Tese Final 15 De Junho

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Tese Final 15 De Junho UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais Departamento de Psicologia Turismo e Segurança: Efeito da Perceção de Risco na Escolha do Destino Turístico: O Caso do Algarve. Maria da Fé David Brás Doutoramento em Psicologia Orientação: Professora Doutora Gabriela Gonçalves Professor Doutor Paulo Águas Junho de 2012 i Este trabalho foi realizado como dissertação original para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Psicologia, apresentado na Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais da Universidade do Algarve. ii “Que venha o viajante portador de outros saberes, outras experiências, com outras conceções do mundo visível e invisível, outras opiniões, outras opções e eis que talvez se trave o diálogo, que se estabeleça uma descoberta mútua, em que o mais rico não é necessariamente o estrangeiro mas em que duas faces de curiosidade se encontram, não num desafio mas num complemento. E se o fermento deixado pelo viajante for o fermento de inquietude no sentido mais profundo, quem se irá lamentar?” Leopold Senghor, 1906-2001 1 1 Ex-Presidente do Senegal, poeta e um dos grandes impulsionadores da utopia da civilização universal. iii Agradecimentos Todos os que me conhecem saberão que os meus agradecimentos são sinceros e profundos e que por isso lhe dedico esta página. Aos meus orientadores porque são os melhores do (meu) mundo! Nunca poderei dizer que errei porque não tive ajuda, pelo contrário, errei porque não pedi ajuda quando deveria. Tenho uma admiração profunda pelo seu sentido prático e pelo seu conhecimento. Ao Professor Peter Tarlow pela sua sabedoria e por ser o Grande Mestre nesta área. À Professora Filipa Perdigão pela sua preciosa ajuda na explicação sobre novas técnicas de análise qualitativa. À colega e amiga Filomena Alves por estar sempre disponível para me ajudar e pela sua generosidade. À Dra. Sofia Franco pela sua inesgotável paciência na procura bibliográfica pelas bibliotecas do mundo. Às entidades públicas que participaram neste trabalho através das entrevistas, em especial ao Sr. Comandante Distrital da PSP, Intendente Victor Rodrigues e ao Tenente Coronel Silva Gomes, pela sua total colaboração, disponibilidade e conselhos. Ao João Rosa e Marco, “nossos” técnicos de informática que sempre me ajudaram a solucionar as minhas crises com o computador. À Rita Baleiro por tudo e por nada… Ao meu amigo Tó Ramos (mesmo sendo sportinguista) é um amigo perfeito. À Maria da Luz Olímpio pelo carinho, incentivo e “gulodices” que me adoçaram os dias! À minha família pelos momentos menos bons que lhes dei ao longo destes anos. A eles peço desculpa pelos dias em que não tive paciência para ser carinhosa mas saibam que sempre estiveram em PRIMEIRO lugar! José e Maria Leonor NADA é mais importante que vocês. Aos meus pais por me terem dado a oportunidade de voar! Em especial a minha mãe que me ensinou o sentido e importância da dádiva e pela sua preocupação constante comigo. iv Ao meu irmão, à minha cunhada (de quem gosto muito) e sobrinhos, em especial a ti João que também és um bocadinho meu filho. Finalmente, alguém que nunca esqueço pela grandeza do seu coração e por ter marcado os melhores momentos da minha vida. Tia Bárbara, a minha estrelinha brilhante, o meu amor por si é eterno… MUITO OBRIGADA v Resumo A segurança e perceção de risco no turismo constituem dois importantes critérios na seleção dos destinos e no processo de tomada de decisão, principalmente quando escolhemos destinos internacionais. Apesar do estudo da perceção de risco e de segurança constituírem um tópico de análise explorado em diferentes contextos, no caso do turismo os acontecimentos do 11 de setembro de 2001 nos Estados Unidos da América deram-lhe uma maior amplitude de investigação. Foi nesta linha, e pela constatação de que em Portugal este tema está insuficientemente investigado, que quisemos explorar a temática aplicada a um destino turístico concreto: o Algarve. O turismo envolve diferentes tipos de risco, os quais exploramos de forma a encontrar uma matriz condutora a partir da qual pudéssemos proceder à construção de uma escala que medisse diferentes itens de perceção de risco nos turistas que visitam o Algarve. Apesar da revisão da literatura apontar para um conjunto alargado de itens, a validação da escala de perceção de risco (através da análise das componentes principais) veio permitir restringir o seu número a seis grandes fatores de risco: (i) socio temporal; (ii) crime e de saúde física; (iii) político e de terrorismo; (iv) turístico; (v) funcional ou de equipamento e (vi) cultural e de comunicação. Nesta investigação foram objeto de análise um conjunto de variáveis, a saber: o momento da viagem (chegada e partida); o país de origem dos turistas ; a familiaridade vs novidade do destino Algarve ; a tipologia