Bacterial Toxins Active Against Mosquitoes: Mode of Action and Resistance
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Lysinibacillus Sphaericus Strain Ot4b.31
Standards in Genomic Sciences (2013) 9:42-56 DOI:10.4056/sigs.4227894 Genome sequence and description of the heavy metal tolerant bacterium Lysinibacillus sphaericus strain OT4b.31 Tito David Peña-Montenegro, and Jenny Dussán* Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas – CIMIC, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia *Correspondence: [email protected] Keywords: Lysinibacillus sphaericus OT4b.31, DNA homology, de novo assembly, heavy metal tolerance, Sip1A coleopteran toxin Lysinibacillus sphaericus strain OT4b.31 is a native Colombian strain having no larvicidal activi- ty against Culex quinquefasciatus and is widely applied in the bioremediation of heavy-metal polluted environments. Strain OT4b.31 was placed between DNA homology groups III and IV. By gap-filling and alignment steps, we propose a 4,096,672 bp chromosomal scaffold. The whole genome (consisting of 4,856,302 bp long, 94 contigs and 4,846 predicted protein- coding sequences) revealed differences in comparison to the L. sphaericus C3-41 genome, such as syntenial relationships, prophages and putative mosquitocidal toxins. Sphaericolysin B354, the coleopteran toxin Sip1A and heavy metal resistance clusters from nik, ars, czc, cop, chr, czr and cad operons were identified. Lysinibacillus sphaericus OT4b.31 has applications not only in bioremediation efforts, but also in the biological control of agricultural pests. Introduction Biological control of vector-borne diseases, such have been reported as potential metal as dengue and malaria, and agricultural pests have bioremediators. Strain CBAM5 is resistant to arse- been an issue of special concern in the recent nic, up to 200 mM, and contains the arsenate years. Since Kellen et al. [1] first described reductase gene [15]. -
Culex Pipiens S.S
Mosquito Surveillance and Management in Turkey Filiz GÜNAY and Bülent Alten Native and non-native vector management in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) 18-20 April 2018, Cyprus MOSQUITO BORN DISEASES IN TURKEY 1970 2013 Vector species in Turkey Widespread in the 1994 - 2012 2017 Number of cases Number of Anopheles sacharovi Number of cases Number of Malaria past cases Anopheles superpictus 170.000 84.345 - 5 cases 101 285(MoH) West Nile Vector species in Turkey Culex pipiens s.s. Difficult to control Egean, Mediterranean, Blood samples from Human Central, South East, Birds Horse Dog and Cow Encephelitis Culex quinquefasciatus Anatolia Culex perexiguus Vector species in the world Aedes aegypti Rearly seen in Turkey Central Anatolia antigens in Dengue Aedes albopictus serum of animals Past studies on Mosquito Surveillance in Turkey Parrish 1959 Ramsdale et.al. 2001 Aldemir et.al. 2009 SOVE Simsek et.al. 2011 1 Anopheles algeriensis Anopheles algeriensis 2 Anopheles claviger Anopheles claviger § D Parrish 1959 3 Anopheles hyrcanus Anopheles hyrcanus 4 Anopheles maculipennis ss Anopheles maculipennis ss 5 Anopheles messeae The Mosquitoes of Turkey 6 Anopheles sacharovi Anopheles sacharovi 7 Anopheles melanoon Anopheles (subalpinus) melanoon Anopheles melanoon 52 Tür; Anopheles (13), Aedes (17), Culex (16), Culiseta (4), 8 Anopheles marteri Anopheles marteri 9 Anopheles plumbeus Anopheles plumbeus Uranotaenia (1), Orthopodomyia (1). 10 Anopheles pulcherrimus 11 Anopheles superpictus Anopheles superpictus 12 Acartomyia phoeniciae -
Liquid Larvicide Concentrate
Alt osid LIQUID LARVICIDE CONCENTRATE PREVENTS ADULT MOSQUITO EMERGENCE (including those which may transmit West Nile virus, Zika, chikungunya and dengue) For control of mosquito larvae using ULV application If in eyes • Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15–20 minutes. • Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing ACTIVE INGREDIENT: eye. (S)-Methoprene (CAS #65733-16-6) .............20% If on skin or clothing • Take off contaminated clothing. OTHER INGREDIENTS: ...............................80% • Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15–20 TOTAL: ....................................................100% minutes. Have the product container or label with you when Formulation contains 1.72 lb/gal (205.2 g/liter) active ingredient calling a poison control center or doctor, or going for EPA REG. NO. 2724-446 EPA EST. NO. 2724-TX-1 treatment. You may also contact 1-800-248-7763 for emergency medical treatment information. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS CAUTION Do not contaminate water when disposing of rinsate or SEE ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS equipment washwaters. BECAUSE OF THE UNIQUE MODE OF ACTION OF DIRECTIONS FOR USE A.L.L., SUCCESSFUL USE REQUIRES FAMILIARITY WITH It is a violation of Federal Law to use this product in a SPECIAL TECHNIQUES FOR APPLICATION TIMING AND manner inconsistent with its labeling. TREATMENT EVALUATION. SEE GUIDE TO PRODUCT MIXING AND HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS APPLICATION OR CONSULT LOCAL MOSQUITO 1. SHAKE WELL BEFORE USING. Zoëcon® Altosid® Liquid ABATEMENT AGENCY. Larvicide Concentrate (A.L.L.) may separate on standing PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS and must be thoroughly agitated prior to dilution. -
