The Fomorians and the Norsemen

Home , Fomorians

THE F OMO RIANS AND THE NORSEMEN

D U AL D MAC F I R B I S

THE O R I G I NA L I R I S H T E XT ,

E DI TE D W I T , H

T R ANS LAT ION A N D NOT E S

AL E XANDE R BU GGE PRO F E S S OR I N T HE U NI V E R S I TY O F C HRI S TI ANI A

PU BL IS HE D F OR

D E T N OR S KE H I ST OR I S KE KI L D E S KR IF T F ON D

CHRI ST I ANI A

H R N D S E N S BOGT R YKKE R I . C GU E R J .

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r f . h 1 886 4to . Kr . s 1 820 a . . b e g L o vb o g r a o . C r ( l a e t di (F o rts sette s paa Om s g s 8 e Side . ) T H E F O M O RIA N S A ND T HE N O RS E ME N

D U A L D MAC F I R B I S

T H E O R I G I N A L I R I S H T E XT ,

E D ITE D W' IT , H

T R ANS L AT I ON A N D NOT E S

AL E XANDE R BU GGE PRO F E S S OR I N T H E U N IV E RS ITY O F C HRI S TIAN IA

PU BL I S HE D F OR

D E T N OR S KE H I S T OR I S KE KI L D E S KR I F T F ON D

C HR I S T I ANI A

H R GU ND E R S E N S B OGT R Y KKE R I C .

1 905

r L o chl a n n a chs The tract on the Fomo ians and the (i . e . Norsemen) forms part of the >> Book o f Pedigrees << (L e a d/l a ?

G e n ea l a c/z } , a work compiled by the Irish historian and antiquary D ua l d Ma c F i rb i s M a c >> the last of a

’ — long line o f historians and chroniclers o f Lecan M z c

’ i n z r T i r e r a h the barony of T or g , in the coun ty of D ua l d Mac F i r b i s who is one o f the foremost names

R c of the Irish enaissance , belonged to an an ient family, of which many m embers have been distinguished by literary T h e G R achievements . reat Book of Lecan , now in the oyal Irish

1 1 6 b G I s a Academy, Dublin , was compiled in the year 4 y illa M er D ua l d F Y , the direct ancestor of Mac irbis , and the ellow

Book of Lecan , now in the library of Trinity College , Dublin , ? was written in the year 1 3 9 1 by D o n o g h M a c F i r b i s ) D ual d F i r b i h Mac s was born i n the latter part of the 1 6t century . He

t 1 un fo r tun was a young man abou the year 5 95 , and he was

D un ﬁi n c 1 6 0: at ely murdered at , in the ounty of Sligo , in 7 His most important work is >> The Book of This large and comprehensive volume o f the pedigrees of nearly a l l the most important ancient Irish and An glo - Norman families was compiled in the year 1 65 0 . Mac F i r b i s himself says in the preface to his work : >> The branches of relation ship and genealogical ramiﬁcations of every colony that took possession of Erin , traced from this time up to Adam o f L o chl a n n a ch s (excepting only those the Fomorians , , and

-G w e a e Saxon alls , of whom however tre t as they hav settled

' s a n c til o i um c in our country) , together with a g and a atalogue of the kings of Erin ; and ﬁnally, an index, which comprises , b d in alpha etical or er, the surnames , and the remarkable places

1 ’ 2 E O C urr m a te r i a l s o f Ir s h H s o r 1 2 0 e r a s ) . y, MS . i i t y , p . . ) MS . Mat i l , 1 2 p . 5 . I v

D ua l d mentioned in this book , which was compiled by Mac F i r b i s of Lecan , The original manuscript Of the >> Book of Pedigrees << is in the possession of the Earl of R oden . But the R oyal Irish

s fa c - c o Academy , Dublin , posses es an excellent simile py, made ’ 1 8 6 O C ur r in the year 3 by the late E . y whose services to

c Irish history and literature annot be too highly appreciated .

I have not seen the original manuscript , but during my stay

u 1 0 1 — 1 0 2 in Dublin , the a tumn and winter 9 9 , I was able to ’ ’ u make use of used O C r r y s c opy . I am much indebted to the ofﬁcials of the Academy for kind assistance g iven me m while studying the anuscripts under their charge . The tract on the Fomorians and L o chl a n n a ch s forms

’ th F i r b i s s a e s a r e the o book of Mac work , and i ts p g numbered 68— p . 7 77 7 , these ﬁgures , no doubt , referring to the numbering

’ ’ MS O Cur r s of the pages of the original , for in y own copy the

’ M a c F i r b i s s whole tract only occupies little more than ﬁve pages .

I n tract consists of two distinct parts . the ﬁrst part he gives a Short review of the history of the Norsemen in Ireland ; in the second he deals with the s o called F o m o r i a n s and with d the Irish families who are escended from the Norsemen , and lastly he gives the pedigrees of the Mac Leods and F i r b i s of the Mac Cabes . Most of what Mac tells us in the

o f f first part his treatise is also ound in the annals , and especially it bears a strong resemblance to the beginning of >> The ’ < l War Of the G a e dhil with the Gra il l < (Cog cm fi G a e dhi l r e G a 2 edited by the late Dr . Todd . ) In fact, at first sight one would think that Mac F i rb i s had only given a s h o r t summary of this famous work . B ut a closer inspection of the facts will

F i r b i s f Show that Mac gives some re erences , which are not to be found elsewhere . I refer to the two lists of Viking chief

>> G a e dhil Gra il l << tains . The War of the with the contains V two similar lists , one in chapter XXX I (about t he year V n and the other in ch . CX II (an enumeration of Chieftai s killed in the battle of Clontarf in But the names

F i r b i s which Mac gives , are not exactly the same as those found in >> The War of the G a e dhi l with the they have more resemblance to the list given in the >> Annals of Clon o < m a c n o i s < a 8 0 . ( 3 , p And neither of these works mention

2 1 e r s 1 2 1 a n d 1 R e r Br i ta n n i ca r um e d se ) MS . Mat ial , pp . 5 4 . ) um m ii vi

n d n 1 80 cr i to r e s L o o . s p , 9 V i n what parts of Ireland the abov e menti o ned Vikings plundered

M a c F i r i a and settled down . b s is the only u thor who gives i o b o f hi s nf rmation a out this . In the second part work he also t e . . gives som details which are not found elsewhere, e g the fac

o r t a that A m hl a ib h of P L i r g e (i . e . Waterford) was present in the b >> n t attle of Clontarf, and the epithets Mag us of the swif

» « M a c and Ivar of the j udgments . This shows that h F i r b i s has made use of some Manus c ripts now lost . He imself q uotes the >> G reat Book of Lecan of Mac compiled

' in the year 1 4 1 6 b y G illa Isa Mor M a c F i r b i s of Le c an Mi c

F hi r b i s i h . g The original MS . of this work s till exists , in the

R a b ut i t Library of the oy l Irish Academy , in Dublin , contains n othing relating to the history of the Norsemen in Ireland .

