DOCSLIB.ORG

First Report on Entomological Field Activities for the Surveillance of West Nile Disease in Italy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
First Report on Entomological Field Activities for the Surveillance of West Nile Disease in Italy Veterinaria Italiana, 44 (3), 499‐512 First report on entomological field activities for the surveillance of West Nile disease in Italy Luciano Toma(1, 2), Micaela Cipriani(1), Maria Goffredo(1), Roberto Romi(2) & Rossella Lelli(1) Summary Keywords West Nile virus (WNV) is neuropathogenic for Culex pipiens, Italy, Monitoring, Mosquito, birds, horses and humans and is maintained in West Nile, Surveillance, Virus. natural cycles between birds and mosquitoes, particularly the Culex genus; horses and Introduction humans are considered to be incidental hosts. West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito‐borne A surveillance plan was implemented in Italy virus that belongs to the family Flaviviridae and in 1998, following a limited outbreak of WNV is a member of the Japanese encephalitis equine encephalomyelitis and a WNV complex. WNV is neuropathogenic for birds, outbreak in France very close to the Italian horses and humans (59) and is maintained in border. This plan to assess the risks of the natural cycles between birds and mosquitoes, virus being introduced again included particularly those of the Culex genus. Horses entomological surveillance performed in and humans are considered to be incidental 15 study areas considered ‘at risk’ of WNV hosts (3). WNV is widely distributed in Africa, introduction in the country. Entomological the Middle East, Eurasia and, was introduced surveys conducted in Italy from 2003 to 2007 into North America more recently (23, 28, 44). resulted in the capture of a total of Human and animal infections were not 28 798 mosquitoes, of which there were documented in the western hemisphere until 14 765 adults and 14 033 larvae belonging to the 1999 outbreak that occurred in the New 22 species. According to the literature, eight of York City metropolitan area. In 2003, WNV the species identified have been found to be activity was reported in 46 states and caused naturally infected with WNV or were illness in over 9 800 people. Since its detection successfully infected in the laboratory in some in the United States in 1999, WNV has spread parts of Europe and in the United States, across 47 mainland states (65), resulting in a namely: Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1897) total of 27 598 cases with 1 086 deaths in (= Stegomiya albopicta), Aedes vexans (Meigen, humans (7). WNV occurred in Canada in 2001 1830), Anopheles maculipennis Meigen, 1818, (20) and reached the countries of the Caribbean Coquillettidia richiardii (Ficalbi, 1889), Culex and Central America in 2003 (8, 43). It has also modestus Ficalbi, 1889, Culex pipiens Linnaeus, been circulating in several countries in 1758, Culex theileri Theobald, 1903 and continental Europe and in the Mediterranean Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas, 1771) (= Aedes Basin. Recent outbreaks causing human caspius). encephalitis occurred in Algeria in 1994 (39), in Romania between 1996 and 2000 (62), in the (1) National Reference Centre for Exotic Diseases of Animals (CESME), Entomological Survey for West Nile Disease Surveillance in Italy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy [email protected] (2) Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate (MIPI) (Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-mediated Diseases), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy © IZS A&M 2008 www.izs.it/vet_italiana Vol. 44 (3), Vet Ital 499 First report on entomological field activities Luciano Toma, Micaela Cipriani, Maria Goffredo, for the surveillance of West Nile disease in Italy Roberto Romi & Rossella Lelli Czech Republic in 1997 (39), in Russia in 1999 performed using the complement fixation (CF) (26) and in Israel in 2000 (67). Epizootics of the test at the Italian National Centre for Exotic disease in horses occurred in Morocco in 1996 Diseases (CESME, Istituto Zooprofilattico (39), in Italy in 1998 (2) and in France in 2000 Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’ (39). One of the peculiarities of this flavivirus in Teramo). Subsequently, WNV was isolated is that it can be transmitted by different genera and identified by molecular analysis at the and several species of mosquitoes. To date, the Pasteur Institute in Paris in December 1998 list of mosquitoes in which WNV has been from two of the Italian horses presenting signs isolated includes