KOMITET NAUK HUMANISTYCZNYCH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK UNIWERSYTET SZCZECIŃSKI STUDIA MARITIMA Redakcja naukowa Edward Włodarczyk VOLUME XXVII/1 SZCZECIN 2014 Rada Naukowa/Editorial Board: Agnieszka Chlebowska (Szczecin), Jerzy Dygdała (Toruń), Andrzej Groth (Gdynia), Bolesław Hajduk (Szczecin–Gdańsk), Gabriela Majewska (Gdańsk), Adam Makowski (Szczecin), Jens E. Olesen (Greifswald), Józef Stanielewicz (Szczecin), Jacek Trzoska (Gdańsk), Raimo Pullat (Tallinn), Jacek Wijaczka (Toruń), Edward Włodarczyk (Szczecin) Komitet Redakcyjny/Academic Council: Edward Włodarczyk (redaktor naukowy/ scientific editor), Adam Makowski (z-ca redaktora naukowego/scientific editor deputy), Agnieszka Chlebowska (sekretarz redakcji/assistant editor) Lista recenzentów jest dostępna na stronie/The names of the reviewers are available on the journal’s website: www.studiamaritima.pl Tłumaczenie artykułów/Translators: Joanna Czarnecka (język angielski), Małgorzata Osiewicz-Maternowska (język niemiecki) Redakcja językowa/Editing: Jörg Hackmann Korekta techniczna/Technical Editor: Elżbieta Blicharska Skład/Text Design: Wiesława Mazurkiewicz Korekta/Proofreading: Iwona Fydrych Adres Redakcji/Editorial Office Uniwersytet Szczeciński Instytut Historii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych PL 71-017 Szczecin, ul. Krakowska 71–79 e-mail: [email protected] Wersja elektroniczna czasopisma/The electronic version of the journal: www.smp.am.szczecin.pl Wersja papierowa jest wersją pierwotną/Paper version of the journal is an original version Abstracts of articles published in Studia Maritima are available in The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl © Copyright by Polska Akademia Nauk Komitet Nauk Historycznych and Uniwersytet Szczeciński 2014 ISSN 0137-3587 WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU SZCZECIŃSKIEGO Nakład 50 egz. Ark. wyd. 15,5. Ark. druk. 14,6. Format B5. Oddano do druku i druk ukończono w grudniu 2014 r. CONTENTS Marian Rębkowski (Szczecin) Stone Houses, Glazed Jugs And Pilgrim Badges. An Archaeological Contribution to the Problem of the Cultural Unity of the Hanseatic Towns in the Baltic Region .............................................................................................. 5 O wspólnocie kulturowej nadbałtyckich miast hanzeatyckich w świetle archeologii ............................................................................................ 23 Iwona Wierzchowiecka-Rudnik (Koszalin) The Problem of Piracy in the Relationship between the Christians and Arabs from Northern Africa between 11th and 15th Centuries...................................... 25 Problem piratów w relacjach żeglugowych pomiędzy chrześcijanami i Arabami z Afryki Północnej od XI do XV wieku ............................................................. 40 Zygmunt Stefan Zalewski (Olsztyn) The French Conquest of Algiers .................................................................................... 41 Podbój Algierii przez Francję ........................................................................................ 60 Magda Gawinecka-Woźniak (Toruń) Kirche in Norwegen in der Politik der deutschen Besatzungsmacht und norwegischer Faschisten ................................................................................ 61 Kościół w Norwegii w polityce okupanta niemieckiego i norweskich faszystów ....... 85 Krystian Maciej Szudarek (Szczecin) The British Government and the Naval Disarmament Conference in Geneva (1927) ................................................................................................... 87 Brytyjski rząd wobec morskiej konferencji rozbrojeniowej w Genewie (1927) ........... 150 4 Bolesław Hajduk (Szczecin) The Swedish Trade Unions, Swedish Society and Polish Pro-Independence Emigration in Sweden Toward the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union Solidarity and the Democratic Opposition in the Polish People’s Republic in the Years 1980–1990 ........................................................................................ 153 Szwedzkie związki zawodowe i społeczeństwo oraz polskie uchodźstwo niepodległościowe w Szwecji wobec Niezależnego Samorządnego Związku Zawodowego „Solidarność” i opozycji demokratycznej w PRL w latach 1980–1990 .............................................................................................. 172 Jacek Tebinka (Gdańsk) Ryszard Techman (Szczecin) Vertretern des britischen Konsulardienstes in Stettin in den Jahren 1946–1951 ......... 175 Przedstawiciele brytyjskiej służby konsularnej w Szczecinie w latach 1946–1951 .... 215 Joanna Kustowska (Szczecin) Parliamentary Election Held in Poland in 2005 and 2007 According to the “The Guardian” ...................................................................... 