’ O C ur r y, who has drawn attention to this curious fact , in h i s c a R A ademy C talogue (p . preserved in the oyal Irish

c b M a c F i r b i s >> A ademy in Du lin , says that in his Book of Pedigrees << tells us >> that the pedigrees and wars and b at tles of t h e Danes in Ireland are t o b e found i n the G reat Book of

c F i r b i s b ut n o t m Le an Mac , of these tracts a vestige re ains in this This Shows that so m e parts of the G reat

c o B o ok of Le an are n w lost . The lost portion has no doub t c ontained a trac t c orresponding t o the b eginning of the >> VVa r o f the G a e d hil with the b ut in a somewhat different

’ a n d f O Cl e r s , I think , more original orm than does y Copy , 1 c orresponding to the defective c opy i n the Book of Leinster . ) This I conclude from the fact that M a c F i r b i s gives some ’ o ré e m d u b/z . . T z b . names in a etter form H e writes f i , while >> The War of the G a e d hil with the G a i l l << has the corrup t ' ’ s r é e m a c/z c h XXXV I M a c F i r b i s b b ( . ) . Besides , has pro a ly

>> G used some other now los t sourc es . The War of the aed hil with the G a i l l << t akes us dow n t o the b a ttl e of Clontarf ; b ut M a c F i r b i s must also have known some thing o f the later

>> history of the Norsemen i n Ireland . He tells us that Magnus

O f t s o n L 0 c hl a n n << M a /272243 7251 the swif ship , of the king of ( g

' J o z l z e l zm zZ/z e m a c L a c/1 1m m g ) , and his descendants in ’ c Ireland are mentioned in the G reat Book of Le an . O Don

O M o f van thinks that this Magnus is the same as agnus , son

o f b Harold , king Man , who is mentioned y the Four Mas ters

A 2 >> G a e dhil G a il l << n D 9 7 . The War of the with the m e

1 ) P r in te d a t the e n d o f the o f the G a e dhil with the VI

L I I I I o f L i m e r i ck /Wm m s c h . L tions ( III and ) ano ther Mag nus , (

L zm M a / ma s B e r n a n , also called g ) , who was killed in the

68 . year 9 Both these Chieftains were , however, compara tively

c >> s o n obs ure persons , and neither of them could be called of the king of Norway But there was ano ther, more

vi z . famous , Magnus , the Norwegian king Magnus Bareleg , who was killed in Ulster in the year 1 1 03 . Th is Magnus

. x s enj oyed a great fame , especially in Ireland On his e pedition h to the Britis Islands , he conquered the Hebrides and Angle

w a s c b r sey , and a kn owledged by the men of Du lin as thei king . It once looked as if he was going to con quer all Ireland . 1 The Manx Chr o n i chl e ) tells us that Magnus sent his shoes t o

- Mui ch e r t a ch hi m t 0 w the high king of Erin , , ordering . ear the m o n his shoulders on Christmas Day in the p r e c e n c e of a M ui r c h e r his amb ssadors , as a token of submission , and that

' O r d e r i c us V i t a l i s tach obeyed this command . even says that king Magnus w a s married to a daughter of king M ui r c h e r

b ut b Or d e r i c us tach , that afterwards he sent her ack ( Vitalis , ed . Duchesne , p . With the death of Magnus , however , the

Norwegian danger passed away . King Magnus very early

i n becam e celebrated Irish poe try and tales . In the ancient

>> e a b h a r << vellum MS . L Breac there is a s tan z a where he is

’ called >> Magnus of the fearful b a t tl e S << ( rl f ag n us m i Zz m m 2 tr a i t/ ) About 1 5 0 0 he already has become a hero of the

c . Ossianic ycle One of the tales of a MS . from about 1 600 describes an expedition of Fir m and his men to L o c hl a n n or

d i s t r o e d >> Norway , where they y the kingdom of Magnus the Poems from the 1 7th and 1 8th centuries sing about Mag n us >> king of Norway << or >> king of as he is w also called , his expeditions to Ireland , and his battles ith 4 Finn and the Fiann a . )

On the other hand , Magnus has himself made a still

- th e existing love poem on an Irish girl , and one of his sons ,

G i n H e later king Harald ille , was born in Ireland or the

a n s t brides by Iri h mother . This seems to prove tha Magnus of the swift ship is ide n tical with the Norweg ian king Mag

1 1 0 T h r ha s r o e the 8. e N o we n h s o r a n P n h h ) A . D . 9 gia i t i , . A . Mu c , p v d t at 2 d e w 1 h d 2 6 i n the a s 1 0 1 L e a bha r re o o . e . . actual at . ) B ac ; ph t lit , p 5 , 3 4 R e e s m a r n e V i ki n er n e 1 66 . ss r o o gi . ) A . Bugg , g , p . ) Mi B k , liqu

Of I r s h P o e r n e C o n r o n s to the H s o o f i t y (Dubli A . Bugg , t ibuti i t ry

the N o r s e e n i n I r el a n d II Chi i s ti a n i a V id e n ska b s s e l s kab s S ki i fte r m ( , V I I

s o f n u Bareleg . This king is also mentioned in the Annals the

n Four Masters , the An als of Ulster etc . ; but none of them calls

>> him Magnus of the swift This epithet must , however , b e M a c ancien t , because it is also found in a pedigree of the

b c a Leods in a MS . in the Advocates Li rary in Edinburgh , from .

' Os s a n i c The poem , printed by Miss Brooke gives him

L o o/1 141 221 72 7m f. M a / s . m us imilar epithets , i g l o n ﬂa w/ m e o f g king of Norway , the spotted and >> the Great Magnus of the s uc c e s s ful l The ex pression >> Magnus of the swift ship << seems to b elon g to a

o r p oem to a heroic tale . The Annals and Sagas such as >> The War of the G a e d hil with the G a il l << do no t use similar

t c r b e xpressions . I herefore onclude that Mac F i i s has kn own a now lost poem or a tale on Magnus Bareleg , king of Nor

a c w y . The Ossiani poems about him mus t certainly be b F i r b i s ased on a more ancient historic poem . But Mac must have used other sources than the G reat Book of Lecan . At t h e o n L o chl a n n a ch s end of his tract the Fomorians and , he q uo tes >> Another and >> A tract of an o l d These tra c ts seem to have c o ntained pedigrees of Irish and ’

c . . F i r b i s s Scot h families , e g of the Mac Leods . Mac treatise

c o thus ntains a great deal of historical interest , giving us d etails which we should not else have known . But he is

c n o t quite to b e relied upon . He confounds the mythi al

L o chl a n n a ch s Fomorians and the historical or Norsemen , and s eems to think that the Fomorians were Scandinavian s e a ? r Z o r o obbers . Professor immer has proved ) thatf o m riginally s igniﬁes >> a But during the Viking-Age s the c o n c e p tion of a was greatly altered a n d inﬂuenced by tales o f s e a r o b b e r s c the Scandinavian , and espe ially of the wild

65 2 3 6 736 7 . This explains that there are many Norwegian and

Danish elements in the Fomorian tales . Thus the story in >> The War of the G a e d hil with the G a il l << about the tyranny o f the Norsemen in Ireland (c hJ XL) has passed into a tale a bout the Fomorians at the time of king Nua d a of the Silver

i s t Hand , where it said , tha the Fomorians came from L o chl a n n . F i r b i s This explains , why Mac confounds the

Fomorians and the Norsemen . The pedigree of the Mac

1 2 S e e the n o e s the e n d o f s e r U e e r d ie fr uhe s te n B er uhr ) t at thi pap . ) b 3 n e n d er I r n d n o r d e rrn a n e n e o n tr ib u e e N . C u g mit g , p 34 . ) A . Bug g ,

o n s II 1 ti , p . 5 f . V III

b e Leods , to which I shall come back in the notes , seems to

ﬁctitious , and not historical . But that does not much diminish the real value of the tract of Mac F i r bi s .

After having ﬁnished my transcript and translation I happened to learn that the latter part of it (beginning with T r a cta d/z cu m a i r ) has already been edited by the late Dr

’ ae « n i n >> . O Donova , The Ulster Journal of Arch ology (vol 9

— 1 0 f pp . 95 5 , Bel ast But as this journal is little known th e outside Ireland , I have still deemed it right to publish whole tract on the Fomorians and Norsemen , though I fully acknowledge that my own knowledge of Irish is inﬁnitely ’

h e . inferior to that of t late Dr . O Donovan I may als o

’ ’ mention that O Donovan s notes are very meagre , and that

n he makes ma y mistakes as to the history of the Vikings . For kind assistance during my work I am especially

o f indebted to my friend professor Kuno Meyer , the Univer s it l h a s y of Liverpoo , who shown me the great kindness t o t read my transcrip and translation . and to furnish m e with much valuable information .

a 2 8 . 1 0 Kristiani , Dec 9 4 .

