, in others every longed beyond the economic limit. and filters constructed with this in view give 35 seconds. One man attends a furnace; he The amount and relative proportions of the best result. usually has a helper to wheel the coal and chemicals to be used depends upon the nature The ore is chlorinated from 2.5 to 4 hours. ashes. One such helper attends to three fur¬ of the ore and the character of the roasting. During chlorination the barrels revolve from naces. Excessive pressure, or excessive chemical 3.5 to 4.5 rev. per min. The time of filter¬ The cost of roasting ranges from 40 to 50 charges, are no longer employed; nevertheless, ing varies "from 2.5 to 4 hours. cents per ton, estimated approximately as fol¬ sufficient chlorine must always be generated The total amount of solution is from i to 1.4 lows, per 100 tons: to extract the gold in a reasonable time, irre- tons per ton of ore treated. In the best work 670 THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904. one ton of ore makes one ton of solution, so lution is then decanted through a collar about THE HAGAIf COAL-FIELD. that the assay-value of the solution approxi¬ four or six inches above the bottom of the By Charles R. Keyes. mates that of the ore. Much depends upon the tank, into the decanting filter-presses. Almost filters, and much also on the quality of the all of the gold remains in the bottom of the The newly-opened coal-field at Hagan, in roast. Well roasted ore filters better than ore vat with the four to six inches of solution Sandoval county, half way between Santa Fe poorly roasted, and there will be fewer re¬ still remaining. When a sufficient number of and Albuquerque, New Mexico, shows some charges. Every re-charge doubles the original vats have been precipitated the accumulated instructive features of the Cretaceous coals of volume of solution. precipitate is swept into the pressure tank and the Southwest. The coal deposits lie near the After chlorination, filtration is effected with forced, by means of compressed air, into the middle of a broad synclinal valley, about 25 a water pressure of from 25 to 50 lb. The clean-up filter-press. The resulting cakes are miles wide, between the Sandia and Ortiz water is turned on as soon as the barrel is at dried by forcing air through them. The mountains. They have been opened chiefly rest, without waiting for the charge to settle presses are then cleaned, the gold sulphides by the New Mexico Fuel & Iron Company, or the original charge-water to drain. In order roasted in small muffle furnaces, and then and are tapped by the recently constructed to increase the rate of filtration, the barrels melted into bullion. Santa Fe Central railroad, that is to form the are frequently ‘back-pressured,’ that is, the The filter-press used has plates 24 in. square. connecting link of a new short line between water is introduced at the bottom and forced The number of plates is a matter of discre¬ Denver and El Paso. Terminals of the rail¬ up through the filter to clear it. This results tion; ordinarily 40 plates and 40 rings are road are situated also at Torrance, on the in excessive dilution of the solution. With used, giving a filtering area of 220 sq. ft. and a Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, at Santa Fe, some filters it is necessary to ‘back pressure’ cake one inch thick. on the Denver & Rio Grande; at Kennedy, every time the barrel is charged and stopped The cost of chemicals for precipitating is to place it on filter; with others it is a mat¬ about five cents per ton. f I r« 1 ter of convenience and discretion. The approximate cost of chemicals per ton The solution, as it first issues from the bar¬ for chlorinating is: rels, flows into boxes where the coarse sand is Bleach. 16 lb. at2.5c.$0,375 Acid, 30 lb. at 1.25c. 0.375 eliminated. It then runs into the settling vats, where it remains for about 24 hours. Total.$0.75 After thorough settling it is drawn into the Including re-charges and extra chemicals for precipitation vats. the higher grade ores, the average cost will Precipitation.—Hydrogen sulphide is the pre¬ closely approximate 8o cents. cipitant ; charcoal was employed for some time The cost of treatment may be summarized and ga^e satisfactory results. Sulphur diox¬ thus: ide was formerly used in connection with hy¬ Sampling (including coarse crushing and bedding). $0.30 Pine crushing (12 to 16 mesh). 0.35 drogen sulphide, but this practice has been dis¬ Roasting. 0.45 Chlorinating and precipitating. 1.00 continued. Repairs. 0.25 The precipitation vats usually hold from 75 Storehouse supplies. 0.25 Ck>ncentrating. 0.10 to 100 ton^ of solution. The hydrogen sulphide Superintendence; mill-office expenses, assaying... 0.15 General labor. 0.05 is generated from iron sulphide and sulphuric acid, in the following proportions: Iron sul¬ ToUl.$2.90 phide, I lb.; sulphuric acid, 2.5 lb.; water, ap¬ Most of the mills are obliged to pump water proximately 6 lb. These chemicals will or¬ from adjacent streams; this is not included in dinarily precipitate the gold from 1.5 tons the above estimate. There are also repairs on of solution or from i to 1.5 tons of ore. The the tailing dams, not included, since these quantity of precipitant is independent of the items do not properly belong to the cost of amount of gold in the solution. Most of the treatment and vary with every mill. precipitant first combines with the free chlorine Concentration.—The barrel tailing is usu¬ to form hydrochloric acid; much also is wasted ally concentrated. There is considerable free as it bubbles up through the vats unconsumed. gold in the ore, in particles too large for The application of the hydrogen sulphide is the chlorine to dissolve in the time of treat¬ simple, and the precipitation is thorough and ment. Some of the assay value of the tailing complete. If the solution is properly precipi¬ is also in the iron oxide. tated, the filtrate will never assay more than The degree of concentration and the value a trace—that is to say, less than 0.0005 oz., or of the concentrate vary with the ore and the one cent per ton. Copper and lead are the extraction made in the barrels. Usually it will 1— ■ I r > f only base metals likely to be precipitated by be about too into one; sometimes it goes as FIG. 2.—THE HAGAN COAL-FIELD. hydrogen sulphide. In Cripple Creek ore these high as 120 into one, and sometimes as low as base metals rarely occur in quantities larger 75 into one. Only about 20 per cent of the gold and soon will be at Albuquerque, on the than a trace, so that there is no serious diffi¬ in the barrel tailing is recovered by concen¬ Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe. culty from that source. Free sulphur is the tration. Much of the intensely fine gold can¬ The coal and its associated beds outcrop element most likely to give trouble. Hydrogen not be concentrated at all. It has been tried chiefly along the canon formed by the San sulphide is freely soluflle in water, and if an again and again to amalgamate this fine gold, Pedro arroyo. The main exposures are prac¬ excess is used free sulphur is precipitated, but without success. The only safety lies in tically continuous for eight miles. There are owing to the fact that the hydrogen of the doing good work in the furnaces and barrels, now three principal camps: Una de Gato, the hydrogen sulphide combines with the free oxy¬ so as to deliver a very low-grade product to Coyote and the Pinavititos. The geography gen in the solution to form water. Some free the tables. If the barrel tailing is high, the of the immediate region is shown in the an¬ sulphur is also precipitated in the reduction value of the concentrate will be high, and the nexed sketch (Fig. i). The details of the of ferric to ferrous chloride. Great care is value of the concentration tailing will also be district are represented in the sketch map necessary to stop the flow of the precipitant high. The efficiency of the concentration de¬ (Fig. 2). at the right time, when all the gold is precipi¬ pends much on the roasting. The concentrate The coal measures are chiefly massive yel¬ tated so that no appreciable excess of precipi¬ is shipped to the smelters for treatment. low sandstones and sandy shales, with some tant is left. The sulphur in the precipitate clayey shales, the latter usually inclosing the varies from 15 to 25 per cent! ALLOYS OF ZINC AND MAGNESIUM. coals. The coal-bearing sandstone formation The hydrogen sulphide is applied to the —According to O. Boudouard {Comptes Ren- rests upon the ‘red beds,’ and these in turn solution through perforated lead pipes in the dus, 1904, CXXXIX, 424-426), the alloys of upon the Carboniferous blue limestones, which bottom of the precipitation vat. When the zinc and magnesium are all more or less bril¬ attain a great thickness. The coal measures pressure in the generator begins to subside, liantly white in color. That with 10 per cent are of Cretaceous age. compressed air is forced through it, and this zinc can be filed or sawn, but as the proportion The general structure of the coal measures carries the gas into the solution. "After the of zinc increases the alloys become more and about Hagan is indicated in cross-section (Fig. solution is precipitated it is allowed to settle more brittle. Their fracture is conchoidal, or 3). The vertical sequence of formations, as for about 8 hours. The clear supernatant so¬ in some cases very finely granular. there shown, is as follows: October 27, 1904. THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. 671