at least 75 species, even if of encephalitis (2). This event, together with a additional mosquito species have been found more recent outbreak of WNV that occurred positive in the United States (West Nile virus very close to the Italian border in France (38) isolated, West Nile RNA detected or West Nile and the extensive presence in the country of antigen detected using a variety of diagnostic another potential vector, Ae. albopictus (50, 54), tests) (5, 6). WNV is enzootic primarily encouraged the Italian government to amongst birds (27) and appears less frequently implement a surveillance plan to assess the in mammals, with equines and humans risk of the virus being introduced yet again. considered to be dead‐end hosts (13). Culex Since 2002, the Italian Ministry of Health has pipiens is generally regarded to be the most approved a national plan based on serological competent vector of WNV in Europe and was and entomological surveys (involving sentinel possibly involved in the Cerbaie‐Fucecchio chickens and equines in the first case and outbreak (2) and in Romania, where it acted as mosquitoes in the second) by promulgating both enzootic and epizootic vector (55). three ministerial orders and a ministerial Nevertheless, to define the possible role of decree since 2007 November (30, 31, 32, 33). Cx. pipiens in the maintenance and This surveillance plan is implemented by the transmission of arboviruses, the bionomics of CESME in Teramo and is co‐ordinated by the the various mosquito biotypes need to be network of Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali understood (45, 66). located across Italy (which all belong to the This virus has also been detected in other Italian National Health/Veterinary Service) haematophagous arthropods. Amongst others, and by the Unit of Vector Control of the Istituto WNV has been detected in the biting midge Superiore di Sanità for entomological expertise. Culicoides sonorensis Wirth & Jones (Diptera: The authors present the results of the Ceratopogonidae) in the United States (41) and entomological survey that lasted five years and in 10 species of ticks (21) from six genera, covered the entire country. These results are namely: Argas, Ornithodoros (Ixodida: Argasidae), compared to information from the literature. Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus The results of this entomological inquiry (Ixodida: Ixodidae) (22, 37). However, the represent part of the ongoing surveillance precise role of these and other haemato‐ system that is focused on improving the phagous arthropods in the transmission of understanding of the ecology of WNV in Italy. WNV requires further investigation. A human epidemic of WNV has been ongoing Materials and methods in the United States since 1999, while limited outbreaks have occurred sporadically in Study areas southern Europe following the introduction of A total of 15 study areas considered ‘at risk’ for the virus by infected birds migrating from WNV introduction in Italy were selected for Africa with the subsequent involvement of longitudinal surveillance (Table I; Fig. 1) on local mosquito populations (40). the basis of features considered most suitable In Italy, a limited focus of WNV equine for virus circulation, such as the simultaneous encephalomyelitis involved 14 race horses at presence of humans, stock farms with horses, nine localities in four provinces of the Toscana migratory birds and mosquitoes. These areas Region (central Italy) in 1998. Diagnosis was were selected and defined in accordance with 500 Vol. 44 (3), Vet Ital www.izs.it/vet_italiana © IZS A&M 2008 Luciano Toma, Micaela Cipriani, Maria Goffredo, First report on entomological field activities Roberto Romi & Rossella Lelli for the surveillance of West Nile disease in Italy standardised criteria developed by the for a total of about 16 surveys per year for five Important Bird Areas (IBA) European years (2003‐2007). Adult mosquitoes were Programme (16) and in collaboration with the collected using Centers for Disease Control Italian National Institute for Wildlife (INFS) in (CDC) light traps and by aspiration in resting Bologna, namely: areas regularly inhabited by sites (mainly animal shelters); all samples were 20 000 or more water birds or by 1% of the stored in dry conditions. A total of 28 light individuals in a population of one species or traps were used, two for each study area; these subspecies of water birds (12). Study areas were placed in shaded positions that were were georeferenced and included in a list of sheltered from wind and rain at a distance of the Italian wetlands used for a