A e a n de Bu l x r g g e . 1 Do F h o m h o r c hui b h a us d o L o chl a n n a ch ui bh . g , )

' ’ F o r m o r a i g h g a zrth e r dona h e chtr a n ch uib h (go h a i r z a l z e ) b a a r a b ua i d r e a d h E r e n n Cl o i n n e Ne m hidh tt g i remes , 7 fos

a i r th e r F o m h o r ui h L o c hl a n n ui h h e ch tr a n c hui bh g g , 7 g dona do t a i ri n g e tta r Firbolg go cath M ui g h e T ui r e dh tua idh i n -a i g hi dh D a n a n rz i dh e dh n i s i n l a ib h e o r a m a n n s o Tuath De , g horra a n o i s L o chl a n n c h uib h d e dh e n ch a a r , acht ar na as bad in b h a il r e m h e s d o ch r a id e L o chl a n n a r E r i m z m a r . G a , so no

E r i n rz e dh o n r é 1 2 R i o huib h G a o idh e l a cka , re , righ do g ( ) ' ’

T m r a c h i : d i r n a F a a i h 2 . e . I . A o h O d z a e m a c r s , . Nell g ,

M l a n n n b ha r D n n ch dha . a il l n o l s e ch i C o c a o a C e . a mac , 3 Niall , 4

m a c M a o il r ua n a i dh . A o dh F i n n l i a th 6 n a , 5 , . Flann Sion mac

s h rz D o n n ch a d h m a c F l o i n rz Ma o il e c l ui n G l un d ubh 8. ( ) , 7 . Niall ,

i o n rz a h l a h m a M a o il m i z D o m n al l m 'a c S . Co n a c c th /z 1 0 , 9 g g , . Mu r i ch e r t a i Ma o il s e c l a n rz m é r m o h n a il l 1 2 . h 1 1 . h a c D m g , , 7 B rian B o r um h a mac Ci n n é dig h ﬂ R emes Aodha Oi r d n i dh e r o

' thi o n n s g n a tta r G o il l L o c hl a n n g a b h a il B renn ar t a r (tui g n a

G o il l a a a r o i n c a m a a i dh 1 Si) . T n g tt l g e s i C us h ua f F th 60 l l o i s id a i r id L a r a i n n D n i b h e a i r i s . ong a lion , g 7 g inis 7 ' T o r c r a tta r i c c a th re hE Og h a n a cht locha Len 4 7 6 fe r do 3 L 0chl a n n uib h . )

T a n a tta r c ui l o i n i s T ui r e s i n - n m a r b th a r g g g ria g Erin , 7

d i o b m a r b h a i d s i n a c T ai n i e h . l o i n e s m 6r l e moran h, 7 g g T ui r e s r o h a b h G E r e n n r o hi n d r e dh g , 7 g righe all , 7 leo t ua i s e r t B n t a x s a o il id m c ui r i d g ren ar , 7 g fa Erinn iaro , 7 l o i n e s a r l o ch a ib r n n b hui h E e . G a s T ui r e s R b b g g for loch i , ai r i d a r d n a o m k E r e n n uil e a l to ir Cl ua n a 7 g cealla , 7 as ar m i c Nois do bh e r e dh Otta ben T hui r g h e s ui r ig h e a l l do gach

o e the n e i s wr e n : l a Ab v li itt . se T ui r e s i n - a b d a i n e i n -A r d m a ch a s e cht m b l i a dhn a . Baoi g G a b th a r T ui r e s l e M a o il e a e hl a n n r o b h a i dh é i l o ch g , 7

R 0 h a b h I o m h a r D ui b h e rm i tT ua d m um h ui n g i Luimneach , g ( ) ,

S ua i n c e n n i n - I bb -C o n uil l G r iﬁn c Ci a r a i h e A r a l t ﬁo n rz , i g , in

I b h E a th a ch C r i o s l a ca b P o r tl a i r e A l b a r d r ua d h S l i a b h , i g , a ’ ’ - A r d a c ha z a l z T o i r b e r d i n Cl i a c h . Cr i o s l a e/z , dubh Aine Tor , 7 ,

o t m a n n A l l o t Co n n a c ht a ib h T ur il l G . c u 7 Usban , 7 , 7 g i g

' T r e a b a n n C o sa z r Cr o l i a n Oi ti n B uid b i n , 7 , 7 , 7 Bernin , 7 an i n a n r i n - l ta ib h T o r m i n l t T i r E o h ui he ua dh U . n g m ac Ce i i g , ' E o a n R o ib e r d m i o l II n U a l t a i r a i n l i s G o i s il i n g Barun , 7 , g , 7 i

L a i n ib h r o c hui r s i o d G a o idhil 1 6 r iu d i r i m h g , 7 catha , 7 as 5 - a ta ar m a r bh a dh do c h e ch t a r n ae . ) T a n g h t r 65 long go D ui bh

T a n h a tta r m ur b hr ucht m hE r i n rz linn . g tola iaro go go r a i b h e ﬁ l o i n g e s g a c/z a a i r d e i n rz t e ) T a n a i g 60 long d o N o r m a i n n ib h 7 fo r l o i n e s a b h ui n rz Boin , 7 g for Life . )

T a n a tta r D ub hl o chl a n rz ui h hE r i n n t u s a d g g go , 7 g cath ’ 8 ' ' d F i n n l o hl a n n a c ui b h r o m a r b h a dh d i e b h o c . T a z rz z , 7 mile ) g l o i n e s c Ci a r r a /z e L ua ch r a r o a i r s i o d C a i s i o l g i n , 7 g na R i o g h re lin [n] F e dhl i m za/z mic Cr i o m thui n rz 7 b r i s i d G a o i dhi l 9 c uig catha orra . ) Ta i n i g A m hl a o ib h R i Lochland go hE r i n n 1 0 i r i n i i s i l l m a c r i o h d hi o th a h m 0 é n . T a O gur g ) g g Lochland , 7 ° 1 1 t 0r c h a z r m ui n t r 00 A o d h F i n n l i a th dh o ib h cona e 5 . Tug cath . )

A i r th e r L a i hi n M um h a i n Co r ma ch t a l e B a i r r i a t l e g g , , 7 , 7 m a c uibh A m hl a o ib h a r fa a i b h s i o d t o c hui l t , con g uaimh gan , 1 2 t o cr a tt a r fe n id d n a r b ui d F i n a e n t e D uib h e n t e e h . I o d 7 , g ) g na g 1 3 * hE r i n rz i h - c um s a n a dh a t r zOch a a Albain . ) Baoi g Erinn ) H ’ ’ b l i a d h a i n Ma o il e a c hl a i n n e ze M a o il r ua n a z a a o ) remes m , r e m h e s G l un d uibh r o h a i thl i o n a dh l o i n s ib h Nell , 7 Erinn do g 1 4 T a i i A th l i a th G . n l o i n e s cl o i n n e c all ) g g Iomhair go , 7

’ b r zSt e r a r F l a n rz m a c M a o il e chl a z rm m a r b th a r S i t r zc cath , 7

' R f G t éd L o chl an d ui h hE r i n n i n - l e S it r z c m a c all , 7 g a Albain “ a i r e l o i n e s l e R a h n a l l n a hI o m h a i r l e Oi ti r Iomh ) Tani g g , 7 i a r l a m a r b th a r c c a th l e hA o d h F i n n l i a th 0 0 , 7 i , 7 9 ar aon 1 6 n e n ti b h . L i n e a e itr i c ua hI o m a i r r i u F i n . o s l S do g ) g f dho , 7 l e c l o i n rr I o m a zr cena ; g a b ui d ar egi n i h -D uib hl i n rz Ath a

’ u fo r b ui s i a r m t ui ti s Gl un d ub h a o h Cliath , 7 do g id , 7 Niall g at 1 7 a l l a ib h a D o n n c h a dh Ma o il s e a ch re G Ath Cliath . ) Brisis mac

' l ui n n L o chl a n da z é/z n i m o s e o l a n chua i dh . ar , 7 na g g do as

' ’ i bo e i s wr e n 0 o e i s wr e n : a i r . o e s A v itt : 5 . Ab v itt z Ab v

w r e n ZS itt : . 1 8 o h T a i n i Oiti r b i a r l a 1 00 Po r tL a i r e d i b . ) g du h lucht long go g ” h a h c i o s r i o h L i o n ta r l o i n s ib h G to b c . i do a g ) Ere do g all , .

