Charles Fcllen Mckim

CHARLES FCLLEN MCKIM

A STUDY OF HIS LIFE AND WORK

ALFRED HOYT GRANGER

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS

n n b b u n ook Perfectio i w atw er e dert .

c BO ST O N AN D N E W YO RK

H OUGHTON MI F FLIN COMPANY

MD CCCCX I I I M l o , 1 9 1 SCHOOL OF ARCHITE:TURE HARVARD UNIVERSITY

334W!

Y I GH T 1 1 BY AL F R E D H OYT G R AN GE R CO P R , 9 3,

AL L RI GH TS R ESE R V E D

Publisbed N ovember 1 91 3 TO WILLIAM RUTHERFORD MEAD TH E LAST OF A GREAT TRIUMVIRATE

PREFACE

The preparing of this short memoir has been ina spired by the desire to set before the younger members of the Architectural profession and particularly the

o fﬁces r i draughtsmen in , something of the pe sonal ty i of a very great man . It must rema n for some other pen than mine to write a complete analytic life of

F . McKim . i his Charles S nce death, new schools of i i Arch tecture have grown up which , nspired perhaps

in by the restless spirit of the age which we live, seem

i i r l ke the Athen ans of old, to be eagerly st iving after

s i . i McKim ome new th ng W th this spirit , and the wonderful g ro u p of men with whom he both worked

. H e and played, could have but little sympathy stood for a national architecture, inspired by beauty and i z built upon the solid foundat ons of law, order and tra i dit on . It is the abiding quality of the principles in accordance with which he lived and worked and died

r . I that I have t ied to make plain In order to do this,

r have had to call upon his f iends, his family and above all upon his only surviving partner for coo peration

x and help . To them all I wish to e press here my deep

Vll PREFACE

far and heartfelt thanks . They have given me more than I have asked, and it is they alone who have made this little work possible . L R H OYT GRAN ER A F ED G .

A A 1 1 IL L P I . PH DE H , 9 3 CONTENTS

F OREWORD

ANCE TRY T AI I A E ARLY WO K S , R N NG , ND R THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

DISCUSSION O F VARIOUS BUILDINGS

’ THE W O R L D S FAIR AT CHICAGO

THE PAR K COMMISSION PLAN OF THE DISTRICT

O F CO LUMBIA

THE PENNSYLVANIA TERMINAL

THE AM ERICAN ACADEMY AT ROME

MCKI M THE MAN

THE Two MEMORIAL ME E TINGS

APPENDI X : THE PRESENTATION O F THE ROYAL

GOLD MR M K B Y MEDAL TO . C IM THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHI

T E CTS

THE PRESIDENT’ S ADDRESS

’ MR McKI M s R S P S 1 . E ON E 4 1

ILLUSTRATIONS

“CH E S OLL MCKI M F M ST T IT ARL F EN . RO A PA EL POR RA

DV MI E MMET B Y TH E H CLU B SS , LOANED ARVARD OF N nw YORK (Pho to gravure) F ronti rpzece

! M S MILL MCKI M M T G P JA E ER . FRO A PHO O RA H LOANED

B Y A CI G IS P o o ravure FR N S J . ARR ON ( h t g )

“S AL L I ON E McKI M F M I ARAH B . RO A PORTRA T LOANED

B Y MR S C S D NORTON P o o ra ure . HARLE . ( h t g v ) ‘BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY F ROM COPL E Y S! UARE

‘ OF GRO UN D FLO OR BO STON UBLIC LI PLAN , P BRARY v PLAN O F R A I - ROOM LOO BO STON UBLIC E D NG F R , P LIBRARY

‘ A I E T C BO O UBLIC LIB A Y M N N RAN E , ST N P R R

J MA I N ST I C S BO O UBLIC LI A R A E , ST N P BRARY

‘B T S H BO STON PU B L I C LI A E ALL , BRARY

‘ C U T R BO O UBLIC LI O R YA D , ST N P BRARY

EX IO OF T H CLU B N YOR TER R HE ARVARD , EW K

‘ EX I O OF T C E NTU RY CLU B N YO R K TER R HE , EW

DI I G—H H CLU B N Y K N N ALL , ARVARD , EW OR

‘ O O G T S H U I V I Y J HNST N A E , ARVARD N ERS T

‘ EX IO O F T U I V I Y CLU B N YO R TER R HE N ERS T , EW K

T H E G T H U I V I Y CLU B REA ALL , N ERS T ILLUSTRATIONS

J MAI N Dl N I NG— ROOM U I V I Y C U , N ERS T L B DETAIL OF TH E UNI VERSITY CLUB LIBRARY

! TH E G M BUIL I N YOR ORHA D NG , EW K

4 EX IO OF T E VI Ho u s e s N YOR TER R H LLARD , EW K 4 TH E LIB RARY OF COLUMBIA UNI VE RS I TY

! TH E W H ITE Ho u s e sno wm o ST E E ST WI , RE OR D A NG

“ STATE D l N I N G- ROOM OF THE W H I T E Ho u se

EX IO OF T B K o r T S'r M S TER R HE AN MON REAL , . JA E

STR E E T

“ I BA KI - ROOM B K o r T MA N N NG , AN MON REAL

“I IO OF T N TI CI Y B K NE YOR NTER R HE A ONAL T AN , W K

J E X T E R I O R o r T G LI NE W YORK HE MOR AN BRARY , ‘ VESTIBULE O F THE MORGAN LIBRARY

J I NT E R I O R OF THE MORGAN LIBRARY ‘N E W MUNICI PAL BUILDING O F THE CITY O F N EW

YO R K

’ J C U T O F H ON OR W ORLD AI C IC G O R , S F R , H A O

’ “AG IC U TU BUIL I W O RL D AI C IC G R L RA L D NG, S F R , H A O

’ ’ ‘ L E N F ANT S PLAN o r WASHINGTON

’ J PER SPE CTI VE VI EW o r TH E COMMISSION S PLAN o r T E WA I O H MALL , SH NGT N

‘ O F T UM T G WA I O PLAN HE MON EN ARDEN , SH NGT N ‘ MONUMENT TERRAC E Lo o km c TOWARD THE CAPITOL

J MON UME NT GARDEN AND TERRAC E LOO K ING TOWARD THE WHITE H O U S E ILLUSTRATIONS

’ BULF I N CH S DESIGN F OR COM PLETION OF TH E WASH I N GTON MON UMENT

OF T S I ST TI NE YOR PLAN HE PENN YLVAN A A ON , W K

S T A E U E FA AD E E S I ST TI EVEN H V N g , P NN YLVAN A A ON

! E T C E T A C E E S I ST TI F M N RAN O R AD , P NN YLVAN A A ON , RO

MAIN WAITING- ROOM

! I WAI I - ROOM E S I ST TI MA N T NG , P NN YLVAN A A ON

! TH E CONCOUR E E S I S A IO S , P NN YLVAN A T T N

“R I C OF O H N I K E S I F . AVE ES DEN E J NNES ANE , ! , F TH

NU E NE YOR , W K

! S F McKI M F M R C E CHARLE OLLEN . RO A E NT PHOTO GRA PH (Pho to gravure)

CH AR LES FOLLEN MCKIM A STUDY OF H IS LIFE AND WORK

CHARLES FOLLEN MCKIM

CHAPTER I

FOREWORD

H E personality of Charles Follen McKim was most strongly marked

a i in by two char cterist cs which, him,

r i we e carried to an extreme po nt . One of these was modesty and a shrinking from everything in the nature of publicity i i or praise . It s th s characteristic above all others which makes it extremely difﬁcu lt to write anything

' r r i r cKim s in the natu e of a full pe sonal b og aphy. M

r his i i his wo k was l fe, and to th s work he gave whole

i i r his si be ng without st nt of any sort . Th ough pas on fo r his work and everything connected with it was deve loped what I consider his o ther most strongly

r e e ri i his n u i ma k d charact st c, and that was e th s asm fo r and interest in the younge r m e n who were coming

in his r i r up p ofess on , and th ough whom he felt that the traditions which he and his two associates were

u i i u u i b ld ng p , the fo ndat ons of which they had so

ll s i o u . ro m a splendidly la d, would be carried F part CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM of the country young men came to him fo r counsel

fo r in, and help, and each went away buoyed up and spired by words o fgenu ine sympathy and understand, ing which spurred them on to effort and study and

m in h eventually, in most cases, to real achieve ent arc iz

As an instance of this a personal experience is not

o fo rder ﬁ r i o fm ee tin cKim out . I st had thepriv lege g M in anu ar 1 8 8 8 . At i j y, that t me he was livingin Boston, giving most of his attention to the Public Library u i h B ild ng. I ad been for nearly two years studying

fﬁce , H . a o and working in the H . Rich rdson in Brook

, Mr. McKim line, and called on with a note of intro

’ duction from an uncle of mine who thought McKim s o fﬁ ce would be a better place in which to pursue my

i a o , stud es. H e received me with his well kn wn cordial

s n i ity and gentlene s , talki g w th me for over an hour i h i as f he ad known me all my l fe. Later he took the trouble to indicate fo r me what he considered the best course of training in architecture which was to go

fo r enter E to Paris two years, not to the cole des Beaux

fo r e Arts a full cours , but to get into one of the large ateliers (in my case he suggested Pascal) and there to work on all the projects given in the school and get the criticisms of both patron and students, and then 4

CH AR LES FOLLEN McKIM

fo r r tive beauty, and her embellishment he p essed into cooperation with himself all whose work was ne eded

n fo r the perfection of any buildi g. Not only were

a s p inter and sculptors called into service, but he also never forgot the great principle that no matter how carefully studied may be both plan and design , or how

i i r beaut ful the whole concept on , a work ofarchitectu e is abuilding built to stand the test oftime and the stress

a im o rz of ctual service, and therefore it is of supreme p

i o r i tance that it be well bu lt. F th s purpose only the

i r best materials could be cons de ed and used .

ﬁ rst i in , The arch tect of note America, in our gen c r ration, to lay supreme st ess upon the importance of

, materials in bu ilding constru ction was H . H . Richard

' in o fﬁce McKim son. Perhaps it was Richardson s that

ﬁ rst i i r learned th s s de of his p ofession ; at any rate, the f rm McKim r i of , Mead, and White ca ried on and def velo ed i r n e i r p th s t adition , spari g thems lves ne the time

r rri o u nor expense to insure solid wo k perfectly ca ed t . A story is told by one of their employees that at the i i i i in t me a certa n house was be ng bu lt New York, McKim discovered a slight imperfection in the stone of one of the columns supporting the portico. The imperfection was so slight that their trained inspector had not discovered it and had allowed the contractor 6 FOR EW OR D to use this piece of stone. Without blaming either

n ra r McKim r d superintendent or co t cto , quietly o dere this entire co lumn re moved and a new one cut at the

ﬁ rm . is a in expense of the It a recognized f ct that,

i i a r th s instance and many others of a s milar char cte , neither the durability of the structure nor the desire s

e in an ff of their client would hav been y way a ected, but the taste and knowledge of the archite cts wo uld

n fo r i have bee , and th s they could not stand . Because ofthat native modesty to which I have already referred

difﬁ cu lt x it is , even when speaking of e ecuted work ,

McKim o r i to say this was , this Mead, or that Wh te . Never before has there been such a complete unity in

i r i in r ﬁ rm trin ty in human p act ce as the wo k of this ,

i it . r i and the bu ldings show Still, th ough the nterest

Mr. i i r e r the of Mead , the one surv v ng pa tn of original

ﬁ rm i r , and from var ous men who have wo ked upon

r in the actual d awings, I hope to be able to po t out ce rtain buildings and parts of buildings which may

i to McKim and r be sa d belong personally to , th ough them to show in some way how farz re aching and enz nobling has been his inﬂu e nce on the practice of archi/ tecture in America. N ESTR TRAIN ING ND EARLY ORK A C Y, , A W

Charles Follen McKim was born in Isabella Fur,

i u 2 nace, Chester County, Pennsylvan a, on A gust 4 ,

1 To any one interested in noting human char, acteristics there is no study more fascinating than the effects of heredity and prenatal environment upon

’ the achievements and developments of a man s m ax

' i c im s ture l fe. The fact that M K father was a stern Abolitionist and political reformer and his mother a

t noted ! uaker beau y, a woman of great charm and

i a simplic ty, undoubtedly ccounts for the absolute puz

s his as rity, one might almost say everity, of t te and

fo r d i judgment, and also that eterm nation with which

rri in he invariably ca ed his point, once convinced his

i r i i own m nd , against eve y kind of oppos t on and often against the expressed pre fe re nce s and wishe s of his cli/

r ents . I know of no case, afte the work was completed, in which his judgment was not vindicated and his

r tisﬁ e d client tho oughly sa .

’ Of McKim s childhood and early youth little need

e chie ﬂ be said in a book of this charact r, concerned, y, 8

CH AR LES FOLLEN McKIM

a r a r ! u ke home of J mes and Lucretia Mott, a ound which gathered a choice li ttle circle of men and wo /

i o a su fﬁ cient men ostracized by pol te s ciety, but mply among the mselves for all the requirements ofduty and

r the ple asure of human intercou se .

cKim . M Mrs , Sarah Speakman , was one of the

er r remarkable women of h day. All of the po traits of

ss a her show that she was po essed of great be uty . Her

ar e rie nds p ents b longed to the Societyof F , and she was

r in b ought up the strictest tenets of that order, but not eve n the doctrines of the ! uakers could stiﬂe her brill

hilaz liant wit and her bubbling sense of humor. In P d elphia, and later when the family had located in

r Oran e N ew Llewellyn Pa k , g , Jersey, she drew around her men and women of cultivation and character who

i i u del ghted in the soc ety of this brilliant, beautif l

woman . It was in such an atmosphere that Charles McKim

r u r his g ew p , and undoubtedly f om mother he derived many of those qualitie s which made him so charming

i e r i to all who knew him n later life . H ece ved his i r . early educat on at the school of Mr. Theodo e D

Ea leswo o d r i Weld, g , Perth Amboy, New Je sey, wh ch

’ had e been chos n by his father because of Mr. Weld s

i Anti ave strong sympathy w th the l ry cause . In the

1 0

T A EAR LY ANCESTRY, R INING, WORK

1 8 6 6 Massachu a summer of he went to Cambridge,

ﬁ nd a setts, to a tutor to coach him in mathem tics and chemistry so that he might enter the Lawrence Sciena

in the i t tiﬁc School Min ng Department . A that time the idea of becoming an architect had apparently

rr i never occu ed to him, and his whole m nd was bent

n i r r upon becomi g a m ning enginee . His lette s home

a during that summer are st mped, as to the end his

rs i i r i lette were, w th ev dences of ! uake disc pline and

r e / r brim ﬁ tl t aining, simple, quiet, and s lf rest ained, yet ff of a ection and reverence for those he loved , bubbling

a r over with humor, but showing lways th ough them all an earnest desire not to be a burden or tax upon the

family purse.

’ McKim s plan at this time seems to have been to spend one year in the Lawrence Scientiﬁc School and then two years at the School of Mines in Paris, where he felt the training would be better and the expenses ofliving less ; but after coming home from Cambridge

was his i r he led to change deas, probably th ough the

r inﬂu ence of M . Russell Sturgis with whom he had

e i w o fﬁ ce r b come acqua nted, and in hose he wo ked for

few a months, and had thus discovered his natural

r r leaning towards a chitectu e.

In the autumn of 1 8 6 7 he went to Paris and en,

1 1 CH ARLES FOLLEN McKIM

D au m et te red the atelier of M. at the Ecole des Beaux

e e Arts, where he sp nt thre years pursuing the course of study which in after years he always recommended to those aspirants in architecture who came to him for

r r advice . Du ing this time he t aveled quite extensively

f as o , in France, e ting eyes and mind and s ul on beau

i 1 8 6 be ] tiful build ngs, and in 9 visited England and came deeply interested in the Georgian work from

W hich our Colonial style sprang.

To the younger men , who only knew him after he

ul it had f ly arrived , as the French so happily express , it would have been a rare treat to have met him in the days immediately following his return from his ﬁ rst

“ " i . u r o i ﬁ rst European stud es I p p n use th s adjective , because with McKim every trip to Europe was a

r period of hard study and great mental ref eshment . H e always believed in and talked of the inspiration of

i i se Italy, and one can mag ne him in tho younger days

ﬁlled i s r r with the enthus a m ofyouth , slende , g aceful,

i e r a in his and dist nguish d in appea ance, alw ys quiet

x his i mode of e pression, but whole personality al ght

s i e with that pa s on for beauty, b auty in form , beauty

x in in color, and beauty in e ecution which, him, never

n died dow .

McKim 1 8 0 returned to America in 7 , and almost

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM beautiful buildings make far plaine r than can any written words the peculiar genius of the two greatest architects that America has thus far produced and show how far the pupil departed from the tenets of his mas ,

r te . Of the Public Library I shall have much more to

s say, but Boston is indeed fortunate to posse s both these buildings and to have them erected just as they are r , , for in no other spot in Ame ica can the develop ment of the architectural mind be so perfectly studa

ied.

i r R chardson was a poet of a Southern clime, ich,

, exuberant, and endowed with the superabundant vital

it . McKim y of the Middle Ages was a poet, too, but

r of a later day, when men we e alive to the power of reason and awakened by the renaissance to the potency

re se rvaz and charm of order and simplicity. To the p tion of this charm of order and simplicity he gave his

. H e i life early seems to have realized that in Amer ca, just recovered from a bloody civil war and only begina

in ac uain n g to be q ted with her countless resources, the conditions were somewhat similar to those in Europe

/ during and after the Reformation. A really new peo ple were eager to grapple with the tremendous prob lem of national expansion upon the most impressive

r h scale that the wo ld as ever seen . New cities were ANCESTRY, TRAINING. EARLY WORK to be founded and those already founded were to be re f

ui x r x t b lt so as to e press this g eat e pansion , and for his

r r purpose Art, and especially A chitectu e, were to be called upon to contribute as never before in America h had they ad an opportunity to do. The conditions which confronted Sir Christopher

ﬁ re l Wrenn, when , after the great , he was ca led upon to plan the rebuilding of London , were in many ways

tho se which ﬁ rm McKim similarto faced the young of ,

ir r i Mead, and White at the beginning of the p act ce, and of them the inscription carved over the doorway

' f se St . I of Paul s, you would ek his monument , look ” a r round you, can be aptly quoted ; for t ulythey began the transformation of New York from a very ugly i d and commonplace town to the brilliant c ty of to ay,

e e i di , and the traditions which th y start d, orderl ness, g nit y, and beauty, have been and are being ably carried i on by the men who have worked bes de them .

McKim worked in the o fﬁce ofGambrill and Rich ,

2 ardso n until 1 8 7 . When he left there he had secured so me work of his own to do and for this purpose had

e fﬁ e r h opened a littl o c . P evious to t is he had become

i i a R . acqua nted w th Willi m Mead, who had had some architectural experience in the o fﬁ ce of Russell Sturz

1 8 2 McKim f gis. In 7 , invited Mead to join orces and 1 5 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

ﬁrm help him on the work at hand, and a entitled

McKim f ﬁrm , Mead, and Bigelow was ormed, which

in e l t continued existenc unti the wi hdrawal of Mr.

o 1 8 Bigel w in 7 7 . At this time Stanford White was working in the

i h o fﬁce r v R c ardson , and had al eady shown e idences of that brilliancy of design which distinguished his entire career. The three men had discovered that sympathy in taste and ideas which made their future work

l 1 8 so bri liant and so consistent, and in 7 9 Stanford

White was invited to come in with them , and thus was ﬁ rm McKim born the of , Mead, and White.

That this combination was an ideal one and that con , ditio ns in New York were ready to receive the output of such a combination of talent was evidenced by their

almost instant success. These three men kept before

r alli them the high standa d of their c ng, and, living up to this standard in the midst of modern business condiz

r tions, that their business steadily inc eased until the volume of their work became stupendous and their

e natio na wide u re , client le , makes their s ccess more markable and almost unique. I have said before that they worked together in such close harmony that in most cases it is impo ssible to differentiate the work of d any one of the three, but until his eath the spirit of

1 6 ANCESTRY. TRAINING. EARLY WORK

McKim ri ﬁ rm e was the spi t of the , and his confr res

r gladly accorded to him the position of leade .

all s a As in ca es of architectural pr ctice, most of

al ac their early work was residenti in char ter, and in this type of work and in their earlier commercial buildings one can see traces of that romantic spirit

which so dominated the work of H . H . Richardson. It is not my intention to take up the study of individ

u al i d do I bu l ings of this period of their career, nor at ll a Mr. agree with Russell Sturgis who has said, The

all the picturesque side is the best side, after , of work ”

. McKim . n of Messrs , Mead, and White In desig ing

countryhouses or such buildings as theCasinos at New/ i port and Narragansett P er, which stand on open lawns

r among great t ees or near the sea, the natural tendency

ri is towards the broken outline and va ety of plan .

Much of this work is charming and all of it distinz

u ished it i e e g , but was not unt l they began mor s rious and important undertakings that the peculiar genius

McKim of Charles began to be felt, and it was the study of these larger problems which led to the choice “ i e McKim of what is recogn zed as the Renaissanc of , " , . In i i R e Mead, and White their nterpretat on ofthe naissance and their adaptation of its forms to modern

conditions lie the se cret of their professional success. 1 7 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

McKim seems to have been the fi rst man in his prof fessio n to recognize the peculiar analogy between the conditions in Europe at the time of the Renaissance and the conditions in this country immediately after the Civil War. Both periods were times of awakening, transitional periods when the people at large were realizing the extent and power of their material pros / perity ; and in the midst of all this potential activity to this fi rm cam e fi rst the vision of a civilization equaling and even surpassing the civilization and prosperity of ancie nt and imperial Rome.

i l , All around them was arch tectura chaos . Richard

in his e u i son had not succeeded in implant g rich, b a t ful, and romantic Romanesque style u po n this so il because i it could not take root . What h s style became in the

all r hands of his followers we know. The e was no real

ac in x pl e a nation e panding by leaps and bounds, and

air i i e x/ demanding light and and sunsh ne, in wh ch to

i r pand st ll more, for an architectu e which called for the i im silence and shadows of medie val sm . McK saw in his i i i r e dreams a c vil zat on of law and o d r, cities rich,

i r . H e i spac ous, and necessa ily conventional qu ckly

s a i i gra ped the adapt b l ty of the architecture of Rome,

r as i e a Flo ence, and Tuscany, well as the Lou s XIV p rio d t of F ance, to the needs of America and devoted

1 8 ANCESTRY, TRAINING, EARLY WORK

s himself to the tudy of these styles, and what I have " McKim a called the Renaissance of , Me d, andWhite is a wonderful adaptation of the styles ofthese periods

tha r to the needs of twentie ce ntu y America.

