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Partial Tulf'ilment Or the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science

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Partial Tulf'ilment Or the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science THE BIOLOGY AND IDRPHOIOOY OF THE SPRUCE BUD MOTH, ZEIRAPHERJ. RATZEBURGUNA (RATZ.) AND OF THE YELLOW SPRUCE BUDWORM, ZEIRAPHERA FORTUNANA ( KFT.), ( LEPIDOPTUU., OLETiœ.EUTIDAE) • Jean-G1q Pilon A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Grad.uate Studies and Researeh in partial tulf'ilment or the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Department of EntoJII)logr and Plant Patbology, Macdonald Colle ge of McGill University, Montreal. April 1960 ii TABIE OF CONTENTS page I ACKNOWLEOOMENTS 1 II INTRODUCTION 2 III REVIE'ti OF THE LITERATURE 4 A. ON TAXONOMie POSITION 4 B. ON BIOLOGY AND M)RPHOLOGY 6 c. ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND EPIDEMWLOO Y 6 IV METHODS AND PROCEDURES 8 A. LOOALITY OF STUDY 8 B. COLLECTICN OF MATERI.AL AND EXAMINA.TION OF FOLIAGE 10 c. REARING METHODS ll D. VARIOUS EXPmDENTS 11 E. K>RPHOLOO ICAL STUDIES 13 v RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS 1.5 A. LARV.AE: NUMBER OF INSTARS 15 B. M)RPHOLOG ICAL STUDIES 17 1. Eggs 17 2. Larvae 17 3· Pupae 23 4. Adults 26 c. FIELD DEVELOPMmT 40 1. Larval development 40 2. Pupal development 46 3· Adults 48 4. Natural control 52 iii page ,S. Populations in the different plots 64 6. Damage to spruce trees 66 VI SUMMARY 69 VII BIBLIOORAPHY 71 iv LIST OF TABLES page I :Comparison between observed head-capsule widths of ~· fortunana and~· ratzeburgiana am those estimated by using Dyar' s rule and on the basie of 1inear regression re1ationship. 16 II :Average or length and width in mm. or eggs of !· ratzeburgiana and !• rortunana obtained from rearings. 18 III :Comparison or measurerœnts ( length and width) of male and female pupae of !• ratzeburgiana and z. fortunana. 25 IV :Percentage of buds with budcaps associated with damage of Zeiraphera sp. during the summers or 19~ and 1959 in different plots. 44 V :Distribution of the dropping larvae of!· ratzeburgiana and ~· fortunana per square foot of ground surface. 45 VI :Sex ratios of ! . ratzeburgiana and ~· fortunana in the different plots during 1958 and 1959. 47 VII :Duration of the pupal period of !• ratzeburgiana ani of Z. .fortunana. 49 VIII :Distribution of pupae of ~· ratzeburgiana ani or ~· fortunana on the forest floor beneath tree crown, showing the average number of pupae found per one-square foot of soil in successive quadrates v page starting at the trunk and extending to the periphery- of the crown. 50 IX :Longevity of m.ales ani of females; number of eggs deposited per female and time spent in copula by moths of ~· ratzeburgiana and z. fortunana in ceptivity. 53 X :SUJDitiB.I7 of some of the mrtality factors operating on eggs of Zeiraphera sp. in the different plots studied in 19 58 and 19 59. XI :Percentage parasitism on~· ratzeburgiana in plots studied with the importance of each species of parasite during the summer 1959. XII :Percentage parasitism on ~· fortunana in plots studied with the inplrtance of each species during the sunmer 19 59. 61 XIII :Summary of the mortality suffered by Zeira@era populations from the time of their drop until. the emergence of adul ts in Plot 4 during the SUJIIllm' 1959; resulta expressed in number of individuals per square foot. XIV :Populations of Zeirapbera sp. in the plots studied in 1958 and 1959 wi th the percentage of ~· fortunana. composing these populations; restilts are expressed in number of larvae per lOO square foot of foliage. 65 xv : Percentage of current yeéfl'' s shoots attacked in the different plots by ~eiraphera sp. during summer 1958 and 1959. 68 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1 Ma.p showing location of plots 75 2 General aspect of Plot 3 76 3 General aspect of Plot 4 17 4 General aspect of Plot 5 78 5 Type of plastic vials used in larval and pupal rearings 79 6 Type of vials used in rearing of parasites 79 7 Type of tra;ys used in determining the distributicn of the larvae dropping to the soil 80 8 Type of soil barriers used to stuqy migration of larvae on the soil 80 9 Type of containers used in the study of adult emergence 81 10 Type of oviposition cages œed in the oviposition studies 81 11 Head capsule widths of larvae of Zeiraphera fortunana and of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana 82 12 Eggs of ZeU'aphera ratzeburgiana 83 13 Eggs of Zeiraphera fartunana 83 14 External aspect of the egg of Zeiraphera sp. showing the irregular reticulation 84 15 Cephalic view of head capsule of fourth-instar larva of Zeü-aphera ratzeburgiana élld of Zeiraphera fortunana illustrating the distribution of the primary setae and labrum 85 vii page Figure 16 Ventral view of the labium and maxillae of fourth instar larva of Zeirafhe~a ratzeburgiana ani of Zeiraphera fortunana showing the distributicn of setae, spinneret and other details 85 17 Setal map of prothoracic, mesothoracic and