waterfowl about 1.5 m from the ground. They were winter census. Italy was divided into a grid of operated from dusk to the early morning. In square units of 400 km2 (20 km each side) by addition, one trap was placed near an animal using geographic information systems (GIS). shelter and another near the henhouse where The extent of the ‘at risk’ areas included all the ‘sentinel’ chickens were stocked for the squares (comprising the monitoring sites) purposes of the serological surveillance. separated by a 20 km buffer drawn around the ‘Sentinel’ refers to cases when an animal (most centroids (15). often a chicken) is kept in a known location Entomological collection procedures (e.g. chicken coop) and its blood is sampled routinely (usually every week or two) and The collection of adult mosquitoes and larvae tested for the presence of WNV. If the test was performed by the staff of the Istituti reveals a positive result, this is an indication Zooprofilattici Sperimentali involved in the that virus is circulating in the area under study Italian national plan of WNV surveillance in (7).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Culex Pipiens S.S
    Mosquito Surveillance and Management in Turkey Filiz GÜNAY and Bülent Alten Native and non-native vector management in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) 18-20 April 2018, Cyprus MOSQUITO BORN DISEASES IN TURKEY 1970 2013 Vector species in Turkey Widespread in the 1994 - 2012 2017 Number of cases Number of Anopheles sacharovi Number of cases Number of Malaria past cases Anopheles superpictus 170.000 84.345 - 5 cases 101 285(MoH) West Nile Vector species in Turkey Culex pipiens s.s. Difficult to control Egean, Mediterranean, Blood samples from Human Central, South East, Birds Horse Dog and Cow Encephelitis Culex quinquefasciatus Anatolia Culex perexiguus Vector species in the world Aedes aegypti Rearly seen in Turkey Central Anatolia antigens in Dengue Aedes albopictus serum of animals Past studies on Mosquito Surveillance in Turkey Parrish 1959 Ramsdale et.al. 2001 Aldemir et.al. 2009 SOVE Simsek et.al. 2011 1 Anopheles algeriensis Anopheles algeriensis 2 Anopheles claviger Anopheles claviger § D Parrish 1959 3 Anopheles hyrcanus Anopheles hyrcanus 4 Anopheles maculipennis ss Anopheles maculipennis ss 5 Anopheles messeae The Mosquitoes of Turkey 6 Anopheles sacharovi Anopheles sacharovi 7 Anopheles melanoon Anopheles (subalpinus) melanoon Anopheles melanoon 52 Tür; Anopheles (13), Aedes (17), Culex (16), Culiseta (4), 8 Anopheles marteri Anopheles marteri 9 Anopheles plumbeus Anopheles plumbeus Uranotaenia (1), Orthopodomyia (1). 10 Anopheles pulcherrimus 11 Anopheles superpictus Anopheles superpictus 12 Acartomyia phoeniciae
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R
    Irish et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:559 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1848-z RESEARCH Open Access A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R. Irish1*, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin2, Mohammad Shafiul Alam2 and Ralph E. Harbach3 Abstract Background: Diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens remain an important source of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. To better control the vectors that transmit the agents of disease, and hence the diseases they cause, and to appreciate the diversity of the family Culicidae, it is important to have an up-to-date list of the species present in the country. Original records were collected from a literature review to compile a list of the species recorded in Bangladesh. Results: Records for 123 species were collected, although some species had only a single record. This is an increase of ten species over the most recent complete list, compiled nearly 30 years ago. Collection records of three additional species are included here: Anopheles pseudowillmori, Armigeres malayi and Mimomyia luzonensis. Conclusions: While this work constitutes the most complete list of mosquito species collected in Bangladesh, further work is needed to refine this list and understand the distributions of those species within the country. Improved morphological and molecular methods of identification will allow the refinement of this list in years to come. Keywords: Species list, Mosquitoes, Bangladesh, Culicidae Background separation of Pakistan and India in 1947, Aslamkhan [11] Several diseases in Bangladesh are caused by mosquito- published checklists for mosquito species, indicating which borne pathogens. Malaria remains an important cause of were found in East Pakistan (Bangladesh).