, Many critics, who have failed absolutely to dis

r i r ﬁ rm e cover the spi it animat ng the wo k of this , hav

archa o lo ists called them g , and accused them ofmerely transplanting to our soil certain wella kno wn and admired European buildings . Never was criticism

o ne a more ignorant or unjust. To cite ex mple, the

a Tower of M dison Square Garden, which even so intelligent a critic as Russell Sturgis has called a copy of the Giralda at Seville excepting the fact that

h w o fe ach i bot to ers are square, that the top story ma n

ﬁ ve tower consists ofa loggia with bays to each side,

r r the cent al bay in each case being a ched, and that there is a similarity in the outline and in the number

in t wo of stories the structure of each, the towers are

t i i r to ally d ssim lar in color, in mate ial, in proportion , N and in detail, and in my judgment the ew York

w r i to e is much the more beaut ful .

McKim has at times been called impractical be z cause of his passion for beauty, but now, thanks to him and men of his vision , the American people are awakening to the fact of the material advantage of 1 9 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM beauty as realized in ﬁ nancial returns upon invest ,

n fo r n me ts, so that the battle architecture is more tha halfz wo n s , , and for thi we must reverently salute Rich

dso n c im r ar M K fo . , Hunt, and , they blazed the trail That McKim would never sacriﬁce his ideal fo r the purpose ofsecuring a job is nowhere better shown than in his action in connection with the competition for

, the New York Public Library . The fundamental con dirions of the plan had been most carefully prepared by the trustees of the library in consultation with liz

t bra y experts . Naturally their responsibility to the city which they were pledged to serve made it essential that the propo sed building should embody within itself every known device and expedient fo r perfect e fﬁ

n cie ncy and economical admi istration . The great liz brary in Boston had been only recently completed and had been found faulty in many administrative details. It was expressly fo r the purpose of avoiding any such mistakes in the New York building that the conditions

/ of the competition had been made so rigid . To Mc

Kim these conditions were e xceedingly hampering. His mind was so occupied at the time with the vision

r ofa building of extreme exterior and inte ior beauty, occupying the most conspicuous site on the most im '

a in portant venue the city he so supremely loved, that

2 0

THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

The first great building e mbodying all the principal

al o f McKim qu ities the style with which the work of ,

e e o f 3 051 M ad, and Whit will be f rever identi ied is the

i an ton Publ c Library . Scarcely y other public building except the capitol at Washington is so widely known

e by the great mass of the American people, or has b en

extrava antl nd so g y praised, on the one ha . or so mera cilessl o n y criticized the other, as the great palace of

1 u books on Copley Square. In 8 8m m Board of Tr 5z tees of the Boston Public Library decided that the building on Boylston Street which hadbe en occu pied

a en , since 1 85 8 was no longer in any w y adequate. To

c large it to any extent was impossible, and be ause of

u o ﬁ re co n , its crowded sit ati n , the danger from was

m as stant. The granting by the Co monwealth of M saa chu se tts of a large portion of the present site fo r the purpose of a library bu ilding stimulated the uptown movement and the planning of the new structure

e b gan . Many tentative plans of many architects were conz

2 2

THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY side re d 1 8 8 s was , and it was not until 7 that a deci ion

e McKim r ached and the work entrusted to , Mead, and

N e w White, of York, with the understanding that an o fﬁ ce should be maintained in Boston during the pe r rio d of constructio n and that one member of the ﬁ rm

s sho u ld be in actual charge of the work. Thi task was u e n McKim e nd rtake by , and to it he gav all of his e s a n fo r i / nthusia m and his p ssio the beaut ful, embody ing in the study all the knowledge he had gained from direct personal inspection of the gre at libraries of Eu,

o ft z r z rope . just here seems to be the time to settle the e pe ated criticism that the exterior of the Boston Public

Library is nothing but a copy of the Librairie Sainte z

e . Genevi ve at Paris Russell Sturgis has said, The Boston building has a somewhat greate r massiveness

ff e o e of e ect. thick r walls to all appearances, m re r veal

i e n e to the large w ndows, but otherwis it is not cha g d from the Paris building more than a drau ghtsman with a piece of tracing z p ape r would naturally change

x n e his original , e panding here, crowdi g a little th re, "

r. adding or subtracting a few details . Fortunate M

his c / Sturgis, to have had in employ su h draughts men ! In thinking over the be st European prototypes for

McKim the problem which he had to solve, , with that 2 3 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

i n e to i unerring taste wh ch ever seem d fa l him, selected

Sainte z Ge nevieve as being the best type of bu ilding fo r an i e o a open situat on lik C pley Square, an arc ded

i e n building with a h gh basem t. Bo th of the buildings

i io o e i iz under d scuss n are that , but bey nd that th r sim larity ceases to be much mo re than that similarity which exists betwee n two members ofthe human race

he s e and n i of t am sex at onality. The main facade of the Paris building consists o f

d e e e , nineteen arches separate by v ry sl nder pi rs, stand in i in g upon a high basement story, wh ch turn rests directly on the ground . Considerably o ve r half of the

f i o r z arcade openings is illed up w th mas n y . The cro wn

s o o i ing member of the basement t ry, fr m wh ch the

a e i e s i o io is arc d r ses, has a v ry l ght pr ject n and richly

n o f es o o o e o rnamented with a ba d f t ns. Ab v the arcade is a richly carve d frie ze and shallo w co rnice crowne d

e in ise i lo w sto ne a o o . w th a p rap t , beh d which r s the r f

The baseme nt sto ry is pie rced by a series of round ,

a a he arche d ope nings cente red on the rc de above. T center opening is o ne ro u ndz arched door with heavy reveals ; these are the salient features of the design of

i int z e iev the Librair e Sa e Gen v e . To simplifythe comparison let u s consider the main

i in e facade of the Boston L brary the same t rms. In the 24 PLAN OF GRO U N D FLOOR BOST ON P BLIC L I BRARY , U

THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

Boston building the main story is an arcade of thirteen

u st arches separated by quite heavy piers. j abou t one

w o m u ch hi her The indows ab ve are m g than

e y s ee er re e al . r Gw enevi ve with d p The f ieze above the arcade is plain except fo r an inscription in Roman let ,

lm o st ters, W t ture

' of t w o f Itali o rathe r tha . o m

se W . The ba ment storyis much more lofty than in the Paris building and is pierced

s u are z he aded Tha entrance o by q openings . consist s f hi f: r re al ﬁlled in Wi t e lofty arches o—f# ﬂ ve y deep ve th

i W ham . From this brief descript on it must be readily seen that the designs are unlike in i every salient proport on .

The Boston Library be ing the ﬁ rst great monu r

al McKim ment work of , Mead, and White, and being

’ r McKim s d i u M . pec liarly own chil , mer ts a much

n i inﬂu ence more lengthy descriptio , espec ally as its

f i l the upon the future work of the irm is st l felt . To completion of this building were called painters and

r e . sculpto s, that the result might be the more p rfect CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM Among all the wonderful achievements of Augustus

Saint z Gau dens it is hard to ﬁ nd anything more charm , ing than the three sculptured panels over the e ntrance

the l i arches, illustrating sea s of the Library, the C ty, i and the Commonwealth . The medall ons cut in the spandrels of t he great window arches and representing trademarks or devices of the early printers and book ,

x binders, mostly of the si teenth century, are the work

Mr. of Domingo Mora, who did his work directly

i in from the orig nals as he found them books . The great couchant lions on the main stairwayare the work

z Saint Gaude ns . of Louis , a brother of Augustus In

i n x / mural paintings the bu ldi g is e ceptionally rich, pos sessing the Sargent and Abbey series, so well known

d and in n n u and illustrate , one se se it is u iq e in being the only building in America decorate d in any part by i Pu v s de Chavannes .

But it is not my intention to go into a detailed de f

i e the i n i script on of the treasur s of bu ldi g, all of wh ch have been the subject of many published articles .

i i witho u t no ne s has W th n and , but the be t ofmaterials been used in the constructio n and adornment of the

i was b bu lding, and in each case the material chosen y

McKim i as e , after most careful cons deration , b ing in

n , his judgment the only thing to use . The accompa y

2 6 MA I N ENTRAN CE BO STON P BLIC LI BRARY , U

THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY ing illustrations and plans give a much better idea than can any writte n words.

- u ld i s i nterestin as. s The plan of the b i ing g howing ‘ t e di rectness and neral sim licit ofm em ent . h f g e p x g Were it being worked out to day with the knowledge

a s e of more modern libr ry method , undoubt dly the whole rear of the building along Blagden Street would be given up to the library stacks, as is done in the new library in New York ; but in the eighties it seemed better to devote the ﬁ ne light along Boylston Street to

re adin mo o m s such departments as the g for children ,

e the periodical room , the assembly hall, and the pat nt

e n . library, placing the stacks around the opposit cor er

ﬁ nd r As far as I can out, from talks with a forme head of the Boston Library and from conversations with

n admi istrators of other large libraries, this is the main fault in the building. In all other respe cts the plan is economical and straightforward with ample circula/

n tion . The ce tral courtyard is a feature of great beauty \ t.4 da e and usefulness . One y last August I stroll d into the

a library, as I alw ys do when I have a leisure hour in

n n hi Bosto , and ot ng, even in Italy, could have been more charming than this court with the fountain play , ing in the cente r and many readers seated in comfort,

e o u t z o fz do o rs able chairs in the arcade . It was a v ritable CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM P room pervaded with the stillness and coolness so con ,

du cive to study and meditation and completely re ,

e e ~ moved from the heat and nois of the str ets. Sue h a spo ro n suc h a day is the strongest possible

b ‘ of the court feature of E E PlE}; To o ne studying the life of Charles McKim this building is supremely important as being his launching upon the gre at style to the following of which he and

his two confreres have given their lives since 1 8 8 7 .

ie e i a a and I t hi nk c an The sc nc of l br ry man gement,

a a n has e e n be c lled scie ce, dev lop d i and according to the most m o dern lights ma m Library has inconvenie nces ; but in spite

' stands to day the m o st se re ne ly be autifu l oﬂ Amg g f can library buildings and an e xpression o f the highest architectural ide als according to

nd i a e i e Whit e. A r ght here I would ttempt to d scr b

n t t e more fu lly those ideals as I understa d them . A h

e e the ﬁ rm s s. McKim Me ad v ry outs t of career, Messr , , and White recognize d that the only archite ctural traz dition to which America could lay any claim was that transplanted form of Georgian which we call Colonial and which in itself is an adaptation of Renaissance

i i e forms . Th s of itself was enough to nclin a man of

' McKim s temperame nt to a close r study of this style .

2 8

BAT ES HA L L BOSTON P BLIC L I BRARY , U

THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

In judging his work one must also re membe r that he came of conservative cultivated Philadelphia ancestry and had been brought up to observe and cling to the

i i n forms and trad t o s of an established society. While

i n n recogn zi g the inhere t beautyofGothic forms, in the u se of which he made one very successful essay in the

Churct e e arl re aliz ed that . t his . st le Morristown y _ y

su ﬁ cie ntl g l ti a ew ande x andin was not y as g for n _ p g

i j hz atio nt ﬁ l llﬁ f the uSiasm bo as tfu lness o f g y , t and

his e his i e youth . Throughout whol career d al seems to have been to establish a tradition capable of co ntinz u o u s development rathe r than to attempt anything

i r i i i o dar ngly o iginal, to produce bu ld ngs wh ch sh uld compe l the observation and admiration of the passen

e su fﬁ cie ntl i by by th ir quiet yet y assert ve beauty. One cannot but see the wisdom of such a course in such a

i s country as ours. That th s wi dom was quickly recog niz edby the public is shown in the volume of work in ,

s e McKim e and i e it s tru t d to , M ad, Wh t , and is al o more fu lly shown in the steadily increasing admiration

e s ei o fﬁce of their confr res and follower . Th r became an atelier in the truest sense of the word and from it have come many of the be st z trai ned and most successa

' cKim s ful architects in America. In all ofthis work M

S i n ﬁ nal was the guiding p rit and inspiratio , and to his 2 9 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

judgment not only his partners but also all of his many pupils and assistants readily deferred . Because the ﬁ rm consistently worked in the forms

a ac, of an established Europe n style, they have been cu sed of lack of originality and also of sacriﬁcing many things for the purpose of producing a ' certain

x e terior effect . As time goes on the injustice of such i cr ticism will be more and more proven. Not only in

in i r New York , but other large c ties of the count y do the McKim buildings of , Mead , and White stand out

no from the surrounding mass, t

ssio n an striki l W g of y n a ities but ;

Such distinction can only be produced by the consist , ent sacriﬁce ofindividual preference to the higher good of the profession as a whole. Ri chardson was u nqu es; tio nabl McKim he y a more brilliant genius than , but worked in a style adapted peculiarly to his own tem z

eram ent as i rin p , and , he left no ab ding architectural p z ci les i i p for future generations , his style qu ckly d ed

r out . Nobody questions the supreme genius of Shake

in the ﬁeld i e speare of dramatic l terature, but he n ver did for the English Language what Racine and Cor,

in i neille did for the French, establish ng a form and tradition in dramatic literature for his successors to 3 0

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS BUILDINGS

It is not my intention here to enter into a detailed

’ i McKim s a critic sm of executed work , but there are fe w among the many buildings designed and executed by the firm to which I wish to call attention because they illustrate so pe rfectly the principles fo r which

c im e M K so p rsistently strove . It is not possible to maintain that these buildings are exclusively the work

McKim s of ; in fact, with ome of them , he had no

n has e i immediate connectio , but, as b en said, unt l his death his spirit and inﬂu e nce were predominant in the o fﬁ ce and set the standard of tas te to which all con ,

f . r ormed Their clubhouses in New York, the Centu y

Fo rt z third on West y Street ; the Harvard, on West

Fo rtyz fo u rth Street ; and the Metropolitan and Uni x i i vers ty, both on Fifth Avenue, have establ shed a style i fo r all large c ty clubs. Of these the Century is the oldest , and while it is

m , al ost wholly the work of Stanford White, I men tion it in this discussion because it is so striking an example of those principles of architectural de sign 32 D CL B EX TERI O R O F THE HA RVAR U , N EW YO R K

DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS BUILDINGS which need to be implanted in the minds of stude nts

e i is of Am r can architecture . It a simple balanced

n t z o facade of stone and brick a d erra c t ta. This was one of the ﬁ rst buildings in the United States in which “ " e the long, thin Roman brick was used, and b cause of its successfu l handling in this building for many

n i it years this shaped brick became a fashion , u t l was ” so z called re , superseded by the Harvard brick, the vival is McKim and of which also due to , Mead, f White . The acade of the Century Club deserves constant study for young architects who sincerely wish

u n i to master the f ndame tal princ ples of proportion ,

i e no composition , and suitability. In th s design th re is

su e rﬂu o u s . p ornament Every detail counts, and the om ission ofany one would materially injure the archiz

n i , t ectu ral composition . That all the e r chment is con

z n i ﬁ ned to the terra co tta surfaces is worthy of atte t on . This material is never satisfactory whe n used in plain

r in i a su faces, as the burning it almost nvari bly buckles

t , and becomes uneven . In the Century Club the te ra

ﬂu ted cotta is either , as in the pilasters, or richly

u and mo lded, as in capitals and friezes the garlands

ﬁll the which up spandrels of the loggia arch, thus focalizing the eye upon what was intended to be the

n i mai feature of the des gn . The high basement exa 3 3 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

' pre sses at once the fact that this ﬂo o r is give n up to rooms of se condary character and yet of su fﬁ cie nt im z

r an e e the a e po t c to d mand light and air, and at s me tim it is a mo st forceful fac tor in the beauty of the whole

i i it r r i compos t on , as lifts the charmingly p opo t oned loggia and the windows of the great rooms of the ﬁ rst

r e story just the right he ight above the st ee t . Th se

in in a e i are n e th gs d s gn do not happen , but o ly achi ved by care fu l study combine d with faultle ss taste . To

' cultivate su ch a taste and make it a part o fo ne s nature

' is surely the soul s desire of every young architect who

as be re in loves his art , and such t te can acqui d America by no surer means than the careful study of the work of Charles McKim and his associate s . One of the club buildings ere cted by the ﬁ rm in which McKim took pe culiar delight and which with him was a ve ritable lo ve z child is the N e w York Harz .

r e o rt z o u t r can in va d Club on W st F y f r h St e et . I th k of no more e xqu isite e xample of Georgian archite c/

ture in America than the Fo rtyz fo u rth Street facade

u n of this b ilding . It is the sort of thing that no one ca

r at ﬁ rst i it r re au i u app eciate s ght, but g ows mo be t f l with e ach year and is an object of co nstant delight to all who love tho se principles o f de sign which have

In made o u r own Co lo nial architecture so delightful . 34 DI NI N G- H ALL H ARVAR D CL B N EW YOR K , U ,

DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS BUILDINGS no sense a copy ofany previou s building in England

it is rf r n a or America, in pe ect ha mo y with the e rly buildings in the Harvard Yard andyet belo ngs wholly to our mo dern day and shows the possibilitie s of de f velo pm e nt in this our e arly traditional style . The gre at dining z ro o m in the Harvard Club is to my mind the e dinin z hall N e w most b autiful public g in York , and in its dignity and simplicity pu ts to shame the

re / r mo gorgeous dining rooms of a late date .

was r d r / Although he only at Camb i ge one yea , Mc

a ar m an Kim was always at heart a H rv d , and that the University recognized and appreciated that fact is shown in the degre es she conferred upon him and the

r h a fo r his manne in w ich, until his de th , she called judgme nt in all qu e stio ns whe re archite ctural tas te

d d e u i was nee e . H b lt much for Harvard ; conspicuous amo ng the Colle ge buildings being the Harvard U nion and the building fo r the Departme nt of Architectu re ; but the thing which gives unity and scale as we ll as beauty to the old Harvard Yard is the se ries o f me mo, rial gates and the walls and grille s connecting them .

The a e n a ill most be utiful of th se, the joh ston G te, is

r in was the f r lust ated this memoir. It i st and is still the most beautiful ofthe gate s and set the style for all

. Of his the others all of many services to Harvard, CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

I think these gates and the clubhouse in New York are de arest to the he arts of Harvard m e n and in the ir judgment show m ost distinctly the genius of Charles

McKim .

It is interesting to note that these johnston Gates

really cause d the re vival of the usage of the so/called “ " Harvard brick which has since become so general .

' It was McKim s desire to match as nearly as possible the old brickwork in Harvard Hall and the other early

the r e x e ri , buildings in Yard. For this pu pose many p

ments were made at the brick / kilns and finallythe gates

e i the re ected o ve rz bu rne d i i w re bu lt out of j , br cks wh ch had been thrown aside by the brickmakers as not being

o i t wo rthy o f use. S qu cklywas their be au y o f color and texture recognized by the discriminating public that the practice of o ve ra bu rning a ce rtain percentage ofthe bricks in the kilns fo r the purpose of producing the

a m r i n ri k z kilns blac k he ders beca e gene al n ma y b c . There is another building which a noted English a r rchitect coming f om London , the city of famous

the i n clubs, pronounced most beautiful club bu ldi g in

h am a o r t e world . I now spe king f the Unive sity Club

d a an Fift fo u rth r N ew r . on Fifth Avenue y St eet, Yo k

x ra o ne This sounds like e t vagant praise , but the more studies this bu ilding the less is one inclined to disagree 3 6 DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS BUILDINGS

/ w . e e McKim ith this criticism H r we have , and Mc

o ‘ ﬁ Kim at his best . Through the courtesy f the rm I am able to publish so many photographs that I will let

i s them speak for themse lves. Th s building po sesses all the qualities desirable in a palac e upon a gre at city

e d u can stre t, and to ay the modern city cl b be nothing

it but a palace if it is to fulﬁll the demands made upon . Since the widening of Fifth Ave nue has necessitate d

e the i i the removal of the area balustrad , bu ld ng stands

, solidly upon its own base, and from base to top of cor

i e r , n c is an example of perfect propo tion , perfect com

f i i . i e position , and per ect suitab l ty The plan is qu t as simple as the elevation and the elevation well expresses

e i i i the plan . Would that we had mor such bu ld ngs n

America.

was f u McKim It the good ort ne of , Mead, and " e a White to be chosen to d sign many pal ces, as we

in he use the word these United States. T group of houses on Madison Avenue kno wn as the Villard

r i f e e e is house, but in eal ty our s parat resid nces, another example in the same manner as the University Club

r and ha dly less successful . While this is primarily a sketch of the work of

McKim e / Charles , because of the strong int r relations

r f is of the membe s of the irm one compelled, in ata 3 7 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

r r e u tempting to desc ibe their wo k , at l ast to touch pon the wo rk o f the other two men ; and there is one strictly commercial building to which I cannot resist alluding because of its great beauty as well as its perfect adapt ,

as ability to the purpose fo r which it w bu ilt. I refer to the Gorham Building at the corner of Fifth Ave nue

and Twentyz sixth Stre et which was designed by Stan :

i r is fo r r / ford Wh te . He e a building built a etail jew elr e i and y stor , demanding great show w ndows all the

s e a e a other requirement of commerce, but her we h v work of art and perhaps the most be au tiﬁ xl store build ,

a c im i to ing in Americ . That M K had noth ng do with

a are the rinciz the design himself I have s id, but here p ples fo r which he stood carried out with the utmost perfection of taste and here is a type of de sign adapted

r i r i to almost any comme c al pu pose. Cr tics for years have praised the Rue de Rivoli in Paris as an example

e r . r a i of stre t a chitecture If Fifth Avenue, f om M d son

e co ntinz Square to Fortieth Str et , were carried out in a n ri / ation ofthis design , what a street Ame ca would pos

e . u s t e i z s ss Let hope hat some new West rn c ty, ambi

i see i i tious in c ty planning, may the possib lities of th s

i u design and bu ld j st one street of this type . It would

r create an architectu al revolution .