Feet. slope. The main arroyo is the one that passes south of the outcrops. The beds reach the Sandstones, massive. 400 Shales, variegated. 1,000 by Hagan and runs northwesterly to the Rio Coyote field, as is shown by drill-holes in the Sandstones, massive. 300 Shales, bituminous. 400 Grande. The coal exposures are in a side intervening mesa. Sandstones, massive. 200 arroyo. The character and sequence of the Shales, coal-bearing group. 300 The coal of the Hagan district is an ex¬ Sandstones, massive. 300 rocks are essentially the same as at Hagan, the ceptionally good steam coal, as is shown by From this section and the engraving it will two fields being continuous. the following analyses, made at various lab¬ be seen that there are at least four massive At the main slope opened in the Coyote oratories, and by comparisons with coals from sandstone formations alternating with shales. field the following section is shown: other regions. In two at least of the latter there are coal de¬ posits. These formations are quite persistent throughout the entire coal-field. The coal-beds and associated sandstones and shales are inclined about 15“. At the southern end of the Hagan field, at the Una de Gato, the dip is nearly north, while eight miles north, in the Pinavititos field, the dip is eastward. At first sight the country appears to be faulted more or less, the similarity of the heavy sandstones crowning the different ridges seeming to substantiate this view. More careful examination, however, clearly dem¬ onstrates that the capping of each ridge is a FIG. 3.—GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION OF HAGAN COAL-FIELD. distinct sandstone. Good, continuous rock ex¬ posures for over a mile back of the Hagan Feet. Analyses of Hagan Coals. 10—Sandstone, light-colored, massive. 40 I. II. Ill, IV. slope show that there are no faults of any 9—Shale and sandstone, with coal seams. 30 Moisture. 5.10 2.50 7.09 0.89 8—Sandstone, brown, hard. '2 Volatile matter. 39.60 39.35 41.29 32.36 consequence within this distance, and the coals 7—Shale, sandy. 10 Fixedcarbon. 48.92 50.60 48.17 54.88 must be very favorably situated for advan¬ 6—Shale, drab. 3 Ash. 6.18 7.18 3.45 11.87 5—Coal. 2i Sulphur. 0.53 0.45 0.67 1.07 tageous mining. 4—Clay, drab. 1 3—Coal. 0^ The sandstone formations above the ‘Red 2—Clay, drab. 1 Tests by the quartermaster’s department of Beds’ are in the aggregate probably over 6,000 1—Coal. 2 the United States Army shows Hagan coal is ft. thick, and there is ground for believing The only important fault observed in the superior to every other New Mexican coal, that in this great thickness there is more Hagan district is a few feet north of the the Los Cerrillos anthracite excepted. The than one group of coal beds. Coyote slope. It strikes about north 70° east. Hagan coal exceeds in fuel equivalents the At the Hagan slope at the Una de Gato Owing to this fault the coal mined in the Colorado coals, with the possible exception of the coal beds show the following section: Coyote, drift (south mine) and that mined in the Coal Basin coals of Fremont county. As Feet. the middle and north drifts, while in the same determined in the testing laboratories of the 37—Sandstone, heavily bedded, yellow. 115 36—Shale, drab, and shaly sandstone. 30 35—Sandstone, soft, massive, light yellow. 15 34—Shale, clayey, yellow and drab. 10 33—Coal, rather impure on outcrop. ... 1 f 2 32—Shale, clayey, drab.1 No. 1 1 1 31—Coal.J \ 1 30—Shale, light yellow and drab, sandy. 12 29—Sandstone, hard, ferruginous. 2 28—Shale, fine and sandy, light yellow. 11 27—Coal or bituminous black shale. .. . No. 2 ... 1 26—Shale, clay, light yellow, with thin coal seam. . 15 25—Shale, drab. 2 24—Sandstone, massive, soft, whitisb. 2 23—Shale, drab. Oi 22—Coal, 4 in. clay in middle and thin 1 in. parting No. 3 .. . 3 21—Shale, drab. 2 20—Shale, drab, sandy. 1 19—Sandstone, massive. 1 3 17—Coal.1 No. 4, f 1 16—Shale, drab, soon disappearing . V Hoi)ewell < Oi 15—Coal.J vein 1. 3 14—Shale, drab, sandy. 8 13—Coal.No.5 ... 2 12—Sh^e, drab. 13 11—Sandstone, hard, shaly, ferruginous. 1 10—Shale, light-colored, sandy, massive. 10 9—Shale, drab, clayey. 8 8—Sandstone, shaly. 1 7—Coal, separated by 4 in. drab clay. ... No. 6 . .. 1 6—Shale, drab. 3 5—Coal.No. 7 ... 2 4—Clay and sandstone. 1 3—Sandstone, soft, massive, straw-colored. 5 2—Shale, drab, clayey. 10 1—Shales, sandy and clayey,with three thin seams of coal.No. 8 ... 20 This does not include all of the coal-bearing formation, and there is a space of over 100 ft, to the next heavy sandstone below, where workable coal is likely to exist. The coals at Hagan may be grouped as fol¬ lows, with the distances between them indi¬ cated : Feet. FIG. I —MAP SHOWING SITUATION OF HAGAN COAL-FIELD. Sandstone bluff.:. 170 Coal No. 1. 3 Interval. 26 narrow gulch, are in horizons several hundred New Mexico School of Mines, the fuel equiv¬ Coal No. 2. 1 feet apart. alent of one cord of average oak wood equals Interval. 19 Coal No. 3. 3 The Pinavititos field lies three miles north 1,842 lb. of Hagan coal. Interval. 9 Coal No. 4 (Hopewell). 4 and a little west of the Coyote field, and is On the whole the Hagan district bids fair Interval. 8 similar to that field in all essential respects, to be one of the important coal-fields of the Coal No. 5. 2 Interval. 33 except that there are no indications of marked Southwest. Coal No. 6. 1 Interval. 3 faults. There are at least three seams of Coal No. 7. 2 good coal, each about 4 ft. thick, with a dozen Interval. 36 In France serpentine is used for the manu¬ Coal No. 8. 1 other thinner seams. The exposures are over facture of sulphate of magnesia or Epsom The district known as the Coyote coal-field a mile long, and practically continuous. The salts. Magnesia may be obtained easily from lies about four miles north of the Hagan coal doubtless extends unbroken north and this sulphate. 672 THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904.

A NEW ORE-TESTING PLANT. The fine product from this section is con¬ type are fed. The middling from the concen¬ This establishment, belonging to the Den¬ veyed into another four-compartment steel bin, tration tables can, furthermore, be re-ground ver Ore Testing & Sampling Company, is sit¬ from which place it can be charged to the in a 3}4-ft. Huntington mill or in a stamp bat¬ uated at Denver, Colo., and, as its name indi¬ reverberatory roaster, a three-compartment jig, tery. Another combination can be made by cates, is devoted to determining what process the cyanide tanks or concentration tables. This using the three-compartment jig, where ore best suits different kinds of ore. department contains, furthermore, one Knowles can be crushed either dry or wet, and charged The ore to be treated is first crushed through magnetic separator, to be used for the separa¬ directly to the jig, and the tailing from same a 9 by 15 in. Blake rock-breaker and elevated tion of the zinc and iron in connection with can be automatically re-ground in the Hunt¬ to a Vezin automatic sampler, where a fraction concentration. Bin No. 2 discharges into the ington mill and can then be delivered to

PLAN OF ORE-TESTING PLANT.