turística e da viagem ; os aspetos sociodemográficos dos turistas. A relação observada entre as diferentes variáveis e o problema em estudo permitiu, por um lado, compreender a realidade da perceção de risco e segurança dos turistas que visitam o Algarve, e por outro, conhecer a concetualização do tema através do discurso das diferentes entidades regionais (direta ou indiretamente) ligadas ao turismo. A investigação empírica divide-se em três estudos: o primeiro analisa o fator de segurança no Algarve através dos dados recolhidos nas entrevistas às entidades regionais; o segundo apresenta as diferentes fases presentes na construção e validação de uma escala de perceção de risco (EPR); o terceiro apresenta e analisa os resultados do questionário aplicado a 1223 turistas (internacionais e domésticos) inquiridos no aeroporto de Faro. O tratamento de dados permitiu perceber que existem diferenças significativas no que toca à relação dos fatores encontrados com as principais variáveis em estudo. vi Palavras-chave : Perceção de risco, segurança, turismo, chegada, partida, motivação, tipologia, Algarve. vii Abstract Security, safety and risk perception in tourism are important criteria in selecting the destination and in the process of decision making, especially when choosing international destinations. Risk perception, security and safety have been studied in different contexts. In the case of tourism, research on this topic grew due to the events on September 11, 2001 in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C., in the United States of America. In Portugal this subject is insufficiently explored, and this is the main reason for choosing it as a specific problem applied to a tourist destination: the Algarve. Tourism involves different types of risk which we discuss in order to find a conductive matrix from which we created a scale to assess the risk perception of the tourists visiting the Algarve. The validation of this scale (by principal components analysis) allowed us to restrict their number to six major risk factors: (i) social and time (ii) crime and physical health; (iii) political and terrorism; (iv) tourism; (v) functional or equipment and (vi) cultural and communication. In this investigation we analyses a set of variables that may have a direct connection with risk perception of tourists visiting the Algarve, specifically: (i) time (arrival and departure), (ii) country of origin, (iii) familiarity vs novelty of Algarve, (iv) typology of tourism and travel, (v) socio-demographic aspects of the tourists. The relationship between variables allowed us to understand the reality of risk perception, security and safety measures taken by those who are directly connected with tourism. The empirical research is divided into three studies: (i) analysis of the security and safety in the Algarve through interviews with several regional entities, (ii) construction and validation of a risk perception scale, (iii) analysis of the results of two survey-questionnaires applied to 1223 tourists (international and domestic) in Faro airport. Final analysis allowed us to find significant differences regarding the relationship of factors with the main variables. Keywords : Risk perception, safety, security, tourism, arrival, departure, motivations, typology, Algarve viii Índice geral Introdução geral ............................................................................................................. 1 PARTE I - INVESTIGAÇÃO TEÓRICA .................................................................... 7 Capítulo I – Psicologia e turismo .................................................................................. 8 1.1. Síntese introdutória ............................................................................................... 9 1.2. Abordagem multidisciplinar do turismo ............................................................... 9 1.2.1. Leitura social do turismo ............................................................................... 9 1.2.2. A psicologia no estudo do turismo .............................................................. 12 1.2.2.1. A psicologia social no estudo do turismo ............................................ 16 1.3. Motivação e turismo: conceitos e teorias ............................................................ 18 1.3.1. Teorias motivacionais de conteúdo ............................................................. 19 1.3.2. Teorias motivacionais de processo.............................................................. 22 1.4. A motivação aplicada ao estudo do turismo ....................................................... 23 1.5. Importância dos fatores individuais na escolha do destino turístico .................. 32 1.5.1. Fatores psicográficos ..................................................................................
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