The buildings thus far re ferred to are distinctly R e , 3 8 T H E GOR H AM B I L DI NG N EW YOR K U ,

DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS BUILDINGS

in e r n o n as the naissance feeling, rath tha R ma , but work o f the ﬁ rm grew more stro ngly e stablishe d in the

s o f i n e e r e n i the mind the Amer ca p opl , as epres t ng ideal

e ri n t n towards which Am ca archi ecture was pushi g, they re ceive d commissio n s o f a much large r scale and

a e s ie s f e e Co , t ee e n . O among them hr gr t u iv r it th s , lumbia and the University o fN e wYo rk were entirely

nts in e o e n o n new pla located what was th n p c u try, while the co mmissio n for the Unive rsity o f Virginia

n si e o f is ro f s an in , was eces tated becaus a d ast us ire . A s a e o f n o o n si it is fo r o ne t nc how da ger us, and fte lly, to judge any work of art before the who le co nceptio n is completed and the observer able to unde rstand what

in the i the e o r am s a re / was m nd of cr at , I con t ntly minde d o f my first impre ssio ns o f Co lumbia Unive r/ si f s e e i s s x ty . I ir t saw th s build ng ju t afte r the comple

i the f s isa i t on of ir t group, and my d ppo ntment was so

n / gre at I could have we pt. I had bee to ld that Co lum bia was t he o McKim it peculiarly w rk of , and w h my

' m ind s eye filled with me mo ries o f Padua and Bo lo z

x e — I do no t n i i e e e . gna, I p ct d k ow qu t what W th

o the i r e in se e e the excepti n of l bra y, veryth g m d cold

z li and barrack ke . The i r e l bra y alon calm , serene,

s i — isf n t maje t c sat ied e ve fro m he begin ning . I we nt again and again be cause I co u ld no t re concile my dis , 3 9 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM appointment with my intense admiration fo r and be ,

i th , lief n e genius ofMcKim . Slo wly l began to u nder

i the io stand the b gness of concept n . This was not

o o e n C lumbia C llege mov d uptow , but the beginning of a great U niversity which was to grow and expand with the growth of the city until it became the crown

e t he e a j wel of m tropolis of the Western World . E ch

i in i / year new bu ld gs have been adde d . W th each addi tion o ne gains a cle arer conception of t he whole idea

its / a as co nceived by designer. To day what I c lled barracks are so no longer ; not because they have bee n

e e i , chang d, but because, with the er ction of other bu ld

s e e e ir e in i o f ing , th ytak th proper plac s the compos tion which the library is and always must be the keynote.

' How Co lumbia Unive rsity re garde d McKim s work was so beautifully expressed by Pre sident Nicholas Murray Bu tle r in his re marks at the Memorial Service held at the N e w The ate r in N e w York on Novem/ he r 2 1 0 o in 3 , 9 9, that I c py them full

r McKim e o n e to o u r Uni e rsi in a e u iar intir M . b l g d v ty p c l ly

e n ense I n his o in we o u rn the ea o f a mate and p rso al s . g g m d th

rea ar is and a no e i i e n but we add to a a e e se nse g t t t bl c t z , th t d p o fpe rso nal be re ave me nt and lo ss at the passing o fade ar co lle ague

rie n ro m the da e n ir e ars a o t he s u o f and f . d F y wh , th ty y g , t dy ar i e ure was ﬁrst s s e a i a e un i u s it had his inf ch t ct y t m t c lly b g w th , te re st his u i in o u nse his e nero u s and co nsist en su o r , g d g c l , g t pp t , DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS BUILDINGS

and whe n the time came fo r the Unive rsity to e nter u po n the

o ns ru io n o f its ne w and e r ane n o e the as o f a in c t ct p m t h m , t k m k g

was h H is in se i e the nde r in rin i e andco nce / it is . m d z d u ly g p c pl p tio n o f a great ho me and scho o l fo r scho lars in the metro po lis o f a o ern e o ra as no in had e e r o ne e fo re McKitn m d d m c cy m d v d b . kne w that unde r tho se co nditio ns he co u ld no t plan and build so e in re o e e a ed su ur an he ne a he us m th g m t , d t ch , b b k w th t m t ’ un e his ins i u io na o e in o t he i s ife a his s o ars pl g t t t l h m t c ty l , th t ch l

i be ar o f the i H e ne a it us a e an e a r m ght p t c ty . k w th t m t h v trance bro ad and spacio us and Re c as t he invitatio n which it o ff fe red o e er o ne who o rin n ain H e ne t v y w u ld d k at its fo u t . k w that it must no t turn its back o r its side to the gre at po pulatio n ;

but a it s o o it s rai in the fa e and e i s o wn s o r th t mu t l k t ght c t ll t t y. H e kne w that the University o f the twe ntieth ce ntu ry must o wn ’ ’ its de pe ndence u po n the wo rld s le arning and the wo rld s lo re by building itse lf abo ut a gre at library which re pre se nted the accu/

m u late d s o ars i o f the a e s a a e o ne e se in s ch l h p g th t h v g . All th th g Mc Kim saw ; all these things McKim and tho se asso ciate d with

him did was a re a se r i e no a o ne h Uni r i b t . t to t e e s u It g t v c , l v ty,

o o u r e o ra W e li e to in o f him as a e e r o f the t d m c cy . k th k m mb

re a radi io n the o ne re a ra i io n a has s a e the inte lr g t t t , g t t d t th t h p d le ctu al life and the e sthe tic aspiratio n o fthe We ste rn Wo rld the

rea ra i io n i e s i e all an in ﬁtﬁJ l e e rs all all g t t d t wh ch , d p t ch g g, t mp ,

te ratio nso f s e ne and assin s o f i e re ains t he o ne u re we l c p g t m , m p l

o f art and i e ra u re unde ﬁle d the radi io n hi e ars the na e l t t , t t w ch b m

o fGree e c .

The spirit of sacriﬁce o f individu al pre fe re nce fo r the gre ate r be neﬁ t of preserving architectu ral tradition is shown in the restoration o f the White Hou se in Washington and the turning of the old Custo m CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

House in New York into a building fo r the Natio nal City Bank and the rebuilding of the Bank of Mona

n r n treal . The e la gi g of the White House is one of

the things fo r which the American people should fo r, im ever be most grateful to McK . For many years

f was e to fo r be ore this commission entrust d him , plans i this enlargement had been cons dered. One plan was to give up the White House entirely to executive o fﬁ ces and build a residence fo r the President upon

i n one of the surround ng hills . Public opi ion was so strongly opposed to this that the scheme was abana

cl u a fo r enlar a oned, and vario s designs were m de g ing the existing building every one of which would have completely destroyed its charm and architectural

beauty .

, Mr. r i a Roosevelt, who was then P es dent, fully re l iz ed the beauty and historic associations connected with the White House and heartily indorsed the scheme which was ﬁ nally adopted of devoting the

building exclusively to residence purposes and build , ing temporary o fﬁ ce s in the White Ho use grounds

until such a time as Congress should make the necesa

r sary appropriation fo an Executive Ofﬁ ce Building.

r c im o M . M K at nce made exhaustive studies of

' Hoban s original plans and all of these changes were

DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS BUILDINGS made to harmonize with these plans and preserve the architectural simplicity for which the White House

a a r was justly famous. M ny lte ations had been made

r iff a o s so a the o du ing d erent administr ti n , th t interi r

o ho d e z o d e se was a s rt of architectural g p g e . All of th were removed and the Colonial character and dignity

was e ﬁ re » of the rooms restored . The structure mad proof and su pplied with those dome stic conveniences which it had so sadly lacked . Even the new State

D inin o o m the an o o rtu z n , where architect had pp

it s n y to do as he plea ed, was designed in complete

n w the er and er , harmo y ith oth rooms, while v y beau

di niﬁ ed e a n far tiful and g in tr tme t, is more simple than the dining z ro o m s of many private ho use s in

n d the i Washi gton . To ay Wh te House can be pointe d to with ju stiﬁ able pride by all Americans as embodying in itse lf tho se de mocratic ideals of sim z plicity anddignity upon which the who le structure o f

To re a our government was reared . lize this was no easy task and the architect was thwarted at eve ry step and harshly criticized both in and out ofCongress, but McKim neve r gave in against his best ide als and for this the people of the United States will always bless hi m

Shortly after the completion of the WhiteHouse 4 3 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

r the Ame ican Institute of Architects, holding their t hirt z ei hth n a r ﬁftie th anniz y g conventio , celebr ted thei versar e y with a great banquet at the Arlington Hot l . N0 more distinguished body ofmen ever met togethe r

in in . e n e a e Wash gton The Presid t of the Unit d St t s,

e o f , m mbers of his Cabinet, ambassadors foreign gov e rnm ents r Ke z , dignita ies of the Church, Senators, pre se ntative s r , college presidents, painte s, sculptors, and

o s s r auth r who were the gue ts of the Institute, we e seated at a long table raise d upon a platform and ex,

r o n tending a ound three sides ofthe room , but am g that

i McKim to H e dist nguished group was not be found. had heard the rumor that he was to be the real guest

no i h o d s ofho r, and w th hisc aracteristic m e ty had seated himself at a small table in a distant part of the room among the workers of his own profession. Speeches

e were mad by President Roosevelt , Cardinal Gibbons,

icho las r Senator Root, N Mu ray Butler, Augustus

Saint z Gau de ns o hn J La Farge, and others upon many

rie ad, va d topics, but each speaker at the end of his

' dress made a point of me ntioning McKim s work for

ne n Washington . O amusi g sight at this banquet was

e r Speak Cannon , chewing his long cigar and listening to unstinted praise for the remodeled White House and the man he had baited in every way in his power DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS BUILDINGS

x as is during the whole e tent of the work . It w at th

meeting that McKim was able to announce to the In f stitu te of Architects what was to him the realization

l r s of one of his dearest dreams, the abi ity to pu cha e a perm anent home fo r the American Academy at

was e s hu n / Rome, which mad pos ible by gifts of one

o r/ dred thousand dollars each from Mr. J. Pierpont M

r. gan and M Henry Walters.

r atio n But to eturn to our muttons . When the N al City Bank bought the old New York Custom House

r e n a on Wall St eet, it was a much discuss d questio wh t

a n e to do with the property . Some favored te ri g th building down and starting afre sh with an entirelynew

u e i n str cture, others advis d the erect o of a skyscraper i upon the old colonn ade. McK m opposed both ofthese

e a n r i schemes . H and his p rtners not o ly eal zed the

e s e be b auty of the building as it tood, and f lt it would a distinct loss to the street should this monume nt of

r da s fe a i an earlie y be destroyed , but al o lt th t a typ cal o fﬁce building placed o n to p of the re ally beau tifu l order would be an anachronism for which they cou ld

s i i o o d i not tand . The build ng as t st was ent rely too

o f w as small to meet the demands the bank, and there

in n i i nothing the i ter or worthy of preservat on . The

was o d question , therefore, how to provide m ern bank CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM ing quarters for a great corporation and at the same

r time p eserve the really beautifu l exterior. After most

ful r r care study the solution of a supe imposed orde ,

i f n more del cate in detail , ollowing an ancie t Roman

. So has i precedent, was decided upon carefully th s

that inste ad been done , oftaking awayfrom the beauty

r r a u b in, of the o iginal orde , th t bea ty has een greatly i i i creased, and the add t onal he ght of the second order but brings the building mo re into scale with the surf rounding buildings and makes it tod ay the mo st dis/ tin u i h d i i g s e e d ﬁce on Wall Street . When t came to

i bankin z ro o m i had design ng the great g , the arch tects a t free hand, and our illus rations show far better than i words can tell what a great success has been ach eved. In rebuilding the Bank of Montreal the same spirit of determination to preserve all that was worthy of preservation in the original building was carried out . As it was utterly impossible to meet the needs of the

i i in bank by enlargement of the orig nal bu ld g on St .

i i i edi z James Street , th s building, w th its beaut ful p m ented i e i e o r port co, was turned into a great v st bul anteroom to the bank and a new buildingwas putupon the lot in the re ar in every way su fﬁ cient for the corr

' t i fo r The two po at on s needs years to come. structures

f the n , are per ectly blended into one , and Ba k of Mon

I NTE RI OR OF T H E M ORGAN LIBRARY

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM now rapidly nearing comple tion and which is the wo rk

McKim e and e i a McKim of , M ad , Whit to d scover th t

r ai n ro , was right , absolutely ight, in m ntaini g that p

n i and a e portio , dign ty, restraint are the fund m ntal

r e a o a o ne p inciples of ev ry gre t art, the f und ti n sto s

i t i o u / upon wh ch building res s, and that w th t them no

u can be e an thing truly beautif l , and with th m y type

be e a u e u the of structure may , mad be utif l . B a ty was

e McKim fs l c ie e u d mand of sou , and that he a h ved b a ty the illustrations which I am able to show and this brief

fe w a a description of only a of his m ny cre tions will,

I hope, prove. NEW MUNICI PAL BU I L D I N G O F T H E CITY O F N EW YOR K

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM and undere stimate d the ze al and enthusiasm of the

e e e i and o f o n i W st rn m tropol s, so by Act C gress th s

no t u o fair we nt to Chicago . It is my p rpose here t give e ve n a brie f histo ry o f the inceptio n and carry,

e i a o a r e r / ing o u t of th Ch c g F i . Its m mo y is too diS

i in the in e an r io t t nct m ds of all to n ed y de sc ipt n . A the time of its conceptio n the most brilliant genius in the archite ctu ral wo rld we st o f the Alle ghany Mou n /

i o e o e i ar ne r ta ns was J hn W llb rn Roo t . H w th his p t

u rn u n he ﬁ rm r a nie H . a e t Da l B h m, d r title of Bu nh m and had u i u a e r i e in and Root, b lt p a l rg p act c Chicago througho ut the We st and had done mo re than any other m e n to place the profe ssio n o f archite cture in its

r e a i n i the o e e o eir adz prope r l t o w th pe pl , who b f re th ve nt had lo o ke d u pon an architect as a rathe r tricky mason o r carpe nte r who by calling himself an archia tee t ho pe d to g et a little more mo ney o u t of the po ckz

n ets of the commu ity .

John Root po sse sse d in his natu re a rare co m biz natio n of the characte ristics of bo th Richardso n and

m his exe u e wo r u e r McKi . In c t d k his warm So th n natu re led him to e xpre ss himself in the Romanesque style o f Richardso n rathe r than in any adaptation o f

a o r and i e r o he an in cl ssic f ms , l k Richa ds n had tense

e fo r i and o i o r. On the e lov r ch gl w ng c lo oth r hand, 5 0 THE W OR LD ’S FAIR AT CH ICAGO

like McKim he passionately love d music and de f

m anded in his ife his r l and in work propo tion , hara

and mony, order. To the ﬁ rm of Burnham and Root is du e primarily

o the in r w i u the locati n of Fair jackson Pa k, h ch p to

rr n a i u that time had bee n a ba e waste . V r o s locations

e he o n e e a t e a . Ou w re consid r d, not bly Lak Fr t P rk

u 1 0 1 8 0 Mr. e i Law Aug st , 9 , Fr der ck Olmsted, of

a e i the in i n the Boston , c m to Ch cago on vitat o of Bu ildings and Grou nds Committee to conside r the

u a n t ﬁ rst e r n x sit tio . A ven he was discou aged by the u

ﬁ nished o i n u e r . O u 2 0 d s lat on ofJackso Pa k A gust ,

o i d o , e L. an m the C mmittee appo nt d F . Olmsted C

a n u r i e and / p ny co s lting landscape a ch t cts, on the fol

o e u a i e lowing day J hn Root was mad cons lting rch t ct.

’ At Root s requ e st this appointme nt was changed so as

u his e and e er 1 8 0 to incl de partn r, on Sept mb 9 , Bu m bam and Root were made co nsulting archite cts i of the Exposit o n . At this time feeling in Chicago with re fe re nce to the planning of the grou nds and the designing o f the

u i i ran e i was the o u a e a a b ld ngs v ry h gh . It p p l r id th t it was to be a Chicago Fair and that o nly Chicago

i n architects should be e mployed n its cre atio . Not so

r h , fo r one instant fe lt John Root. F o m t e very begin 5 1 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM ning he took the ground that it was to be a N atio nal Exposition and shou ld represent the entire natio n and show to the world the ideals and the achie ve ments of the e i n o e e r Am r ca pe pl . That th i position might be

e e n a and a p rf ctly understood , Bur h m Root nnounced that they we re employe d simply in an advisory and exe cutive capacity and that they wou ld design none of the great buildings arou nd the proposed Court of

n . On e 8 1 8 0 e e e Ho or Decemb r , 9 , Root pr s nt d to the Buildings and Grounds Committee a me morial in which he set forth fou r mode s of procedu re to wards the secu ring o f de signs fo r the various buildings and his reco mme ndations we re as follows

Pre i inar o r in o a in ui in s in e er inin e ir l m y w k l c t g b ld g , d t m g th ge neral are as and in o the r ele me ntary dire ctio ns necessary and

ro er ro ress in the e si n and ere io n o f the s ru ures o f p p , p g d g ct t ct the Co lu mbian Expo sitio n has no w re ached a po int where it be co mes necessary to de termine the me tho d by which designs

in s m a b o aine We re o ni e a o ur fo r these bu ild g y e bt d . c g z th t y actio n in this matter will be o f great impo rtance no t o nly in its dire ct effe ct u po n t he artistic and co mme rcial succmse s o f the Ex o si io n but s ar e e ss u o n the as e re re se n e p t , c c ly l , p p ct p t d by America to t he wo rld and also as a pre ce de nt fo r fu tu re pro r ce du re in is o u n r the o ern e n o r o ra io ns and th c t y by g v m t , by c p t , in i i a s d v du l . I n o ur adviso ry capacity we wish to re co mme nd su ch actio n to o u as i be ro u i e o fthe e s re su s and i at the sa e y w ll p d ct v b t lt , w ll m 5 2

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM wo uld de mandgreat and e xte nded labo r to bring into co her It is gre atly to be fe ared that fro m such a hete ro ge neo us co m /

e i io n the e s m e n o f the ro fessio n o u reh' ain no t o n p t t b t p w ld , ly because the u nce rtaintie s invo lved in it are to o great and their

i e to o a u a e but e ause the so ie ies to i e a o s t m v l bl , b c c t wh ch th y lm t uni ersal e o n a e so s ro n ro no u n ed its f i i v ly b l g h v t gly p c ut l ty . A limited and paid co mpe titio n wo uld pre sent fe we r e mbar/ rassm ents but e en in is ase the ues io n o f i e is rese n ed v th c q t t m p t , andit is o s u n i e a an resu e ri e ro u is e ans m t l k ly th t y lt d v d th gh th m ,

o in as it o u ﬁ' o m ne e ssari ar ia a uain an e i c m g , w ld c ly p t l cq t c w th t he su e and ast ill/co nside red re se n a io ns o f it o u be bj ct h y p t t , c ld sa isfa o r t ct y .

ar e er an an o f ese e o s see s to be t e as F b tt th y th m th d m h l t . This is to se le ct a ce rtain nu mbe r o f archite cts because o f their e ine n e in eir ro fe ssio n o o sin ea m an fo r su o r m c th p , ch g ch ch w k as wo uld be mo st parallel with his be st achie ve me nts the se arch/ itects to ee in o nfe re n e e co e as e rs o f all the ele e n s m t c c , b m m t m t o fthe pro blems to be so lved and agree upo n so me ge ne ral sche me o f pro cedure ; the preliminary studie s re su lting fro m this to be fu is u sse in a su se ue n o nfe re n e and i the assis / lly d c d b q t c c , , w th t an e o f su su e s io ns as o ur a iso rs i a e to be c ch gg t y dv m ght m k , o e bro ught into an harmo nio us wh l . The precise re latio nship be twee n t he dire cto ry and these architects might be safely le ft to a gene ral co nfe re nce at which

i f r n The o no r us all quest o ns o de tail co uld be ag eed u po . h th co nfe rred u po n any m an thu s se lected wo uld create in his mind a dispo sitio n to place the artistic quality o f his wo rk in advance o f the me re questio n o f e tno lum ent while the e mu latio n beg o tr te n in a rivalry so dig niﬁe d and frie ndly co uld no r fail to be pro z du ctive o f a result which wo uld stand be fo re the wo rld as the

e fru i o f eri a i a o n b st t Am c n civil z ti . THE W OR LD ’S FAIR AT CH ICAGO

That this me morial was approved and adopted by the Commission was o ne o f t he mo st fortunate things fo r the architectural profe ssion that has happene d in

e ri e o i n Am ca . B f re pre se nt ng it Burnham a d Root had deﬁ nitely canvassed the situation in their own minds and picked out the m e n best qu aliﬁe d to carry out the work according to the highest ide als o f architectu ral prac tice . The ir recomme ndatio ns were carrie d out by

/ r M . n the Committee and Messrs. Richa d Hu t , Mc

Kim e nd a e e B . o , M ad, Whit , and Georg P st , of New

e a o f and Van York ; Peabody and St rns, Boston

and o f e e in n a e . O Brunt Howe, Kansas City, w r ppo t d

e 2 o u e u i and Decemb r 7 , Root ann nc d to the B ldings

Grou nds Committe e that the se ge ntlemen wo uld ac ,

e a e and 1 o 1 8 1 cept th ir ppointm nt, January , 9 , was

ﬁ x d u h e pon as t e date for the ﬁ rst gene ral confe re nce .

i ee a e in e e The Comm tt , ft r hav g acc pt d the ground

a fo r i e e o pl n the various bu ldings, wis ly l ft all questi ns of design and de tail to the vario u s artists and so the gre at work o f planning and constructing the Expo si z tion be gan in a spirit of frie ndly harmony and e m u laz

i The e e o he a e r ﬁ rm s a e o e e t on . m mb rs f t E st n c m t g th r at i t ﬁ r t i h o f a a the time appo nted . A s s g t J ckson P rk they see med discou raged and fe arful that no thing r ll u i be c e ea y bea t ful could a complish d, but largely 55 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

r Mr. th ough the enthusiasm of Root, and Codman , of

ﬁ rm L. e F . e the of Olmst d and Company, they becam ﬁ red with the possibilities offered by an almost clean

ﬁ e ld i the b e o f upon wh ch to build, having lu waters

a Lake Michig n as a bac kground .