first, second, sixth, seventh, eighth arr:i ninth abà:>nrlnal segments of fourth-instar larva of Zeira}ilera ratzeburgiana 86 18 Setal map of prothoracic, mesothoracic and first, second, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth abdbminal segments of fourth-instar larva of Zeira:@era fortunana 86 19 Dorsal view of thoracic shield of last instar larva of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana and of Zeiraphera fortunaœ illustrating the position of setae 87 20 Dorsal view of anal shield of fourth-instar larva of Zeirapbera fortunana ani of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana illustrating the position of setae 87 21 Ventral view of anal fork of fourth-instar larva of Zeiraphera fortrmana 87 22 Ventral view of female pupa of Zeir!Phera ratzeburgiana 88 23 Ventral view of last abdominal segments of female pupa of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana 88 24 Ventral view of male pupa of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana 88 vi.ii Figure page 25 Ventral view of last abdominal segzœnts of zœle pupa of Zeiraehera ratzebm-giana 88 26 Ventral view of female pupa of Zeiraffiera fortunana 89 27 Ventral view of last abdominal se~ents of female pupa of Zeira,fhera fortunana. 89 28 Ventral view of male pupa of Zeirapher.! fortWlana 69 29 Ventral view of last abdominal segments of male pupa of Zeir aphera fortunana 69 30 Adult of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana 90 31 Adu1t of Zeiraphera fortunana 90 32 Cephalic view of head of adult of Zeiraphera ratzebur giana 91 33 Cephalic view of head of adul t of Zeiraphera fortunana 91 34 Posterior view of head of adult of Zeir!Phera ratzeburgiana and of Zeiraphera fortu!!,!!!! 92 35 Posterior view of mouth parts of adu1t of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana and of Zeiraphera fortunana 92 Lateral view of thorax of adult of Zeiratnera ratzeburgiana and of Zeiraphera fortunana 93 31 Dorsal view of thorax of adu1t of Zeira!ilera ratzeburgiana ani of Zeiraffiera fortunana 93 38 Ventral view of thorax of adult of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana and of Zeiraphera fortunana 94 J7 Lateral view of abdomen and external genitalia of female adult of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana 95 ix Figure page 40 Lateral view of the seventh abdominal segœnt am external geni.talia of female adult of Zeiraphera fortunana 95 41 Ventral view of male external genital.ia of adult of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana 96 42 Ventral view of male external· genitalia of adul t of Zeiraphera tortunana 96 43 Development of Zeiraphera ratzeburgi.ana and of Zeir8.}ilera fartunana during the swmner 19 ,9) in Plots 4 and 5 97 44 Larval development of Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana in Plot 3 duri~ su.nmer 1958 and 1959 45 Typical damage to a white spruce shoot by Zeiraphera sp. 99 46 Time of mating observed far Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana and Zeira@era fortunana dur~ summer 1958 and 1959 lOO 47 Cocoon of parasite Rogas sp. 101 48 Young spruce trees severely damaged by Zeiraphera sp. at the Paspebiac plantation 101 I. ACKNOWLEIGMENTS The author would like to acknowledge the assistance given to him by the officer in charge of the Forest Biology Lahoratar,y of Quebec, Dr. L. Daviault, for his help in chosing this program of study. To Dr. F.o. lobrrison, member of the Department o! Ento:mology of Macdonald College of McGill Univer si ty, the author expresses his gratitude for his advice and recommandations in the planning and execution of the work and for his helpful criticism. Dr. J .R. Blais and J .M. &Leod of the Que bec Forest Biology Laboratory very kindly gave many helpful suggestions in connection with field etudies and techniQles and deserve special acknowledgment for their geœrous cooperation. The autbor also wishes t.o express his appreciation to members of the staff of the Forest Biology Laboratory of Quebec who aided in the progress of this wrk, to J.P. Laplante of this same laboratory and to the Systematic Unit for their help in the identification of parasites, to Dr. C.D. Dondale of the Kentvllle Lahoratory, N.s., for his help in the identification of the spiders collected during the course of this work. Mr. R. Gagmn the staff photographer at 'the Quebec I.aboratory is al.so to be thanked for taking photographe at the writer's request and for his advice in their selection. -2- n. INTRODUCTION The spruce- bud mth Zeiratnera ratzeburgiana (Ratz.} is native to North and Central Europe, and bas apparent4' been introduced in the northern part of the United States of Anerica and Canada. The yellow spruce buclworm Zeiraphera fortunana (Kft.} is indigenous to tbe North American continent and is geœrally roum associated with !• ratzeburgiana, causing the same type of damage. Both species feed in ear:cy swmner on the developing current year's foliage and occasionally cause serious defoliation to tl"ees growing in plantations or in open places.
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