Geospatial Risk Analysis of Mosquito-Borne Disease Vectors in the Netherlands
Geospatial risk analysis of mosquito-borne disease vectors in the Netherlands Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr W. Takken Personal chair at the Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University & Research Co-promotors Dr C.J.M. Koenraadt Associate professor, Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University & Research Dr R.J.A. van Lammeren Associate professor, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing Wageningen University & Research Other members Prof. Dr G.M.J. Mohren, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr N. Becker, Heidelberg University, Germany Prof. Dr J.A. Kortekaas, Wageningen University & Research Dr C.B.E.M. Reusken, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands This research was conducted under the auspices of the C.T. de Wit Graduate School for Production Ecology & Resource Conservation Geospatial risk analysis of mosquito-borne disease vectors in the Netherlands Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 1 February 2019 at 4 p.m. in the Aula. Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia Geospatial risk analysis of mosquito-borne disease vectors in the Netherlands, 254 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2019) With references, with summary in English ISBN 978-94-6343-831-5 DOI https://doi.org/10.18174/465838 -
Swedish Lifewatch Asset Report 2010–2016
SwedishSwedish LifeWatch LifeWatch asset– a national report e-infrastructure2010–2016 for biodiversity data Swedish LifeWatch – a national e-infrastructure for biodiversity data Summary Report 2010–2016 2010–2016 Suggested citation: Swedish LifeWatch – a national e-infrastructure for biodiversity data. Summary report 2010–2016. ArtDatabanken SLU 2017. The pdf version of this publication provides interactive hyperlinks. ISBN: 978-91-87853-16-6 (print), 978-91-87853-17-3 (pdf) Print: Tabergs Media Group 2017 Layout and editing: Anna Maria Wremp, ArtDatabanken SLU Illustrations: Katarina Nyberg, ArtDatabanken SLU Cover photo: Frode Wendelbo Photo of bear p 26: Lars Svensson/Mostphotos Portrait photos p 17, 27, 59, 63: Johan Samuelsson. Other photos: Johan Södercrantz (p 4 and 28); Magnus Dahlberg (p 24); Anna Maria Wremp (p 34, 48 and 52) Download pdf at www.slu.se/lifewatch or contact [email protected] for a printed version. CONTENT SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................................................5 FÖRORD på svenska .............................................................................................................................................................7 Open data – buzz word or virtual opportunities? ............................................................................................................9 Big data, new opportunities and virtual laboratories ..................................................................................................10 -
Liquid Larvicide
Alt osid LIQUID LARVICIDE MOSQUITO GROWTH REGULATOR PREVENTS ADULT MOSQUITO EMERGENCE (Including those which may transmit West Nile virus, Zika, chikungunya and dengue) For control of mosquito larvae using ULV application ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment washwaters or rinsate. DIRECTIONS FOR USE ACTIVE INGREDIENT: It is a violation of Federal Law to use this product in a (S)-Methoprene (CAS #65733-16-6) ..................... 5% manner inconsistent with its labeling. OTHER INGREDIENTS: ..................................... 95% TOTAL: .......................................................... 100% CHEMIGATION Refer to supplemental labeling entitled “Guide to Product Formulation contains 0.43 lb/gal (51.3 g/liter) active ingredient Application” for use directions for chemigation. Do not EPA REG. NO. 2724-392 EPA EST. NO. 2724-TX-1 apply this product through any irrigation system unless the supplemental labeling on chemigation is followed. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN MIXING AND HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS 1. SHAKE WELL BEFORE USING. Zoëcon® Altosid® Liquid CAUTION Larvicide Mosquito Growth Regulator (A.L.L.) may SEE ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS separate on standing and must be thoroughly agitated BECAUSE OF THE UNIQUE MODE OF ACTION OF prior to dilution. A.L.L., SUCCESSFUL USE REQUIRES FAMILIARITY WITH 2. Do not mix with oil; use clean equipment. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES FOR APPLICATION TIMING AND 3. Partially fill spray tank with water; then add the labeled TREATMENT EVALUATION. SEE GUIDE TO PRODUCT amount of A.L.L., agitate and complete filling. Mild APPLICATION OR CONSULT LOCAL MOSQUITO agitation during application is desirable. ABATEMENT AGENCY. 4. Use spray solution within 48 hours; always agitate before spraying. PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS – HAZARDS TO HUMANS – CAUTION APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS Causes moderate eye irritation. -
A Revision of the Mosquitos of the Palaearctic Region