At ﬁrst nf McKim this co erence was not present, but

ﬁ r rm . his was more than well represented by M . Mead

In the midst ofthis conference, Root was stricken with

o pneumonia and die d on January 1 5 . Ar ﬁ rst his l ss

e a a was felt to be irr par ble. U p to his de th he had been the guiding spirit o f the whole conception and had him ,

ﬁ r se lf prepared the rst complete plan fo r Jackson Pa k . As the co nsu lting architects worked and studied the problem on the ground the excellencies of Root ’s plan

e m o an d b came more and re apparent, in the main his plan was carried out . McKim ente red in tothis work with even more than his usu al enthusiasm . This was the sort of problem in

his and e the co nfe rz which mind soul delight d, and in ences e e the a r b tw en rchitects, which became mo e and

as r more frequent the wo k progressed, his judgment an nd in e a d taste be came more a more d m nd . It had

’ , ee n e Mr. u n re b John Root s desir that H t, whom he

e o f o e garded as the d an the profession , sh uld d sign the Administration Building which was to be the domia 5 6

CHARLES FOLLEN McKlM

" c and mony, Ea h for the joy of the working, the resu lt was su ch a dream of beauty as will never be

o e n e sa it f rgott by thos who w . The re sults of this working together of the artists has already le d to many great schemes su ch as the plan fo r Washington and the Ame rican Acade my at Ro me o f i a co m rehen z wh ch I sh ll speak later, and also the p

e i u i e i a o siv plann ng of s ch cit es as Cl veland, Ch c g ,

nd he a u e rancisco a . T c San F , others a tu lly exec t d wo McKim e e Co lu m z rk of , M ad , and Whit at the bian Exposition was co nﬁ ned to the great Ag ricu lz tu ral Palace along the sou th side of the Court of

i e a , Honor, which many crit cs pronounced the most b u

tiful building at the Fair ; the New York State Build, ing ; which was a very free adaptation of the Villa

e i i at i e ar i u M d c Rome, and the Wh t St L ne and P ck

’ Buildings ; bu t the importance of McKim s o wn wo rk lay in his powe r to enter into the bigness of the whole co nce ption and work in pe rfect harmony with other

i e as o e re e e m nds. H re, n wh b fore in his car er, were his powers o fpe rsu asio n and his wo nderfu ltac t brought into play and here he laid the fou ndati on of that t e pua tatio n fo r civic planning which became so great in his late r ye ars . CHAPTER VI

THE PARK COMMISSION PLAN OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

’ The ﬁ rst twenty years of McKim s professional life from 1 8 8 0 to 1 90 0 were co mpletely bound up

i i ﬁ rm McKim e w th n the work of the of , M ad, and

i as has e asso ciaz Wh te, and be n said, so close was this

i fe w e e m e n , t on that except in a cases, such as hav b en tio ne d it e , is hard to sp cify particularly the work of

e . i e e the any one of th m Dur ng thes years, howev r, i i i McKim as e nd v dual reputation of Charles , l ading

e his prof ssion in America, had been growing steadily i stronge r. Public op nion had co me to demand his judgment on many que stions pertaining to civic

as dis , beauty, such the proper location of statues to tin u ished i o in i g men , the plann ng of dec rations publ c

i i e i r bu ld ngs, ven the design ng of p oper pedestals, or

i fo r e as sett ngs statu s, well as the criticizing of the statues themselves .

i r e i r Dur ng the latter pa t of this p r od, our count y seems to have experience d a gre at civic awakening . The American people had become dissatisﬁed with the 5 9 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM happy z go /lu cky me thod o f planning and building up

i and to wns. i was our c ties Th s undoubtedly due, in a

as in large me ure, to the great increase European travel, and to familiarity with the orderly arrangeme nts of

i e ie i such c ti s as Paris and V nna and Berl n . One of the most marked characteristics ofthe average American is

e i his d sire, whenever he sees someth ng better than he

i . O u r has, to possess it for h mself people come home from the ir ﬁ rst trip abroad with their minds ﬁlled with

ﬁ nd i the beauty ofEurope , to on all hands slovenl ness

x an, and waste . We cannot e pect monuments of ti u it x e n q y, but we can e pect, and demand , ord rli ess, dignity, and beauty. In no city was this feeling greater than it was in

n . o n Washi gton Not alone fr m its citizens, perma ent o r r r n r tempora y, but f om the cou t y at large came the demand that the National Capital should be a model

e i e fo r e n r of ord rl n ss, cleanliness, and beauty the ti e

e dc , world . We must show the old r nations that a m o cracy is not given over e ntirely to individual com , m e rcial r e i is the p osp r ty, but , on the contrary, most natural held for the growth and e xpansion of all that

in e f e e e . perta s to cultivation , r in m nt, and b auty In 1 8 98 the citize ns o f the District of Columbia began to arrange for a prope r celebration of the one

6 0

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM and grouping of public buildings. A committee was appointed by the Institute to lay these matters before i the Senate and House of Representat ves, and as a result of these discussio ns the Se nate ordered the pref p aratio n of a general plan for the development of the

r i park system of the Dist ict of Columb a. Two Sena

cMillan , rs Mr. M r ato M . N e w , , of Michigan , and

e i lands, of Nevada, ntered into th s scheme with f utmost enthusiasm, and, by their unsel ish services and their entire sympathyw ith the efforts ofthe American

i e Institute of Arch t cts, have done perhaps more than any other two m e n to make possible the carrying out

/ o i of the plans of the so called Park C mm ssion.

On 1 th 1 0 1 Su s o m m ittee the 9 of March , 9 , the of the District Committee, which had this matter in char e co nferred r an i , g , with the Ame ic Inst tute ofArch itects e f and agreed that a committe be ormed, to be

e i call d the Park Comm ssion , and to have entire charge of the preparation of a plan or plans fo r the develop, ment of the District upon the broadest and most com ,

i e was prehensive lines . Th s Committ e to consist of an architect and a landscape archite ct with power to

his z increase their number. Because of work in co nneC

' tion with the World s Columbian Exposition in Chi ,

e ve i ins ir cago, which had b en at once a re lat on and an P

6 2

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

i o f i i la d aside, and for more than a year all the r t me was devoted to the absorbing task of pre paring a plan which should care fully preserve what was already beautiful in Washington and make possible its be co m z ing, in time, the most beautiful city in the world. During the preparation of the plan the Commission

r e , visited all of the g eat citi s of Europe, studying care fully eve rything that could be ofuse fo r the be autify» ing and improving of the city by the Potomac. In adz

i i trafﬁc dit on to the usual city problems of c rculation , ,

e r , sanitation , and public parks, oth rve y important ques i t ons were given most careful consideration , and in all

Mr. m b these discussions, I have been told by Bu am

i McKim himself, the opin ons of were given greatest

z weight . Here more than anywhere else did his inher ent love for tradition and history come to the front .

The original plan of Washington , which had been

' prepared by Major L Enfant under the direct su pervi3 z

as effe rso n was r , ion ofW hington andj , given most ca e

' i and efie rso n ful study. Both Wash ngton j had felt the inﬂu ence of the art of landscape architecture as they had seen it practiced by royal governors and we althy

e rs i e ff e plant , wh le j erson had visit d and admired the stately capitals of Europe and had been particularly

LeN o t re . impressed with the work of His own home, 64

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM was to form a direct axis between the Capitol Build ,

’ in re i z g and the P sident s residence . This ax s was u nfo r tu nately destroyed by the location of the Tre asury

l i e e Bui d ng, while the Mall had been compl t ly cut in two by the tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co m z pany .

The Commission at once realized that the preserva/ tion and restoration of the Mall was the most impora

a e o ne tant fe tur in the plan of the city, the unique

is i i d t nct on which it possessed, but at this time plans had alre ady been prepared for the enlargement of the

i c as Pennsylvania Railroad Station , w th greatly in re ed

track area. Fortunately for the city and the country

i , at large, the then President of the Pennsylvania Ra l

a Mr. i ro d, Alexander j . Cassatt, was a man of h gh

r i i pat iotism and dist ngu shed cultivation . When he was taken to the Capitol Terrace by the me mbers of the Commission and the possibilities of the Mall were

o i to r i p nted out him , he at once realized that the a lroad tracks formed an unsurmountableobstacle to anyre ally

e a i o wn i i n gr t mprovement, and of his vol t o proposed

' i r r in i e to g ve up the ailroad s prope ty the Mall , prov d d anothe r e qually good entrance to the city and the coz

r / operation of Cong ess could be assured . Such a propo sitio n com ing from the head of the railroad company 6 6 D W S I PLA N O F THE M ON U M ENT GAR EN , A H NGTON

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM a great te rrace with steps leading down into a formal

a e e the o fintersectio n g rden, c nt red on point of the two

he a axe was t McKim . u s, idea of Ch rles This sol tion

e a e is so perfect in dignity and b auty th t it is, ind ed,

e the fortunat that monument stands where it does.

a e u e z Most c r f ldrawings ofthis proposed monument, t r

a and as w as e r ce, garden , ell of all the improvem nts

u e s ggest d by the Commission , were prepared by difa fe re nt t and e a u e ar ists, thes dr wings with acc rate mod ls

as as be e of the city it was, and the city it would , w re e x i at t h bited the Corcoran Gallery in Washing on , and

a e r ari a u at other g ll ies in v ous l rge cities of the co ntry, and arouse d the gre atest enthu siasm among the people

The u re i u b, at large . f ll port of the Commiss on was p

u a » lished with many ill str tions. This re port is so com

le te and u e e e i o p , s ch int r sting r ading, go ng as it does int

e a e e i i e e au i d t ils of v rything perta n ng to a gr at, b t ful,

and e a a e the i i , h lthy city, th t I regr t imposs bil ty ofpub

lishin it e e in e e e as g compl t this m moir, sp cially one

canno t bu t recognize in reading it the inﬂu e nce of Mc/

’ i nse ve e e a e e e K m s co rvati mind, pr s rving c r fully v ry

a e re ri i an import nt f atu of the o g nal pl , and looking

i ar e u the i w th l g foresight to the fut re growth of c ty,

n e e and pla ning v rything on the broadest lines .

e a a the e was With the pr p r tion of r port, which the 6 8

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

Hon . Elihu Root spoke so clearly and concisely o f his work in connection with the W ar Colle ge and the White Hou se that I feel his words shou ld here be quoted in fu ll

r air an Mr Pre si en La ie s and Ge n le e n M . . Ch m , d t , d t m There was a great mee ting two we e ks ag o in the Ne w Theal

tre in Ne w o r alle the u ni e a io n o f a rea nu e r Y k , c d by t d ct g t mb

o f so ieties e o e to iffe ren ran e s o f art fo r the ur o se c d v t d d t b ch , p p o fvo icing the ir u niversal se ntime nt o fho no r to the me mo ry and r in fo r th f arles McKim At the ee in sai mo u n g e lo ss o Ch . m t g I d

a had to sa in ri u e to his e o r bu t anno re sis wh t I y t b t m m y, I c t t the fee ling that it is appro priate that it sho uld be su pple me nted is ee in e re el u n er the aus i es o f the e ri an by th m t g h , h d d p c Am c

nStitute o f r i e s re rese n in his o wn ro fm io n and the I A ch t ct , p t g p brethren amo ng who m he had wo rke d with such lo yal frie ndr

s i and o o era io n fo r an e ars and e ere in the i h p c p t m y y , h ld h C ty o f as in o n e re it see s to m e the ri es and o f ies W h gt wh , m , b ght t l t t de ve lo pme nt and e xpressio n in his characte r and his genius

o rre ccu d . Charles McKim was a co nspicu o us me mber o f the little gro up o f m e n who in the planning and bu ilding o f the White City by the La e at i a o sixtee n ears a o urne the urre nt o f k Ch c g , y g , t d c n n u o n all a e rs f ar N America fe e ling and o pinio p m tt o t . o greater e po ch in the life o f art e ver was than that which is marke d by the inﬂue nce and the ne w impu lse in the minds o f the millio ns o fm e n and wo me n o fthis great and rich and po we rful and pro f

re ssive o u n r who re ei e a new i ressio n o f e aut and g c t y, c v d mp b y

t i a e r i i t a o n e l x i i n ha digni y n rt by th i v s t o th t w d rfu e hib t o . It s see me d to m e that the re was as great an inﬂue nce u po n the minds and character o f t he m e n who did the wo rk as the re was

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

Unfo r u na e the im m ediate a e an e o f the an is in e re t t ly, cc pt c pl h d d by a wre tched little co ntro versy abo u t the autho rity u nde r which it was re a e but a is a e o rar a e r W e anno o o n c t d ; th t t mp y m tt . c t g fo re ver rejecting the be st wo rk o f o ur best m e n alo ng the line s that o ur natio n is fo llo wing in all o f o ur great and pro gressive cities we canno t g o o n fo re ve r rejecting that be cause o fa lit/

tle u arre o e r the au o rit o ut o f i it aro se q l v th y wh ch . m Mr. McKi was co nsulte d by the W ar De partme nt whe n it ’ came to the building o f the W ar Co llege and the Enginee r s

S o o l in the O as in t o n Barra s Reser a io n H e a e ch ld W h g ck v t . m d

the lans and he u t u the il in ere was a harm in p p p bu d gs. Th c g

il ustra io n o fhis ara te r in the o u rse o f a o r The o nt l t ch c c th t w k . c structio n was put in charge o f a very able o fﬁcer o f the Engi/

ne erin o r s who ro u to it the ru es and ra i io ns o f a g C p , b ght l t d t

ri u i i arianis F o r o n s it see e as if e re was an st ct t l t m . m th m d th irre pressible co nﬂict be twe e n the e ngine e r and the artist ; it se e med as if no thing bu t the brute po we r o f the W ar De partf

n co ul se e it Bu t as i e e n o n the o ld s o r o f the me t d ttl . t m w t t y e itse f The su n and the no rth wind with the trave le r re p ate d l . ge ntle insistence and unswe rving co nstancy o f McKim carried the da and it was bu t a s o r i e e fo re the e n inee r o fﬁcer y, h t t m b g was the o s ar e n a irer and o a fo lo e r o fthe ar is and m t d t dm l y l l w t t , all o n ro ers isa e are and the W ar o l e e o r a see s to c t v y d pp d , C l g t d y m m e to be a ve ry wo nde rﬁ1 l and charming e xam ple o f archite c'

ure crfecd a a e to its u r o se and e X ressive o f the arz t , p y d pt d p p p ch

fthe ins i u i n acter o t t t o .

e n he a e to re air o r re Sto re the i e Ho use he Wh c m p Wh t , fo un e re e re lans ans i o o e to the uil in o f d th w p , pl wh ch l k d b d g o u gre at pavilio ns at eithe r e nd o f the Old White Ho use . It w ld

ha e ee n s e n i o u a e ee n u a ire o u a e v b pl d d, w ld h v b m ch dm d, w ld h v redo unded to the glo ry o f any archite ct ; but it wo u ld have 7 2 , B U L F I NCH S D ESI GN FO R CO M PLETI O N O F TH E W AS H I N GTO N M O N U M E N T

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

io ns re a in to e o ria s to s a u es and to ui in s in the t l t g m m l , t t b ld g

i o f as in o n e r ain a his o rre as e his are fu l stu / c ty W h gt c t th t c ct t t , c ly die ie s o ul re ve n an e rro r ein a e H wa d v w w d p t y b g m d . e s calle d u o n to ass u o n the e si ns fo r the Gran Me o ria i is p p p d g t m l , wh ch no w u n e r o ns ru io n and he was a le u o n to ass u o n the d c t ct , c l d p p p

o a io n and a a e ro al o u rre o e r t he esi n and a s i l l c t , b ttl y cc d v d g t l mo re se rio u s co nﬂict o ve r t he lo catio n bu t he was te nacio us and u nyielding in his co nte ntio n fo r what he was su re was right and

e s and he re ai d e n w h n / e . e a e to ui t e e w ui b t, p v l Wh c m b ld b ld in fo r the in e rna io na Unio n o f e ri an Re u i s i g t t l Am c p bl c , wh ch

is no w ne arin o e io n fro n in o n the i e L o t o n the g c mpl t , t g Wh t

eas and o n the Po o a Par o n the so u e re was a re a t t m c k th , th g t co mpe titio n o f mo re than a hu ndred architects who se nt in co m /

i ve i ns and e e e e Mr McKim i Mr L r t ti es . o e . p d g th y l ct d , w th d

and Mr Ho rn o s e to a e the se e io n fro the e si ns . b t l , m k l ct m d g .

e all a ree u o n t he esi n i is no w e in fo o e Th y g d p d g , wh ch b g ll w d,

and e n a had ee n o ne the ara e ris i o urre fo r wh th t b d ch ct t c cc d ,

McKim sai : No w o u i e e r u as is e si n has d I w ld l k v y m ch, th d g

n e er ine u o n to a e so e su e s i ns I in all e e o . b d t m d p , m k m gg t th k o f o u r Co mm ittee wo u ld be glad to g o o ve r t he se plans with

the ar i e s and o ssi we m a a e riti is s and su e sr ch t ct , p bly y m k c c m gg tio ns which wo u ld be tte r be do ne no w than aft e r the bu ilding

is ut u and the ar i e s o f o u rse e re e i e and p p ch t ct , c , w d l ght d the y submitted the ir plans ; many invalu able sugge stio ns we re

a e the ans e re o r e o e r and s i a ain and t he co r/ m d , pl w w k d v t ll g

re as e o f McKim o e s in o a ui in a so as it has in o ct t t g t th t b ld g l , t

the i e Ho u se as it did in o the W ar o e e and as it wi Wh t , t C ll g , ll

e r in the re a ar s s e o f as in t o n u ltimate ly app a g t p k y t m W h g . Ou r Pre side nt nee ded to add no thing to t he many re aso ns that I have fo r re spect and affe ct io n fo r him ; but he did add to bo th o ftho se by the ste adfastne ss andgeneral appre ciatio n withwhich 74 THE PARK COMMISSION PLAN

he sto o d by McKim in his stre nu o u s e ffo rts to pre ve nt the park system plan fro m be ing o ve rslaughe d and re ndere d impo ssible

s e e n in o nsis e n o ns ru i n by u bs qu t c t t c t ct o . ’ All o fthis wo rk illustrate d no t o nly McKim s characte r as an

ar is but his u nse lﬁshness his o e o f his o u n r his ri e in t t , , l v c t y, p d

the a i al i i we all e ie e is to be so eau ifu and C p t C ty, wh ch b l v b t l

so n e H e did o e his o u n r and he was i in to s en o bl . l v c t y w ll g p d

him se lfwitho ut s in in o r e r a his art i do its ar in a t t , d th t m ght p t ’ no ble and ade qu ate e xpre ssio n o f all that was be st in his co untry s

ife Man re a and no e i es a e e n e re in o the s ru u re l . y g t bl l v h v t d t t ct

o f e ri an Go e rn e n and eri an free o but no ne in Am c v m t Am c d m , e xe cutive chair o r in legislative hall deserve s a highe r me ed o f appre ciatio n and grate ful reco gnitio n fo r no ble se rvice to o u r

o un r an the ife o f ar e cKim was the a o c t y th l Ch l s M . It l st th u ght

in his in bu it s o be the ﬁrst in o u rs B he i t u . t s e o f m d, h ld y d ’ L E nfant o rn o n Ho an La ro e and Bulﬁnch the na e o f , Th t , b , t b , , m Charles Fo lle n McKim sho uld always be perpetuate d amo ng the

u il e rs the rea e niusz ifted ui ers o f a is to be b d g t g g b ld wh t , I

e ie e the o s no e and e au ifu i in the o rl b l v , m t bl b t l c ty w d . CHAPTER VII

TH E PENNSYLVANIA TERMINAL

It was undoubtedly the intimacy fostered by close association in connection with the improvements in

c i Washington between Mr. M K m and Mr. Cassatt

McKim a which led the latter to entrust to , Me d, and

e White, without any question of comp tition , the building ofthe Pennsylvania Railroad Station in Man :

1 8 1 r hattan . In 7 the Pennsylvania Rail oad Company secured by leases the control of the United Railroads of New Jersey which terminate in Jersey City. From that time the desire of the railroad was to get into or

, onto Manhattan Island, and many plans were con

sidered se t s a l. s , only to be a ide as impr ctica The panic

1 8 8 i ﬁ nanc of 1 8 7 3 and 4. made it mpossible to e any great undertaking from which there cou ld be no im m e a

u diate ret rn . The beginnings ofthe Hudson Terminal

ﬁ rst the N Ri scheme suggested tunnels under orth ver, but the engineering obstacles to such a plan were

1 8 8 deemed unsurmountable . In 4 , the papers were ﬁlled with the reports of a suspension bridge over the

i as as North R ver, having a span almost twice great 7 6

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

Mr. e . t e of Cassatt, was nec ssary No makeshif schem s appeale d to him ; only a great station in the heart of Manhattan Island could satisfy his dreams fo r the fuz ture growth and supre macy of the Pennsylvania R ailz

, road. To accomplish this be fore the cost shou ld be come prohibitive or the accomplishment of the work

o i e e the n n e n e , imp ss bl , b cause of co structio of oth r u d r

u e e The as gro nd lines, d mand d instant work . plan

n e e in r his co c iv d the mind of M . Cassatt seemed to associate s at ﬁ rst he aring like a dream from the Araz

i hts n and bian N g , but o ly those who dream dreams

se e visions accomplish the impo ssible and the e nthu z

h f s i siasm of t e le ade r soon ire d his as oc ates.

as it r , The plan outlined , and as was afterwa ds car

e n e the i su fﬁ cie nt ri d out, i volv d not only acqu ring of land in the he art of the city for a station to mee t the

the e e o e it wants of p opl for years to c m , but was also conside red nece ssary to offe r to Ne wark and the othe r citie s in N ew Je rsey and to the reside ntial se ctions o f Lo ng Island quick transpo rtation to New Yo rk and

inte rcommunication and to provide allz rail connec/ tions be twe en the South and We st o n o ne side and

N ew England and the East on the other. One can easily imagine the eage r sympathy with which Mc/ i i Kim entered into these schemes. The des gn ng of 7 8 THE PENNSYLVANIA TERMINAL the po rtal to the Capital City had bee n entruste d to

the e e Burnham as head of Park Commission , but h r was a greater po rtal to a far gre ate r city than anyother

th he r i the in e Weste rn World . T b ing ngof trains into New York and other stru ctural proble ms had be en

the worked out by the engineers, but designing of a station to meet the ne w conditions was su rely a prob, le m of su fﬁcie nt magnitu de to fire the ambition ofany man .

t e e diffe e e Many s udies w r made of most r nt typ s, but always the architects saw be fore the m the great

m a niﬁce nt sim z baths of Rome, g in their dignity and

licit e x e p y , the greatest amples in history of large ar as

in roofed overand tre ated a monumental manner. Two 0 ideas we re predominant from the ve ry be ginning the bu ilding must at once expre ss a great railway station u nder the u nusu al conditions of having the tracks so far below grou nd that no ou tward expression of their

x e u the e istence was possibl , and it m st also stand as

u ad at mon mental gateway to the me tropo lis . In dition to the se main ide as the station was so planne d as to give the gre atest number oflines ofcirculation in

e as ac , ord r to avoid congestion of trafﬁc. How this w complishe d can best be u nderstood by a glance at the plan . CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

The central fe atu re is the great waiting z ro o m which can be approached from the center of the Seve nth Avenue fagade throu gh the arcade of shops which

ie Thirt z seco nd S r d waitin z ro o m carr s y t eet irect to the g , also from Thirty z ﬁ rst and Thirty z third Streets and

r r e at e f om the car iag court ither end . In this main waitin z ro o m o fﬁ ce s e and e z g are ticket , t lephones t le

/ e e e graph , news stand and other conv ni nc s for the

e e a to e an u e a e . trav l r, so loc ted as sav y nn cess ry st ps

Be twee n the main waiting z ro o m and the train con ,

are r a waitin z ro o m s course two la ge subsidi ry g , one for

e men and one for women . These rooms, as w ll as the

i waitin z ro o m n the r ma n g , open directly i to great t ain concou rse from which very e asy ﬂights of steps lead

i o r e be e e down to the tra ns . This conc u s can also r ach d by e asy stairs from Eighth Avenu e and from Thirty, f Thirt z third ee o u irst Street and y Str t , with t going

At the e e nd he through the main station . w st of t

Thirty z seco nd Street arcade is a colonnaded loggia from which one enters the restaurant on t he o ne side

z lu nch ro o m the e . o i e and the on oth r Sl p ng driv ways, over sixty fe e t in width along Thirty z first Street and

Thirt z third tree i e , y S t , carry veh cl s down to the waiting room leve l dire ct from Se venth Avenue.

e r u Such in bri f a e the main feat res of the plan ,

8 0

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

l i cal ed upon to produce . That he d d so in this as in

e se so many oth r ca s no one can deny, but what makes the archite ctu ral solution of the Pennsylvania Station su preme ly intere sting is the fact that it was the last

in an iv work which he took y act e part , and to one who has studie d the growth of his style it seems to be the fu lﬁllm ent of everything for which he had striven

the e e ri so hard , visible mbodiment of thos p nciples to

e e which he had giv n his lif .