' l o i n e s n l o i n e s Odui n a l o i n es G r zSi n l o i n es S ua t a z r g Bir , g , g , g g ,

' l o i n es L a m a i n rz l o i n es E r b a il b h l o i n es S i tr zc l o i n e s g g , g , g , g B uid n e l o i n e s e r l o i n es c C r i o s l a c/z l o i n es T o i r b e r d , g B nin , g na , g r ua i dh l o i n es S n i m i n l o i n es S ua i n i n l o i n es l o i n es , g , g , g Baruin , g ’ Mil e a aB ua l o i n es hi n i n e r ua i d h e n a o l c , g na g , as emni g ch da

' b fua i r E r e s i n n a z r s a o il id E r i n rz n i d c a th r a ch a go , g fa , 7 g ,

c a i s l e n i t h u s a d c a dhus m a r bhd a o i s a r i h 7 , 7 g do aon , 7 do g , 2° h n a a r o m h n d h a o r d a o i s r i o a . a s d a 7 do tar muir a g , 7 ) Long m i b aoi s a m h uil r i a m h l e hI o m h a i r m or ua hI o m h a i r a i r d r ig h ’ i D ui e m z Cua l l a zal z G l e m a c uib . . b A r a l t all , 7 a tri g , , 7 , 7 2 ib th o m z a r L ui m n i h a b h ui s G l 1 a b ui d i S . g nis cuan g , 7 g gell al )

’ Or d a z /z zd G a il l R i a r t a o i s i o ch a r g gach tir , gach tuath , ab a r a a r S ua i t r e ch c c o g ch cill , Maor gach baile , g a h tighe , ’ r a ib h e c h o m us fen a d fe a r uib E r e n n nach a g neach . o tha ’ i c c ea a l o il a z /z l a m h s a d dhi o r a i s d ne na cer e gus an g g , conar g

’ n a d e thi d e th a b h a i r t a tha z r m hatha zr E s co b do do na do , do p

a n m ch a r ui d ti n rz i s na do Ollamh , na do , na do lucht na t r e a b hl aid e n a n a o i dhi n é n o i dh c h e do , gen go beth acht ’ e n b ho a d fe r uibh E r e n rz r o b h e n b r uith e g nech , egin a do t h a b h a i r t do t - S h e r s e n a ch in o idh ch e nac h b fa g hth a o i b a i n rz e ua i th e Oir n o a i r id f hi o n d r ui n e r i o h , 7 uinge , g no isin chios g

c b l i a d h n a a a cm o i n a i e ga ha , 7 an duine g nach beth a g g , a w b fé n n d a o i r e t s r 0n b e d e heth i , no an do h n )

T r a c ht a d h c um a i r a r a il e d F Om h o r c h a ib h ar , 7 do Loch

’ l a n n ch uib h a th a z d/z i m chi a n a a a i dh m il l e dh E r e n ﬂ badar g . F ior chena g a r ch r a o b h s g a o il s i o m gach ci n e d h dar g r e m uig h Ere iar n - urd a I i g a b h a l go so ; a n o i s l ua i dh e m lucht b ua id h

F o m o r a i h L o chl o n n a i h tt e l o m uib h eartha na Banba g , 7 g , iar g a r hl un h Ad ha m h Saine fa sech , nach saigh suas glun g leo go m a r a b h a i d G a o i dhil T ua th a D é D a n a n n N e m hi d g , [ ] , Firbolg, , ’ Pa r th a l c m a i ti h Er e h o r d a i ht he ffa hth a r , do g go g da g

’ h o r d a i hth e e n e l a i h F o m h o r ui h z m m o r r o go g an g g ; g , , 7 Loch 24 l o n n ui h a m hl ui dh b hi di s s i th e fo hl u h a dh F 6dl a g , do [ ] re g g na ) ua i the a ffe di s l o m a r th uib h l e o cuice , 7 g breth gacha da , ar modh nach lf ua i r s i o d n a S e a n ch a i dh a S e a n chus m a r chach c o m h n a zdl z th e ch i T a i r i s c ui r fe m m a go isin ehr ch . isin a mann ’ i b r e r b s a n a l e a h a i F om or a r o l e d o o i d c a dio S i o a S c t bh Saine . a i g h t r a as iad c e ud us do c hui r c o i n b hl i o cht ar an ch r i ch i n a i m si r Ne m idh e Pa r to l a n , 7 a chlainne ; acht g tug cath do Ci o g a l n g r i c c e n cho s a ch i S l e a m h n uib h Muig h e I th e (mar as l r a l a hr a Phar t o l a n A s i é g p ar fen) leth . a d F o m Or a i g h rz i l o i n s i h hi a d e r th e r s un . . g g an mhara do t g d i s do c ho s n a m h

fe s c r e ud a d hb a r t a n f hl a i th e s na criche , 7 nach dob aca ach a il a r e n a n n do f hur egin ar Erinn . G ann 7 S g da righ

F Om h o i r e Co n a n n m a c F a o b h a i r m a c D e a l a , 7 More (More ) ’ daoine d o b o i r d e r c a d F o m h o i r i b h isin a i m s i ri s i n Ne m hidh

ui f h a h m a o id e n e l a ch r i a m h i a r s n a 7 a chlainne , g g na

F o m h éi ri b h ud ua zr d i o b huid h n Ne m hi dh , do ile la cona ' r ai dh si o m a to h a il ttI i r C o n a i n 8 . c hl o i n n . m ar do g g g , leath 3 26 3 9 4 0 - ) t t a i n i i n r a h E r n rz Mar sin t r a gach drong do g do o d d e . A m hl uidh s i n n i f hag hm a o id g a b l ug h a d g e n e l a c h aca dob i o n a i r m h e ° b a d i o b h s i n B alair b a i l c b é m n e ch b a h a r d c um h a chta ch d F o m o i r ib h T ua i th D a n a n rz o m a d re linn De , g ris an m B a l a r s i n t o r c a i r N ua dh a a zrg e dl am h R i E r e n rz do T hua i th De Danan a (i c c a th Mui g h e T ui r e dh na f

e r m h6r a i n n e a r t er b ua id hr e dh e a cht a ir chi n e l a G , 7 g minic (d

L o hl o n n ui h d r i n rz m n o i r thi F o m é r ui h . c s u E i g g 7 g ) mar ar , h a i r m e ch g a r g r e n n ui g hd a r i n n t e go hi a r m a r t a c h ua zr is na 29 h a i m s i r ib h s i n tig di s L o c hl o n n ui g h no D a n a zr no D a n m a zrg ig h ) go c c o b hl a i g ibh mor a m i o n c a d o m il l e dh na r i o g h a cht a zgf /z

r u s a d S e a l a d s o m h a o i n e d e o i di o chui r gor g re a , fa g gur ’ a r a il d ua i l ib h E r n rz T a i r i s s i n Brian 7 e s e iad . do ansad i o m a d da n -i a r d r a ig hi b h da n - é s i n - Erinn 0 s i n mar ta a S l e a c ht a ib h s e n l e b h a r ; mar s o ader s l i o cht l e b h a i r a i r i d h e . G ibe l é nab ail c r a o bh s g a o il e dh 7 g e n e l a ch slechta Sin 3 0 ’ m b r e a th d fa h a il F i o n n l o chl a n n Iomhair na ) g agus , 7 Dubh 3 1 l o chl a n a Mui h e n a B e r b hi Ma h n a s l o i n e , 7 cath g ) 7 g na g 3 2 l ua i th e mac righ L o chl o n n ) do g h e b tha r a fﬁo s mar s o a l e b h a r L e a c a i n F hi rb h i s i h us c h ui d tai n i m or Mec g , ag don g

- - 33 i n rz i . l a n n a Pii n o il e un c l a n rz a l a n rz i n E r . c C na ) , 7 Ch pa 7

’ C h uil i n agus A m hl a o ib h Puz r tL a i r g e r o b a o i i c c a th Chl ua n a 3 6 T h itr o c l ui n n A m hl a o i bh G h a r b . ) S i mac G iarain 7 uaran ar

’

o e the n e i s wr e n : . Ma o z re a cl z l u z n n a n d i n the r n i s wr e n Ab v li itt , ma gi itt Br ian B o rui m he i s chan ge d to M a o il e a chl ui n n by a m o r e r e ce n t wr ite r than

’ F i r s I e o n 0 o n o n Mc bi . OD (i . . j h D va ) .