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera: Culicidae) in Southern Iran Accepted: 07-02-2017
    International Journal of Mosquito Research 2017; 4(2): 27-38 ISSN: 2348-5906 CODEN: IJMRK2 IJMR 2017; 4(2): 27-38 Larval habitats, affinity and diversity indices of © 2017 IJMR Received: 06-01-2017 Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Iran Accepted: 07-02-2017 Ahmad-Ali Hanafi-Bojd Ahmad-Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Moussa Soleimani-Ahmadi, Sara Doosti and Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Shahyad Azari-Hamidian School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Abstract Tehran, Iran. An investigation was carried out studying the ecology of the larvae of Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Moussa Soleimani-Ahmadi Bashagard County, Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. Larval habitat characteristics were recorded Social Determinants in Health according to habitat situation and type, vegetation, sunlight situation, substrate type, turbidity and water Promotion Research Center, depth during 2009–2011. Physicochemical parameters of larval habitat waters were analyzed for Hormozgan University of electrical conductivity (µS/cm), total alkalinity (mg/l), turbidity (NTU), total dissolved solids (mg/l), Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, total hardness (mg/l), acidity (pH), water temperature (°C) and ions such as calcium, chloride, Iran. magnesium and sulphate. In total, 1479 third- and fourth-instar larvae including twelve species representing four genera were collected and identified: Aedes vexans, Culex arbieeni, Cx. Sara Doosti bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. mimeticus, Cx. perexiguus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. sinaiticus, Cx. theileri, Cx. Department of Medical tritaeniorhynchus, Culiseta longiareolata, Ochlerotatus caballus and Oc. caspius. All species, except Cx. Entomology and Vector Control, bitaeniorhynchus, were reported for the first time in Bashagard County. Culiseta longiareolata (37.5%), School of Public Health, Tehran Cx.
    [Show full text]
  • Geospatial Risk Analysis of Mosquito-Borne Disease Vectors in the Netherlands
    Geospatial risk analysis of mosquito-borne disease vectors in the Netherlands Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr W. Takken Personal chair at the Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University & Research Co-promotors Dr C.J.M. Koenraadt Associate professor, Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University & Research Dr R.J.A. van Lammeren Associate professor, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing Wageningen University & Research Other members Prof. Dr G.M.J. Mohren, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr N. Becker, Heidelberg University, Germany Prof. Dr J.A. Kortekaas, Wageningen University & Research Dr C.B.E.M. Reusken, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands This research was conducted under the auspices of the C.T. de Wit Graduate School for Production Ecology & Resource Conservation Geospatial risk analysis of mosquito-borne disease vectors in the Netherlands Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 1 February 2019 at 4 p.m. in the Aula. Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia Geospatial risk analysis of mosquito-borne disease vectors in the Netherlands, 254 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2019) With references, with summary in English ISBN 978-94-6343-831-5 DOI https://doi.org/10.18174/465838
    [Show full text]
  • Swedish Lifewatch Asset Report 2010–2016
    SwedishSwedish LifeWatch LifeWatch asset– a national report e-infrastructure2010–2016 for biodiversity data Swedish LifeWatch – a national e-infrastructure for biodiversity data Summary Report 2010–2016 2010–2016 Suggested citation: Swedish LifeWatch – a national e-infrastructure for biodiversity data. Summary report 2010–2016. ArtDatabanken SLU 2017. The pdf version of this publication provides interactive hyperlinks. ISBN: 978-91-87853-16-6 (print), 978-91-87853-17-3 (pdf) Print: Tabergs Media Group 2017 Layout and editing: Anna Maria Wremp, ArtDatabanken SLU Illustrations: Katarina Nyberg, ArtDatabanken SLU Cover photo: Frode Wendelbo Photo of bear p 26: Lars Svensson/Mostphotos Portrait photos p 17, 27, 59, 63: Johan Samuelsson. Other photos: Johan Södercrantz (p 4 and 28); Magnus Dahlberg (p 24); Anna Maria Wremp (p 34, 48 and 52) Download pdf at www.slu.se/lifewatch or contact [email protected] for a printed version. CONTENT SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................................................5 FÖRORD på svenska .............................................................................................................................................................7 Open data – buzz word or virtual opportunities? ............................................................................................................9 Big data, new opportunities and virtual laboratories ..................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • A Revision of the Mosquitos of the Palaearctic Region