When the actu al working drawings for the Penn ,

' McKim s e sylvania Station were commenced, h alth had begun to fail so rapidly that he was not able to

i u give any attent on to the st dy of the details. The original conception was inspired by him and in its

e e the e , dev lopm nt he took d epest interest , but his as

sistants n Mr. Ri , and among them otably chardson , , worke d out the details and develope d t he co nce ption into the be autiful structure which is such a monument

i Thirt z se co nd to New York . Look ng down y Street

e i ﬁlls the a from Broadway the pictur wh ch eye, of

o t great D ric portal, behind which rises one of the lof y

the waitin z ro o m semicircular windows of g , is at once

the i expressive of whole dea, the gateway to a great city : not a gate way in a solid wall of fo rtiﬁcatio ns as

the e t a h in anci nt ci y, but the modern gatew y throug

8 2 THE PENNSYLVANIA TERMINAL which thou sands are daily brought to and taken home from the city by means of ele ctricity and ste am ; in

i o i other words, a ra lway station, the only p ss ble portal under the conditions of modern life . Standing at the com er of Broadway and Thirty /seco nd Street at any

a the ff s hour of clear afternoon , color e ect ofthe tation against the blue of the sky is o ne of such beauty that

e so e . it almost hurts, it is so simpl , pure, so seren

Go e e u the inside the S venth Av nue portal, thro gh

i the arcade l ned with shops, and stop at head of the stairway leading down into the waiting /ro o m ; at

e u instinCz every st p it grows more wonderf l , so that

' tive ly one lowers one s voice as one takes in slowly the

n intense beauty ofthis giga tic room . Is this a railroad

i e r ? e station , a place of dust and no s and hu ry Wh re are the things one always associates with such a place ?

Look around ; it is not necessary to ask a single que s,

the tion , everything traveler can demand is before him , and all distinctly marked and so located as to serve him

i x is w th greatest convenience and e pedition . It hardly comprehe nsible that this can be the waiting z ro o m of a railway station ; this great hall of simple and lofty ﬂ i proportions, ooded with the l ght of day, warm in

e i color from the mellow ton s of the Travert ne stone, here u sed for the first time in America ; almost entirely 83 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM devoid of decoration except for those m arvelous maps

es i o n the s which Jul Guerin has pa nted wall . Yes,

are in e e a these maps, question g travel r, r al r ilroad maps,

a x u i and bsolutely correct in the drawing, these e q is te harm onie s of blu e and buff. Go on into the concourse from which one ente rs ' i n n no i n . o e s tra ; still no noise , d rt , no confusio You are in an even large r room than the main waiting ,

it e l room , a room as light as out of doors, for is r al y a

he u , court covered with glass . T steel structure s pport ing this glass roof is again devoid ofornamentation o r

u i , embellishment of any sort, but wonderf lly mpress ive from the supreme beauty of line and function like

e i the l an , l the frame of a young athlete stripped of

u u r every ounce of su pe rﬂ u o s ﬂesh . From this conco se o ne desce nds by very e asy st e ps to a platform on the

e the ﬂo o r the e e e , lev l of of cars, which are nt r d with

the e . e out usual ste p platform steps It is all so simpl ,

ne u i e so sere , so bea t ful , that ev n when once seated in the train it is hard to realize that one has bee n

ti through that which, at the me of its completion , was

McKim the i . largest ra lway station in the world Did ,

e whose h alth had for some years been failing, and who fe lt that he w as ne ar the e nd of his period of active serz

see e e e the the vice, befor him mor cl arly vision of great 84

THE PENNSYLVANIA TER MIN AL

n orderly, simple civilizatio of which he had always

e had dr amed, and for the realization of which he so de vote dly and unselfishly worked ? I think it mu st

o i z a/ have been s . This was a type of what the civ li

o t0z m o rro w e e ti n of already d mands, calmness, ord r,

u e / bea ty. All th se are to be found embodied and glo riﬂed in the Pennsylvania Station , a mighty portal, a

i t perpetual gateway to a great mode rn city . L f up

e e t u e , your heads, oh , y gates, and be y lif ed p , y ever ' i e lasting doors. These insp r d words come to one s

i u o ff, mind when gaz ng pon this poem in stone, the spring of modern science and modern art . CHAPTER VIII

THE AMERICAN ACADEMY AT ROME

' McKim s interest in everything that helpe d young m e n to ﬁ t themselves for the practice of architecture

e was s cond only to his interest in architecture itself. One can readily imagine that when he ﬁ rst visite d Italy his enthu siasm and delight over t he buildings of antiquity which he saw in Rome must have been in,

n e . r a o u s te s M . Pe b dy has told how his natural trend of mind led him to Rome rather than to Paris for re al

io e a ﬁ rst i artistic inspirat n . Aft r th t v sit he went to

e e e the e Italy many times, and that he r v l d in beauti s of Flore nce and Ve nice and the smalle r Italian towns

e e in has b n shown hiswork, but it was always to Rome i i that he went for h s deepest inspirat on . Whe ther the ide a of an Acade my in Rome for Ame rican stude nts

e to e e e i i no t i cam him on th s arly v s ts, we know , as th s ide a took no tangible shape until the comple tion of

' the buildings and grou nds for the World s Fair at Chiz

in 8 i e the i a/ cago 1 93 . Th s Exhibition has be n insp r tion and starting f po int of many gre at artistic move ; m e bu t e nts in America, I think none has be n and will 8 6

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

e Louis XIV, and which perhaps more than any oth r one thing had foste red and kept alive the traditions o f

in classical art France, and had enabled her to maintain her supremacy in architecture, painting, and sculpture

through more than two centuries .

’ McKim s dream was to establish a great national po st z g radu ate school where students in the three arts

e could live and work tog ther as had the architects,

i execu z pa nters, and sculptors during the planning and

' tion of the World s Fair. No one ever realized more clearly than he the great inspiration and help to a stu z dent to be derive d from contact with other m en of

e . other minds, but inspir d by one great ideal The

i i e u cond tion of the public m nd in Am rica, ntil the

’ F ff e World s air, was one ofabsolute indi er nce towards

in u i ie art in any o f its phases. It is true that s ch c t s as

e o New York , Chicago, Philad lphia, and B ston there were earnest groups of m e n striving with all their

e e a might not only to creat the beautiful in its lf, but lso

e e to create a d mand for b auty, but it was generally

’ " love s labor lo st . In the face of such general indiffe rence the tas k of founding and maintaining such a school as the prof

ne posedAcademy was an almost He rculean one. Mo y

u e the u i was to be proc r d, p bl c to be educated up to the 8 8 THE AMERICAN ACADEMY AT ROME

a idea, students to be told of the advantages of such

i u school and the r enth siasm for it to be aroused, and

above all a vast amount of prejudice against any for, eig n school to be overcome ; for all the men intere sted

McKim e in its foundation , and above all , f lt that such

in o a school should be established only R me. No other spot could present such advantages and make it possible for the school to realize for its stude nts t he

! n benefits which its founders had in mi d.

e i i In order at l ast to make a beg nn ng, when he fou nd the time no t favorable for the establishment of

fu llz ﬂed e dAcadem McKim fo u nded in 1 8 a g y , , 94 , the

McKim Fe llowship in Architecture at Columbia Uni ,

versitygiving for its e ndowment twentythousand dol l i lars. This was a traveling fellowsh p and the winner

was . compelled to study abroad In the same year, in orde r to provide headquarters for the winne rs of the

McKim e e c i F llowship, the RotchTrav ling S holarsh p,

i the e a e a a Boston foundat on , and St w rdson M mori l

c i the i e i e he S holarsh p of Un v rs ty of P nnsylvania, established the American School of Archite cture in

the Rome. For this purpo se quarters were take n in

To rlo nia e e the e e Palazzo , and h r school was op n d with

Mr i as ire o rst n . Aust n Lord D ct r and the ﬁ wi ners of

le e s e s . Ma o ni the thr e scholarship , M srs Pope , g g , and 8 9 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

u . i i w Ash, as st dents Th s was the beg nning of hat is

now the American Academy .

1 8 e b In 95 , the Peabody Institute of Baltimore sta lished n i in in the Ri ehart Scholarsh p Sculpture, and

1 8 6 o i e 9 , the Metr pol tan Mus um of New York, the

i u Lazarus Scholarsh p for the st dy of mural painting . These establishments made feasible the enlarging of

ﬁe ld i and the of the little School of Arch tecture, in 1 8 98 it was reincorporated unde r the laws of the State

“ i i Am erz of New York , the t tle be ng changed to The i " ican Academy n Rome . As many people have aske d why these men shou ld be so anxious to establish an American Academy in Rome and why students in Ame rica shou ld be sen t

r u i the e particularly, I shall q ote the v ews of three of

i u the founders upon th s s bject .

McKim ﬁ rst i the Charles , who was Pres dent of

a m i Ac de y, sa d

The advantages which Ro me has to o ffe r to stu de nts o farchir

a n no t be r e a tectu re and t he llie d arts e ed u g d . Wh t with its ar hi e u ra and s u ura o nu e n s its m u ra ain in s its c t ct l c lpt l m m t , l p t g , a leries ﬁlled i rea o r s o f e e r e o no o er it g l w th g t w k v y p ch , th c y o ffe rs su ch a ﬁe ld fo r study o r an atmo sphe re so re ple te with the

r n Bru ne e sc i e r i and Bra an e are a o n e s e e e s . b t p c d t ll h , Alb t , m t m g tho se who head the list o ft he e nthu siastic stude nts o f t he antique which has co ntinue d do wn to o u r day and which co ntains re pre/

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM and it is e i e n e sira e a a aut o ri o e e r ario us v d tly d bl th t th t h ty, h w v v ,

be the hi e s a we kno sho u ld gh t th t w .

e x i i o Thes e press ons of op nion , so decidedly in fav r

a ni au tho ri z of the Ac demy, from the most recog zed tie s in the three great Arts naturally inﬂu e nced public opinion and did much to remove popular prejudices .

1 8 8 i r a it In 9 , after the nco poration of the Ac demy, soon became evident that the quarte rs in the Palazzo To rlo nia were no longer adequate and that larger

n b , quarters with studio s were nece ssary . It havi g e come possible to secure by lease the Casino o f the Villa

’ Lu do visi n i , better k own as the V lla dell Aurora, the

i in re Academy leased th s build g, which was all that m aine d of that once famous villa who se grounds had been sold piecemeal and are now covered by modern

in fo r i in . bu ld gs Here the Academy rema ed nine years, and in a way took root among the recognized instit u '

a u tions ofthe Eternal City. E ch year ret rning students pro ved by their work the real value of t he institution

r ee ﬁ red il and the T ust s and Founders, by these ev de nces of awakening public interest, began to make more strenuous efforts to put the Academy upon a

ﬁ nanci i solid al bas s . In 1 90 1 the Secretary of State authorize d the

American Ambassador to Italy to become ex f o ﬂicio 92 THE AMERICAN ACADEMY AT ROME

Trustee o f the Academy and to use all his inﬂu e nce to

gain fo r it from the Italian Go vernment all the privi / leges and exemptions granted to similar institutions

of other nations . During all these years McKim had never ceased his efforts to arouse public interest and to

secure needed funds for the maintenance of the in,

stitu tio n . In his address to the Convention of the American Institute of Architects in 1 903 at the time he retired from the presidency of the Institute he said

The mo ve ment to e ndo w an Ame rican Acade my o f Fine Arts in Ro me o n the general line s o fthe Fre nch Acade my in the Villa

Me i i is no t new o u Un il no w e e n e n fo r su o r u n d c t yo . t d p d t pp t po the insufﬁ cient means at the co mmand o f the inco rpo rato rs (me mbers o fthe Institute ) the nu mbe r o f scho lars has o f ne ws sity bee n small and the co nvenie nces fo r wo rk no t su ch as wo uld be affo rde d by an o lde r well/equ ippe d and well/e ndo wed institu/ i n Ne r e i o fit i issi s s has ee n he o . e ess in s e s u de u t t v th l , p t v c t , ch b

uali o fthe o r so a e the fe w m e n u rne o u t and so s ro n q ty w k, bl t d t g the co nvictio n o ftho se mo st deeply intereste d in the nee d fo r an institu tio n o ffering a po stg radu ate co urse intende d o nly fo r tho se who s al be alre a e hni a e u i ed a a i fo r the inf h l dy t c c lly q pp , th t b ll co rpo ratio n o f the Ame rican Acade my in Ro me by Act o fCo nr

ress and as in fo r the ro e io n o f the Uni e S a e s Go ern/ g , k g p t ct t d t t v Millan The ment was intro du ce d in 1 901 by the late Se nato r Mc .

erso ns na e as in o r o ra o rs e si es the e a in ar hi e s p m d c p t , b d l d g c t ct ,

ain e rs and s u o rs in lu e the rea Uni ersi ie s re re se n e p t c lpt , c d g t v t p t d

he ir Presi e n s the Se re arie s o f S a e and W ar the Li ra by t d t , c t t t , b r CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM rian o f o n re ss the Go ernm e n r i e and a o nsi era e C g , v t A ch t ct c d bl nu er o fm e n o se n fro the o uni at ar e no n fo r mb ch m c mm ty l g , k w eir in e res in art and e u a io n th t t d c t .

' It was McKim s hope to raise an endowment fu nd

i i be , of one m ll on dollars, the interest of this amount ing almost equ al to the income granted the French

a e Ac demy by the Government ofFrance. H proposed to do this by securing ten subscriptions of one hu n z

and his e dred thousand dollars each, , had life be n

u i spared, he would ndoubtedly have accompl shed

At i this . the Convention of the Amer can Institute

t in 1 0 of Architects, held in Washing on January, 9 5 , McKim was able to announce that two of the ten subscriptions towards this fu nd had been promised by

Mr. . Mr. Henry Walters , ofBaltimore, and J Pierpont

o f . Morgan , New York The bill incorporating the Academy as a national institu tion was passed byCongress and signed by Presiz

1 0 in i n dent Roosevelt on March 3 , 9 5 , and the stitut o was immediately given a standing in Europe which it

cKim could no t have o therwise ac quired . M at once redoubled his efforts towards raising the endowment fu nd and o btained promises of subscriptions from Mr.

. . tillm an . . . P n i r. S Mr H C W . K. W Va derb lt , M J , rick ,

z r H . L. o i i n secu r and M . Higginson c nd t o ed upon the

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

ra l himself. The prog mme for the work a lows him during the ﬁ rst year ample time in which to become ac customed to his new environment and to absorb some ofthe atmosphere of culture ofa civiliz ation that

r has ipened with the centuries. The programme is one

n r n co m u lsio n it ofsuggestio rathe tha p , being assumed that no man could secure the Prize of Rome before he had r i , in a way, found himself and dete mined qu te

' definitely upon his life s work . The requirements for

ﬁ rst are m as , the year , for a painter, a copy of an old

m u a i i u ter, a study of so e m r l paint ng w th its own s rf r u life z siz e o ndings, and the decorative treatment of a

a r u i ﬁg u re from n tu e . A sculptor m st submit stud es

an z An is from the antique d a life siz e relief. architect expe cted carefully to measure and draw an ancie nt building and to make comparative studies of the prof

r e . ac po tions of plans, dom s, halls, etc In addition , e h stu dent is expected du ring his ﬁ rst year to spend four

e months traveling u pon the mainland o f Italy . In th

e o n e r u e e m o ac , s c d year, aft the st dents hav b co e m re customed to the atmo sphere of Italy and have be gun t o re alize the inestimable value o f contact between

i i d i to d sc ples of the three arts, in ad it on a special type

w r e of ork for each depa tment , the thr e, architect, i l pa nter, and sculptor, are required to co laborate in 96 THE AMERICAN ACADEMY AT ROME making a drawing or model in which the three arts

e i shall be equally re presented . In the s cond and th rd

i ll a year more t me is a owed for tr vel , and the students

c e i i i i a are expe t d to v s t other countr es bes des It ly, the archite cts being expected to go as far as Greece and spend some time in study there . It will be seen from this brief outline that the mind which conceived the Academy was bounded by no

o n ff stu z narrow limitati ns, but i tended to o er to the de nts therein o pportu nities for the ve ry broadest type

u The o f a i i of c lture . American School Cl ss cal Stud es in Ro me was established by the Arche ological Institute of Ame rica at about the same time as the Academy.

Re ce ntly these two institu tion s have been conso li /

the i dated to mutual advantage of each . The Class cal

o a no t n its o wn m e e Sch ol is center o ly for mb rs, but

l fo r e r i in m 3 5 1 a so all Am rican schola s v sit g Ro e . It 1 0 sesses an already valuable library of seven thousand volumes and it offers to all who enter its doors almost

i e fo r and re r and unlim ted opportuniti s study sea ch , the union o f these two institutions cannot fail to be o f in,

o r e stimable advantage to the students of each . F the present the Acade my and the School occupy separate

ill r l 1 n v as, but in the near futu e wi l be housed together their pe rmanent quarters on the Janicu lum . CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

After its legal incorporation the Academy soon be ,

' came very crowded in its quarters in the Villa de ll

as i i u be a Aurora, and no add t ons co ld m de to that i build ng the Trustees began to look for new quarters. After a long and carefu l search the Villa Miraﬁ o re on

Via o e e a Pia the N m ntana, just a mile b yond the Port , i was purchased . Th s is a modern villa with extensive

i x and beaut ful grounds , containing a grove of ile trees

a e e i e In of unusu l b auty even for the nv rons of Rom . these grounds have been constructed stu dios for three painters and two sculptors in addition to the origin al i bu ldings. The students also have ten nis courts within the grounds and many beautiful spots fo r o u t z o fz do o r study and re creation .

i Miraﬁo re r 5 z When the V lla was pu chased, the Tru tee s of the Academy thought that they had fo und what would be its permane nt headquarters and were

satisﬁ ed i t e amply w th hat prospect, but an ven better

n f i it . e fate was store for A t r her death, it was found

a had e that an American l dy, who long liv d in Rome, a Mrs. Clara Hyland, had left her villa on Mount

in e i Janiculum. occupy g the most spl nd d site in Rome, to the American Academy to be used as its permane nt

. i is o i e home This v lla kn wn as the V lla Aur lia, and

it i i Part of is of great antiqu ty, be ng a portion of the 98

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

. e world, and all the wonders of the Vatican Trev lyan , in his story of Garibaldi’s Defense of the Roman ” fr Republic, thus speaks of the spot om which in the

e ﬂ near futur will y the Stars and Stripes, the emblem of our great Republic

Asce nding the he ights o f the Janiculum we lo o k back across the Tibe r at t he city spre ad be ne ath o ur fee t in all its me llo w tints bro ke n here and there by masses o f dark gree n pine and

re ss and shinin u o las raise t he n T e i ies o t su . re t cyp by g c p d h l , ’ e ne a us the e ar o f Euro e andthe ivin hro ni le o fMan s b th , h t p l g c c

o n ar to i ili a io n fo r ere we no are the e ro z l g m ch c v z t ; th , k w, w ll p po rtio ue d piazzas with their ancie nt co lu mns and their fo u ntains splashing in shade and shine aro und the sculptured water go ds ; the Fo ru m wo n back by the spade and t he ﬁrst mo nu ment o f h ian co n ues T e re rise the na e u o f t e Christ q t . h k d h lks giant ruins stripped o f the ir impe rial grandeu r lo ng ag o by hungry

ene ra io ns o f a a ar hi e ts and e re o n the o u skirt s o fthe g t p p l c t c th , t

o n is the ra i a ee s a o er the ra es As we t w , py m d th t k p w tch v g v . lo o k do wn we fe e l in the pre se nce o f all the ce nturie s o f B ut o r e an His o r a s o re o f i i i a io ns e a and in in s a e and p t y, c c v l z t d d ly g t t , in the i s o f e ir e e rna o nu e n s ankin s i s ar s m d t th t l m m t , m d t ll w m

and a o rs s i in e n to i e s i l e a in the re o e fu u re o u t l b , t ll t t l v , t l w v g m t t

h i e ria as And en raisin o ur e es to the far o f t e o . mm m l p t th , g y

o ri o n we see o se i s o f re a na e o e the an e h z , th h ll g t m , m ld d by ch c

S as s o f o ano e s e a in a ains the sk ri es and e a s to p m v lc , l v g g t y dg p k

i in afte r a s o nsuls E e ro rs and Po e s o o e e er wh ch d y , C , mp p l k d v y

o rnin as o n fa iliar fa e s e re to the no rt is the s ire o f m g m c . Th , h , p So racte to the eas re aun Lucretilia to the so u the an , t, g y, g t , th Alb

Mo un i self the re si in enius o f the i ro ss the ﬁftee n t t , p d g g c ty . Ac

1 0 0 THE AMERI CAN ACADEMY AT ROME

miles that lie be twee n the capital and this gre at se micircle o f

sa re hills ro s se a/ i e the a a na in a e s o f are o e n c d ll , l k , C mp g w v b p n O er it fro the da en n l u us led o u r . o su o u t his c t y v , m y wh C A l

o st to the Po rcian ei s o n er to the da e n a e n ere h h ght y d , y wh It ly t d

Ro e un er Vi o r Em anuel the ar ie s o f an na io ns in m d ct , m m y t ,

an a e s fo r an auses a e co e and o ne and e a m y g , m y c , h v m g , ch

a e e e n seen s o ra in o e r t he as ain I n co uld h v b l wly c wl g v v t pl .

so e n us o f the is an e it see s as if a se m ircircle o f l m h h d t c , m th t mo untains we re the se ats o f an antique thea tre whereo n so me

au ien e o f a ie n o ds ere a in an en le ss la as if d c p t t g w w tch g d p y, Ro me were the stage o n which the ir lo o ks were cente red and

e o r /li a o r o e o n which th sh t ved ct s m v d .