’ I n the r n i s wr e n : Cr a o bl zs a o z l e d /z L o ch l a m z a cfz ma gi itt g . ’ a ffuil S l i o cht 7 fo r g l a a ffuil do c hl a n n uib h c e n n a i g h e d a m b a il e Atha Cliath a niu as ar s hl i o cht an A m hl a o ib h Cua r a i n sin a t a id 7 ar S l i o cht S a id hb he i n g h e n e Briain B o r ui m e b a 3 8 D o m h a ben do an tan tug a dh cath Chl ua n a T a r b h . ) n l l ma c Emb in mec Ca in di g h m o r m h a o i r Mair do s l i o ch t Sin- Iomhair

e s id h e chl a n n a ib h L e Oi d h A r a t a i n i agus do na dho , 7 g do i o n n s a ig hidh Bhriain B o r a i m h e do ch o s n a m h B renn in a g h a i d Gh a l l l ui r e a ch i o n n us go b fuil S l i o cht an A m hl a o ib h Cuar a n sin i m b ail e Atha Cliath a g o ur in a g ha i dh G a o id h e l Eren a i 7 a r o l e .

G en el a ea Me c L e OI d :

A l a s d r a n n lara i o n n us go rug triar 4 3 M Gi o l l a Co l ui m mac ar a ffuil s l i o cht ) “ M T o r m o i d M A r tuir ) 4 5 M R ua idhr ig h M B alair ) M Nell M F e a r c c us a

' M Gi o l l a C/z r zo s t M Po r g uil l c r zce na M To r m o id fua r dh a chta M Co n s a i ti n M Naoi m e ze D uil bh

’ M L o chl a z n rz l e d us a i g h M I o l d uil b h m e ze A l a x ’ M L o a zrn l o i n g s ig h a rz a a zr M D uil bh locha A b r o i n M Ned a quo ui Ned I M I o n d uil b h insi h Or c M Mo n uig h m é i r 0 r a i t e r ’ ' M S g a i n d l a i n S c o i n d e m e z o d II n Mo n a i g h 4 6 A m hl a o i bh M B a l b ua id i n n s i Tile ) M Iomhair C a i r th e S g a r M Gioda loide M F o m h r a M A i l pi n M M a g n ui s na l o i n g e M M a o il c o l ui m Ceann l ua ithe 4 7 M A r a il t ) 4 8 M Co m h g a il l m e ze S i o g M A s m a i n t ) “ r aid ) m e ze L o a zrn M Sin - Iomha i r t i r na M Brom Berbe m b r e a th 6 ffuil id Siol M L e Oid 6 cl a n n a L e o id S i n I o m h ai r i n -Albain 7 * M Lara ) 7 as i t a i n i g a i n -Erinn 7 i L o chl o n n 4 s i o th b r o h a i bh r i o cht uib h 9 g a . )

’ ’ O o n o n r e s r l L a r a S h s -ll the o r . M a D va ad f but ig . . 5 0 ’ ' ' Cl a n n Ch aba : ) M Al a x a rz a a z r A r a n rz m e z c

T r m o id r e n a b a r thi m a c R ua idhr i m a c M a g n ui s m e zc o a D o n n ch a i dh meze E n r i g h C ba ' Co n s t a i n ti n M Gi o l l a Chriost meze Flaith M caom insi B r e a t a n m e zc L o ch l a i n n b e a r t a i g h meze Gi o l l a . Chriost c o i r r s l e a g ui g h

S l i o ch t Mur m o r u c l a n n ele ader , Catt Clan Orca 5 3 5 4 C r ui n e r 7 cl a n n T hOr c a d uil ) i n - Albain L o chl a n a a i g h iad S l i o cht s i n l e a b h a i r s o S l i o cht G r e ui s Ader mar , ar g ’ 5 6 G m e z c I a fe th a i chl a n n a i h . G . L o mac omer at an allia . g )

R b th e entered Loch ib , and they plundered the churches of

u Cl o n m a c high saints of all Erin , and it is pon the altar of nois that Otta the wife of T ui r g e s used to g ive answers T ui r e s to every one . g was seven years in the abbacy of T ui r e s Ma o il s e chl a i n n h . Armag g was taken prisoner by , and i r I U a . o m h a r he was drowned in Loch settled in Limerick ,

D uib h e n n T ho m o n d S ua i n c e a n n G r iﬁn g in , in Ui Conaill in Ci a r r a i h e A r a l t E a th a c h Cr i o sl a ch g , the fair in Ui , in Port Lairge , A l b a r d S l i a bh A r d a ch a d h T o i rb e a r d i n the red in , the dark

- Cl i a ch Cr i o s l a ch G o t m a n n a n d Aine ; Tor, and , and Usban , and ,

A l l o t T ur c uil l T r e a b a n n Co s a i r Cr o l i a n g in Connaught ; , and ,

Oiti n B ui d bi n B R e d , and , and ernin , and the Maiden in

T o r m i n s o n o f E o a n Ulster ; Cele in Tir Eoghain ; g Barun ,.

R o ib e r d Mi o l un U a l t a i r A i n l i s G o i s il i n and , g , and in Leinster,

r 1 6 m and the I ishmen fought . battles against the , and great wa s the number that was killed on both sides . There came

' s a a t 65 ships to Dublin . After this there came e c s ﬂoods s o w a s : into Erin , that there a ﬂeet in every point of it

60 There came ships of Norwegians and entered the Boyne ,

L i L o chl a n n a e h s and a fleet entered the river fie y . The Dark b L o chl a n n came to Erinn , and they gave attle to the Fair h s a c a . , and a thous nd : of them were killed T here came a Ci a r r a i h e L u c h r a o f fleet into g a , and they plundered Cashel

F e d hl i m idh s o n Cr i o m th a n n the Kings at the time of of , A m hl a o ib h and the Irish won ﬁve battles over them . ,

n a o f L o chl a n n s o . King , came to Eri , that he destroyed Ois s il L o chl a n n 00 multitude . , son of the king of , came , and 5 A o dh F i n n l i a th of his people were killed together with him .

e . e e gav battle to them Leinster, Munster , and Connaught w r

B a i r r i n t b ' th e s o n A m hl a o ib h s o plundered by , and y of , d a n d l that they did not leave a cave unsearche , they fel — . a G themselves , nevertheless The F ir entiles drove the Dark 0 G entiles out of Erin to Alba . Erin had rest for thirty (5 )

Ma o il s e a chl a i n n o f years , from (between) the time of ( ) son

“ Ma o il r un a dh Gl un d ubh to (and) the time of Niall , and Erin wa s filled with the fleets of th e foreigners . A fleet of the

. A thCl i a th children of Iombar came to , and they won a

s o n o f ' Ma o il s e chl a i n n S i tr i c o f battle over Flann , and , king d th L o chl a n n a ch s e . the foreigners , was kille , and went from

S i tr i c s o n I o m h a r Erin to Alba with , of . There came a ﬂeet R a h n al l I o m h a r e Oi tir l under g , grandson of , and und r the ear , 9

s A o dh F i n n l i a th and they were slain in a battle again t , and A ﬂe e t a s 9 00 of the Fair G entiles together with them . twice ( l S i tr i c b arge) came under , grandson of Iom ar , and the children of the same Iombar ; they forcibly landed at Dublin of Ath Gl un d ub h Cliath and besieged it, and Niall fell in a battle against

D o n n ch a dh s o n M a o il s e a ch the foreigners of Ath Cliath . , of l a i n n L o chl a n n a ch s e , won a victory over the , and not m or than a man of them escaped wh o might tell the news .

