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National Institute of Standards and Technology Conference On NISTIR 5255 National Institute of Standards and Technology Conference On Reducing the Cost of Space Infrastructure and Operations Part 1: Oral Presentations and Discussion 100 .056 //5255 1993 Building and Fire Research Laboratory Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 NIST United States Department of Commerce Ibdinology Admi^tration National Institute of Standards and Technology i NISTIR 5255 National Institute of Standards and Technology Conference On Reducing the Cost of Space Infrastructure and Operations Part 1: Oral Presentations and Discussion William C. Stone, Ed. August 1993 Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 U.S. Department of Commerce Ronald H. Brown, Secretary Technology Administration Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology Arati Prabhakar, Director ' ' " .K-xr:- ’"/' ' ^ '; "/ '. ' ;,'. ;" ' ,' -A . • ' .,'',, ''Vi , , _, : , , V'\'-" >;v ; 'V '/v , , -': '"' '; • - : ,, „ . , 1 , .~.V; 'J;( '. 4 ' ' ' ' '. '.11 •', -,: : ;f’- , .j|~. ' , v",__ I,, i'-’v , V ' r%i •‘ ' 'r ' '0‘ :-•' ^ «sr y-y.' - ^ ' '. “'*1" j‘"r .-i . h--i. A : ' - -f%r,\ "4'yyy4y'l''' . ' ’ „ V ' ' ''M ... .'.•• '' '' -: 4 . H'f'’i S?' .1 ,4.v'. ,. Vi-> '-yt ’4? ' ,:'' ,.• 7 -: ;'4' , yy4# I , i,F : ^ ' •'^?*V' ^ ^ ^'1^*1 V .''ty >j, ,i Abstract A conference was held from November 20-22, 1989 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland for the purpose of discussing methods for reducing the cost of space infrastructure and operations. This was a multi-disciplinary group that included invited speakers from both within and outside of the traditional aerospace community. Specific comparison was made in the case of habitats and extravehicular activity with commercially successful undersea operations on earth which operate daily under more severe environmental conditions and with operating budgets on the order of 1/1000 that of orbital analogs. Other topical areas included chemical and advanced launch systems and institutional aspects including insurance and differences between top-down control and performance-based development of space infrastructure. The proceedings are published in two separate reports. Part 1, Oral Presentations and Discussion, is contained in the present publication and provides edited transcriptions of the invited lecture presentations and of the discussion which followed each presentation. Part 2, Topical Papers, contains prepared manuscripts which were submitted in advance of the conference and is available as a separate NISTIR report. Keywords: advanced propulsion; cost reduction; unit cost; launch insurance; NIST conference; orbital habitats; space infrastructure; space suits; space transportation 1 ' '.'K , .i •y < K'*rr|;3!!/ .v:ib }:j ^^.'^ iJCf iti '0.HQildufil'' !b^tM f. "„. .. , ;vr'-ra.;- ; > tviri; Vi^ ‘V<>ei' ' -!' ' ’’ vr-’.-i^;"* ‘/jn 119' '., ,:. ’"'wi^\-' '*i“ m*P'- ,fi' ' 1 iu'fk '"' ',-o r i>'H' ••:.'Nb\/, ..;Uu 0 pr ' r. "• < . ^ t'l*'' J *.V f ( . ( ' ' ''',5<^''1 tyif"' r"'rt.i::'^7:t .a-'H j; C:-^'"'- /^ ;; :'^l 'v‘jiiivrv.a<:/4. ^.'/bi^'l'tni ,61^^^;*^^') llstJ6'Mi!~-Jii^M!i:. .'If ’ ,“^i^ . ^.^l),/'^ X,pt:’'.'; .:iW' :.’« ' ',«£ 'n;!* 'i.f «'. ''.17 ' Iw'.C: „ \ ,x, ?' ,,S5 . ^ ,iabTJ'a5»r>Tq 'fcc;.'^ £! % liiii iri i,«, »raw ,«:bii!v»' y(- ,.• “ i .1'^*: '• ' -• ' : i; list of Acronyms ALS Advanced Launch System ASAT Anti-Satellite Device CFD Computational Fluid Djmamics DARPA Defense Advanced Research Project Agency DOC Department of Commerce ECLSS Environmental Closed Life Support System EMU Extravehicular Mobility Unit ETCO External Tanks Corp. EVA Extravehicular Activity FDU Fairleigh Dickinson University FTS Flight Telerobotic Servicer GD General Dynamics Corp. GPS Global Positioning System GSO Geo Synchronous Orbit GTO Geostationary Transfer Orbit ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ISF Industrial Space Facility rVA Intravehicular Activity Isp Specific Impulse (seconds) JSC Johnson Space Center, NASA LEO Low Earth Orbit LRT NOAA Launch and Recovery Transport LSB Life Support Buoy MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan MMU Manned Maneuvering Unit NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASP National Aerospace Plane NBS National Bureau of Standards NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OAST Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology, NASA OSC Orbital Sciences Corporation OTA Office of Technology Assessment, United States Congress OTV Orbital Transfer Vehicle RMS Robot Manipulator System ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle SDI Strategic Defense Initiative SDIO Strategic Defense Initiative Office SSI Space Studies Institute SSME Space Shuttle Main Engine STEP Space Transportation Engine Program UDMH Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine iii I( m TPZA s'j rcBivf'i, bhPi OCXI iCJ‘Ji-.''Z 3^1 kf'M»t':^CmO'iT/!iJ-:^ '• .ij>.,'- '5i.vmX \r^rrfTit€- (xrm ': : ''•'j'.'wA A'/H' _tb:(evf(.'U ijCH I ^rjrv 5-u 'i ZTi , '„o3 bismrO OB ma ‘i-’" 'O .;7ir>f»fn<fe,frv'^: otf^D -.;i^> . ro ' '•[ . ,:.V/ * -:i t /-S \,.\ ? yjxxh^y'^ 3 '.fi; , ; “*4!a. 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WJg Vv; Table of Contents: Part 1 Preface -- Bill Stone, NIST 1 Welcome — Sam Kramer, Deputy Director NEL 5 Introduction — Bill Stone, NIST 7 CHAPTER ONE: ORBITAL FACILITIES AND EVA 10 SpaceHab Shuttle Module - James Beggs, SpaceHab, Inc 11 Industrial Space Facility - Maxime Faget, Space Industries, Inc 17 Space Phoenix Project -- Thomas Rogers, Sophron Foundation 22 External Tank Habitat — Thomas Rogers, Sophron Foundation 29 Aquarius Habitat -- Glen Taylor, NOAA 34 Hardsuits, ROVs -- Jim English, CANDIVE Services 43 Hypobaric Physiology -- R.W."Bill" Hamilton, Hamilton Research, Lt56 EVA Life Cycle Costs Issues -- Paul Marshall, NASA 62 Advanced Space Suits at NASA -- Kurt Lomax, NASA Ames 66 Question & Answer Session: Orbital Facilities and EVA 69 CHAPTER TWO: CHEMICAL LAUNCH VEHICLES 79 Introduction - Rich DalBello, Office of Space Commerce, DOC 80 u-Sats & Secondary Payloads - Ed Winerick, Arianespace 82 Novel Integration Concepts - Ed Bock, General Dynamics 86 CHAPTER THREE: PAYLOADS AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 96 Introduction - Cary Gravatt, NIST 97 Robotics and Automation - Joe Engleberger, Transition Research 98 Payload Sensors - Carl Schueler, Hughes SBRC 108 Small Component Costs - Helmut Hellwig, NIST 122 Risk Factors & Insurance -- John Cozzi, Caroon & Black Inspace 130 Technology Transfer -- Steven Morgan, CIT 141 Quality and Cost -- Curt Reimann, NIST 152 CHAPTER FOUR: ADVANCED LAUNCH VEHICLES 157 NASP - Mike Weeks, NASA 158 Shuttle-C Vehicle -- Randall Furnace, NASA 167 Laser Assisted Launch -- Jordin Kare, Livermore National Labs 173 Ram Accelerator -- Abe Hertzberg, University of Washington 183 Space Ship Experimental — Steve Hoeser, General Research Corp 191 V - V . i s4bI . ... ....... , ., . , , , tIM- •; ... .i^V; y;<jt^O .... ., „. ..../. m^s 5qni,t^AH . m^nmo .Uv^.Qy. .'- . ,-.jm Jv:/-1 . .:dii;‘>n‘nA *. :’,i-?'^pP. 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' ' V , '..'V @ '^.r'.' - Preface In the spring of 1989 work was underway at NIST to investigate practical and, perha more importantly, economical methods for autonomous boost and orbit stabilization of the Space Shuttle External Tank after Shuttle Main Engine Cut Off. The rationale for conducting such work was to remove, in a step by step fashion, the barriers inhibiting private enterprise from making use of what amounted to an immense space-rated pressure vessel capable of sustaining operations in orbit by people, that otherwise would be left to re-enter and bum up in the earth’s atmosphere on each and every Shuttle mission. At the heart of this concept was large scale re- cycling to dramatically cut the costs of conducting commercial-industrial operations in space by making the best use of already paid-for public assets. It was at this time that Thomas F. Rogers, Chairman of the Sophron Foundation and now, as well, President of the Space Transportation Association, suggested that NIST host a conference that would bring together business, government, and academia to discuss approaches to resolve the "Catch 22" of the expansion of the private sector into space: a) The costs of going to space are enormous, very few humans ever get to travel
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