Is it not an inspiring thought that on such a site the American Acade my may throu gh ages to come teach lessons as immortal as Rome itse lf and le arn from the Eternal City those fundame ntal principles upon which

all art must stand ? This was the dre am which Mc/ Kim dreamed and for which he worked unceasingly until his he alth broke down so completely that he was

fr o i prevented om d ng any ﬁ i rthe r active work . Afte r the ﬁ rst great subscriptions to the endowment fund

ade fo r a in had been m , several ye rs nothing further

’ e c im s e n , the way of larg gifts could be secured . M K

thu sias m i e , was greatly m ssed, but his d ath, which sad

dened all of his own profession , brought vividly to the minds ofhis brothe r architects as well as to his perso nal

r all f iends the memory of for which his life had stood ,

1 0 1 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

u nselﬁ shness a e of his , and his abiding f ith in the futur in America forthe Profession he so loved. A movement was s f started to rai e a memorial to him, and it was elt that nothing else would be so ﬁ tting or so pleasing to him as another subscription of one hundred thousand

l a l dol ars to the funds of the Ac demy. The cal for this subscription met with instant response from all sec,

u tions of the co ntry and the fund was soon secure d .

a ll it had Upon the re ding of his wi , was found that he carried his love for the Academy even beyond the grave , for, fearing lest the project for which he had so unceasingly labored and which he had so deeply loved

ff fo r ac had r might su er l k of money, he left his enti e fortune of a quarter of a million dollars to the Am eriz

' can Academy subject only to his daughter s receiving

i in the income during her l fetime, thus show g how dearly he held this project in his heart. When the Academy is moved into its permanent quarters on the

i Miraﬁo re i Mons Janiculum , the sale of the V lla w ll add another large sum to the Endowment Fund , so

its r is e inﬂu e nce that futu e now assur d, and its and

ll r s it power wi inc ea e with the years, and to all time

l be i wi l a liv ng monument to the genius, generosity,

a cKi and t ct of Charles M m .

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

And mo st ho pelessly are lo st ? That the mark o f rank in nature Is a a i fo r ain c p c ty p , And the anguish o f the singer Makes the mu sic o f the strain ?

McKim The of his later days, handsome, reserved, di niﬁ ed r McKim g , full of reposeful cha m , the whom the younger men of his profession only met to re vere

was i i e and love, the product of a l fe of rigid disc plin ,

z i l n hi se lf de n a . I s strenuouswork , and constant youth he bubbled over with fun and animal spirits. As he

r e in grew older, these same spi its were curb d and held check by an invincible will and a mind of ve ry lofty purity and be came the tools by which he achie ved his highest successes . His se nse of fun and of the joy of

i . Mr. e l fe he never lost Robert P abody, of Boston ,

e e i one of his clos friends and confr res, sa d of him after his death

It do es no t see m so ve ry lo ng ag o that the re cam e into o ur li e ir e o f ar i ec ura s u ies in Paris a ar in o u ttl c cl ch t t l t d ch m g y th, fresh fro m Cambridge fro m the Scie ntiﬁ c Scho o l and the ball/ l io s s e n W e ﬁeld a e rr e erfu frie n an a e e a ser u u . m y, ch l d, th t , t d t li e a si e fru al life in the S e n i Paris o f Lo uis Na o e o n v d mpl , g pl d d p l , e i e e arne ness ere wo rking hard and he e sp ciallyw th a do gg d st . Th

e re o ever a in e r u e s in is o r in life e e e n w , h w , h ppy t l d th w k g b tw

arre es e n o n rare o asio ns ice fo r e o n the a e s in the ch tt , wh , cc m d l k f i n hr n Bo is he a e rfe s a e r was the ce n er o a ri o s . , , p ct k t , t dm g t g

1 04. McKIM THE MAN

en in the Lu xe o ur Gar ens e ne a o ur in o s we Wh mb g d b th w d w ,

assed aro un an e ri an base rball the Parisians line u ree p d Am c , d p th dee p at the tennis co u rt to see him thro w the ball to incredible

i Fire his e nt usias we e e n o ine nasiu e s . h ght d by h m, v j d gym m c asses and o u a no w see s i ro a e we eca e ro l , , th gh th t m mp b bl , b m p r

h in ra e e I n su er we ro e o n the e ine ﬁcient o n t e ﬂy g t p z . mm w d S and in the e ve r/to z be /re m e m bered trip fo r se ve ral days do wn

a ri er no o ne Fre n o r eri an o ine i rea e r th t v , ch Am c , j d w th g t enthusiasm than the co mrade we u sed to call affectio nately ” Fo lle n o r the Fre nchm e n by so me u nreco gnizable pe rve rr sio n o f the nam e so hard fo r Fre nch lips McKim . I n vie w o f his late r caree r it do ubtless so unds strange to say that fo r a lo ng time it was harder fo r McKim than fo r most 101 1 e igners to ﬁnd himse lf in sympathy with the atelier and the

E o e des Be aux r s a li e ex e rie n e he ro u i c l A t . Wh t ttl p c b ght w th him had ee n o aine i Mr Russe l ur is o f Ne w o r b bt d w th . l St g Y k .

a as er and Mr Ba r i a ar i rs Mr Ru r . e e his ul e e . s Th t m t bb w t m t b t . kin was the ro e o fall a was o o an r e n Art P u n e p ph t th t g d d t u i . l g d in o a o r a did no t no ese m asters e ve n na e and t w ld th t k w th , by m ,

a o o e o n Vi o rian Go i as ro an i ar e o o but in th t l k d ct th c m t c ch l gy, ’ no o ssi e se nse as ar i e ure McKim s infle xible na ure had p bl ch t ct , t so e ar re uffs and co nflicts re ire e and o er inf m h d b . It qu d tim th flue nces to bring him t o a se nse o f the great wo rt h o f the u nderf

in rin i es o f the Pa isian rainin bu t his s a ie s ere ly g p c pl r t g, ymp th w alwa s o re i t e ar h r re n as e rs H e y m w th he lier than t e late F ch m t . ne e r reall i e o ern Fre n as e and he was in fa o re v y l k d m d ch t t , ct, m o se to Ro e an to Paris cl m th .

z Ofte n the active . and fe verish life that is creating a Re nais sa e o f Art n N e w o in o f the ri l nc i Yo rk t z day makes us th k b l an r f n o u no t li t pe io ds o that o ther Re naissance in Tu sca y . I w ld claim fo r McKim the character o f unive rsal ge nius which his 1 05 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

to an o f the earl so ns o f the R i to ry attributes m y y Italian ena s, sam e but e n we rea ho w l er i a fo re /runner o f Le01 , wh d A b t , th t nar o was s ille in ar s and o rse ans i and all the o dil d , k d m h m h p b y e xercises pro pe r to the e state o f a yo ung no ble man that be o u r o e fea s o f s re n and s ill a he o ssesse a sin ular j y d t t gth k , th t p d g ly s ee e e r and ra efu o n ersa io n a fo r usi he had a w t t mp g c l c v t , th t m c

e ni s o f the i e s o r e r we are r f r ﬁ' i d g u h gh t d e minde d o o u e n .

S ill o re e n we ﬁnd is a o lis e so n o f the Renais' t m , wh th cc mp h d sance ﬁl sing classic art with me diae val standards o f taste and inf tro ducing Ro man arches and Co rinthian pilasters to awo rldthat had o n fo r o e n e we are a ain ro u a to N ew l g g tt th m, g b ght b ck

o r T e se two ar is s e re ali e e e n in the rin i les a Y k . h t t w k v p c p th t ” e eir art e did no t see an ar i r iso née ui e u e ra . g d d th . Th y k ch t ct r n rea l in e re s e in Lo i e e o t e so u e au . w g t y t t d g c . Th y ght b ty The y fo und it in its mo st pe rfwt fo rms in class ic art and they

t t he s ru u re s o f eir da is eno fo r each applie d it o t ct th y. It ugh

o s o f us a eir art was eautiful and we ﬁnd o ursel es de f m t th t th b , v bating whether o u r friend and his asso ciates were mo re charm, ing in their earlie r wo rk when in the Herald Building and the Ce ntury Club they de alt with the lo veliness o f the early Remus, san e o r e n the no o n a s e n o rs o f the rea Ro an o r ers c , wh d y pl d g t m d appe ared at Co lu mbia Co lle ge and the Pennsylvania Railro ad Staf

e b t n e n o e f tio n and rivaled no t o nly the Re naissanc u a ci t R me its l .

I n all o f is o e er we see McKim as in the ase o f All th , h w v , , c

e r i the an so e e n e an the ul ure s o ar a in his b t , h d m g tl m , c t d ch l m k g city be autiful and adapting the be auties o f classic architectu re t o f s da the life o hi y.

has u s So perfectly Mr. Peabody brought before the man as he actually was that anything more I may

e ntiz li say must seem lik an a c m ax . A man is always

1 0 6

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

Among his frie nds of his o wn age McKim was all

n ways the ge ial, urbane gentleman , but the natural

v e reser e of his t mperament, which seemed to increase

n with the years, made his conversatio even among intia

and di i mates somewhat formal gn ﬁed. With younger

e o ff men he was abl to throw this reserve, to accept and

n e enter into their poi t of view. H never forgot the dreams and struggles of his own youth and so was ever ready to give himself to help younger architects

e to arrive. Without apparently se ming to do so he watched the development ofeach man in his o fﬁce who

h i i i e n had s own any poss b lities of creat ve work, and wh he felt that this o ne or that had reache d the point where he could develop more rapidly in personal prac tice it

' was McKim s custom to secure fo r this man some job and thus enable him to start out for himself. It would be difﬁcu lt to recall the exact number of successful practicing architects who were thus launched through

his kindly and sympathe tic inﬂue nce s. This u nselﬁ sh

e the McKim a practice has b en invariable rule of , Me d,

a o and White, and is c rried on just as extensively t day

a . by Mr. Mead and his ssociates McKim may almost be said to have had no private

At twent z ﬁve e Bi e z life . the age of y he marri d Miss g

was low, of Boston . That marriage not a happy one,

1 0 8 RE SI D ENCE o r OH N m u s s KA NE E S FI FT H AVEN U E NE W YO R K J , ! , ,

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

m en e o u t o charm . Most leave b hind them letters f which their biographers can easily weave an interest ,

r i McKim ing sto y of their l ves, but hated to write

e e i be the lett rs. H m ght said to have had telegraph

so u se e habit, constantly did he the wire even wh n

so was a r n n to do almost luxu y , but u fortu ately telez grams are se ldom it ever kept . I have spoken in the beginning of what to me are his greatest characteristics : his modesty and his enthu / siasm for he lping young m en to develop in the prOfCS/

e sion of architecture . The k enest and ﬁ ne st analysis t hat has been made of the m an and the architect was

t e made by Mr. Choate on h occasion of the Memorial Services in N e w York from which I have permission

the ffi him to quote . I have told of di culty of locating at the great dinner in Washington when it se emed as if all the talent in America were gathered together to

r ho ate n do him honor. M . C gives a graphic accou t of the occasion in London in 1 903 when he rece ived the Royal Gold Medal for services to architecture the

e rv diﬂident em z world over. H was so ne ously and

barrassed Mr. e r that he be gge d Mr. Choate and H n y White to go with him and stand by him throu gh

al re , what he considered a terrible orde . When he ceive d the e he it m dal, accepted , not as an honor to

1 1 0 McKIM THE MAN

r as himself pe sonally, but an honor to his profession in America of which he proudly conside red him ,

, self to be only the representative . Not only in Eng

s i land, but in Italy al o, the highest authorit es in Art

u s have distinguished him with special honors. To , in

e ﬁ ttin America, this s ems most g , for surely it is to

McKim A r , Mead, and White that me ica is indebted for her knowledge of the pri nciples of Italian art and architecture and the knowledge that these principles are not national but fundamental and apply to all

i e arch tectur .

e r i in r In Am ica, part cularly, his own p ofession , he

e was not only honored ; he was loved. The numb r of young men who de rive d the foundations of know],

in the o fﬁ ce McKim i e edge of , Mead, and Wh t is

r i a i i legion , and they ca ry nto ctual work the nspirat on

’ inﬂu e nce McKim s i his , and of large imaginat on , con

n his f i in sta t encouragement, abiding a th the purity and s e an i e tr ngth of d al , and his deeply rooted love

e e i i i fo r and b li f n beauty as an e ssential in l fe . Unl ke

e i s McKim thos geniuses of the Rena s ance, did not

l s , scatter his energies, but by the c ose t study and hard est work he concentrated his whole heart and mind and i feeling upon his work as an arch tect . The crown of archite cture was fo r him su fﬁ cie nt ; he sought no other

1 1 1 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM f ’ “ and to win this o ne he gave his li e s blood . As some

men have the vision of their country rich and pros!

ero u s t r p , and some men the vision of heir country g eat

and a powerful, his imagin tion kept always before him the vision of a country inspired and elevated by a

f en , purer and nobler taste ; and, unsel ishly and with

thu siasm w and , ith persistency high and noble courage, he devoted himself to that work the se words are ’

Mr. Root s, but their truth is evident to all who have

u am e st died the life I trying to portray . B hind that

n n all ge tle, ingratiating man er, which he showed to

in i e in , who came contact w th him , lay an absolut ly

ﬂexible l wil . When he seemed most about to surf render and to yield to o ppo sitio nfhe was always found

be . i to most determined, most immovable Dislik ng

co nﬂict s of any ort, he never could yield in what

ie be e fo r he bel ved to b st the future of art, but he was never aggressive in his determination and never appe ared to realiz e the victory when he had

won it .

McKim retired from the presidency of the Amer,

i i in e 1 0 . z can Institute of Arch tects Novemb r, 9 3 Dur ing the two years of his presidency he had been much in Washington working with unwearying tac t and zeal to impress upo n Senators and Representatives

1 1 2

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

f ie i ri h and fo r h o o o f all W e us a ro a he o v w s g t t e g d . m t pp ch t m in a s iri o f the i es o nsi era io n re are to i e e e r p t h gh t c d t , p p d y ld v y t in x t rinci e h g e ce p p pl .

It was this quality more than any other which made

a o out of his clients warm person l friends. S many

e fu anecdotes hav been told me, ll of the personality i and charm, the purity and integr ty, of the man, that it is hard to select among them those which most viv / idly portray him . Such personalities are rare in any

in n e in profession , any ation , and the main obj ct the writing of this memoir is to bring before the younger

in i men his profess on , who were born too late to have known him personally, but have seen and are seeing the distinguished work which has been and is being done by the firm which he founded to carry o n the

r i g eat tradit on of a noble architecture, a knowledge of the m an himself who lived and die d to establish this

’ McKim s tradition in Ame rica. The last few years of

aint / u a life were clouded by sickness and sorrow. S Ga

e and e d ns White preceded him , and he nev r quite

e f recovered from th ir loss, but he ought bravely on

al n against serious physic disability planning, directi g,

n the s and encouraging u til end. As a la t picture

e r of him I want to quot from his lifelong friend M .

John L. Cadwalader McKIM THE MAN

And no w what shall be said o f the perso nality o f Charle s Mc im ? it re a io ns i i him fo r ears and ears W h my l t h p w th y y , I

n l to en er u o n tha su e am u na e a o st u a e . see e bl , lm b , t p t bj ct It m d to m e he was almo st the mo st attractive perso nality I have e ver kno n ef an m an to a e to o o se McKim e n he w . I d y y tt mpt pp wh was re ally dispo sing o f so me su bject in which he was large ly inf te re sted H is anner his s i e his re a en o f the su e . m , m l , t tm t bj ct

e re all o n usi e and e f an m an to fail to enlis e n w c cl v , I d y y t wh

o fﬁce r McKim was the re cru iting .

In the suns ine o f his re se n e a u ain an e ar l o er h p c , cq t c w m y bl so m ed in o friends i In the ar and s a o o f his s i e t h p . ch m h d w m l a s a e e n e a e a e o nst ra io n difﬁcultie s asse a a t t m t b c m d m t , p d w y, things that we re unce rtain to o k a ce rtain shape and became po s si e and na ral a i i n e am e a ali bl tu nd imag nat o b c ctu ty . ’ H e re ally bu rned o ut life s candle in the effo rt to ele vate his o wn ro fessio n H e has asse . a a a i i ﬂutterin so p p d w y . Th t t m d g u l has cease to e a a ains the ars o f life His o is at re st and d b t g t b . b dy , ye t we kno w

The so u o f o nais li e a s ar l Ad , k t

Bea o ns fro a o e e re the E ernal are c m b v wh t . CHAPTER X

THE TWO MEMORIAL MEETINGS

After an illness which really laste d for nearly three

McKim 1 th years, Charles died on the 4 of September,

1 0 . So was e 9 9 widespread the grief f lt, not only

s among his own immediate circle, but al o by the

e ew Am rican people at large, that the N York Chapte r of American Institute of Architects and the various societies of which he was an honored membe r deter, mine d to hold a memorial meeting in his honor in the

e o , city of N w York . The national b dy of the Amer

ican Institute, while in thorough sympathy with the

N e w n fe e York moveme t, lt that some r cognition of his services to the nation should also be he ld in the National Capital which had be en the scene of so much

his in N ew was of splendid work . The meeting York held in the N e w Theatre on Central Park West o n

d, e e 2 1 0 . At r a Nov mb r 3 , 9 9 this meeting approp iate

e e . dr sses were mad by Mr. George B Post on behalf

the N ew l li R 00t of York Chapter, by Honorab e E hu ,

Mr. r f H . f Walter Cook, P o essor Lang ord Warren ,

Mr. H . c s Josiah Benton , President Ni hola Murray

1 1 6

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM wi a o urt eo us o nsi e ra io n fo r all he has wo n the e ote th c c d t , d v d affe ctio n o f his fe llo ws and a do minating inﬂue nce in the pro fes' i he lo e H e wo n the res e tful a m ira io n o f the sio n wh ch v d . p c d t co mmunity ; his ge nius has stamped an imprint o n the art o f a o ntin n H e was a Mas er o f r s o f Bo o in and Har ar c e t . t A t wd v d Uni ersi ies Do o r o f Le ers o f o lu ia Uni e rsi Do o r v t , ct tt C mb v ty, ct o f La s o f the Penns l ania Uni ersi Nat io nal a e i ian w y v v ty, Ac d m c , Me e r o f the a e di San Lu a o f Ro e wice Presi en mb Ac d my cc m , t d t o fthe e ri an nsti u e o f r i e t s and Ho no rar Mem e r Am c I t t A ch t c , y b o fthe Ro a ns i u e o f Bri is r ite s ose o e al he y l I t t t t h A ch ct , wh g ld m d has re ei e H e was an ear e be r o fand ee in c v d . ly m m d ply terested in the Men elsso n Glee lu and it is e r a ro riate a the d h C b, v y pp P th t lu s o ul o en ese ce re o nies a so n C b h d p th m by g .

RES BY MR L R H C DD S . E OOK A WA T .

Mr Presi en La ie s and Ge nt e e n . d t , d l m

’ ’ n o in St On Sir Christo pher Wre s t mb . Paul s there is a Latin in ri io n to i Mr o a e has re ferre i sa s If s . o u c pt , wh ch Ch t d, wh ch y , y see his o nu en lo o a o u o u and we m a e l re e a k m m t, k b t y y w l p t ese r n w in a o arle s McKim i th wo ds whe e th k b ut Ch . It s u seless to e nu era e all t he u il in s in is i and e se e re i m t b d g , th c ty l wh , wh ch

ear itness to his ale n his al o s unerrin as e andhis o in b w t t , m t g t t l v g

are And it is o ne o f the re ar s i his and ro fe ssio n c . w d wh ch my p

' o ﬁe rs t hat e n we are o ne o u r o nu e n s e t e r e be , wh g , m m t , wh h th y re a and i o sin strucm res o r no t s an in the rea o e n/air g t mp g , t d g t p use u o f i o r o u n r to be se e n all m en and no t s u m m c ty c t y, by , h t “ in a leries If his m o nu m ent lo o k a u o u . o u see o u . p g l y k , b t y All this pro ductio n o fa mo st active career he has le ft as a he ritf age to his co untry; but mo re e specially is it the heritage o f the ar i e who fo llo him To e it is a ne ch t cts w . th m ve ry pre cio us o ;

1 1 8 THE TWO MEMORIAL MEETINGS fo r i ese exa les e fo re us we anno fai to a ro a o ur w th th mp b , c t l pp ch wo rk with so me thing o f the lo ve and devo tio n to the beautiful h o sse n i a e r e And in in in o e r which e p sse d i so h gh d g e . th k g v the name s o f tho se who have go ne befo re him in o ur time Richardso n and Hu nt and the o thers — it se e ms to m e that no o ne o f the m has left a Stro nge r and mo re de ﬁnite message to their su ccesso rs than o ur frie nd in who se ho no r we are gathere d ere o d a h t y . In all the ar s and es e iall in the ar s o f the resen ti e t , p c y t p t m , e re is su a stri in fo r the in i i u al no e fo r a iffe ren th ch v g d v d t , d t ’ mo de o fexpressio n than any o ne else has use d a diﬂere nt lan guage I might say — that this desire thre ate ns so me times to tie

r all o er im u s L s e a be iffe re n is the cr s o se . et u at s t y th p l l t d t, y,

o u we m a no t be eau iful th gh y b t . r it e ure in o o n i the o er arts has suffe re fro A ch ct , c mm w th th , d m i B t we in is o n r a e no t e e h rs s a a . u u n e o th m l dy th c t y, h v b t w t

' o ffe nde rs and a we a e no r ee n so in is due m o re to ; th t h v b , I th k

e nc o f McKim an to an o e r ause the inﬂu e th y th c . I have fo llo we d his wo rk fro m t he be ginning to the e nd; and e e r sin e t o se i le o a es at E e ro n at the e innin o fhis v c h l tt c tt g lb , b g g career su ch wo nde rful co ntrast to the wo rk we kno w him b — ne i in rin i e was al a s H e to o so e s o u his. u b t y g d g p c pl w y , , ght as e arnestly as the m m o f u s fo r individuality ; and whe n I think ho w e as it is to re o ni e his an anno but hin a he y c g z h d , I c t t k th t has a aine ir But a o e all was his unwri e n law — ne er in tt d . b v tt v , t he name o f o riginality o r with an ambitio n to be hailed as a arin inno a o r to re a e an in i did no t ri ari d g v t , c t yth g wh ch p m ly a ea to him as e a tifu pp l b u l . ro is he ne r s er e an ins an And e ie e a his F m th ve w v d t t . I b l v th t t lo a t o a u re and unselﬁsh i ea ill li e as an exa e as a y lty p d l w v mpl , go o d traditio n amo ng us lo ng afte r his ge neratio n has disap'

1 1 9 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM peared ; and that McKi m dead will preserve us fro m as many s and ro tes ue reatio ns McKim li in did mo nstro u g q c as v g .