Oi ti r 1 0 0 t o the black , the earl , came with a ﬂeet of ships

- Port Lairge, to collect the tribute of their kings . Erin was ﬁlled

o f vi z . with the fleets the foreigners , the fleet of Birn , the Od un n G r i s i n S ua t a i r th e fleet of , the fleet of , the fleet of g ,

L a m a n n E r b a l b h S i tr i c fleet of g , the fleet of , the fleet of , the B ui d n e B e r n i n th e C r i o s l a ch s fleet of , the fleet of , fleet of the ,

T o i r b e r d S n i m i n the fleet of the red , the fleet of , the fleet

S ua i n i n of , the fleet of Barun , the fleet of Miledh Bua, the R e d s uff e fleet of the Maiden , and all the evils that Erin had red until then were as nothing (in comparison) ; for they spread over Erin , and they built cities and fortresses , and t hey did not give respect to anybody, and they killed its kings , and they used to keep i t s queens and its noble ladies in

b . ondage beyond the sea A ﬂeet , the like of which had never b I o m h a r efore been seen , came with the great , grandson of

h a r z I o m v i . , chief king of the Foreigners , and with his three sons ,

D uibh e n n C ua l l a idh A r a l t S i b th o n n g , , and , and they took Inis , in the harbour of Limerick , and they took hostages from the for d eigners . The foreigners appointe a king over every territory , f a chief over every tribe , an abbot over every church , a bailif s o over every village , a soldier in every house , that no Irish

i n t man had his power , from the brood of a hen to the firs m il ch c o w n o t , so that they did dare to Show devotion or c are to father or to mother, to a bishop or to an ollav , or t o a confessor, or to people who were ill or afflicted or to an infant one night old ; even if an Irishman had but one c o w o f , the soup her was forced to be given to the soldier , the night when milk could not be got from her, and an ounce d fin d r ui n e a s fo r of gol , or of silver , or of the royal rent every year ; and the man who had not the means (of paying f r . it) had himself to go into slave y, or also his nose was cut o f A compendious tract on some of the Fomorians and L o chl a n n a chs who were for a very long time destroying ” I O

Erin . It is true that we have (already) traced each tribe o f t z hose who have sei ed upon Erin , according to their con

. l quest, up to the present day Now we shall mention the peop e who troubled Banba (i . e . Ireland), namely the Fomorians a n d L o c hl a n n a chs according to different historical tracts

whose pedigrees have not been traced , generation from gene r u o f G a e dh e l s T ua th a ation p to Adam , such as those the , the Da n a n n l a i n N e m h e d Pa r th o n . De ( ) , the Firbolgs , , etc , who h o n e abited Erin after another, in the order in which their

L o chl a n n a ch s genealogie s are found . The Fomorians and the , h F o l a d . . owever , used to plunder (i e Ireland) to and fro , taking with them all that they were able to carry away of . i ts s o c o n s e riches , that the historians have not traced their c uti ve history like that of those who were settled in this c ountry . Notwithstanding this , we shall here put down the names l o f some o f the most i lustrious of them from various books . The Fomorians were the ﬁrst who waged war against the c Ne m h e d hi s n b ut ountry , in the time of and childre ; still e arlier Pa r to l a n gave b a ttl e to Ci o g a l the s ki n fo o t e d in S l e a m h n a of Magh I th e (as related in the Book on Pa r to l a n i a n s h . o m o r a r e imself, p The F who mentioned here were

s e a e p irates from the , who used to com to contest the country , a n d nobody kn ows what other cause they had , but to exercise

n . G S e n a n n usurpation by force upo Erin ann and g , two

Co n a n n s o n F a o b h a r kings of the Fomorians , of , and More (More s o n of D e a l a ) were the most illustrious persons among the F o m o r i a n s at the time o f N e m h e d and his sons ; we have never found a genealogy or a remnant of those Fomorians ; fo r Ne m h e d they were all destroyed by and his sons , as we have related when describing the destruction of the Tower

f h o . 8 . 0 Co ang , pp 3 , 3 9 4 . The same is the case with every colony of those who c ame to invade Erinn ; we do n o t ﬁnd a ramiﬁcati o n of their pedigrees , worth reckoning . Among those here was Balair of the Mighty Blows who was high powerful over the Fo m o r i a n s a t T ua th a D a n a n n s o the of the De , that by this , time - B Nua dh a . alair fell of the Silver H and , high king of Erin , o f the T uath a De Dananu (in the battle of Magh T ui r e a dh f ' o . the Fomorians) Though the oppression was great , and though th e disturbances caused by the foreigners (who used t o . be called Fomorians and L o chl a n n a ch s) in Erin in that I I

l a i d a h o l d i n way were frequent, it has not been told that they g i n it for their descendants ; for it was in those times that the

L o chl a n n a ch s D a n a r s D a n m a r ki a n s , or , or very often used to c B o r um h a ome to destroy the kingdo m s , until at last Brian N t i th and others of the nobles of Eri n expelled them . o w o f s tanding this , many their descendants remained in Erin

a . afterwards , as can be seen in certain tr cts of an old book Thus a passage of a certain book says : >> whoever wishes to ﬁnd a genealogical table or pedigree of the descendants of Old

I o m h a r L o chl a n n a c h s of the Judgments , and of the Fair , and o f L o chl a n n a ch s the Dark , and of the battle of Magh na

B e r b hi M a hn us , and of g of the Swift Ship , son of the king o f L o chl a n n ﬁn d , he will information about the m in the great

F hi r b i s i h Book of Lecan Mic g , as well as of some others of t c v i z hose , who ame into Erin , . Clan Pii of the Islands , Clan

Chuil e n A m hl a i b h Po r tL a i r e w a s Chapa , Clan , and of g , who S i tr i c G l un i a r a n p resent in the battle of Clont arf, son of , and

A m hl a ib h C ua r a n , who has descendants . And as for th e t t . greater par of the merchants in the ci y of Ath Cliath (i e .

Dublin) up to the present day , they are of the family of A m hl a ib h C ua r a n S a d hb h , and of the family of , daughter of b Brian Borum a , who was his wife when the battle of Clontarf w a s fought .