263 A REVISION OF THE MOSQUITOS OF THE PALAEARCTIC REGION. By F. W. EDWARDS. (Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) For some years after the intensive study of mosquitos began in tropical countries, surprisingly little interest was taken in the European species, particularly those of Northern Europe. Ficalbi had published his monographic revision in 1896-99, but from then until 1914 very little further had been done ; the adults were assumed to be more or less known, though very few of the larvae had been described. Since 1914, however, a great deal of work has been done all over Europe, bionomic as well as systematic, and considerable advances have been made in every branch of our knowledge of these insects. The present paper was commenced early in 1919, with the study of a number of large collections received at the British Museum from Italy (Mr. E. Hargreaves), Macedonia (Capt. J. Waterston), Palestine and Mesopotamia (Capt. P. J. Barraud), and Egypt (Major E. E. Austen). Shortly afterwards a correspondence with Dr. Wesenberg-Luhd, of Copenhagen, made it evident that there were many more species in Northern Europe than had previously been supposed. I therefore determined to attempt a revision of the Palaearctic mosquito fauna, and with this end in view wrote to the Dipterists in charge at various continental museums, as well as some private collectors, for the loan of material for determination or re- determination. Collections were sent in response to my requests by Dr. R. Frey, Helsingfors Museum ; Dr. E. Bergroth, Jamsa, Finland ; Dr. Y. -
CENSOR® Mosquito Larvicide Granule
CENSOR® Mosquito Larvicide Granule Controls larvae of mosquitoes which may transmit Zika, Dengue, or Chikun- • Rotate with other labeled effective mosquito larvicides that have a differ- gunya. ent mode of action. To be used in governmental mosquito control programs, by professional pest • In dormant rice fields, standing water within agricultural/crop sites, and control operators, or in other mosquito or midge control operations. permanent marine and freshwater sites, do not make more than 20 ap- plications per year. Active Ingredient: • Use insecticides with a different mode of action (different insecticide Spinosad (a mixture of Spinosyn A and Spinosyn D) 0.5% group) on adult mosquitoes so that both larvae and adults are not Other Ingredients 99.5% exposed to products with the same mode of action. Total 100.0% • Contact your local extension specialist, technical advisor, and/or Clarke representative for insecticide resistance management and/or IPM rec- Group 5 INSECTICIDE ommendations for the specific site and resistant pest problems. • For further information or to report suspected resistance, you may con- KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN tact your local Clarke representative by calling 800-323-5727. Precautionary Statements Spray Drift Management Environmental Hazards Avoiding spray drift at the application site is the responsibility of the ap- This product is toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Non-target aquatic in- plicator. The interaction of many equipment and weather related factors vertebrates may be killed in water where this pesticide is used. Do not determines the potential for spray drift. The applicator is responsible for con- contaminate water when cleaning equipment or disposing of equipment sidering all these factors when making decisions. -
How Often Do Mosquitoes Bite Humans in Southern England? a Standardised Summer Trial at Four Sites Reveals Spatial, Temporal
Brugman et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:420 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2360-9 RESEARCH Open Access How often do mosquitoes bite humans in southern England? A standardised summer trial at four sites reveals spatial, temporal and site-related variation in biting rates Victor A. Brugman1,2*, Marion E. England1, Joanne Stoner1, Laura Tugwell1, Lara E. Harrup1, Anthony J. Wilson1, Jolyon M. Medlock3,4, James G. Logan2, Anthony R. Fooks5,6, Peter P.C. Mertens1,7, Nicholas Johnson5,8 and Simon Carpenter1 Abstract Background: This field-based study examined the abundance and species complement of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) attracted to humans at four sites in the United Kingdom (UK). The study used a systematic approach to directly measure feeding by mosquitoes on humans at multiple sites and using multiple volunteers. Quantifying how frequently humans are bitten in the field by mosquitoes is a fundamental parameter in assessing arthropod- borne virus transmission. Methods: Human landing catches were conducted using a standardised protocol by multiple volunteers at four rural sites between July and August 2013. Collections commenced two hours prior to sunset and lasted for a total of four hours. To reduce bias occurring due to collection point or to the individual attractiveness of the volunteer to mosquitoes, each collection was divided into eight collection periods, with volunteers rotated by randomised Latin square design between four sampling points per site. While the aim was to collect mosquitoes prior to feeding, the source of blood meals from any engorged specimens was also identified by DNA barcoding. Results: Three of the four sites yielded human-biting mosquito populations for a total of 915 mosquitoes of fifteen species/species groups. -
Diptera, Culicidae), a New Country Record for England