As a in and e nero us frie n to all o f u s his fe llo wrwo rkers k d g d , , i ee less fo r m e to S ea to o u o fhim ne him e n he it s n d p k y . I k w wh was at Har ar ne him e n he was s u in his art in Paris v d, I k w wh t dy g and was full o f a e ne rous ent usias i ne ve r fai e him th t g h m wh ch l d , and I kne w him during the who le o f his brilliant career in this co n r And it is ar fo r m e to in a s all lo o in his u t y . h d th k th t I h k to kind eyes no mo re

F REMARKS 0 PROFESSOR H . LANGFORD WARREN OF HARVARD

r i n d n e n Mr . P es e t an La ies and Ge l e d , d t m

Harvard Unive rsity gladly jo ins in do ing ho no r to the m e m 1 ’ r f ar e s F o ll n McKim Mr McKim s re la io ns th mo y o Ch l e . . t to e ni er o e He had ee n a s u e n in the Lawre uce U versity w e cl s . b t d t Scientiﬁc S o o in 1 866— 6 and o u his re si e n e was so ch l 7, , th gh d c s o rt he a a s lo o e a to a e rio i le asure and h , lw y k d b ck th t p d w th p

f r as his alm a a e r His ri ian areer as an tho ught o Harva d m t . b ll t c ar i e rea hin as he did the o si io n o f re o ni e ea er o f ch t ct , c g p t c g z d l d his ro fessio n led the Uni e rsi in 1 8 0 to i e him the ho no rr p , v ty 9 g v ar e r o f Mas r o f Ar s y d g ee te t . The University isfo rtu nate in havingfro m his design thre e im f o r an s ru ure s the Har ar Unio n and Ro inso n Hall ui t p t t t ct , v d b , b l fo r the De art e n o f r i e ure o o e e in 1 0 1 p m t A ch t ct , b th c mpl t d 9 , ’ and th Fo tr i d But the e neral r e o Ball Stadiu m o n So ldie r s F el . g as pe ct o f the u niversitybuildings in Cambridge has bee n mo re pro r fo undly affe cted by the no ble fe nce and series o f gates which he esi ne and i ui fro ear to ear iffere n o lle e d g d wh ch , b lt m y y by d t c g s ar ti in a se s e s o e e . cl , ll c mpl t

1 2 0

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

and its co lo r are so harmo nio us and pe rfe ct that it do e s no t pro , u e its effe at the ﬁrst ie The eo e B d c ct v w . p pl o f o sto n receive d it

i the au io us e si atio n it i e re e i e o s in s w th c t h t w h wh ch th y c v m t th g ,

but as e a e li e i it and o e to no it e a re/ th y h v v d w th c m k w , th y pp ia e its rare e au o re and o re is the c t b ty m m . It ﬁnest o rname nt o f o ur e au iful i and o u r eo le are o re and o re ro f b t c ty, p p m m p ud o it as the ears o b y g y.

DDRESS OF RO ESSOR WILLIAM M SLO NE A P F . A

Ladies and Ge ntle men

It has bee n my duty to co mpre ss into a fe w sho rt reso lutio ns so mething o f what has be e n e xpresse d here so ably and so brill liantl y.

Fo urtee n asso ia io ns ar is i e ni a and li e rar e re c t , t t c , t ch c l, t y, h u nite to co mme mo rate the distinctio n o fCharle s Fo lle n McKi m a n as a raf s an as an ar ist To is e in in as i i e . nd e o c t z , c t m , t th th y j

e i io n reco rding th se co nv ct s . H is life was an e xample o f that which a cre ative architect

l e His o n ar trainin o le he us i e ra i e o o s . se e m t mp t v y ch c d y g c mp t d, de vo ted te n ye ars to his pro fessio nal educatio n ; ﬁve to that o f f n e H e wa s i la e t o r a is i ine ﬁve to a o o l e . s u e d c pl , th t k w dg t m t d g t

h o er to e x re ss e o u s and e had a u ire the . th ght , cq d p w p th m H is ge nius was e xhibited in his su pre me po wer o f co llabo ra/ tio n ; he linked his wo rk and fame inse parably with tho se o f his

two o ri ina ar ne rs ri aril fo r the sa e o f o re e nsi e g l p t , p m y k c mp h v

as e r but his in i e n fo r the e rfe in o f ac ie e e n o f m t y, t c d tly p ct g h v m t

l n ina io n e ach singly as we ll as by al i co mb t .

B su e ans e re a ra e a re a o o fi o r an ie n s y chm w tt ct d g t b dy mp t t cl t ,

in i i ua o r o ra e and na io na a o n ese he e asi co m ! d v d l , c p t , t l ; m g th ly m anded a lea e rs i i e as rea i a e e andfro its d h p wh ch th y d ly cc pt d, m

1 2 2 THE TWO MEMORIAL MEETINGS

o nse u e n es he ne er s ran assu in re s o nsi i i to an c q c v h k, m g p b l ty y n r re nd re s e xt e n fo r esi o e u a su . t d g , p c d , lt

H is o i e o f s e was re e e rm ine an es r e e r/ ch c tyl p d t d by c t y, t mp a e n and rainin fo r his so u was akin to a i e s fo r o f m t , t g, l th t h gh t m

v is ar e i ni re o se and ro o r i n ci i i a io n i o . l z t wh ch m k d by d g ty, p p p t

As the re a ain er e a o ra es o n t he asis o f s ro n ra in g t p t l b t b t g d w g,

e e r o f rus o r e n i so is re a ar i e i a ine and wh th b h p c l, th g t ch t ct m g d

use s ru tu re a was i se f o e i the e ree o fe a o ra io n and d t c th t t l p t c, d g l b t o rname nt be ing determined by adaptatio n to use and enviro n/ en m t .

To the an i ar ar s o f the en inee r the ain e r and the s u t c ll y t g , p t , c lp to r his in e e ness was free ac no le e and e ir s len o rs d bt d ly k w dg d, th p d are no ere o re anifes an in the u i in s o f his ﬁrm be / wh m m t th b ld g , cause o f the o ppo rtunity the re affo rde d and the ze al they there

e x i i e to be ar s o f an ar o nio us o e h b t d p t h m wh l .

His o r li e a o f all rue ar is s was the e x ressio n o f his w k , k th t t t t , p anho o H is ara e r wa s ro n as it wa u re hi is / m d . ch ct s t g s p ; s d posi io n affe io na e and se lf/sacriﬁcin his in i o ro us el fu t ct t g ; m d v g , h p l,

and no e H e was e r f in i rnin rea i in . a o o his s e e bl l v k d , d c g l tyb h d the ide a s o f his fe lo e ri ans in o e ran o n o f o se and l l w Am c , t l t ly p

s a Be ause o f his stro n an o ura ar he was e nia h m . c g d c geo us he t g l

but o e st o o u s e en a and e n e m d , j y , v g y, g tl .

e re is no e rfe io n in u ani bu t t he ne ares a ro a Th p ct h m ty, t pp ch

to it in a m an is is ern e n o f en en ie s e an i a io n o fu / d c m t t d c , m c p t p

if in u a i ie s and th in i t o i se t e er re a io n o f a o un f. l g q l t , t p t t c mm ty t l

Ho l in is as a se f/e i e n tru we are ﬁrm l o n in e a d g th l v d t th , yc v c d th t the lo ving and grate fu l me mo ry in which his ge ne ratio n ho lds

him a the be ne ﬁce nt insti utio ns i he fo u nde o r i i/ , th t t wh ch d v v

ﬁed a the s ru ures u i and ri a e a i e i he de f ; th t t ct , p bl c p v t l k , wh ch

si ne and ui and i es if to the as ira io ns o f an e o g d b lt wh ch t t y p t p ch,

a e se all ear i ness a as m an i iz en and ar is ere th t th b w t th t ;c t , t t th

1 2 3 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM is the hi e st fa e e r ane n and eser e fo r ar es Fo lf gh m , p m t d v d, Ch l le n McKim .

The m eeting in Washington was held in the Cora coran Gallery of Art during the Convention of the

r Ame ican Institute of Architects, on the evening of

1 0 z December 9 9. This meeting was distinctly na tio nal in character and was attended by the President

i r Cabine t Se nato rs ofthe Un ted States, membe s of his ,

r distin z d Rep esentatives, foreign ambassadors, and g u ished literary and professional men from various

l racti z parts of the country, as wel as by his brother p tio ners from eve ry Chapter of the American Instiz

. Mr. N tute Cass Gilbert, of ew York , who was at

i nstitu te that t me President of the I , presided at this

ac . meeting, introducing e h of the speakers Addresses f H . were made by William Ta t, President of the

N ew United States ; Elihu Root, Senator from York

f r r H . Joseph Choate, ormerAmbassadorto G eatB itain;

i e the Cass G lbert, Presid nt of American Institute of

e i f e Archit cts ; Will am Ruther ord M ad, President of

r c the American Academy at Rome . T ibutes of respe t

e fr the m were r ad om National Acade y of Art, the

r e e the i Ame ican Acad my of Arts and L tters, Nat onal

e Letters o int Institut of Arts and , J Action of fourteen

N N D e l ew York Societies, the ational Academy of

2 1 4.

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM in the nei o r o o o f as in to n o r in the Exe uti e and ghb h d W h g , b h c v H w the Legislative branches. e as the last pe rso n to give yo u the im re ssio n a he had ei er a ru nes s o r o sure ness bu t p th t th b pt c ck , I ’ o n no an o ne who e n he had set his in at a thin and d t k w y , wh m d g

had e er ine to rea a resu had o re s e adfas ness and d t m d ch lt, m t t manifested m o re willingne ss to u se e very po ss ible means to ac e his ur o se an Mr McKi ie . m h v p p th . ’ I do n t kno w whether I dare te ll yo u a sto ry with re fe re nce to

him i asa e er o fthe a ine 1 am a le to e r if is rue , wh ch m mb C b t , b c t y t b ut it illustrate s his qualitie s to such a degree that pe rhaps I m ay be pardo ned fo r go ing into the co nﬁde nces o f a Cabine t o f an ad inis ra io n m t t . ’ The Mall was Mr McKim s chiefanxiet e st o n re ss s o u . y l C g h ld fo rget that impo rtant part o f the plan o f the impro ve me nt o f

ashin o n The e lar and the fo un a io n fo r the ri u tural W gt . c l d t Ag c l

De ar e n Bu i in had ee n e un and so e e i o r ten p tm t ld g b b g , m ght ’ x en e e n t ca e to Mx McKim s kno wlf tho usand do llars e p d dwh i m . e e a the ui in if ere e a co r in to a an o u be dg th t b ld g ct d c d g th t pl , w ld a few fee to o i and afe fe e t o o near the e n er and he am e t h gh w t c t , c to r e n t The Se re ar o f ri u ure was no t is o se to p e v t i . c t y Ag c lt d p d re ar a aria io n fro the an as su s an ia and was e r g d th t v t m pl b t t l, v y n much o ppo se d to the cha ge . Mr o t e ft the a in his Mr McKim a e to m e af er . Ro e as . c m , t l C b t , o nl true s a i e r and fri e n and as e m e to s ea to the y ymp th z d, k d p k Presi e n o he a so re ar e as a frie n and s a i e r but d t , wh m l g d d d ymp th z ,

So e n to see the Presir o ne who at time s nee ded co nvincing . I w t

e n and e x aine to him the si u a io n and he at o n e a ree d t pl d t t , c g d ” “ a w it Bu t sai he the ro u e is i e o u to an e . th t ght ch g , d , t bl w th f in H e sa a Un e i m who has a rea au se o r o a . s cl J m y, l c c mpl t y th t

e se ar i ec s a e e la e to o o n and the u li o ne th ch t t h v d y d l g, p b c m y ” hi wa canno t be waste d and e xpe nded in t s y.

1 2 6 THE TWO MEMORIAL MEETINGS

” ’ e sai I an we all a o u n il o r so e hin o f at W ll, d , c t c c c , m t g th so r and so le nl sit o n the sub e and e n ﬁnall re a the t, m y j ct , th y ch ” ri o n io n ght c clu s . a and Mx Mc H e sai We c n we i l and we did . Ki m was d, , w l , .

een a d t r hr e o ers The P i n o f o u nse andMr Gr n wo o e . res e c l . t th d t to o Mr McKim to as at o n e at the au a i o f the ar i e ts k . t k c d c ty ch t c who wai 0 o r 60 a s u nti ans a e e en o le e and en t 3 d y , l pl h v b c mp t d , th

e i d a an e l a was no t a er o n an a e to a e e . c m tt mpt m k ch g W l , th t v y

o o e innin and I am afrai a o ur ro e r McKim o u g d b g g, d th t b th th ght the i wa u Bu t it s i e the e re ar o f ri u ure a j g s p . o su t d S c t y Ag c lt th t whe n there appeared a sugge stio n fro m an enginee r that 1109 sibl no t te n o r ﬁ ve o u san o ars o u be sacriﬁce d but y th d d ll w ld , an e o no i be in ro u e in ano er wa the Se re ar c my m ght t d c d th y, c t y, at the su e s io n o r the in i a io n o f the Presi e n sai a he gg t v t t d t , d th t

o u o ssi it i t be o r e o ut a wa bu t the Presi/ th ght p bly m gh w k d th t y,

en insis e a if we did we did no t in e n to ai ve the criti/ d t t d th t , t d w cism that we wo uld make against t he pro fe ssio n o f archite cts by reaso n o f e ir e a And so we se ara e th d l y . p t d .

T e ri l ra B i in w o e McKim and ! al e h Ag cu tu l u ld g as m v d . w k d

he e ft e ar Mr McKim o t t S s o he W ar D e n sai . n u . p t p p tm t I d , I c ” ra a e o u o n o ur i o r H e u rne and o o e at m e a g tu l t y y v ct y . t d l k d “ o e n and sai W as it a i o r ? no e r su and am m m t , d v ct y A th ch I ” a B t it was a o r and it i ra e s his ara e r in e . u i us d d v ct y, ll t t ch ct

u ie us in and us in fo r the i e s i e a s o fhis art and q tly p h g p h g h gh t d l , insis in o n e ve r in a was es and in ie l in in no in t g yth g th t b t , y d g th g

e to hi i e n an a re ra e s e that see m d m a de tr m t d tro g d t p . No o ne co uld co me in co ntact with him and no t fee l that ge nt ero u s isin eres e s iri o f his in fa o r o f the ro o io n o f all , d t t d p t v p m t art and his i lin ness to e o e i e and effo r t o ro o e it , w l g d v t t m t p m t e e r er v ywh e . I had the ho no r to appo int him as a me mbe r o fthe Bo ard to

1 2 7 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM assist the Secre tary o f War in preserving what he co uld o f the scener o f Nia ara and he e o te a rea eal o f tim e i h y g , d v d g t d , w t

e r ittle o ensatio n to annin o u t a co ul be o ne o n v y l c mp , pl g wh t d d the American side o f the rive r so that t he peo ple o n the o t he r

i e s o ul no t in it was t he a ar o f the Unite S ate s s d h d th k b ck y d d t . And so it was with respea to e ve ryt hing that came o ut o f his ara er to o ne who had to dea i him in u i atters ch ct l w th p bl c m . did no t co e ere to ake a s ee o e at s o ul I m h m p ch . I h p d th I h d o be hro n o n to the a l Mr n t t w u die nce witho u t so me leader ike . 001 o r Mr o a e who a e n Mr McKim so n d R . no o an Ch t , h v k w . l g, who have sho wn by the ir wo rks and their spe e che s ho w mu ch o re artis i t e are han who a e had no e x erie n e in art m t c h y t I h v p c , unti a e ere to be a e res o nsi e for a rea e art e n l I c m h m d p bl g t d p m t, sho uld be gin this e nco miu m ; but I feel in my heart so stro ngly th t o f ra i a the na io n o to Mr McKim fo r e de b g t tu de th t t wes . lea in an art and a in the i eals o ft a art e en hi e r and d g m k g d h t v gh ,

r in to a e e na io na a am la to en an e m haf t y g m k th m t l , th t I g d l d y p sis that I m ay to a me mo rial to him . I am living in a ho use to d ay that has bee n made be au tiful by Mx McKi m is a o use to i o u can in i e an fo rei ner . . It h wh ch y v t y g ﬁo m an o u n r o e e r ar isti and fee a it is a o r y c t y, h w v t c, l th t w thy

Execu i e Mansio n fo r a re a na io n li e is o inin di : t v g t t k th , c mb g g nit and si i i and reﬂecrin in all its ines ir o es to m e y mpl c ty, g l ( d ) ft f r McKi i ni n i art o M m . the d g ty a d simplic ty o he .

OSEPH H HO E EX — MB SS DOR TO J . C AT , A A A GREAT BRITAIN

Ladies and Ge ntle me n

is s e n i au ie n e o fm en and es e ia o f o en is in Th pl d d d c , p c lly w m , i lf a r and e o r o f Mr Mcf tse no ble tribute to the characte m m y .

1 2 8

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

yo u also o fo ne o the r thing his abso lu te de vo tio n and lo yalty to the me mbe rs o f the gre at ﬁrm which he fo rme d and which is

li e to o n inue his o r to rans i his re a re u e and the k ly c t w k, t m t g t p t

i re ss o f hi s e nius fo r an e ars t o o e H e was a mp g m y y c m . such

ui in s iri a o n e so ro ine n so a ti e so reco r g d g p t m g th m , p m t , c v , g

niz e d the o u ni and et fro ﬁrst t o as urin the by c mm ty, y m l t , d g

o e e rio o f e ir o r ani atio n he o u ne e r er i an / wh l p d th g z , w ld v p m t y thing to be kno wn o r re co gnized exce pt as the wo rk o fthe ﬁrm ;

no erso na ai s o f his o wn no u t in fo r ar o fo ne in re p l cl m , p t g w d p f

fe re nce to the o er and fro e inni n to e nd as e ie e e re th , m b g g , I b l v , th ne er was a o n ra a en e re ne er was a ie e o f o r o v c t ct t k , th v p c w k c mr

m e nce d ex e as the o in or o f all ree i he insiste , c pt j t w k th , wh ch d it s o u be fro the e innin to the end And e n he was h ld m b g g . th

so o es a hat wa f o ar in rai o f m d t with l . T s o ne o the m st ch m g t ts

his ara er — e au iful in e rso n lo ﬁ in i eas o an in ch ct b t p , y d , c mm d g in inﬂuence he was as o es se nsi i e e n e r as an o an o r , m d t , t v , t d y w m i o u o ssi be i e l a ain a o in N ew ch ld c ld p bly . I m ght t l g wh t I t ld

o r a erso nal e x e rie n e o fhim e n he a e to Lo ndo n to Y k , p p c , wh c m

re e i e a if he had ee n i in he o u a ain re e i e ere c v wh t , b l v g w ld g c v h , t he tribute o fhis who le pro fe ssio n the go ldmedal o fthe British f i e i wa n to him i 1 0 ns i u e o r s s i e n . I t t t A ch t ct , wh ch g v 9 3 Why, he abso lute ly shrank fro mwhat he re garded as the te rrible o rdeal to which he was to be subje cted in co m ing fo rward to rece ive that me dal and say the fe w wo rds o f reco gnitio n and thanks that

ere e e o f him H e was as o e s as as in o n en w e xp ct d . m d t W h gt wh he appe ared befo re the Ho u se o f Burge sse s o n his re turn fro m his

ﬁrst su ccessﬁi l i i ar e x ursio n in o es ern Vir inia and the m l t y c t W t g ,

S e a er en he o o his a e am o n the Bur e sses sa i a fe w p k , wh t k pl c g g , d o r s o f o i e n to him Yo re e er a he ro se to re w d c mpl m t . u m mb th t and was o l u na e to o an o rds and the S e a e r ply wh l y bl c mm d w , p k sai to him Sit o n Mr as in o n o ur o e s is o n d , d w , . W h gt , y m d ty ly

1 3 0 THE TWO MEMORIAL MEETINGS e uale o ur e ri and a is su a no an u a e can q d by y m t , th t ch th t l g g ” o do it us i e So en r McKim a e Mr e nr ssi . M . H p bly j t c wh c m , . y i e who m I am a to see e re o /ni and self ein Wh t , h ppy h t ght , my b g ife o n frien s o f his he re i self in o o ur ar s and sai l l g d , th w h m t m d

w h m and arr hi hro i erri o r e a e must he lp i c y m t ugh th s t ble d l . And we did s n him H e a eare i o s ara e ris i ta d by . pp d w thm t ch ct t c mo desty and dignity ; he rece ive d the me dal ; he acce pted it no t as a ri u e to i se f but to the rea ro fessio n in eri a t b t h m l , g t p Am c a he was ro u t o re rese n and e n en o n ra u a io ns th t p d p t, th , wh c g t l t

e an to o e to him fro is si e o f the a e r he re ie b g c m m th d w t , pl d by ” “ t w a e Man an s bu s il e ar the sa e hat . No a c bl , y th k , I t l w m , th t

was the e au o f him — no a e r a a e ne no m a e r b ty m tt wh t h pp d , tt what avalanches o f praise and co ngratulatio ns were heape d u po n him he a a s o re the sa e hat his ea ne e r s el e in the , lw y w m , h d v w l d face o f tribute s and ho no rs and praise s that might we ll have rne the ea s o f far o re u i m e n an he tu d h d m p bl c th .