D o m h n a l l s o n b s o n C a i n d e c h , of Em in , of , high ste ward o f I o m h a r d e s Mar ; he was of the race of Old , and of the c e n d a n ts o f b Leod of Arran . He came to Brian Borum a to

- help him to defend Erin against the mail clad foreigners . Thus the race of this A m hl a o i bh Cua r a n in the town of Ath

i dh e l s O G a o e tc . Cliath is pposing the of Erin ,

Pedigree of Mac Leod

Alexander ,

G Co l ui m Son of illa ,

o f T o r m o d Son ,

R ua idhr i Son of ,

Son of Niall , G Son of illa Christ ,

T o r m o d Son of ,

Son of Constantin ,

L o chl a i n n Son of of Lewis , 1 2

L o a r n Son of the pirate , o f D ul bh Son of Loch Abron , I o n d ul b h th e Son of of Orkneys , S a n dl a n s o n A m hl a i bh Son of g of Scone , of , o f I o m h a r R Son of the Scarlet ock ,

Son of Alpin ,

C e n n m r e B i e a d o . u h Son of Malcolm (i g ) , C o m h a l l s o n o f S i o r a d s o n L o a r n Son of g , g , of ,

Son of Bron Berbe ,

Son of Leod , from whom is the Clan Leod

. s he Son of Lair (i e . mare) , and it is who came out th e f e of airy mansions in the shape of a mare , and bore thre o s ns wh o had issue ,

Son of Artur ,

Son of Balar ,

Son of Fergus , F e r a l l Son of g of the Land of Coldness , s o n D ul bh Son of Noah , of , I o l d ul bh s o n Son of , of Alexander, ’ f O N e d s Son of Ned ( rom whom the descend) , M fr Mo n a i h Son of onach the great , om whom Dun g is named , B a l b ua d Son of of the Island of Tile , Son of G ioda

F o m hr a Son of ,

Son of Magnus of the swift ship ,

A r a l t Son of ,

Son of Asmant , I o m h a r f Son of Old the great of the j udgments , rom b i n whom the race of Old Iom ar Alba , and in Erin , and in

L chl a n n o s . the (i . e the Scandinavian countries) is descended .

Clan Chaba

R ua idhr i s o n Ma h n us s o n D o n n ch a d o f of g , of , son

E n r i h s o n G i s o n F l a ithb e r ta ch s o n G g , of illa Chr st, of , of illa R s o n Christ of the ound Spear , of Alexander of Arran , son

T o r m o d s o n s o n of , who used to be called the of Caba , of hl n B r e a t a n s o n L o c a i n n . Consta tin of the Island of , of 1 3

Another account says , that the high steward of Catt , Cr ui n e r T h o r c a d a l Clan Orca, Clan , and Clan in Alba are

L o chl a n n a ch s . A tract is an old book says thus : Of the race of o n a f th s e G . G G . regus , son of omer , of I are the alls , i e the 1 L o chl a n n a chs . )

’ 1 T he r n s o n o f the s a ss a e wh h i s a e n ro O o n o n i s ) t a lati la t p g , ic t k f m D va

n e e r n i s r a n Ga l l i a s b e w r o n n s e d o f n a o t quit c tai ; if it ight , mu t g i t a

G a z l l P e r h s so h G a l l i a h er e e n s » n d n a a « a n d h a . ap al , t at m a Sca i vi , t t it

h r a d i s i n G L hl a n n a chs m b e n s e : . e . o c . ig t t a l t allia , i Pi o te s .

F o rrz/z o r a eiz o m /z o r >> a - d <1 (or f ) , sea emon , a giant , a pirate

e e s the introduction .

h a a a L o c l n n c . , i . e a man from the Scandinavian count

L e e /Wa rm ries , especially a Norwegian (from , the Irish name of the Scandinavian countries , especially Norway) ;

>> o f. . A Bugge , Contributions of the History of the Norse

<< I I Z i n . L i tt e r a tur men Ireland I , and immer (Deutsche z eitung, June The Ir ish writers distinguish between the >> Fair Loch

h s << . l o chl a n n a c . i e Norwegians , and

>> L o chl a n n a ch s << . the Dark i . e . Danes Thus Keating in hi s >> History of Ireland << (paper copy in ’ ’ ’

. 1 6 : G z a e a a the library of Trinity College , Dublin) p 3 says ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ' ’ ari a n ta n s o n a a rz o a s zaa f n z z r rz D a n i a z . D m fc . e rr a r e g , fi , " ’ ’ ' ‘ ‘ a s a zo é/z /z a z r zfizbr D a dfi e m m e n o D a d/z l o cal o n n a z /z 69 g g , g

’ ' ' ° zs 72a s e z rz l e br a z ba s e m b us a 69 n o F i o n a , ’ ' Zo e/z l o r m a zg l z a o l a c/r t rl a N e r ueg za (For those foreigners w who came at that time , ere both from Dania , i . e . Den i n mark , those who old records are called Dark G entiles or Dark L o c hl a n n a ch s and Fair G entiles or

hl a n n a ch s Fair L o c from the people of Norway) .

i >> << Mac F i r b i s in h s Book of Pedigrees (p . 3 64) says : G o i r id s c r ib h n e G a o i dh e a l G o il l do L o c hl a n d uib h : g o ir id b h e o s D ub hl o chl a n n ui h d hr ui n d i o b h e d h o n D uibh g do g , ,

i D a m a r - On . . n . geinte, ar na Danair Dania g Fionn Loch

n n i n te i h -I o r ua i h e l a n n a i h u F i h e . . g , edho , g lucht na g , e d ho n , lucht na Norvegia writings of the Irish

call the L o chl a n n a i g h by the name of G o il l : they also , h G a D ub hl o chl a n n a i . . c ll some of them g , i e black entiles ,

1 6

t T ho r il s >> here ; and g , after a long reign , fell into a snare o f << H e i m s kr i n l a the Irish , and was killed ( g , Haralds saga

h . h ar fa r a c a s . hins g , It is evident, however , Dr Todd

T h o r il s s o n remarks , that g could not have been the of H a a r fa e r Harald g , and that Snorre has erred in placing h i m nearly a century too late . According to the unani 8 mous testimony of the Irish Annals , it was in 3 7 or 8 8 a ‘ 3 th t Dublin was ﬁrst taken by the foreigners , and 8 T ur e i s a bout the year 45 that g was drowned . But this

s o n H a a r fa e r is too early for any of Harald g .

Oti a T ui r e s m , the wife of g , ust have been a priestess (l zof g i a ) a s well as a sibyl

' R e e L o ck E zba (now Lough ) . An expansion of the

Shannon between Athlone and Lanesborough .

L e e/ U a zr Owe l u z , now Lough , near M llingar , county of Westmeath . Mac F i r b i s has two corresponding lists of the principal

1 — 0 Chieftains who about 9 5 93 invaded Ireland . In the

ﬁrst list, he gives the names accordin g to the territories invaded by the Norsemen . In the second list, the leaders of several of the viking ﬂeets that c a me to Ireland are named . This second list has probably been taken from ’ ’

a e dhil XXXV I . O h u War of the G (ch . ) Professor S p s Bugge

o c has , however, proved that many of the names here curring really belong to the catalogue of C hieftains killed on the side of the Norsemen in the battle of Clontarf 1 0 1 4 ’ a dhi F i r b i s s G e l . (War of the , ch Mac ﬁrst list has nothing corresponding in other Irish Annals , and it b must have een taken from some MS . now lost . Most of the names are also found , but in a very corrupt form , in

m a i A >> l n c n o s . 8 . C o . 0 a the annals of ( D 3 , p Aw s ,

T ur e s i us D o w e a n n Lir, Fatha, g , Imer, g , Imer of Limbrick ,

S wa n ch e a n G h e r a ul d ff n C r i o s l a h A l b a r d , rifﬁn a , y , g , ’ R o e D uiI e W a s b a h G A l l o t , Torbert O , Tor, g , otman , g , T ur kil l T r e va n C r o ua n t n e B o v i n n B e i s s o n , , Cossar, y , y , , R e d T o r m n K e il e b a r o n R the daughter , y mc , obert Moy

G o s hl n T a h a m o r e lann , Walter English , y , , Brugh ,

’ ’ A s to the N o r s e r e s e s s e s s e e e V i ki n er n e p i t , A . Bugg g , p . 45 .