of the ore is cut out and delivered by gp'avity Elspass roller mill. From this machine and the concentrating tables for final treatment. to the sampling room. Here a Wallace crusher from the five-stamp battery, being fed from The cyanide department of the plant is com¬ reduces the sample to below a quarter-inch bin No. 3, the crushed ore is pumped to hy¬ plete and is worked on the gravity system, size, after which it is quartered down, and the draulic classifiers, of which two kinds are rep¬ the standardizing vats being placed high enough final amount of ore selected for assaying is resented—the Isbell and the Denver Engineer¬ to let the solution flow into the leaching vats, reduced through a sample grinder to a size ing Works’—or through a shaking screen of and then through zinc-boxes to the sump vats, suitable for assay. The main body of the ore, improved pattern, where wet sizing can be ac¬ from which place the solution is returned to in the meantime, proceeds to one of three large complished. The coarse ore from either of the standardizing vats on top by a steam pump. steel bins, each feeding a section of the mill. these machines can be fed direct to concen¬ The plant is, furthermore, equipped with its Bin No. I supplies the dry-crushing depart¬ trating tables of the Wilfley, Card or Wild pat¬ own independent water-works; power is sup¬ ment, consisting of one 4 by 12 in. roll-jaw tern, while the slime overflows into a cone plied by two gasoline engines, one of 40 h.p. crusher and 4 by 28 in. high-speed rolls, unwatering-tank, . from which the different and the other of 15 h.p., the larger driving tne equipped with an elevator and shaking screen. slime tables of the Sperry, Wilfley and Wild crushing department, while the smaller sup- October 27, 1904. THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. 673 plies power to the concentrating department. COPPER DEPOSITS OF MT. SICKER, be decided only by an abler and more detailed Electricity is generated by a 5-kw. dynamo, VANCOUVER. examination; the probabilities are that each both for lighting purposes and for the Knowles By Robert Musgravb. played their part; but that the latter was of magnetic separator. pronounced importance,, not only in causing In view of the prominence which the recent Adjoining the testing plant is a separate changes in the appearance and structure of the operations of the Tyee Copper Company have building containing a perfectly-equipped lab¬ rock, but also in preparing the cavities for given to the ore deposits on Mt. Sicker, the oratory and assay oflBce, and both this build¬ the later deposition of the ores, is plainly evi¬ following notes may prove of interest. Mt. ing and that of the mill itself are substantially dent. The graphitic schist which, under the Sicker owes its present development to the constructed, with cement floors, concrete foun¬ microscope, is seen to be composed of quartz fact that in 1897 a forest fire swept bare the dations and brick walls. and calcite or dolomite very much crushed and hillside, disclosing a gossan outcrop, which The managers of the plant, Messrs. Bonne- broken up into a fine mass, with veinlets of proved to be the capping of large and rich vie & Lee, have for many years been well graphite running all through it, evidently dif¬ orebodies. known as mill designers and mining engineers, fers in origin from the foregoing and presents Rising abmptly from the Westholme valley and the metallurgist in charge, Mr. C. A. Hoyt, one of the numerous and interesting problems on the west, through which runs the Esquimalt has had long and valuable experience in smelt¬ in connection with these ore deposits which & Nanaimo railway, the mountain reaches a ers and mills, having been lately connected yet remain to be solved. The composition sug¬ height of nearly 2,000 ft. Conical in shape, with the Metallic Extraction Company, at gests that it is a disguised sedimentary, but rugged in outline, covered from base to sum¬ Florence, Colo., under the management of Mr. present structure affords no clue to past his¬ mit by large and dense timber, the topography Philip Argali. tory, unless the schistosity is interpreted as in no way differs from that of the major por¬ conforming to original bedding planes. A thin tion of Vancouver Island. Soil and an accu¬ slice of the nearest dike, which runs parallel IRON AND STEEL IN FRANCE. mulation of forest debris render the prospect¬ to the footwall, shows the rock to be a diabase, Official figures, recently published, give the or’s task arduous and the study of geologic or closely allied rock; but it is so completely conditions difficult. The known orebodies oc¬ production of pig iron in France for the first altered and the original structure so obscured half of the year as follows, in metric tons: cur near the summit of the mountain, on its that its exact determination was not possible. eastern slope, in a wide band of crystalline 1903. 1904. Changes. It contains a considerable amount of titanifer- Foundry iron. 270,301 287,423 1.17,122 schist which has an east-west trend. The lat¬ Forge and steel pig .... 1,095,120 1,193,214 1.98,094 ous iron, which is shown by the development eral extent of the schist is obscured by a bed of leucoxene at'the perimeter of the sulphides— Total. 1,365,421 1,480,637 I. 115,216 of unconformably overlying Cretaceous shale, a common constituent of these rocks. The production of wrought, or puddled, which originally covered the whole mountain. The ore is chalcopyrite, associated with py- iron reported was 318,745 metric tons in 1903, This shale, where in evidence, conforms to rite, blende and galena, in a gangue consisting and 279,264,tons in 1904, a decrease of 39,481 the general structure of the hills, forming mainly of barite, with some quartz and calcite. tons. [' The production this year included anticlinal and synclinal folds, affording un¬ The average assay of ore sent from the Tyee I7>3S4 tons of sheets and plates, and 261,910 doubted proof that the mountain is an uplift mine during the year was: tons of bars, shapes and miscellaneous prod¬ of comparatively recent date. ucts. The production of steel for the half-year An intricate igneous complex is formed by Copper. 4.56 per cent. Silver. 2.87 was as follows, in metric tons: numerous dikes, which traverse the schist along Gold. 0.14 Iron. 11.94 “ 1903. 1904. Canges. the same general strike. These dikes appear Zinc. 6.60 “ Steel ingots. 942,658 1,042,673 I. 100,015 Silica. 13.50 “ to be of considerable extent, but underground Alumina. 3.95 “ Rails. 118,541 137,619 1.19,078 development has revealed the fact that they Barium sulphate. 37.30 “ Sheets and plates. 153,290 149,911 D. 3.379 Lime. 2.20 “ Stnictural and merchant are narrow, having overflowed on reaching Magnesia. trace. steel. 394,740 464,120 I. 69,380 the surface. The schist, in general, is light Sulphur (as sulphides). 16.62 “ Total finished steel.. 666,571 751.650 I. 85,079 green in color, with alternating bands of gray This analysis may be taken as typical of the The figures for finished steel are not quite and black, due to the presence of graphite. It Mt. Sicker deposits. complete, some minor products not being re¬ dips steeply north at an angle of 85°, but fault¬ The gold values are wonderfully constant; ported. The statement includes both bessemer ing and later intrusions have produced marked individual assays have seldom failed to give an and open-hearth steel, which are not given local variations both in dip and strike. The appreciable amount. As no visible gold has separately. rock has been broken by dislocations, along been found, except in one instance, this metal which the ores have been deposited, forming is evidently very finely distributed throughout large lenticular masses, which conform, in the the ore; these facts indicate its probable depo¬ RADIUM IN AMERICAN CARNOTITE. main, to the schistosity both in strike and dip; sition contemporaneously with the other metals. —In a recent paper before the American Philo¬ but cases are not wanting where the ore ap¬ Oxidized minerals are rarely found either in sophical Society, Alexander H. Phillips de¬ pears ,to cross the dip of the country, although the Lenora or Tyee mines, the main bodies of scribes experiments made by him with ore from with such soft and easily mashed materials it ore being pure sulphides. The gossan, which Richardson, Utah, containing about 10 per cent is difficult to measure the unconformity. The led to their discovery, is only exposed for about of camotite. The radio-activity of the product orebodies have a well-defined footwall, wonder¬ a hundred feet on either side of the western obtained was deemed sufficiently high to indi¬ fully strong and persistent. As found in the boundary between the above claims; no evi¬ cate that radium could be produced in quantity lower workings of the Lenora, Tyee and Rich¬ dence whatever exists on the surface of the from carnotite, at least from this locality, as ard HI mines, over a distance of 2,000 ft., this large bodies which have been developed in an 25 lb. of rather a lean ore had been used. footwall carries an almost unvarying dip and easterly direction in the Tyee. The ore ap¬ Had a ton been worked over in the same way strike; it is separated from the ore-bearing pears to pitch into the mountain; as, in the it would yield a gram of chlorides of 60,000 zone by a clay selvage, in places two feet thick. Richard III mine, which extends from the radio-activity as compared to uranium. This There is no hanging wall to the orebodies as eastern Tyee boundary, a considerable depth specimen was separated in November, 1902, far as present exploitation indicates, although had to be reached before ore was encountered. and is as active now as then. the country has been cross-cut for a distance Here, however, oxidation has played its part, Camotite is comparatively a new mineral, of nearly 400 feet. and the ore, while giving evidence of its origi¬ having been described by Friedel and Cumenge Single specimens of most of the rocks have nal similarity to that found in the Tyee, has in July, 1899, and for this reason it is not been examined microscopically. The footwall been subjected to reconcentration, resulting in found in most books on mineralogy, and is is a porphyrite, very much sheared and altered, the formation of the richer sulphides. Pure therefore but little known to the general pros¬ showing the typical porphyritic structure and oxide or carbonate is rare. About a hundred pector. It was first discovered in the western containing phenocrysts of a lime-soda feldspar feet to the north of the main line of ore depo¬ part of Colorado, and occurs in Montrose, San and hornblende in a holocrystalline ground- sition in the Tyee a separate and apparently Miguel and Mesa counties of that State and mass. Strain phenomena are developed to a distinct ‘vein’ has been found, which has proved the adjacent counties of Utah. It is a uranyl marked degree, and much of the feldspar has more susceptible to the influence of downward- potassium vanadate with three molecules of been altered into epidote and the hornblende moving surface waters, resulting in secondary- water of crystallization. Carnotite occurs as into chlorite. The ordinary green schist of the minerals down to the depth of 165 ft., which a light canary-colored powder disseminated mineralized country represents a very much is the greatest that has been reached on it; the through a fine-grain sandstone. It is easily more sheared and altered condition of the same same conditions are found, however, at over soluble in acids, and is treated in this way for rock. Whether the metamorphism is of ther¬ 500 ft. on this same ‘vein’ in the Richard III. the commercial production of uranium salts. mal or dynamic origin is a question which can The orebodies, as is usual in schistose rocks. 