Aedes Aegypti En Martinique (Publications VI Et VII)

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Aedes Aegypti En Martinique (Publications VI Et VII) THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité : Biodiversité, Ecologie et Environnement Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Rodolphe Poupardin Thèse dirigée par Stéphane Reynaud et codirigée par Jean-Philippe David préparée au sein du Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine (LECA) dans l'École Doctorale Chimie et Sciences du Vivant (EDCSV) Interactions gènes-environnement chez les moustiques et leur impact sur la résistance aux insecticides Thèse soutenue publiquement le Vendredi 4 Mars 2011 devant le jury composé de : Mme Chantal Dauphin-Villemant Chargée de recherche au CNRS, Paris - Rapporteur Mme Hélène Roche Ingénieure de recherche au CNRS, Paris - Rapporteur Mme Catherine Bourgouin Directrice de recherche à l’Institut Pasteur, Paris - Examinatrice Mr René Feyereisen Directeur de recherche à l’INRA, Sophia-Antipolis - Examinateur Mme Mylène Weill Directrice de recherche au CNRS, Montpellier - Examinatrice Mr Patrick Ravanel Professeur à l’Université de Grenoble - Président 1 A ma famille, pour leur soutien et leur aide 2 3 Remerciements Cette thèse marque la fin de cinq belles années au sein de l‟écosystème que forme le laboratoire d‟Ecologie Alpine (de la première année de Master à aujourd‟hui). Beaucoup de personnes m‟ont soutenu et marqué à différents niveaux. J‟aimerais aujourd‟hui pouvoir les remercier : Jean-Philippe David, pour m‟avoir fait découvrir le monde de la recherche ! Je suis arrivé en Master 1 au LECA où tu m‟as offert l‟opportunité de faire un stage avec toi et je ne le regrette pas. Tu m‟as formé, soutenu et inculqué les notions qui m‟ont permis d‟évoluer et d‟avancer. Je te suis très reconnaissant pour ton encadrement exemplaire (que ce soit derrière une pipette ou un bar à Liverpool) et pour cela, j‟espère que nous continuerons un bon bout de chemin ensemble professionnellement et amicalement parlant. Tu es un exemple pour moi ! Stéphane Reynaud, pour ton encadrement et ta bonne humeur indéfectible! Travailler pendant ces 4 années avec toi (Master 2 et thèse) aura été un plaisir que ce soit professionnellement et humainement. Tu m‟as donné ta confiance et ton aide, je t‟en remercie. Bien sûr, je n‟oublierai jamais nos longues discussions « intellectuelles et philosophiques » du matin au café. Toi et Jean-Phi avez formé une superbe et très efficace codirection de thèse! Patrick Ravanel, j‟étais encore sous Biactol© (comprendre en licence de biologie sous anti acnéique) que tu m‟as inoculé le virus de l‟écotoxicologie ! Tu m‟as aussi surtout donné l‟envie d‟enseigner. J‟aimerais te remercier pour cela mais aussi de m‟avoir accueilli au sein de l‟équipe « Perturbations environnementales et xénobiotiques ». T‟avoir comme tuteur pendant mon monitorat aura été un bonheur. Les membres du Jury, Chantal Dauphin-Villemant, Hélène Roche, Catherine Bourgouin, Mylène Weill et René Feyereisen pour avoir accepté d‟évaluer mon travail. C‟est un honneur pour moi que de vous avoir aujourd‟hui. J‟aimerais remercier spécialement les rapporteurs Chantal et Hélène pour leur efficacité quant aux délais relativement serrés. Bien sûr, Cette thèse ne serait pas sans les personnes qui m‟ont conseillé et dirigé au cours de mes différents comités de thèse à savoir Vincent Corbel, Laurence Després, Gaëlle Le Goff, mais aussi Chantal Dauphin-Villemant et Catherine Bourgouin. 4 Pierre Taberlet et Irène Till-Bottraud pour m‟avoir accueilli au laboratoire. Irène, je te remercie sincèrement pour ton soutien. Romain Blanc-Mathieu et Farid Khelalfa pour avoir été d‟excellents stagiaires et maintenant de très bons amis. J‟ai été très heureux de vous avoir connu. Romain, prochain rendez-vous en Angleterre ! Sébastien Marcombe, Ali Lamari et Emilie Guittard avec qui j‟ai pris grand plaisir à collaborer pendant ma thèse. Sébastien, ces quelques bières euh… microarrays avec toi nous auront permis de bien nous connaître, j‟espère que nos chemins se recroiseront ! Ali, la prochaine fois, c‟est moi qui débarquerai en Tunisie, non pas avec une blouse, mais plutôt un short et une crème UV50. Enfin, Emilie, même si à nous deux, nous avons réalisé un holocauste entomologique (injecter plusieurs centaines de larves ne nous garantit pas une place au Paradis), j‟ai été très heureux de cette collaboration. Mes collègues du bureau 219, notamment Angélique San-Miguel et Asam Riaz qui vont profondément me manquer ! Angélique, ta jovialité permanente et ton sourire ont été la lumière du bureau 219 ! Asam, ta gentillesse, ta serviabilité (ce n‟est pas tous les jours qu‟un collègue vient vous aider à quatre heures du matin pour des expérimentations) et ton sens de l‟humour vont me manquer…j‟espère sincèrement vous revoir mes amis. Je n‟oublie pas Guillaume Tétreau et sa méthode pédagogique révolutionnaire (ou l‟art de fixer l‟attention des étudiants) ; Mathieu Faure, mon digne héritier en tant que responsable cafétaria (organe vital du laboratoire) ; Mickael Catinon, mon ex-colloque ; Ozgür Kilinc, le pire ennemi des 35h ; Fabrice Grassein, mon maître en photographie et collègue de café attitré ; Alexia Chandor-proust, notre prêtresse en biochimie ; Emma Rosseto et Charlène Thedevuide, militantes de la cause blonde ; Catherine Fallecker, collègue et surtout amie ; Marie-Audrey Quintana, ma voisine de bureau durant quelques mois qui a su me supporter; Nicolas Legay, alias Dexter ; Jacky Girel, premier expert mondial en contrepèterie. Un remerciement particulier à Lucile Sage pour sa gentillesse et tous les services qu‟elle m‟a rendus. Lucile, cette thèse, je te la dois en partie. Je voudrais remercier également Michel Tissut, puits de science et premier être vivant connu à vivre une symbiose académique avec un épagneul Breton nommé « Bibi », je n‟oublierai pas nos conversations sérieuses et moins sérieuses … ; Sylvie Veyrenc, pour son 5 « doux caractère » que j‟aime tant et son aide ; Thierry Gaude, avec qui je partage de nombreuses passions comme le bricolage et la photo mais aussi Olivier Lontin, personne pour qui moi et mon ordinateur sommes très reconnaissants! Un grand merci à Delphine Rioux, Christian Miquel, Carole Poillot et Armelle Monier pour leur aide et leur gentillesse lors de mes expérimentations sur la plate-forme MarMol. Je n‟oublie pas les autres personnes du troisième étage que j‟ai côtoyées à savoir Alice Valentini, Aurélie Bonin, Wasim Shehzad et Frédéric Laporte. J‟ai eu l‟occasion durant ma thèse de faire plusieurs aller-retour à l‟école de médecine tropicale de Liverpool (LSTM) où j‟ai été très bien accueilli et accompagné… tellement bien accueilli que j‟y retourne pour un post-doctorat. Merci à Hilary Ranson, Clare Strode, Christopher Jones et les autres membres du LSTM. J‟ai également pu faire connaissance grâce à Catherine Bourgouin avec Isabelle Dusfour et Romain Girod de l‟Institut Pasteur de Guyane. Même si à cause de l‟emploi du temps et de l‟enchaînement des événements, je n‟ai pu donner suite à un projet de collaboration, j‟aimerais les remercier vivement pour le temps, la gentillesse et l‟aide qu‟ils ont su me consacrer et j‟espère sincèrement pouvoir travailler un jour avec eux. Si j‟ai beaucoup aimé enseigner, c‟est grâce à certaines personnes avec qui j‟ai travaillé comme Muriel Raveton et Serge Aubert qui m‟ont fait confiance mais aussi Patrick, Nelly et Caro du CUBE, merci à vous ! Un laboratoire, c‟est énormément de démarches administratives compliquées. Heureusement, grâce à Kim Pla et Florence Sagnimorte, cela s‟est transformé en un jeu d‟enfant. Je peux l‟avouer aujourd‟hui, bon nombre d‟ordres de mission et de bons de commande n‟étaient que des prétextes pour vous voir, merci à vous ! Par la même occasion, j‟aimerais remercier Laurence Salson-Rivière de l‟UFR de Bio. Je n‟omets pas les personnes qui ont quitté le LECA : Joëlle Patouraux, Joëlle Claustre, Bénédicte Poncet, Margot Paris, Fabien Laurent, Thomas Bouchardy et Julien Sérandour (alias Rourou). Enfin, j‟aimerais remercier de tout mon coeur mes parents et mon frère à qui je dois énormément pour leur soutien inconditionnel et sans faille ainsi que pour leurs sacrifices. Un grand merci à ma tendre coach personnelle et bien aimée, Juliette. 6 7 Avant propos Cette thèse sur articles déposée à l‟école doctorale Chimie et Sciences du Vivant (EDCSV) de l‟Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) résume le travail réalisé depuis Octobre 2007. Les trois premières années de cette thèse ont été financées par un contrat d‟allocataire de recherche couplé à contrat de moniteur. Depuis Octobre 2010, je suis financé grâce à un poste d‟Attaché Temporaire à l‟Enseignement et à la Recherche (ATER) à l‟UFR de biologie de l‟UJF. Les expérimentations ont été financées par l‟Agence National de la Recherche (ANR 07SEST014 MOSQUITO-ENV). Ce travail a donné lieu à la rédaction de sept articles (5 publiés, 1 soumis et 1 sous presse), à quatre communications de congrès (3 présentations orales et 1 poster) et à l‟encadrement de deux stagiaires (1 étudiant en Master 1ère année « Biodiversité, Ecologie et Environnement » et 1 étudiant en 3ème année de Licence de Biologie). Cette thèse m‟aura également permis de découvrir et d‟apprécier l‟enseignement qui me paraît, aujourd‟hui, indispensable pour la recherche. 8 9 Table des matières Chapitre I : Introduction générale I/ Biologie et écologie des moustiques ..................................................................................... 6 1/ Biologie et cycle de vie des moustiques............................................................................. 6 2/ Ecologie des gîtes larvaires. ..............................................................................................
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