    263 A REVISION OF THE MOSQUITOS OF THE PALAEARCTIC REGION. By F. W. EDWARDS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) For some years after the intensive study of mosquitos began in tropical countries, surprisingly little interest was taken in the European species, particularly those of Northern Europe. Ficalbi had published his monographic revision in 1896-99, but from then until 1914 very little further had been done ; the adults were assumed to be more or less known, though very few of the larvae had been described. Since 1914, however, a great deal of work has been done all over Europe, bionomic as well as systematic, and considerable advances have been made in every branch of our knowledge of these insects. The present paper was commenced early in 1919, with the study of a number of large collections received at the British Museum from Italy (Mr. E. Hargreaves), Macedonia (Capt. J. Waterston), Palestine and Mesopotamia (Capt. P. J. Barraud), and Egypt (Major E. E. Austen). Shortly afterwards a correspondence with Dr. Wesenberg-Luhd, of Copenhagen, made it evident that there were many more species in Northern Europe than had previously been supposed. I therefore determined to attempt a revision of the Palaearctic mosquito fauna, and with this end in view wrote to the Dipterists in charge at various continental museums, as well as some private collectors, for the loan of material for determination or re- determination. Collections were sent in response to my requests by Dr. R. Frey, Helsingfors Museum ; Dr. E. Bergroth, Jamsa, Finland ; Dr. Y.
    [Show full text]
  • How Often Do Mosquitoes Bite Humans in Southern England? a Standardised Summer Trial at Four Sites Reveals Spatial, Temporal
    Brugman et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:420 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2360-9 RESEARCH Open Access How often do mosquitoes bite humans in southern England? A standardised summer trial at four sites reveals spatial, temporal and site-related variation in biting rates Victor A. Brugman1,2*, Marion E. England1, Joanne Stoner1, Laura Tugwell1, Lara E. Harrup1, Anthony J. Wilson1, Jolyon M. Medlock3,4, James G. Logan2, Anthony R. Fooks5,6, Peter P.C. Mertens1,7, Nicholas Johnson5,8 and Simon Carpenter1 Abstract Background: This field-based study examined the abundance and species complement of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) attracted to humans at four sites in the United Kingdom (UK). The study used a systematic approach to directly measure feeding by mosquitoes on humans at multiple sites and using multiple volunteers. Quantifying how frequently humans are bitten in the field by mosquitoes is a fundamental parameter in assessing arthropod- borne virus transmission. Methods: Human landing catches were conducted using a standardised protocol by multiple volunteers at four rural sites between July and August 2013. Collections commenced two hours prior to sunset and lasted for a total of four hours. To reduce bias occurring due to collection point or to the individual attractiveness of the volunteer to mosquitoes, each collection was divided into eight collection periods, with volunteers rotated by randomised Latin square design between four sampling points per site. While the aim was to collect mosquitoes prior to feeding, the source of blood meals from any engorged specimens was also identified by DNA barcoding. Results: Three of the four sites yielded human-biting mosquito populations for a total of 915 mosquitoes of fifteen species/species groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera, Culicidae), a New Country Record for England