674 THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904. are lenticular and irregular in form, both verti¬ A MmiRG ORGANIZATION IN WESTERN MANGANESE ORE IN INDIA. cally and horizontally; at the 165-ft. level in TEXAS. . The official report for 1903 of statistics of the Tyee, where they have received their greaf« For some time there has been a movement production in India says that the most re¬ est development, they continue, in a more or on foot to secure the attendance of mining markable development has taken place in re¬ less connected line, for the whole 1,500 ft. of men at a meeting to be held in Marfa, in Pre¬ cent years in the mining of manganese ore the claim, extending westward into the Le- sidio county, Texas. Invitations have been in that country. This industry commenced lit¬ nora and eastward into the Richard III, sent to all persons interested in the develop¬ tle more than 10 years ago by quarrying in the pinching and swelling in a marked manner. ment of the mining industry in the western deposits in the Vizianagram State, and from In places the bodies are 40 ft. wide, remark¬ section of Texas; and from replies received an output of 3,130 tons in 1893, the produc¬ ably clean and free from waste. by those who have the matter in hand it is tion rose rapidly to 87,126 tons in 1899, when The change from ore to country is sudden thought that a considerable number will be the richer deposits in the Central Provinces and well defined. The former may be said, in present. were also attacked, and are now yielding a general, to conform to the schistosity of the The meeting is for the purpose of discussing larger quantity of ore than the Vizianagram latter, but locally every conceivable uncon¬ matters of importance to the development of mines. In 1903 the total output reached a formity exists. That a considerable amount the region west of the Pecos river, an area as record of 171,800 tons, which places India of movement and pressure has taken place large as the State of South Carolina. In this among the first two of the countries produc¬ since the deposition of the ore is apparent area are the silver mines at Shafter, in Pre¬ ing high-grade manganese ore. The ore raised from the schistose structure which the latter sidio county, which have had an uninterrupted in the Central Province is of very high grade, has developed in places; the lamination planes and successful life of nearly twenty years; the ranging from 51 to 54 per cent metal, and in are parallel to the footwall, and also to those quicksilver deposits at and near Terlingua, in consequence of its high quality is able to pay of the country, showing the movement to have Brewster county, in which successful opera¬ the heavy tax of freight over 500 miles of been similar to that much greater and older tions have been conducted for the last four railway, besides the shipment charges to Europe one, which rendered the rock itself schistose. years; the deposits of white and black marble and America, for the whole of the ore is ex¬ These movements have given rise to post¬ south of Paisano Pass, in Brewster county, ported, to be used principally in steel manufac¬ mineral faulting, which is plainly to be seen in and within 14 miles of the line of the Southern ture in Great Britain, Germany and the United ‘slickensided’ surfaces; but such faulting is, Pacific railway; the variegated and white mar¬ States. in general, at a small angle to the wall bound¬ ble near Eagle Flat, and north of Van Horn By far the largest proportion of ore is raised ing the deposits, and, while'clay-slips and in El Paso county and near Valentine in Pre¬ in the Nagpur district, though work has been selvages remain as evidence of the latter, it is sidio county; large deposits of a fine gray gran¬ begun in the districts of Bhandara and Balag- extremely doubtful whether even the most ite, near Altuda in Brewster county, four miles hat, while prospecting operations are in prog¬ scientific examination would suffice to reach a from the Southern Pacific railway, and a beau¬ ress in the Chhatisgarh district, in the Jhabua satisfactory conclusion as to the amount of tiful graphic granite along the proposed line State in Central India, and a few other places, throw in the midst of such conditions. of the Kansas City, Mexico & Orient railway, besides Vizianagram, where mining still con¬ The form of the orebodies follows no rule. on Alamito creek in Presidio county; the cop¬ tinues. The work hitherto has been little more The dislocating forces which produced the per-silver ores of Sierra Diablo, north of Van than quarrying, and no approach to exhaustion cavities may have been due to the intrusion of Horn in El Paso county, and the silver-lead- can be said to have occurred in the chief de¬ the diabase dikes, forming channels for the zinc ores of the Quitman mountains, south of posits, which, however, are being worked for passage of mineralized solutions; but it is un¬ Lasca in the same county; the tin ores of the the highest grade of ore only. In the Nagpur certain whether these dikes came into existence Franklin mountains in El Paso county, and the area and in Vizianagram the ore occurs as before or after the formation of the orebodies. oil discoveries in Reeves county, north of lenses in the gneisses and schists, attaining although the conditions point to the former Toyah. a length in one case of six miles, and thickness, hypothesis as being the correct one. The fact Among the subjects proposed for discussion in the case of pure orebodies, of over 100 ft. remains, which is sufficient for the present dis¬ Layers of nodules also occur as the result of cussion, that the cavities must have been large are: (i) Changes in the mining laws by which the work of the prospector and mine the removal of crystalline limestone, through and due to profound movement. Metasomat¬ which the nodules were originally dissemi¬ ism may have taken place to a small extent, owner may be encouraged and facilitated; (2) railroad development; (3) the laying out and nated. In the Jubbulpur district the ore is of but no evidence of this has been noticed, and a lower grade, and is generally a manganifer- the marked and sudden change from ore to building of better roads into the mineral dis¬ tricts. ous limonite, formed by the alteration and con¬ rock precludes the holding of this view. Large centration of the manganese in the hematites bodies of so-called “mineralized schists” exist, This is the first attempt that has been made to interest prospectors and miners, operating which occur as constituents of the Dharwar too low in grade to constitute shipping ore, but, (Archean) schists. The most prominent, and nevertheless, carrying appreciable amounts of in west Texas, in the formation of an organi¬ zation for mutual benefit and for advertising soemtimes the only mineral in the purest ore- copper and gold. Here, no doubt, the solu¬ bodies is braunite, which is often accompanied tions were not confined to well-defined pass¬ the resources of that region. It holds possibili¬ ties of no mean order, and there is no reason by psilomelane. In parts of the Deccan plateau, ages and perforce spread out along the lamina¬ manganese ore occurs as nodules formed by tion of the schist. why such an organization should not be of concentration of the oxide in the decomposition No marked continuity in the vertical extent great value in attracting the attention of capi¬ products of the great basaltic lava-flows. of large bodies of ore is to be expected. The tal to this section of the State. While its min¬ schist, where subjected to such violent fractur¬ eral resources are to a great extent unknown, ing and movement, would not break in any yet a good deal of work was done there by the STATE COAL MINES IN NEW ZEA¬ definite or continuous cavity, but would rather former Geological Survey, and during the last LAND.—The colonial government of New form series, more or less unconnected, of len¬ few years the University Mineral Survey, sup¬ Zealand, which has been working a coal mine ticular chambers, now containing ore, which ported by direct appropriation, has still further at Seddonville for some time, is opening up a may be difficult to find and will necessitate a extended our knowledge of it. Practically all second mine at Port Elizabeth. The coal there large amount of exploration. of the mineral districts have been covered by is of better quality than at Seddonville, and it The presence of bands of schist containing the topographic maps of the United States Geo¬ is intended to work up to an output of 2,000 carbon in the form of graphite, in close prox¬ logical Survey, and the structural geology is tons weekly, as soon as the necessary machin¬ imity to the orebodies, is significant, affording, fairly well understood. ery is received. A branch railroad has already as they do, an ample re-agent for precipitating It would be well to form a Texas section been built to the new mine. metals contained in solution. The Tyee mine, of the International Miners’ Association, which which has made such an admirable record dur¬ has its headquarters at El Paso, and this MINING IN BRAZIL.—The British con¬ ing the last two years, has now reached the will be considered at the meeting. sul at Rio de Janeiro reports the following 600-ft. level, but no exploitation has been shipments of minerals and metals from Brazil carried on below the 300-ft. level. It will be INTERNATIONAL STEEL PRICE in 1903: Manganese ore, 161,926 metric tons; interesting to follow developments at the lower AGREEMENT.—A conference has just been gold bullion, 138,305 troy oz.; precious stones levels. As seen in the shaft, the same condi¬ held in Diisseldorf between delegates of the (mostly diamonds), value, £113,582; monazite, tions prevail as were found above—^the foot- German Steel Trust and Belgian and French 3,299 metric tons. During the year a con¬ wall is as strong and persistent as ever, and representatives, to consider an international cession was granted to a New Zealand syndi¬ the schist is heavily impregnated with copper agreement as to prices on joists and semi¬ cate for dredging on the Piracicaba river, and and iron sulphides. finished products. many other streams have been prospected. October 27, 1904. THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. 675