217 Ocena wyborów parlamentarnych w Polsce w latach 2005 i 2007 przez brytyjski dziennik „The Guardian” ............................................................ 2 3 4 Studia Maritima, vol. XXVII/1 (2014) ISSN 0137-3587 MARIAN RĘBKOWSKI * Szczecin STONE HOUSES, GLAZED JUGS AND PILGRIM BADGES. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF THE CULTURAL UNITY OF THE HANSEATIC TOWNS IN THE BALTIC REGION Keywords: Hanseatic towns, archaeology, the Middle Ages Summary Archaeological research on the Hanseatic towns established in the Middle Ages in the Baltic region has been conducted on a large scale since the 1980’s. Discoveries made since then allow to formulate a thesis about the cultural unity among the inhabitants of towns situated on the South Baltic coast between the 13th and 15th centuries. Based on selected instances of the urban culture, widely discussed in archaeological sources, the paper is an attempt to prove that a number of similarities can be revealed in various spheres of life led by the inhabitants of towns located in the Baltic region, often situated far away from one another. The analysis covered the following aspects: architecture – quoting the example of tenements with entrance halls which in the 14th century became a common element of the cultural landscape in towns located in the Baltic region; pottery – quoting the example of popular in this part of Europe stoneware and red glazed jugs; and, last but not least, devotional objects – quoting the example of pilgrim badges that revealed evident preferences demonstrated by the pilgrims as to their pilgrimage destina- tions, paying special attention to supra-regional sanctuaries located in German-speaking area, particularly on the Rhine and the Moza rivers. * Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Wydział Himanistyczny, Katedra Archelogii, e-mail: marian. [email protected]. 6 Marian Rębkowski As for reasons underlying the development of the cultural unity of the Hanseatic towns, archaeologists mention similar legal and economic factors contributing to their development, much the same cultural and ethnical origin of the townspeople the majority of whom came from German territory, and, last but not least, business contacts (particu- larly distant ones) which, after all, embodied the essence of the Hanseatic League since they were aimed at exchanging not only goods, but also ideas. Introduction The Hanseatic League was finally developed in the 13th century as a con- federation of towns, merchants of which were involved in a far-distance trade. One of the basic factors of establishing the League was a need of protection of the merchants and their privileges in the regions situated far away of the home towns. According to a broadly accepted opinion the range of the activity of the League is marked by the position of the four Hanseatic “kontors” situated in London, Ber- gen, Brügge and Novgorod. Among the members of the Hanseatic League located within the area, the port towns located on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea were of special importance. These were the towns chartered mostly in the 13th century according to the so-called “German Low” and situated in areas inhabited by different people, namely the Elbe Slavs, Slavic inhabitants of Pomerania, the Balts and the Finno-Ugric peoples. The chartered towns were founded in the entire area under discussion on the initiative of local feudal authority, including rulers of the Slavic duchies as well as knightly orders conquering the eastern part of the region. All along the coast, from Lübeck in the west to Tallin (Reval) in the east, the founding of the char- tered towns was a breakthrough point in the urbanization process of the region. This was reflected in a number of changes introduced such as new legal regula- tions under which the towns were to function, new rules governing the delimita- tion and organization of urban area and the influx of German settlers who would later on compose a majority of the town inhabitants. The aforementioned factors were common for towns situated far away from one another. Moreover, the towns were tied with a net of the trade connections which were the essence of activities undertaken by Hanseatic merchants and a driving force not only behind the flow of goods, but also behind the exchange of practices or ideas. Therefore, one may Stone Houses, Glazed Jugs and Pilgrim Badges... 7 expect that the culture of the Hanseatic towns located on the South Baltic coast shared a number of similarities. Results of archaeological research conducted in the towns in the area under discussion over the last decades shed a new light on the problem. The archaeology of late medieval towns, including those belonging to the Hanseatic League, is a relatively young and at the same time very specific area of science. The first