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeysAedes 671: 119–130 nigrinus (2017) (Eckstein, 1918) (Diptera, Culicidae), a new country record for England... 119 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.671.12477 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Aedes nigrinus (Eckstein, 1918) (Diptera, Culicidae), a new country record for England, contrasted with Aedes sticticus (Meigen, 1838) Ralph E. Harbach1, Thom Dallimore2, Andrew G. Briscoe1, C. Lorna Culverwell1,3, Alexander G.C. Vaux4, Jolyon M. Medlock4 1 Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK 2 Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK 3 Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 4 Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology group, Emergency Re- sponse Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK Corresponding author: Ralph E. Harbach ([email protected]) Academic editor: Art Borkent | Received 1 March 2017 | Accepted 8 April 2017 | Published 27 April 2017 http://zoobank.org/DEAC6E95-B691-4A8E-956A-BED4A1050DBD Citation: Harbach RE, Dallimore T, Briscoe AG, Culverwell CL, Vaux AGC, Medlock JM (2017) Aedes nigrinus (Eckstein, 1918) (Diptera, Culicidae), a new country record for England, contrasted with Aedes sticticus (Meigen, 1838). ZooKeys 671: 119–130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.671.12477 Abstract We report the discovery of Aedes nigrinus (Eckstein, 1918) in the New Forest of southern England, bring- ing to 36 the number of mosquito species recorded in Britain. Because it seems that this species has been misidentified previously in Britain as the morphologically similarAedes sticticus (Meigen, 1838), the two species are contrasted and distinguished based on distinctive differences exhibited in the adult and larval stages. -
Monitoring Resistance to Bacillus Thuringiensis Subsp. Israelensis in the Field by Performing Bioassays with Each Cry Toxin Separately
894 Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 108(7): 894-900, November 2013 Monitoring resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in the field by performing bioassays with each Cry toxin separately Guillaume Tetreau/+, Renaud Stalinski, Jean-Philippe David, Laurence Després Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5553, Université de Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is increasingly used worldwide for mosquito control and is the only larvicide used in the French Rhône-Alpes region since decades. The artificial selection of mosquitoes with field- persistent Bti collected in breeding sites from this region led to a moderate level of resistance to Bti, but to relatively high levels of resistance to individual Bti Cry toxins. Based on this observation, we developed a bioassay procedure using each Bti Cry toxin separately to detect cryptic Bti-resistance evolving in field mosquito populations. Although no resistance to Bti was detected in none of the three mosquito species tested (Aedes rusticus, Aedes sticticus and Aedes vexans), an increased tolerance to Cry4Aa (3.5-fold) and Cry11Aa toxins (8-fold) was found in one Ae. sticti- cus population compared to other populations of the same species, suggesting that resistance to Bti may be arising in this population. This study confirms previous works showing a lack of Bti resistance in field mosquito popula- tions treated for decades with this bioinsecticide. It also provides a first panorama of their susceptibility status to individual Bti Cry toxins. In combination with bioassays with Bti, bioassays with separate Cry toxins allow a more sensitive monitoring of Bti-resistance in the field. -
Wide Area Larvicide Spraying WALS™ WALS Stands for Wide Area Larvicide Spray
Wide Area Larvicide Spraying WALS™ WALS stands for Wide Area Larvicide Spray. WALS is an approach to larval control that uses a naturally occurring bacterium to kill mosquito larvae in the water before they emerge into biting adults. Control of mosquitoes while in the larval stage is the backbone of most mosquito control programs in California. From egg to adult in 5-7 days. What is a larvicide? Larvicides are products used to reduce immature mosquito populations when they are still in the water. Larvicides, which can be biological or chemical-based, are applied directly to water sources that hold immature mosquitoes, including eggs, larvae, and pupae. Larvicides reduce the overall mosquito population by limiting the number of biting adult mosquitoes produced from a water source. What are the benefits of larvicides? Controlling mosquitoes while they are in the immature stages helps to minimize the number of adult mosquitoes that are in the community biting people. This helps to reduce the risk of people contracting West Nile virus and other mosquito-borne diseases. How is WALS used in the OCMVCD application process? OCMVCD applies the WALS method using a powerful truck-mounted sprayer that combines high volumes of air and low volumes of liquid larvicide mixed with water, to efficiently treat a wide variety of mosquito breeding sites. This system allows the larvicide to drift into small breeding sources that are hard to find and reach. What product does OCMVCD use during WALS? The product used for this type of application is called VectoBac WDG, an organic OMRI rated product.