BOOKS REVIEWED. such as fire-engine pumps. The general prin¬ care to read of the development of man’s con¬ ciples of hydraulics, the work of pumps, etc, ceptions of the universe. Album of Drawings Relating to the Manu¬ are discussed in the first chapter of the book. To discuss in detail a work of such scope facture of Open-hearth Steel. By M. A. Manual of the Chemical Analysis of Rocks. would be unprofitable. It is enough to say Pavloff. Ekaterinoslav, Russia; published By Henry S. Washington. New York, 1904; that the book contains a great mass of well- for the author. With 51 plates and 4 pages John Wiley & Sons. London; Chapman & arranged information, and the chapter on cen¬ reference. Hall, Ltd. Pages, 183. Price $2. trifugal pumps is of especial value. Professor Pavloff has prepared this collec¬ The subject of rock analysis is an important tion of drawings for the use of the High one in geological science, not only in its rela¬ School of Mines at Ekaterinoslav, in which he tion to the descriptive and purely theoretical Black Hills Mining Men’s Association. Pa¬ is instructor in metallurgy. They constitute a branch of knowledge known as petrology, but pers on the Mining and Metallurgy of Black full collection, illustrating the construction of also in its bearing upon economical questions Hills ores. William Letson, Secretary. Dead- open-hearth steel furnaces in different coun¬ concerned with the source and genesis of ore wood, South Dakota; published by the As¬ tries, with brief references, showing the sources deposits and the formation of soils. The in¬ sociation. Pages, 136; illustrated. Price, 25 from which the illustrations were drawn. creased interest that has been shown of late cents. years in these departments of knowledge has This volume contains some statistics of the naturally given a stimulus to the study of the British Guiana. The Mining Ordinance and output of gold in the Black Hills, and a num¬ chemical constitution of rocks. This has been Mining Regulations. 1903. Georgetown, ber of interesting papers of the ores of that manifested in the numerous analyses of rocks Demerara; Government Printer. Pages, 100. district, the mining practice and the metallur¬ gathere^d from all parts of the world, and in This little volume contains the mining law gical treatment. The papers have been written the great refinement with which the work is and regulations governing prospecting and by men who are actively engaged at various now done. Indeed, rock analysis has developed mining in British Guiana. The law is given mines and mills in the district, and give rec¬ into a comprehensive study, with its own meth¬ in full, and a complete index is added, giving ords of actual practice in the treatment of ore, ods and problems. The present work has been references which enable the reader to look up its results, and, in several cases, its cost The undertaken for the purpose of instructing those quickly any desired point. Some pages are authors include a number of well-known min¬ who have had little or no experience in the appended, giving directions as to the care of ing men and metallurgists, who have been will¬ subject, except that gained in the ordinary health and the treatment of the malarial fever ing to give the results of their work for the course of quantitative analysis. It is not an and intestinal diseases, which commonly attack benefit of their colleagues. The papers are pre¬ attempt to make a complete treatise, but to newcomers in many parts of the colony. sented in good, clear type, with many illustra¬ describe selected methods of rock analysis tions. The information given is of the prac¬ which have been approved by competent chem¬ The Thomas Iron Company. Proceedings of tical kind, which is welcomed by mining men ists. At the same time, the plan of treatment the Special Meeting to Celebrate the Fif¬ everywhere, and the book ought to be inter¬ is wisely limited to silicate rocks, as coal tieth Anniversary of the Formation of the esting to mining engineers, as showing how and other organic matter and salines more Company. Hokendauqua, Pa.; published by the men of one district have worked out the properly come in the province of the text¬ the Company. Pages, 64; illustrated. problems presented to them—problems which book on assaying. This is an interesting report of the meeting are likely to be encountered in many other re¬ There is no doubt that there is a need for held to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary gions. just such a book as Mr. Washington has sup¬ of this well-known iron company. The meet¬ plied. With the exception of Hillebrand’s ing was held June i last, and was briefly re¬ The Study of the Atom. By F. P. Venable. treatise, which was published as a special bul¬ ported in the Journal at that time. The pres¬ Easton, Pa., 1904; the Chemical Publishing letin of the United States Geological Survey, ent pamphlet contains the speeches made at the Company. Pages, 290. no work has been issued covering the ground meeting, with extracts from letters and other Whether or not men can to-day see farther from a modern standpoint. The general text¬ notes. It is handsomely illustrated and printed. into the infinite than in the time of the Pytha¬ books on quantitative analysis are wholly in¬ In connection with the fine history of the com¬ goreans is one of those propositions that can adequate. Moreover, the treatise by Hille- pany, which was distributed at the time of the be discussed again and again without reaching brand was written rather as a guide to the celebration, it constitutes a valuable record of a definite conclusion. The accumulation of practiced analyst than for the instruction of the life of a company which was in many ways knowledge during 2,500 years has formed the student. Mr. Washington has earned well- a pioneer in the iron manufacture in this coun¬ a great area of firm ground in the foggy ocean deserved distinction among the workers in try, and which has preserved its identity and of the unknown. Because man’s field of vision the special field of petrology, and we have no independence through all the period of com¬ is so much greater, it does not follow that his hesitation in commending the present vohime. bination and consolidation. As to the manage¬ vision is keener. Professor Venable, in the ment, it is enough to say that Thomas iron book noticed here, does not attempt to pass has always been the standard for a high qual¬ BOOKS RECEIVED. judgment on the question. Instead, he tries ity of pig iron. Both the volumes referred to to give, in simple and lucid style, a summary of do great credit to President B. F. Fackenthal, In sending books for notices will publishers, for their the views of many students and philosophers OTO sake and for that of book buyers, give the retail Jr., who was, it is understood, mainly their who have offered theories of the constitution of price? These notices do not supersMe review in a sub¬ author and entirely their editor. sequent issue of this Journal. the universe, and, in particular, the rise and development of one of the theories which Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects. Les Pompes. By R. Masse. Paris, France, springs from the early cosmogonies, and has By James Douglas. New York; John Wiley 1903; Vve. Ch. Dunod. Pages, 528; illus¬ been known for 2,400 years as the atomic the¬ & Sons. London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd. trated. ory. The field thus includes man’s study of Pages, 84. Price $1. This elaborate treatise has some decided the atoms, speculative and experimental, from Censo y Division Territorial. Estado de Chi¬ merits. Like most French books on technical the dawn of science to the present day. huahua. Pages, 296. Estado de Coahuila. subjects, its style is simple and direct, in addi¬ The author summarizes in order: the views Pages, 208. Mexico; published by the Sec- tion the typography is good and the many cuts of the ancients on the nature of matter and. the retarie de Fomento. which are of varying excellence are placed developments of experimental science from the where they belong in the text. The broad Greek philosophers to Dalton, and then takes The Precious Metals in the West of England. By J. H. Collins. Reprinted from the Jour¬ scope of the work is due to its being a com¬ up the atomic theory in detail, discussing the nal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. pilation of a series of articles published in the relative weights of the atoms, the periodic sys¬ Pamphlet, 18 pages. Revue de Mecanique, describing the types of tem, valence, affinity and the constitution of pumps shown at the Paris Exposition of 1900, matter. As noted before, the author offers a Elements of Mechanical Drawing. By A. P. including a study of the theory of each type summary rather than an argument. His views Jamison. New York; John Wiley & Sons. and a detailed description of its construction may be inferred from a statement in the in¬ London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd. Pages, 240; and operation. The author groups pumps into troduction: ‘This theory has held a longer life illustrated. Price, $2.50. four classes, reciprocating pumps, whether than any other philosophic or scientific con¬ Manual of the Chemical Analysis of Rocks. direct or indirect acting; continuous action ception; and has to-day more nearly its an¬ By Henry S. Washington. New York;-John pumps, including rams, ejectors, pulsometers, cient form.’ This book is a good short his¬ Wiley & Sons. London; Chapman & Hall, etc.; and, lastly, pumps haVing special features. tory of the theory, and will interest all who Ltd. Pages, 184. Price, $2. 676 THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904.