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeysAedes 671: 119–130 nigrinus (2017) (Eckstein, 1918) (Diptera, Culicidae), a new country record for England... 119 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.671.12477 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Aedes nigrinus (Eckstein, 1918) (Diptera, Culicidae), a new country record for England, contrasted with Aedes sticticus (Meigen, 1838) Ralph E. Harbach1, Thom Dallimore2, Andrew G. Briscoe1, C. Lorna Culverwell1,3, Alexander G.C. Vaux4, Jolyon M. Medlock4 1 Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK 2 Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK 3 Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 4 Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology group, Emergency Re- sponse Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK Corresponding author: Ralph E. Harbach ([email protected]) Academic editor: Art Borkent | Received 1 March 2017 | Accepted 8 April 2017 | Published 27 April 2017 http://zoobank.org/DEAC6E95-B691-4A8E-956A-BED4A1050DBD Citation: Harbach RE, Dallimore T, Briscoe AG, Culverwell CL, Vaux AGC, Medlock JM (2017) Aedes nigrinus (Eckstein, 1918) (Diptera, Culicidae), a new country record for England, contrasted with Aedes sticticus (Meigen, 1838). ZooKeys 671: 119–130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.671.12477 Abstract We report the discovery of Aedes nigrinus (Eckstein, 1918) in the New Forest of southern England, bring- ing to 36 the number of mosquito species recorded in Britain. Because it seems that this species has been misidentified previously in Britain as the morphologically similarAedes sticticus (Meigen, 1838), the two species are contrasted and distinguished based on distinctive differences exhibited in the adult and larval stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Mosquitoes in Tribe Aedini 925
    FORUM Classification of Mosquitoes in Tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae): Paraphylyphobia, and Classification Versus Cladistic Analysis HARRY M. SAVAGE Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522 J. Med. Entomol. 42(6): 923Ð927 (2005) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/42/6/923/886357 by guest on 29 September 2021 ABSTRACT Many mosquito species are important vectors of human and animal diseases, and others are important nuisance species. To facilitate communication and information exchange among pro- fessional groups interested in vector-borne diseases, it is essential that a stable nomenclature be maintained. For the Culicidae, easily identiÞable genera based on morphology are an asset. Major changes in generic concept, the elevation of 32 subgenera within Aedes to generic status, and changes in hundreds of species names proposed in a recent article demand consideration by all parties interested in mosquito-borne diseases. The entire approach to Aedini systematics of these authors was ßawed by an inordinate fear of paraphyletic taxa or Paraphylyphobia, and their inability to distinguish between classiÞcation and cladistic analysis. Taxonomists should refrain from making taxonomic changes based on preliminary data, and they should be very selective in assigning generic names to only the most important and well-deÞned groups of species. KEY WORDS Aedini classiÞcation, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, paraphylyphobia, mosquito classiÞcation MANY MOSQUITO SPECIES IN the tribe Aedini, a cosmo- In this communication, I brießy review taxonomic politan group represented by 11 genera and Ϸ1,239 categories in a zoological classiÞcation, the Interna- species, are important vectors of human and animal tional Code of Zoological Nomenclature (the Code), diseases, and many others are of considerable eco- the development of generic concept within the Cu- nomic importance as nuisance or pest species.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Resistance to Bacillus Thuringiensis Subsp. Israelensis in the Field by Performing Bioassays with Each Cry Toxin Separately
    894 Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 108(7): 894-900, November 2013 Monitoring resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in the field by performing bioassays with each Cry toxin separately Guillaume Tetreau/+, Renaud Stalinski, Jean-Philippe David, Laurence Després Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5553, Université de Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is increasingly used worldwide for mosquito control and is the only larvicide used in the French Rhône-Alpes region since decades. The artificial selection of mosquitoes with field- persistent Bti collected in breeding sites from this region led to a moderate level of resistance to Bti, but