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Fuel Efficiency Improvement in Ra Il Freight Transportation

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Fuel Efficiency Improvement in Ra Il Freight Transportation PB250673 1111111111111111111111111111 REPORT NO. FRA-OR&D-76-136 FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT IN RA IL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION J.N. Cetinich .. :~ . • DECEMBER 1975 FINAL REPORT DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH '("HI!' NATIONAL TECHNICAL INfORMATION SERVICE. SPRINGFIELQ. VIRGINIA 22161 Prepared for U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL. RAILROAp ADMINIS,lRATJON Office of Research an~ Development Washington DC 20590 REPRODUCED BY NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE u. s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SPRINGFIELD. VA. 22161 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern­ ment assumes no liability for its contents or us~ thereof. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse pro­ ducts or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are con­ sidered essential to the object of this report. Technical I<eport Documentation Page 1. Repo" No. 2. Gove'emen' Acce, "on No. 3. ReC;:2'5tOiog No. FAA-OR&D-76-13_6 ~~_L_~ HPJ........;;l1BiIIjL.j~~ClEL73 __ 4. TItle and Subtifle ). Report Date I FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT IN RAIL ~~~O~~~ge~,g:n~z:~on Code I FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION f..-!-,--------------------------------I 8. PerformIng Orgoni zotion Report No. ' 7. Authorfs' DOT-TSC-FRA-75-26 t J.N. Cetinich 9. PerformIng Orgoni lotion Name and Address 10. Wo,k Un,t No. (TRAIS) RR616/R6302 The Emerson Consultants, Inc.* 11 Contract or Grant No. 30 Rockefeller Plaza DOT-TSC-1105 j New York NY 10020 13. Type of Repo.t ond Pe"od Coveted --------------------------.-----------/ Final Repo rt I 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address I I U.S. Department of Trahsportation June - December 1975 I Federal Railroad Administration Office of Research and Develonment 14. Sponsoring Agency Code I Washing ton DC 20,-='S.:!.9-'='0'--- --...L ----i 115. Supplemento,y Note, U.S. Department of Transportation Transportation Systems Center I *Under contract to: Kendall Square Cambridge MA 02142 16. Abstract Railroad diesel fuel conservation is becoming increasingly cost-effective. The price of diesel fuel has increased almost two and one-half times since the October 1973 Embargo. The estimated value of diesel fuel, if in short supply, is over 1 dollar a gallon. A comparison of the fuel performance of 10 selected railroads, before and after ! the Embargo, showed improvement in net-ton-miles hauled per gallon of diesel fuel. However, some roads used fuel less efficiently from an operating standpoint, as measured in gross-ton-miles per gallon. The most promising immediate avenue for conserving diesel fuel is designing train operating policies specifically to conserve fuel while continuing to provide desired schedule performance. Reducing horsepower-per-ton assignment to trains is a preferable strategy to that of reducing maximum allowable train operating sp~eds. The key to successful implementation is the appropriate short term regulation of the locomotive fleet. Th~ basic deisel locomotive now used was designed during an era of plentiful fuel supply at a relatively low price. Many features can be improved to provide greater fuel efficiency. Corporate strategies need re-examination in the light of the high cost and un­ certain supply of diesel fuel. The control of fuel must be improved and contingenciesl for a fuel shortage should be planned. 17. Key Words 18. DistTlbu';on Statement Diesel Fuel Conservation, Fuel-Efficient Train Operations, Fuel­ DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC Efficient Diesel Locomotives, THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL The Vaule of Shortage Fuel. INFORMATION SERVICE. SPRINGFIELD. VIRGINIA 22161 19. Security Clossif. (of this report) 20. Secu,,'y CI05"1. (of th;s page) Unclassified Unclassified II Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed poge outhorized PREFACE The assessment described in this report was carried out under Contract DOT-TSC-ll05 by The Emerson Consultants, Inc., in the context of an overall program at the Trans~ortation Systems Center to provide a technical basis for the improvement of Trans­ portation service, efficiency, and productivity. This program is sponsored and directed by the Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Research and Development. Conclusions and recommendations contained here are generally based upon fuel considerations only. Their applicability and value in actual situations may vary significantly depending upon a variety of operational, technical, and economic factors which determine overall frei9ht service productivity, efficiency, and costs in a particular situation. Further, it must be recognized that in some cases these conclusions are necessarily based in part upon the informed opinion of the author, and other knowledgeable individuals may legitimately differ with either inclusion or exclusion of specific recommendations. This report, published in the interests of information exchange, is not to be interpreted as necessarily embodying the official views of the U.S. Department of Transportation or any of its parts. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Secti on 1. INTRODUCTION .•......•............•..••.•.....•....•.•••.•..•• 1.1 The Problem ..•.•..••••.•....•........••...•••••...•.•.•. 2 1.2 Di ese1 Fuel Energy...................................... 2 1. .3 Train Resistances....................................... 3 1.4 Locomotive Fuel Consumption Characteristics... •.••..•... 4 1.5 Railroad Consumotion Parameters......................... 9 2. FUEL-CONSERVATIVE OPERATING POLICIES......................... 14 2.1 Switching Service....... •..... .•...•. •... •...•. 14 2.2 Work Trains.. ..•..•........•..........•.....•.•......... 15 2.3 Local Freiqht Service................................... 15 2.4 Road Freight Service...... ..... .... .......•. ..•... ... ... 16 2.5 Alternative Operatinq Strategies........................ 21 2.5.1 Strategy A - Reduce Maximum Speeds Allowable ..... 21 2.5.2 Strategy B- Reduce Horsepower-Per-Ton ••.......•. 24 2.5.3 Strategy C- Maintain Fleet Size .. 27 2.5.4 Operating StrateClY Conclusions .. 29 2.6 Locomotive Fleet Regulation............................. 32 2. 7 Tra in We i ghts ........•..•..............••••....•••...... 34 2.8 Id1inq Units •..............•............•........;...... 35 2.9 Fuell~ng and Distribution Losses........................ 37 2.10 Locomotive Utilization.......................... •....... 39 3. LOCOMOTIVE FEATURES IMPACTING FUEL USE....................... 40 3.1 Engine.................................................. 40 3.2 Turbo-Charges........................................... 42 3.1 Parasitic Loads............ ...............•......•...... 43 3.4 Locomotive Weight....................................... 44 3.5 Locomotive Maintenance.................................. 45 3.6 "Ideal" Diesel Locomotive............................... L1.6 4. CONTROL OF FUEL USE.......................................... 49 4.1 Fuel Control Procedures................................. 49 4.1 .1 On-Hand Inventory ..•..............•..•........... 49 4.1.2 De 1i veries to Storage Tanks .. 50 4.1.1 Draw-Downs from Storage•.......•................. 50 4.1.4 Fuelling of Locomotives ..•............•....•..... 51 4.1. 5 Net Fuel Balance with Foreign Roads .•.•.•. o •••••• 51 4.2 Fuel Control Organization............................... 52 v Preceding page blank TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUEn) Secti on 4.3 Operations Audits........................................ 53 4.4 Measures of Effectiveness................................ 53 4.5 Ideal Fuel Control System....... •....•....•..•.... ..••..• J4 5. CORPORATE STRATEGIES.......................................... 56 5.1 Val ue of "Shorted" Fuel.................................. 56 5.2 Heavier Car Loading...................................... 57 5.3 On-Hand Supply........................................... 58 5.4 Continqency Plans...... .•...•..••...•... 58 5.5 Electrification.......................................... 58 6. CONCLUSIONS................................................... 60 BIBLIOGRAPHy.................................................. 63 APPENDIX A - AVERAGE FUEL CONSUMPTION SELECTED DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES (GALLONS DIESEL FUEL PER HOUR)....... 65 APPENDIX B - SELECTED RAILROAD FUEL CONSUMPTION CHARACTERISTICS 1972 VS. 1974.................... 67 APPENDIX C - FUEL MODEL DESCRIPTION........................... 69 APPENDIX D - TRAIN INTERFERENCE UNRELATED TO HORSEPOWER....... 76 APPENDIX E- REPORT OF INVENTIONS......... ...•...•.•••..••.••• 78 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. 16-645E3 Engine Performance (SD40-2 Diesel Locomotive)........... 8 2. Fuel Consumption and Minimum Running Time Curves - Westbound ­ Mountainous Territory, 700 Miles................................. 19 3. Fuel Consumption and Minimum Running Time Curves - Eastbound ­ Mountainous Territory, 700 Miles................................. 20 4. Strategy A- Reduce Maximum Speed, Then Reduce Hp/Ton ..•.•••••..• 22 5. Strategy B- Reduce Hp/Ton, Then Reduce Maximum Speed ••••••••.•.. 25 6. Strategy C- Maintain Fleet Size, Simultaneously Reduce Both Maximum Speed and Horsepower-Per-Ton..... .. 28 vii LI ST OF TABLES Table Paqe 1. EXAMPLE OF A TYPICAL DAILY EMD SD-4Q OIESEL LOCOMOTIVE UNIT OPERATION.................................... 6 2. PENN CENTRAL FUEL CONSUMPTION CHARACTERISTICS 1974 VS. 1972.. 11 3. SELECTED RAILROADS FUEL CONSUMPTION BY SERVICE TYPE-1974 (MILLIONS OF GALLONS)........................................ 13 4. SUMMARY - HYPOTHETICAL FUEL SAVINGS.......................... 30 5. COMPARISON
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