Annual Report of the Register of the United nearer the time when the smelters will take ABSTRACTS OF OFFICIAL REPORTS. States Treasury. Year Ending June 30, 1904. hold seriously. Hitherto they have postponed Judson W. Lyons, Register. Washington; the alterations in their work, which will enable Quicksilver Mining Company. Government Printing Office. Pages, 24. them to use the Colorado ores, preferring to The mine and reduction works of this com¬ go on with their present furnaces, using the Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. pany, capitalized at $10,000,000, are situated Volume XXII, for 1902. George M. Bowers, better Missouri ores, and taking their chances at New Almaden, in Santa Qara county, Cali¬ Commissioner. Washington, 1904; Govern¬ on getting a supply. To most of the works fornia. In the year ending April 30, 1904, the these changes will be rather a serious matter ment Printing Office. Pages, 640; illustrated. earnings and expenses were: of expense, probably. Outside of that, how¬ Geological Survey of Tasmania. Report on the ever, there is no reason why they should not From quicksilver sales.$184,803 Zeehan Silver-Lead Mining Field. By George Rents. 10,789 Waller. Hobart, Tasmania; Government take the western ores, as the Belgian smelters Interest. 615 Printer. Pages, 104; with map and two do now. The point may be reached where they Total earning.$196,107 will have to do it, if they are going to live Cash on hand, April 30,1903. 31,549 plates. at all. That is, the Joplin people may hold Total. $227,656 Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines. The For materials and supplies. $33,055 their ores up to such a point that no profit can Pay-rolls. 146,455 Quarrying Industry of Missouri. By E. R. be made by smelting it—^and the smelters must Taxes. 2,512 Buckley and H. A. Buehler. Jefferson City, Miscellaneous. 1,641 be allowed a little profit, the same as the rest Mo.; State Printers. Pages, 372; with maps Total payments.$183,663 of us. and illustrations. This brings me to another point in your The difference of $43,993 was distributed as Report of the Director of the Imperial Mint, correspondent’s letter, in which I am more follows: Remitted to New York office, $5,005; Osaka. For the 37th Year of Meiji. {Year particularly interested. He says that flour fol¬ held as cash, April 30, 1904, $38,988. ending March 31, 1904). T. Hasegawa, Di¬ lows wheat, cotton-goods, cotton, and the like. The credit balances of property accounts on rector. Tokyo, Japan; printed by the Insetsu Now the cases may be similar, but they are April 30, 1904, were: Quicksilver on hand, Kyoku. Pages, 40. not the same. Spelter is not a necessary of $28,741; supplies, $16,967; ore at hacienda, $32,- Statistics of Mineral Production in India for life. On the contrary, it is about the least 892; cash on hand, $38,988; remitted to New the Ten Years, 1894-1903. Prepared under necessary of the important metals. Its price York office, $5,005; total, $122,593. the supervision of the Director-General of is not regulated by the cost of producing it in The earnings in excess of expenditures for Statistics. Calcutta, India; Government a certain district, nor by the cost of ores in the year were $1,763, to which should be added Printing Office. Pages, 8. one or more districts. It is regulated by the ore value increase of $8,385, showing a net Second Report of the Geological Survey of demand, and that is of such a nature that any profit of $10,148. Natal and Zululand. William Anderson, attempt to advance prices above a normal level There were 4,340 flasks (of 76.5 lb. each) of Government Geologist. London, England; immediately checks consumption. The railroad quicksilver produced, having an average value West, Newman & Company. Pages, 180; and the builder must have iron and steel; the of $40,495 or $175,747 in all. Sales were 4,518 with maps and illustrations. electrician must have copper; lead is indispen¬ flasks, at an average price of $41,075 per flask, sable for a hundred every-day uses; but if it New South Wales Statistical Register. 1903. or $184,803 in all. Deducting from this quan¬ comes to a pinch we can get along for a while Part III. Land Settlement. Part IX. Agri¬ tity 879 flasks unsold on April 30, 1903, then culture. Compiled by T. A. Coghlan, Govern¬ without galvanized sheets and sheet zinc. And valued at $43, or $37,797, leaves 3,639 flasks as ment Statistician. Sydney, N. S. W.; Gov¬ people will do so if the price goes too high. the product for the 12 months ending April 30, ernment Printer. Pages, 32 and 124. The fact is, that in this case it is the price 1904 which sold at an average of $40,397, or of the finished product, determined by demand $147,006. There has been consigned to the California State Mining Bureau. Bulletin No. for it, which should regulate the price of the Eureka Company a total of 701 flasks, valued at 35. California Mines and Minerals. Pre¬ raw material, or ore. $41 per flask, or $28,741. pared under direction of Lewis E. Aubury, I do not mean to say that I grudge the Joplin The average cost per flask of the 4,340 flasks State Mineralogist. Sacramento, Cal.; State mines their profits, or want to see them working produced in the year under review was as fol¬ Printing Bureau. Pages, 60; with maps and for nothing. I am not only willing that they lows : Payroll, $33,745 per flask; supplies, illustrations. should make money, but am pleased to know $7.99; miscellaneous and taxes, $0,957; total, Iowa Geological Survey. Volume XIV. An¬ that they are doing so. But there is reason in $42,692. Less rents and miscellaneous, $2,605; nual Report, 1903, with Accompanying Pa¬ all things, and it is always good policy “to let increase ore account at hacienda, $1,930; show¬ pers. Samuel Calvin, State Geologist; T. E. the other fellow have a chance.” ing a net average cost of $38,157 per flask. De¬ Savage, Assistant State Geologist. Des With regard to the recent exports of spelter, ducting from this the average value of $40,495, Moines, Iowa; published for the Survey. it ought to be understood that they relieved us leaves a net profit of $2,338 per flask. Pages, 664; illustrated. of a surplus stock, which was rather a weight Comparing the fiscal year just ended with Statistical Compilations on Lead, Copper, Zinc, upon the market If the smelters who supplied the previous 12 months, there is shown a de¬ Tin, Silver, Nickel, Aluminum and Quick¬ the metal made some concessions, as they prob¬ crease of $27,032 in total earnings; a decrease silver, 1894-1903. Eleventh Year. Compiled ably did, they found their interest and profit in of $4,664 in expenses, and an increase in net by the Metallgesellschaft and the Metallur- getting rid of the surplus, and down to a safe profits of $4,366. The decrease in earnings is gische Gesellschaft, A. G. Frankfort-on- basis. This is rather a side-issue, however, explained by the reduction in output of 405 Maine, Germany; the Metallgesellschaft, and does not affect the main question of ore- flasks, and a depreciation of $2,312 per flask in Pages, 68. prices. In the last analysis these must depend price. The earnings from quicksilver would upon the price fixed by the demand for the be still less were it not for the fact that the CORRESPONDENCE. metal. cost of production per flask was $38,157, as What zinc miners and smelters ought to do against $41.59 last year. This reduction of is to cultivate and extend the uses of the We invite correspondence upon matters of interest $3-433 in expenses is owing to the smaller to the industries of mining and metallurgy. Com¬ metal as much as possible. There are many wages paid and less cost for supplies con¬ munications should invariably be accompanied with ways to do this, but it is not possible to go the name and address of the writer. Initials only will sumed; also to the increase of ore account at be publi^ed when so requested. into them now; it would take too much space. Letters should be addressed to the Editor. the hacienda, rentals, and interest on deposits We do not hold ourselves responsible for the opin- Metal Dealer. in bank; these items are somewhat offset by ons expressed by correspondents. New York, Oct. 21, 1904 increases in taxes and miscellaneous expendi¬ tures. The taxes were higher than the pre¬ Spelter and Zinc Ore Prices. A s,ooo-bbl. cement plant will produce daily ceding year by reason of the State Board of The Editor: approximately 427 tons of carbon dioxide from Equalization having raised the assessed value Sir—I have been much interested in the re¬ the raw material used, and 657 tons from the of all property in Santa Qara county 15 per marks of your correspondent “Spelter” on this coal consumed, making a total of 1,084 tons of cent for 1903-4. • subject, in the Journal for October 13. With a by-product that is wasted, although it is use¬ The smaller production of quicksilver this the more technical part of his remarks, on ful industrially. Equally important are the year is due to 6,131 tons less of ore having the use of western ores, I am not prepared to sulphuric acid, potash and soda contained in been hoisted than in 1902-3. This decrease is deal, and accept the facts as he gives them. the kiln gase», which are discharged into the attributed principally to furnace No. 2 being I can only say, in passing, that it seems to me atmosphere. The subject is worthy of care¬ out of commission the entire year, and fur¬ that every rise in Joplin ore prices brings ful consideration. nace No. 9 being closed down some time for re- October 27, 1904. THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. 