to relatively high levels of resistance to individual Bti Cry toxins. Based on this observation, we developed a bioassay procedure using each Bti Cry toxin separately to detect cryptic Bti-resistance evolving in field mosquito populations. Although no resistance to Bti was detected in none of the three mosquito species tested (Aedes rusticus, Aedes sticticus and Aedes vexans), an increased tolerance to Cry4Aa (3.5-fold) and Cry11Aa toxins (8-fold) was found in one Ae. sticti- cus population compared to other populations of the same species, suggesting that resistance to Bti may be arising in this population. This study confirms previous works showing a lack of Bti resistance in field mosquito popula- tions treated for decades with this bioinsecticide. It also provides a first panorama of their susceptibility status to individual Bti Cry toxins. In combination with bioassays with Bti, bioassays with separate Cry toxins allow a more sensitive monitoring of Bti-resistance in the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions to the Mosquito Fauna of Southeast Asia II
    ILLUSTRATED KEYS TO THE GENERA OF MOSQUITOES1 BY Peter F. Mattingly 2 INTRODUCTION The suprageneric and generic classification adopted here follow closely the Synoptic Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the World (Stone et al. , 1959) and the various supplements (Stone, 1961, 1963, 1967,’ 1970). Changes in generic no- menclature arising from the publication of the Catalog include the substitution of Mansonia for Taeniorhynchus and Culiseta for Theobaldiu, bringing New and Old World practice into line, the substitution of Toxorhynchites for Megarhinus and MaZaya for Harpagomyia, the suppression of the diaeresis in Aties, A&deomyia (formerly Atiomyia) and Paraties (Christophers, 1960b) and the inclusion of the last named as a subgenus of Aedes (Mattingly, 1958). The only new generic name to appear since the publication of the Catalog is Galindomyiu (Stone & Barreto, 1969). Mimomyia, previously treated as a subgenus of Ficalbia, is here treated, in combination with subgenera Etorleptiomyia and Rauenulites, as a separate genus. Ronderos & Bachmann (1963a) proposed to treat Mansonia and Coquillettidia as separate genera and they have been fol- lowed by Stone (1967, 1970) and others. I cannot accept this and they are here retained in the single genus Mansonia. It will be seen that the treatment adopted here, as always with mosquitoes since the early days, is conservative. Inevitably, therefore, dif- fictiIties arise in connection with occasional aberrant species. In order to avoid split, or unduly prolix, couplets I have preferred, in nearly every case, to deal with these in the Notes to the Keys. The latter are consequently to be regarded as very much a part of the keys themselves and should be constantly borne in mind.
    [Show full text]
  • Trichoceridae
    Royal Entomological Society HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS To purchase current handbooks and to download out-of-print parts visit: http://www.royensoc.co.uk/publications/index.htm This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Copyright © Royal Entomological Society 2012 ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON Vol. IX. Part 2. HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS DIPTERA 2. NEMATOCERA : families TIPULIDAE TO CHIRONOMIDAE TRICHOCERIDAE .. 67 PSYCHODIDAE 77 ANISOPODIDAE .. 70 CULICIDAE 97 PTYCHOPTERIDAE 73 By R. L. COE PAUL FREEMAN P. F. MATTINGLY LONDON Published by the Society and Sold at its Rooms .p, Queen's Gate, S.W. 7 31st May, 1950 Price TwentY. Shillings T RICHOCERIDAE 67 Family TRICHOCERIDAE. By PAUL FREEMAN. THis is a small family represented in Europe by two genera, Trichocera (winter gnats) and Diazosma. The wing venation is similar to that of some TIPULIDAE (LIMONIINAE), but the larva much more closely resembles that of the ANISOPODIDAE (RHYPHIDAE) and prevents their inclusion in the TIPULIDAE. It is now usual to treat them as forming a separate family allied both to the TIPULIDAE and to the ANISOPODIDAE. The essential differences between adult TRICHOCERIDAE and TrPULIDAE lie in the head, the most obvious one being the presence of ocelli in the former and their absence in the latter. A second difference lies in the shape of the maxillae, a character in which the TRICHOCERIDAE resemble the ANISOPODIDAE rather than the TrPULIDAE. Other characters separating the TRICHOCERIDAE from most if not all of the TIPULIDAE are : vein 2A extremely short (figs.
    [Show full text]