do n fe t r o n er e ie n e I re ally o t el a libe ty l g to d tain the aud c . I

e re am e to sa ho w u o e him to e ar i ness m ly c y m ch I l v d b w t , as o ne o f o un ess frie n s a he m a e e re er he en to c tl d th t d wh v w t , ” ni he s eetness and the ea f ara e r the i t u o his . d g ty, w , b ty ch ct

SS GILBERT RESIDENT OF HE AMERICAN CA , P T INSTITUTE OF ARCH ITECTS

Pr i en La ies and e n e e n Mr. es G d t , d tl m

This medal has bee n awarded to Charles Fo llen McKim fo r his is in u is e se r i es to the r s the u nani o us o e o f d t g h d v c A t , by m v t h n io f th ri ns i o f r i e s t e Co nve t n o e Ame can I t tu te A ch t ct . It is custo m ary that o n such an o ccasio n t he wo rks and servr ices o f the m an sho uld be re co u nted and the basis o f the award

st a e i the r r in his l io n Bu t in is int e aso ns o e n se e . t d, w th g v g ct th 1 3 1 CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM stan e it is no t ne essar to add o ne o r to a has alrea c , c y w d wh t dy een sai no r to reco unt the lis o f the o r s in i he had b d, t w k wh ch a istin uis e ar so ell no n and so i o sin d g h d p t, w k w mp g . His mo nume nts in bro nze and marble will lo ng e nrich his nati e lan his e ne fa io ns no t easure a o ne in the s ant v d ; b ct , m d l t

ards o fco m er e a e lai the sure fo un a io ns o fe en rea er d m c , h v d d t v g t o n m en s in the e ar s o f his o un r en Bu t it s no t fo r m u t h t c t ym . i ese alo ne a we o ffe r t is o e n o fo ur raise and lo e th th t h t k p v . The a ar o f is e al can add no hin to hi o no r w d th m d t g s h . i es no r e o ratio ns no r e a s no r an o rldl t in can T tl , d c , m d l , y w y h g to o a r and e ri are i rin i T are no t dd r . ra e n s e a w th Ch ct m t t c . h y fe w r can t co n rre No in e can do o sa add o eir su m . d . th g y th

Pa rio is se lfrsacriﬁce a ie n e o ura e a ie e en are t t m, , p t c , c g , ch v m t, the e i en e s o f rea ness and o f ese he a e full easure v d c g t , th g v m Su a m an needs no a ai but a o ur esti a e o fhis life ch ccl m, th t m t and o r s s a be no n o f m e n and a ere o t ers be w k h ll k w , th t th by h inspired in no ble e mulatio n ; that we m ay testify to the wo rld that in this age and amo ng this peo ple the great ideals co mmo n to the race are el in o no r and in re e ren e is e al is h d h , v c th m d

Mr Me a it no w e o e s u and ri ile e o n be/ . d, b c m my d ty, my p v g , alfo fthe nsti u e to eli er to o u his asso ia e o a u o r and h I t t , d v y , c t , c dj t ﬁ' ie nd is o en o fthe res e o e and o no r in i we all , th t k p ct, l v h wh ch

WILLIAM RUTHERFORD MEAD

Mr Pre si en Ladie s and Ge n e m e n . d t, tl

f o fMr McKim fo r thirt rﬁve As the clo se riend and asso ciate . y ears it is i a in e feelin o fsa ness and ri e a s an y , w th m gl d g d p d th t I t d

e r r i h ve fo him i e al h e to n g t to recei r th s m d . 1 3 2

CHARLES FOLLEN McKIM

United Action of New York Societies ; National Society of Mural Painters ; Architectural League of New York National Academy of Design ; Harvard University d American Aca emy of Rome. These tributes from his confreres who revered and loved him , and from men of varied professions who

u s admired him, tell his story and bring before who follow him a vivid picture of the master. In thinking of him unconsciously there come to me, but with a very different association from the one in which they i h were written , those ringing words of Brown ng whic so express the feeling of the younger men in his pro, fessio n to Charles McKim :

We t a a e o e him so o no re him fo o e him h t h v l v d , h d , ll w d ,

Li e in his i and m a niﬁcent e e v d m ld g y ,

Learne his ee an ua e au his e ar a cents d d p l g g , c ght cl c , ” hi r o i e i o r die Made m o u mo tto t l v w th .

TH E E N D APPENDIX

APPENDIX

ear we a e so e a e ar e fro is rule and as o u y h v m wh t d p t d m th , , y

kno o u r ns i u e has se e e Mr ar e s o e n McKim . F o f w , I t t t l ct d Ch l ll

w o r and Mr McKim has ret rne us the o m i n Ne . u e Y k, d c pl m t by cro ssing the Atlantic e spe cially to rece ive the Medal in perso n

to rni ht and e re he is am a to sa safe and so un it us g ; h , I gl d y, d w h

is e enin and er e ar il we all el o e him th v g, v y h t y w c m ha e sai a in se e in Mr McKim we a e so e at I v d th t l ct g . h v m wh

e ar e fro o u r rule fo r we anno ai him as an En ish d p t d m , c t cl m gl ar i e we a e no t se e e him fo r his i erar a ain e n s ch t ct , h v l ct d l t y tt m t ,

and eas o f all can we n e r him a fo re i n ar i e N o si s a . 0 l t c d g ch t ct , we have se lecte d him as a highly distinguishe d Ame rican archi/

te ct a e r near re a io n o f o urs and a re resen a i e m an , v y l t , p t t v , in o rde r that we m ay sho w to him pe rso nally and to the who le wo rld o f American artists o ur high appreciatio n and admiral tio n o f the gre at wo rk that marve lo us co u ntry is do ing o n the o the r side o f the wo rld ; an appreciatio n no t o nly o f what the y

are o in but a so o f a we e x e e t o do u ntram r d g, l wh t p ct th m

m e led radi io ns full o f o u ene r i a ina io n and by t t , y th , gy, m g t

ini ia i e and su o r ed al o st o u n le ss re so u rces and t t v , pp t by m b d ; we are co nﬁdent that as time go es o n the y will no t o nly e e o fre s e s and ans o f ui di n s bu t e i l s i l d v l p h typ pl b l g , th y w l , t l

in fu o f the as o e o se u i in s in a an ua e a m d l p t, cl th th b ld g l g g th t

i be distincd e ir o wn w ll y th .

As a e a re a sai is se e t io n has m e t i the ﬁl l] I h v l dy d, th l c w th appro val o f H is Majesty the King ; and I ve ntu re to ho pe the prese nce he re to z night o f the Ambass ado r himself fro m the Ame rican peo ple to o ur Co u rt m ay be take n as setting the

eri an se a o n his se e io n o f o rs Am c l t l ct u . w s in ro o Mr McKim a li e o re And no I mu t t du ce yo u t . ttl m in e ai in o r er a no t o n o se rese n bu t a so o se d t l, d th t ly th p t , l th

wh re a ese ro ee in a hi l n e rs an o r o i e o s m u u . d th p c d g , y ly d t d ch c 1 3 8 APPEND IX

m a sa fa s m a be e e n e u o n fo r a e re e i e I y y my ct y d p d d p , I h v c v d e fro the es au o ri Mr McKim se f . i th m m b t th ty h m l .

H e was o rn in e s e r o u n Pe nns ania ﬁve randr b Ch t C ty, ylv ,

ﬁft e ars a o and at ei ee n e n e re Har ar Uni e rsi y y g , ght t d v d v ty

i a ie to eco m in a inin e n inee r ear a e r w th v w b g m g g . A y l t ,

ﬁndin the wo r u n o n e nial he e n e re e f Mr the o ffi o . g k c g , t d c Russe S ur is ar ite o f N ew o r and in the au u n o f ll t g , ch ct , Y k, , t m the sa e ear the e ier B au er in Paris here he was re m y , At l m , w p f

are fo r and a m i e to the E o le des Beau x rts re ainin p d , d tt d , c A , m g

i the o re o f the war re e e ar a e r u rin u a so e s . D t ll tb k , m th y l t g

is i e Mr McKim a so ra e e in Eu ro e and isi e th t m . l t v l d p , v t d

En an in 1 86 e re he e s m e ro u the kin ne ss o f gl d 9, wh , t ll , th gh d

Mr P e ne S ie rs Mr F o re n e and o e rs he was a e to . h p , . l c , th , bl

a e ro ﬁtable u se o f his i e as far as ri e a e s o u m k p t m , c ck t m tch w ld

e rm i H e a so was a e an Ho no rar Me e r o f the Archir p t . l m d y mb

ct ral sso ia io n te u A c t . R w o r i Mr McKim e n ere the e u rnin to Ne n 1 8 0 . t g Y k 7 , t d

w r wn ar i H Ri har so n and in o fﬁce o f the e ll kno ch te ct H . c d ;

1 8 2 at the a e o f twe nt rﬁve o e n e rac i e o n his 7 , g y , c mm c d p t c

i i 8 Mr i ia Ruthe rr o wn a o u n e in o ne n 1 . cc t, b g j d 77 by W ll m M a d n Mr anfo r hi e and sin e a fo r ea n i 1 8 . S d d , 79 by t d W t , c th t ti e e a e o n inue e ir ra i e as McKim Mea and m th y h v c t d th p ct c , d , ” i e Wh t . ’ f Mr McKim s uildin s So me drawings and pho to graphs o . b g

are e xhi i e o n the wal s o f is ro o and a lis o f e i l b t d l th m , t th m w l r i r appea n the Jo u nal . I n 1 8 Messr McKim M nd i e e re a o in e 8 s. ea a 7 , d, Wh t w pp t d ar i e s to the new u i i rar o f the i o f Bo s o n no w a ch t ct p bl c l b y C ty t , fa o u s ui din In 1 88 two ello wshi s in the o o o f m b l g . 9 F p Sch l r i e u re o lu ia Uni ersi no n as the McKim e lf A ch t ct , C mb v ty, k w F

l w i e re e s a is e In 1 1 Mr McKim was a e a o s 8 . h s . p , w t bl h d 9 m d 1 3 9 APPENDIX

m e mber o fa Co mmissio n o f te n architects fro m thro u ghou t the ’ Unite d States to design the Wo rld s Co lu mbian Expo sitio n at i o I n 8 his ﬁrm ere a o in e ar i ects to the Ch cag . 1 94 w pp t d ch t n f he a e o f R o e s an I n 1 8 the new Capito l buildi g o t St t h d I l d . 97 Ame rican Acade my o f Architecture in Ro me was inco rpo rated l f th t te o f Ne w o r and Mr McKim u n er the a s o e S a . d w Y k, a e Pres i en I n 1 8 he was e e e a e er o f the was m d d t . 99 l ct d m mb a e o f San Lu a and in the sa e ear was a o inte to Ac d my c , m y pp d serve as a me mbe r o f the ﬁrsr Mu nicipal Art Co mmissio n o f he it o f New o r t C y Y k . In 1 1 Mr McKim was a o in e a e er o f the Art 90 . pp t d m mb Co m miss io n fo r the impro ve ment o f the park syste m o f the

Dis ri o f o lu ia and assis e in ra in u the a nify t ct C mb , t d d w g p m g

f i e re to rni h en sc e e o o ra s o i are e x i e t . c t h m , ph t g ph wh ch h b t d h g H ere is to be an ave nue 1 600 fee t wide and a mile and a half lo n ar i ec ura l trea e at ario us o in s wi re a u li g, ch t t l y t d v p t , th g t p b c l n in o r o ra e in th Th i ui i s e s e e . e o st s ut at so e b d g , c p t d ch m c p m ree to fo ur illio ns so e alf o f i has alrea een th m , m h wh ch dy b o e Bill has also asse o n ress fo r o a in h m e/ v t d . A p d C g l c t g t e o ri l m a . Mr McKim was e le te Pre i e n f n i . c d s d t o the American I st tute o f Ar i e ts in 1 01 and reelec e in 1 02 and in the sa e ch t c 9 , t d 9 , m ye ar was appo inted by Preside nt Ro o se ve lt to resto re t he i e Ho use and a so as ar ite fo r the ne w Ar War Wh t , l ch ct my

Of the buildings ere cte d so me ide a m ay be gained fro m the s e ndi se rie s o f o o ra s and ra in s Mr McKim has pl d ph t g ph d w g .

indl s o n us e re to rni ht H e see s e u all at o e i h k y h w h g . m q y h m w t a ala e o r a u n a o i a uni ersit o r a rai a s a io n p c b g l w , w th v y lw y t t , with laying o ut a great park sche me o r arranging a charming li e fo rm a ar e In all hin ill ﬁnd tr e fe olf ttl l g d n. I t k yo u w u artistic

APPENDIX

is in ee ause fo r fe i i a io n sin e it a es s in astin fo r d d c l c t t , c tt t , l g m, the pro gre ss and achie ve ment yo u r e minent bo dy has bee n ple ased to reco gniz e in the wo rk o f yo u r yo unge r co lleagues in eri a Am c . The Me dal which yo u do m e the high ho no r to besto w o n m e is u re at e as in ir ue o f a i e n a Presi e n o f , p l t v t my cc d t l d cy

t he eri an ns i u e but is I fee l to be re ar e in a far Am c I t t t , , , g d d larger sense than as a pe rso nal re co gnitio n o f the tie s which ’ uni e the ui e r s art n o i e o f the an i As a s ur t b ld o b th s d s Atl t c . p

and in e n i e and as a o e n o f the ﬁ' ie ndshi and res e hat c t v , t k p p ct t

fo r an e ars a e e en ro in u e ee n o ur two o ies m y y h v b g w g p b tw b d ,

a e i ra efu ri e his Me a e n ere as to I cc pt w th g t l p d t d l , t d d my

o u n r e n the Ro al n i a e it fo r the o e c t ym by y I st tu te . I cc pt wh l

ro fe ssio n in the Uni e S a e s and a e it fo r asso cir p t d t t , I cc pt my

a e s o f twe nt /ﬁve ears t o e e er in t y y o wh m I o w v yth g .

As the e are r o f an e ssa e s h' o m a ro ss the se as I can1 b m y m g c , no t le t such an o ccasio n as this pass by witho u t at least brie ﬂy

a er in t o the ie s i a e u ni e us in the ast and w i h dv t g t wh ch h v t d p , h c mu st re nde r the de ve lo pme nt o f o ur future o f so me thing mo re han assin in e re s to o i o o r t p g t t y u . I w ll add als a w d co ncerning

re e n e e n s o n o u r si e o f the a r c t v t d w te .

The e ar u i din s o f the Ne w En an o as a in a ly b l g gl d c t , d t g b ck

to the e i h ee n e n ur and o re rare to the se e n een g t th c t y, m ly v t th ,

fro the o n e vice rre al o n o f Po r s o u to arle s o n m c g t w t m th, Ch t ,

So u aro ina ha e ha i e s e n e to us es i e o i i a th C l , v pp ly d c d d d p t p l t c l re io ns No i h an in eir r f / o u . s si e o r s o o f co n v l t tw t t d g th mpl m , b th

s ru io n and esi n a e ne essar s e n e r e ans and the t ct d g , m d c y by l d m

ir u s an es o f rans lan a io n e s i reﬂe ct the o e r c c m t c t p t t , th y t ll m th

o u n r in e ir e x e e n e o f o ns ru io n as ell as in so un c t y, th c ll c c t ct w d and o rre as e r ise the o s in . P e ere s in and in e ir c ct t t c ly m t t t g, th s ere the o s a ira e ar i e u ra o nu e n s o f na i e ph m t dm bl , ch t ct l m m t my t v APPEND IX lan ri a e e in s and u li ui in s a i e are o se a d, p v t dw ll g p b c b ld g l k , th th t

r n e a l eir n i ro o es mo st st o gly r c l th E gl sh p t typ .

Ou r o i a io ns fo r ins an e to Sir ris o e r re n are bl g t , t c , Ch t ph W

e r i erfe u n e rst o o e e n at o e e t the i ie s o f the v y mp ctly d d v h m , y c t

lan i sea o ar es e ia l in Ne w En an a o un in exa es At t c b d, p c l y gl d, b d mpl

h i l f o o l The str l o f he an / sho wing t e nfue nce o his sch . ugg e t se l d marks fo r e xistence in the advancing tide o f co mmercial pro sr erit e fo re i e are ra uall e in s e a a is a p y, b wh ch th y g d y b g w pt w y, me lancho ly daily Spectacle no t alo ne de plo rable in the lo ss o f

his o ri o nu e nts bu t fo r the e sso ns e in aria e a o f t c m m , l th y v bly t ch r r n i i it an o o anne rs so un o o tio s d . d p p , mpl c y, g d m

a i so e o f he es e xa es r ain to Ar the se a H pp ly m t b t mpl e m us . t

o fGo ern e n fo r ins an e o u r a i o and the o e o f the v m t, t c , C p t l, h m Presi e n t he i e Ho use are o sin u ar ani a e a d t , Wh t , b th g l ly m t d by

ure as e and e o e o e o f e au no r to e n io n the it p t t d v t d l v b ty, m t C y Hall and the o ld De partment bu ildings o f the city o f Washing

n Of e se fo r o u r i o r a io n at o e a e a r l t to . nf s s o u s e th , m t h m , w ll y , us ra e ful a no e e a the a i o l o u e n ar e and g t ly ck wl dg th t C p t , th gh l g d

an e sin e was o ri ina e si ne o ne i lia o rn o n ch g d c , g llyd g d by W l m Th t ,

the i e Ho use a e r ain a e s Ho an w i e the it Ha Wh t by c t J m b , h l C y ll and o ld De partme nt buildings we re the creatio n o f a m an o f the name o f H adﬁeld — all Englishme n ! I can we ll re m e mbe r t he thrill o f su rprise and ple asu re which

e x e rie n e o n ﬁrst isi to En an o re an irt ears I p c d my v t gl d , m th th yy

a o in the disco er o f a s ran e fa i iari in the a earan e g , v y t g m l ty pp c

o f in s and in the se nse o f no t e in af e r all so far fro o e th g , b g t m h m . o u did no t un e rs an it e n the re aso n as has een Th gh I d t d th , , b sho n was no t far to see ! w , k

i e n u re to refer to o ne o re ui in o ft he e ra i I w ll v t m b ld g, wh ch

we a l ear and o u in o rio us a e a e i o f the e rio o f c l ly y gl ly l t , lb t p d

a the a Ad m Oct go n . APPENDIX

Our ns i u e i has ur e u o n o ern ents na io nal I t t t , wh ch g d p g v m t , state and mu nicipal t he du ty o f preserving Histo ric Mo nuf m e n s has i se lf re en se ure o ssessio n o fo ne o f the his o ri t , t c tly c d p t c ” o use s o f eri a no n fro its s a e as the O a o n and h Am c , k w m h p ct g , i ne the sa e i lia o rn o n ar i ec o fth i l es e a o . d g d by m W l m Th t , ch t t C p t He re in the early days were dispensed a libe ral ho spitality by P si n Ma i n o se o m it wa n r it r f re e so e s. U e s o o to o the d t d , wh h d , ,

f n wa si ne The o u se was ﬁnish in 1 Treaty o Ghe t s g d . h ed a m an ner be ﬁttin its i o r an e and o d a is in an e x e e n s a e o f g mp t c , t y c ll t t t rese t a io n us the e x resse esire and o fte n re urrin p v t . Th p d d c g effo rts o fthe Institu te to secu re fo r itse lf a pe rmane nt ho me have ee n a o lis e af er ne ar alf a ce n ur o f exis en e Ma b cc mp h d t ly h t y t c . y it if to o se who asse e in ir as ell as to the eo le o f typ y th mbl , w p p the i o f as in o n the s iri o f u i ser ice ! C ty W h gt , p t p bl c v The Institute has ample reaso n fo r fe licitatio n in bo th the in rease and e e r e n o f o ur o wn s o o s o f ar hi e u re in c b tt m t ch l c t ct ,

Har ar o u ia Pe nns ania o rnell and i a o Univerr v d, C l mb , ylv , C , Ch c g si ie s as e as in the a ira e and s ill o e r fo u n a io n o f t , w ll dm bl t ld d t the ns i u e o f Te no o in Bo s o n The o e e n t en/ I t t t ch l gy t . m v m t o do w an American Acade my o f Fine Arts in Ro me o n the ge n/ eral line s o f the Fre nch Acade my in the Villa Medicis is no t

e w il no w de e n e n fo r su o r u n the ins cie n n . T l p d t pp t po ufﬁ t me ans at the co mmand o f the inco rpo rato rs (membe rs o f t he ns i u e the nu e r o f s o ars has o f nece ssi ee n s all I t t t ) , mb ch l ty b m , and the co nve nie nce fo r wo rk no t such as wo uld be affo rded

r i and wellre ndo we d ins i io n an o e e e u e u . by ld , w ll q pp d, t t t n ee we see to be i in in a ne w a e no t o n in o ur I d d m l v g g , ly r is bu t in o ur re la io ns wi th rn en ri a e e n e r e s e Go e . p v t t p , t th v m t It was no small thing that a co mmittee o f the United States

Se na e u n er the ea e rs i o f the ee o urned Se na o r t , d l d h p d ply m t

McMillan al e in o o nsul a io n o fﬁciall the ns i u e and , c l d t c t t , y, I t t t

APPENDIX

” ia and a a l o f Reco r s The o s f e se uildin s lu H . o mb , l d c t th b g co mpleted will appro ximate to no t less than fifteen m illio ns o f o ars o r o er hree illio ns s erlin d ll , v t m t g . I canno t clo se eve n these brief remarks witho ut an e xpres' sio n o f appreciatio n fo r o ne to who m yo ur e minent bo dy so re e n did o no r f er nearl alf a e n ur o f su ess c tly h . A t y h c t y cc ful en ea o r rin i Mr Hun e l alo ft the anner u . d v , d g wh ch t h d b and fo u the a les o f the ns i u e and in the fullness o f ght b tt I t t t , his o e rs at a i e en his influe nce was re a es he was p w , t m wh g t t , su e n a en a a dd ly t k w y . Ladies and Ge ntle en a e to an o u fo r the rea m , I h v th k y g t patie nce and fo rbe arance with which yo u have liste ne d to these fragmentary re marks that but po o rly e xpress m y appreciatio n o f the gre at ho no r which yo u have see n fit to co nfe r u po n m e .