677 pairs. The furnaces were 353 days less in op¬ grade than usual. This fact is due chiefly to QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. eration than for the previous year, which also the deterioration in the workings above the 800 accounts for the decrease in the hacienda pay¬ level. The ore obtained from these (‘vug’ and Queries should relate to matters within our special rolls of $2,726 for furnace and soot labor, and ‘intermediate’) has heretofore been of fair qual¬ province, such as mining, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc. Preference will be given to topics which supplies consumed, principally in the item of ity, the metal usually making along the hang¬ seem to be of interest to others besides the inquirer. We cannot give professional advice, which shotild be wood, $1,606. ing in seams several inches wide. The greater obtained from a consulting expert, nor can we give The average yield of all the ore reduced portion of .this territory is nearly worked advice about mining companies or mining stock. Brief replies to questions will be welcomed from correspondents. during the year shows a slight improvement, through to the Santa Rita West ground, where While names will not be published, all inquirers must send their names and addresses. Preference will, of owing to a better grade of ore having been ob¬ no ore of importance is showing. The 950 and course, always be given to questions submitted by tained the first half of this fiscal year, 0.448 1,000 levels, opened up this year, furnished a subscribers. per cent, against 0.418 per cent, for 1902-3. considerable quantity of low-grade ore and The cost of obtaining ore from the old dumps ‘tierras’ to the total output. Hydro-Metallurgy.—A discussion has arisen has fallen off $4,615, but the cost of daily labor, The total number of feet drifted, cross-cut, as to the true meaning and scope of the term transportation and some other items have in¬ sunk and upraised in the mine during the year hydro-metallurgy, and the writer would like creased. The expenditure for prospecting and was 4,159, at an average cost of $3,637 per foot to have your opinion on the subject. Would dead work amounted to $22,144, which is some¬ for labor and $0,296 for supplies (timber, lag¬ you understand the phrase, hydro-metallurgical plants to include stamp, concentrating, cyanid- what less than the previous year. ging and fuel not included), making $3,934 per ing and lixiviation work, or would it apply only There were mined 40,398 tons of rock, of ft., as against $3,071 for the previous year, which 11,051 tons were from prospecting and when 5,568 ft. work was done. to plants where chemical processes were em¬ dead-work, and 22,347 tons from vein and An improvement has been the removal of a ployed, and not to mills for concentration by stopes, yielding together 5,082 tons ‘granza,’ i6,ooo-gal. tank from the Hill to the hacienda, mechanical means? I remember seeing a dis¬ cussion on this subject in your columns some and 33,980 tons ‘tierras,’ or a total of 39,062 where it is being used for the storage of fuel tons ore. oil. time ago, but am unable to find the same now, and a reply giving the information desired The mine payrolls show that an average of At the hacienda, furnace No. 9 has been thor¬ would be much appreciated.—H. N. C. 151.636 men were employed for a total of oughly overhauled, and the condensers com¬ 47,390-25 days, at an average daily wage of pletely relined and faced with cement, while Answer.—The term hydfo-metallurgical $2,199, which makes the total expenditure for the partition walls have been rebuilt. The old treatment, or hydro-metallurgical plants or labor $104,240. condenser tank, which has been out of com¬ processes, is properly applied only when water The various Victoria workings, together with mission for some time, has been repaired, and is the direct vehicle of the metallurgical treat¬ El Colegio and Santa Rita West, have yielded the system of cast iron pipes, rendered useless ment, and not where it is merely a mechanical the greater part of the ore supply derived from by the action of acid, replaced by a set of earth¬ aid. Of course, water is used in nearly all the mine during the year. Small ore shipments enware pipes. These, being immersed in cool processes of treating ores, the only exception be¬ have been made from the Little Grover, San water, form an effective addition to the con¬ ing a very few employed where water is scarce Francisco and Main Tunnel workings, in ad¬ densing system. A new water-back, consisting and difficult to get. In the stamp mill, how¬ dition to the few tons obtained from the Clem¬ of II lengths of 4-in. pipe, has been put in ever, in concentrating plants and in similar ents and Los Angeles tunnels. A considerable the first condenser, and a marked improvement processes, the water is simply a mechanical quantity of ‘tierras’ was recovered from the old is shown by the increased quantity of quick¬ agent used in assisting the process; just as it is workings encountered in El Colegio, and de¬ silver now being obtained. Furnace No. 8 in washing iron ore or coal. In leaching ores velopment has been active in the old ground has been supplied with a complete set of new in lixiviating plants, such as cyanide plants for situated between the 900 and 1,000 levels in water-backs, and the tank condenser system the treatment of gold ores, or the leaching of Victoria. The San Francisco and Little Grover, renewed with six new flues. low-grade copper ores by acid solutions, water which contributed several thousand tons of A new cement floor has been built in close is the direct vehicle of the treatment, and these metal and ‘tierras’ last year, become exhausted, proximity to No. 7 and No. 9 furnaces, form¬ are properly called hydro-metallurgical proc¬ and were closed down in July, 1903, so that the ing a convenient place for drying and working esses and plants. total production of the mine shows a slight de¬ the soot. crease. The Santa Rita West workings deteri¬ RECENT DECISIONS AFFECTING THE orated considerably during the year. In pre¬ UTILIZING COKE-OVEN GAS.—The MINING INDUSTRY. ceding years this portion of the mine furnished Yorkshire Coal & Iron Company has recently a large part of the total output; but the main installed at its Tingley collieries, near Leeds, Spbcially Rbportbd. pillars lying in the general run of the ore have England, a large electrical plant, the power finally become exhausted, and the work done for which is obtained from gas-engines using Law Implies and Infers Notice of Defects for the present consists in blasting out the surplus gas from a battery of 40 by-product That Might Have Been Known.—A mine- low-grade mineral still showing. The proxim¬ ovens. These engines drive d3mamos, the owner, after he has or should have notice of ity of the old workings makes the prospect power from which is used for underground a defect, and the consequent prospective dan¬ of a permanent improvement uncertain. haulage, for lighting the colliery, and for ger to any of his employees who might then or The work in El Colegio has been extended to other purposes in surface work. The engines thereafter be employed in the vicinity of such within 40 ft. of the 300 level, in direct line are of the Cockerill type, and each is rated at defect, must repair it and make the surround¬ with the main tunnel. This tunnel has been 250 h.p., when running at the normal work¬ ings safe, and the law will imply and infer re-timbered and opened up to a point where ing speed of 120 revolutions per minute. This notice on the part of such employer of any communication with the working has been plant has been at work for some months with defects which by the exercise of ordinary care made by a winze, which serves as a gangway very satisfactory results. might have been known to him.—Montgomery for men and timber, and greatly facilitates the Coal Company v. Barringer (109 Appellate Court Reports, 185); Appellate Court of Illi¬ work. During the early part of the year the MINERAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS nois. working yielded some good ore, but the nearer OF SPAIN.—Imports of fuel into Spain for approach to the 300 level shows a decrease in the eight months ending August 31 were 1447,- the quality. Nearly the entire output is de¬ 349 tons of coal and 128,709 tons of coke. Ex¬ Mine-Owner Liable for not Sufficiently rived from old workings, and some good break ports of minerals for the eight months are re¬ Lighting Track.—^Where a motorman in rock and ‘tierras’ have been obtained from this ported by the Revista Minera as below, in charge of a train of cars on an electric railroad source. The method of square-setting has metric tons: in a mine was injured in a collision with a car been used throughout, which necessitates the 1903. 1904. Changes. negligently left on the track by the preceding use of a considerable amount of timber and Iron ore.6,318.998 4,899,041 D. 419,957 train, and the track was not sufficiently lighted Copper ore. 755.218 734.380 D. 20,838 labor in filling in the worked-out squares with Zinc ore. 84,589 86,1521. 1,663 to enable the motorman to see plainly obstruc¬ Lead ore. 1,822 3,6101. 1.788 waste, in order to properly support the loose Pyrites. 380.380 358,717 D. 21,663 tions so left, the proximate cause of the injury ground. It is probable that this working will Salt. 227,806 259,2051. 31.390 was the negligence of the mine-owner in fail¬ continue to yield low-grade ore throughout the Exports of metals were 28,250 tons pig iron, ing to provide proper lights, and not the negli¬ coming year, although an improvement in the against 28,049 tons in 1903; 20,909 tons copper, gence of the motorman’s fellow servant in quality of the output can not be looked for. against 20,058 tons; 1,551 tons zinc, against charge of the first train.—Central Coal & Iron The metal coming from the Victoria dur¬ 1,380 tons; 119,861 tons lead, against 107,863 Company v. Pearce (80 Southwestern Reporter, ing the last six months has been of a lower tons last year. 449) ; Supreme Court of Kentucky. 678 THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. October 27, 1904.

When Junior Locator Cannot Claim MINING AWARDS AT THE LOUISIANA Blue Ridge Enameled Brick Company, New¬ Rights in Lap as Extralateral.—Where PURCHASE EXPOSITION. ark, N. J., enameled brick. Tinius Olsen, Philadelphia, Pa., automatic there are two conflicting lode locations, each The following is a list of the awards made tensile cement-testing machine. having a portion of the apex of the same vein, by the juries in the Department of Mining and Falkenau-Sinclair Machine Company, Phil¬ and there is a conflict with reference to the adelphia, Pa., machine for testing cement. Metallurgy at the Louisiana Purchase Expo¬ dip rights within the surface rights of the two Lehigh Portland Cement Company, Allen¬ sition in St. Louis. We give in the first place locations, the senior location must prevail, and town, Pa., cement and products. the awards made to exhibitors resident in the Hennebique Construction Company, New the junior locator cannot claim rights in the United States: York, system of cantilever beam stairs for ce¬ lap under the doctrine of extralateral rights. ment construction. The legal end-lines of an original discovery GROUP IIS—GRAND PRIZES. Parker Russell M. M. Company, St. Louis, A. Leschen & Sons Rope Company, St. vein are the end-lines of veins within the fire brick and gas retorts. Louis, operating plant of wire rope tramway. Laclede Fire Brick Company, St. Louis, fire surface boundaries with respect to extralateral J. George Leyner Engineering Works Comr brick, tile, etc. rights.—Jefferson Mining Company v. An- pany, Denver, compressors, air drills and hoist¬ Evans & Howard Fire Brick Company, St. choria-Leland Mining & Milling Company (75 ing machinery. Louis, culvert and sewer pipes, fire brick, etc. Winkle Terra Cotta Company, St. Louis, Pacific Reporter, 1070) ; Supreme Court of GROUP 115—GOLD MEDALS. terra cotta. Colorado. Pittsburg Coal Company, Pittsburg, model Eimer & Amend, New York, radium, radium of coal mine and surface plant. minerals, etc. General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Great Northern Portland Cement Company, Parties Having Notice Bound by Issuance Y., electric mine locomotive. OF Patent.—Under the law of the United Baldwin, Mich., cement and products. Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Quincy Mining Company, Hancock, Mich., States governing application for mining patents, electric mine locomotives. copper ores and products. and providing for notice, which is equivalent to De Laval Steam Turbine Company, Newark, American Tripoli Company, Seneca, Mo., N. J., steam turbine connected to centrifugal a summons in a judicial proceeding, owners of tripoli. pumps. a claim overlapping on the surface, having a Vulcanite Portland Cement Company, Phil¬ William Ainsworth & Sons, Denver, assay adelphia, cement and products. portion of the apex in the same vein, who fail and analytical balances. Atlas Portland Cement Company, New York, to make any protest to the application are con¬ Salt Lake Hardware Company, Salt Lake, cement and products. Utah, analytical balances. cluded by the patent issued by the land depart¬ American Cement Company, Philadelphia, Keystone Driller Company, Beaver Falls, ment as fully as if an adverse had been filed cement and products. Pa., well-drilling machinery and appliances. North Carolina Talc & Mining Company, and suit in support thereof had been brought American Diamond Rock Drill Company, Hewitt, N. C., talc 'and manufactured prod¬ and determined against the adverse.—Jeffer¬ New York, diamond drilling machinery. ucts. son Mining Company v. Anchoria-Leland Min¬ Lidgerwood Manufacturing Company, New Boston & Montana Consolidated Copper & York, mine and quarry hoists. ing & Milling Company (75 Pacific Reporter, Silver Mining Company, Butte, Mont., silver Trenton Iron Company, Trenton, N. J., wire and copper ores.’ 1071) ; Supreme Court of Colorado. rope tramway appliances. Tiffany Enameled Brick Company, Mo- Keuffel & Esser, New York, mine surveying mence, N. Y., enameled brick and tile. instruments. Herbert H. Hughes, St. Louis, method of Mining Law of the Dominican Republic.— W. & L. E. Gurley, New York, surveying in¬ coal combustion. United States Consul-General T. C. Dawson struments. Helderberg Cement Company, Albany, N. Y., reports that, on May 25, 1904, a new mining Denver Fire Clay Company, Denver, exhibit cement and products. of clay goods for assay purposes. Davis Colliery Company, Elkins, W. Va., law was adopted by the provisional government Austin Manufacturing Company, Chicago, then in power in Santo Domingo. In fram¬ coal and model of surface workings. well-drilling machinery and appliances. Cyrus Borgner, Philadelphia, fire brick and ing it, the Mexican law was largely used as a St. Louis Well Drilling Machinery and Tool other refractory materials. model, and the advice of gentlemen experi¬ Company, St. Louis, well drilling machinery and appliances. GROUP 118—GRAND PRIZES. enced in obtaining mining concessions in vari¬ Watt Mining Car Wheel Company, Barnes- Allis-Chalmers Company, Chicago, mining ous countries was taken. Among its most note¬ ville, Ohio, mine cars and car wheels. machinery and metallurgical equipment. worthy provisions are: Jeansville Iron Works, Hagerstown, Pa., Bethlehem Steel Company, South Bethlehem, 1. That any one, native or foreign, may take mine and quarry pumps. Pa., heavy ordnance, special steel castings and E. G. Harris, Rolla, Mo., working plant of out a permit to prospect on private property forgings. Harris pneumatic pumping system. Goldschmidt Thermit Company, New York, on making a deposit to cover damages caused GROUP 116—GRAND PRIZES. ' welding process, equipment in operation. by his operations. American Coal Products Company, New International Nickel Company, New York, 2. That the owner of the 'land shall have a York, coal by-products. nickel, nickel steel, nickel alloys, copper. preference for a period of only two months, Solvay Process Company, Syracuse, N. Y., Manganese Steel Safe Company, New York, manganese steel castings, safes and vaults. and, if he avails himself of it, must repay the salt and by-products. Pittsburg Reduction Company, Pittsburg, prospector all disbursements already made, Tiffany & Co., New York, gems and precious stones. aluminum and its products. plus one-third of the value of the whole mine. Northwestern Terra Cotta Company, Chi¬ Norton Emery Wheel Company, Niagara 3. That applications for mining concessions cago, collective pavilion and terra cotta. Falls, N. Y., a new artificial abrasive, alun- are to be made to the provincial governor, who, Pike Manufacturing Company, Pike Sta¬ dum. Taylor Iron & Steel Company, High Bridge, on proof that 30 days’ notice has been pub¬ tion, N. H., abrasives. Standard Oil Company, New York, petro¬ N. J., manganese steel and its uses. lished, and in case the application covers pri¬ leum (crude and refined). Worth Bros. Company, Coatesville, Pa., steel vate land that the owmer has been personally United States Gypsum Company, Chicago, plates, boiler heads, etc. Morgan Construction Company, Worcester, notified, must, of course, certify the papers to gypsum and its products. Mass., rolling mills, flying shears, gas pro¬ the minister of industry for issuance of the Association of Portland Cement Manufactur¬ ers, collective exhibit of cement materials and ducer, &c. concession. their utilization. E. G. Acheson, Niagara Falls, N. Y., arti¬ 4. That in case the application covers prop¬ Fairmont & Consolidation Coal Company, ficial graphite and carborundum. Julian Kennedy, Pittsburg, blast furnace and erty held in common, and is made by one of New York, coals and coal mining. rolling mill construction. the joint owners, no personal notice need be Pittsburg Coal Company, Pittsburg, coal and coal mining. Austin Manufacturing Company, Chicago, given to the other joint owners, who natural¬ ore crushers and handling equipment. ly have no right of preference. This provision GROUP 116—GOLD MEDALS. Lanyon Zinc Company, St. Louis, metallic is especially important, since most of the land Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company, Cleveland, zinc in architectural and other forms. Ohio, charcoal iron industry. in the mining regions is held in comm