N o r s S a a fo rtael l i n 0 S a a skr i vn i n Ir n N o r s hi s to ri sk k g g g g g i la d (publ . by k

T i d sskr i ft 2 0— 2 ) pp . 5 . I 7

A w e . l y K . of Denmark K of the land in Ireland called ’ F i n n a l l Oi s il l R a n e l l g , , and the sonnes of Imer , O Hemer , C o s t Ott r e D uff e y Hemer, y earle , an d Altyre The three ﬁrst unintelligible names of this list are m probably no real personal na es , but a corruption of the ' ’ ’ ’ ’ place - name Ca m us l z a a F a t/za z a l z or Ca m a s o F o t/za z a l z

’ z r e m Ta /z a m e r e B r a /t l ik e vi s e T . The na es and g are no n a m e s b ut real ; Irish words , whose meaning the translator

l n m a c n o i s of the Annals of C o has misunderstood . After the long enumeration of viking Chieftains who invaded

F i r b i s : T a ﬂ n a tta r fo l a Ireland , Mac has g

’ ’ o f a e d hil h X : Ta m ra z a r s z n to l a . G c . War of the , III ’ ' ' ’ m a r é r ucta m a r a a g a l l a z b {a n E r z rz a >> After this there came great sea -cast ﬂoods of foreigners into The ‘ translator has understood the words to l a m a r é r a e za m a r

T a ha m o r e as personal names and transformed them into ,

Brugh .

[ o m /z a r (i . e . the Norse who settled in Luim

>> nech (i . e . Limerick) , is the same as Imar , grandson of

<< 0 Imar , chief king of the foreigners who about 93 came to Limerick and founded a Norse (Norwegian or Danish) W a r o Me a d/z zZ c h G e . . kingdom there ( f , XL)

° D zzz él zg e rz rz or D a d/ Me n d is the s o n o f the above

b G a e dhil . 8 mentioned king Im ar (War of the , pp 4 and The name D u b/ we a n (Black - head) is a translation

a /z a of the Norse S e r t Q/ h. One of the leaders of the a ux il a r I e s who came to the battle of R oss na R i g is ’ ’ ‘ ‘ a é S a a r z r S e r fa a ba a S o r z r i . S e a r t/z called g i . e gf , s S a r e a r . . d . king of the y (i e the Hebrides) The epi ode ,

S o r ta db ud where and the other Norse names occur, is a late interpolation in the tale of Conchob ar and the battle R R i of oss na g , and contains memories of the vikings

’ who c ame to king S i t ri c s assistan c e in the battle of Clon “ f S o r ta db ud D ub h c e n n s o n tar ) Is Sort iden tical with , of Ivar ? In the middle of the 1 0 th century there was a close connection between Limerick and the

’ D a b/z 8 i h e u b/ we n a 8 z e n n . s t e s a s D g p 9 am , p . 4 .

e S a a fo r tae l l i n S . Bugg , g g , pp 5 , 9

S te e n s tr u N o r m a n n e rn e 2 1 . p, III , p . 3 1 8

‘ ’ ’ Ta a z m um aa a (T h o m o n d or North Munster ) comprised the p resent county of Clare . S ua i n ce n n (S wa rz c/z e a n of the Annals of Cl o n m a c n o i s )

’ ' S e e z n kz is probably the Irish form of , a common Nor w e i a n g name in the Middle ages , and a diminutive of

S verrm .

' U z Co n a i l l wa s the district inhabited by the Ui

a b hr a C o n a il l G . It is now represented by the baronies l Co n e l o . o f . Upper and Lower , co Limerick

G r z n G r z rz G a e dhil i s fi ( ffi , in War of the ) a Welsh G r z d G r z n a s s ub name ( ffi , ffi ) , which has probably been

’ ’ G r zs z n stituted for the unintelligible , the form given in ’ ’ i G r zs s a i Mac F i r b s s second list . ( p g ) was in the Viking ages used as a personal name both in Denmark " ' G r zs . z rz Norway , and Iceland The name is probably

’ ' C g r zs z rz rz (the pig) . This hieftain does not seem to belong to 1 0th the beginning of the , but to the following century . He i s mentioned among the C hieftains killed i n the battle G a e dhil 2 0 6 of Clontarf (War of the , p . ; Annals of Ulster 1 0 1 3) ’ The Annals of Loch Cé call him G r zszh e e o r a a Pl ei

’ ’ m zo rm a z bk (a knight of the Flemings) . If this epithet is right , he must have come from one of the Viking colonies

’ Cza r r a z /z e Ci a r r a i h e of g , otherwise calle d g

L ua c hr a . , is the present county of Kerry ’ ’ '

. H a r a l a r l wztz A r a l t o r m . ﬁ (i e , Harold the fair) is A r a l t perhaps identical with , one of the sons of Imar B b 8 of Limerick . He was killed by Brian orum a in 97 ’ ‘ l aa G a e dhi . U z E a z e/z wa s (War of the , ch the. name of a Munster tribe seated on the S . W . shore of B the county of Cork , round andon and Kinsale .

' Cr s l a c/z z o is a name which I do not understand .

' cr z o s l a ea » a There is an Irish word , which means limit , ’ << R s O . border , bosom ( eilly) Mac Firbi mentions two vi kings o f this n ame : the one invades Waterford the other

F i r bi s s Connaught . Corresponding to this , Mac secon d

f r l l i n 2 te e n s er I e S a a o tae S tru N o rm an n n e I I 5 1 . S . Bugg , g g , p . 4 ; p, , 1 . 5 7 T he An n als o f Cl o n m a cn o i s have mis un der s to o d the two n am e s Gr iff in

a n d A r al t fir m a s : G r z n a h e r a u l d n n a n d e rm a s e r ffi , f y , tak fi a p

s n n e o al am . 1 9

' l ist has : l o i n g es 72a e Cr z o cs Za c/z >> the ﬂeet of the Crios G a e dhil The War of the knows only one of them ,

' ' a n d a s l a efz calls him L z g r z .

' Po r t L a z rg e is the Irish name of Waterford ; the latter n e r a r ame is derived from the Norse V d ﬁg dr . ’ ’ ’ A l éa r a r a a a b A l éo r a R o e of the Annals of Clon

m c is A l ea r a H l l a a n o . a a r Or ) is the Irish form of , a very

' S l za éa c . i ommon Norwegian name . e .

Slieve Ardagh , in the county of Tipperary . ' ’ ’ ’ ’ a ba To z r ée r a a (i . e . the black ) is probably identical ’ T o r é erz a du b/z f with , who fought in the battle of Clon t ar dhil t he G a e . f (War of , p Both names are Irish orms

’ ' o f o r é r n A z rz e Z a c . C z /z p j g , a very common Norse name , Kn o c k a n now y, in the county of Limerick . The ﬁve followin g vikings are said to have invaded

T o r a n c o m C onnaught . is probably Irish form of the

' r r r m o n Norse name ﬁé z (not ﬁér h ) . The ordinary Irish

' f o m r a z r T o r orm of this name , however , is T . The form f I have only ound in the Book of Pedigrees , in the Saga o f C e l l a ch a n of Cashel , where one of the brothers of the

0 king of Dublin ca . 95 bears this name , and in a poem by Flann Mac L o n a i n (t This poe m which was E i n e ch a n D a l a i h written to the mem ory of g mac g , prince “ o f T r c o n n e l l E i n e c h a n y ) tells that g had three daughters ,

' Ca rt/22s S ea r r d/za who were all married to Vikings , g ,

l l - a >> G l Ta r ézs G a T r . g , and , (i . e the viking a l T or is probably identical with the viking of this name , who is mentioned by Mac F i r b i s . U s ba n se e ms to be the Irish form of the Norse 1222s ' ’ ' é o rz a z >> « e master of the house , used as a personal nam in Cl o n m a c n o i s Finland . The Annals of have on the same place as Usban the name W a s bag ﬁ which has probably *

6a a . m U s . been derived from a ore ancient form g , i e the

s a kr common Norwegian and Icelandic name U p . The

A Chi e fta in fro m the H e br ide s i s i n the An n al s o f the F o ur Mas te rs

' ' ’ 1 2 0 e T o z r b/z e a n d m a c n r i l G a l l a za e l a n d i n the n n s (A . D . 9) call d g g , A al

’ ’ o f L o C é 1 2 1 1 he i s e d 1> T o z r be r a so n o f G a ch (A . D . ) call , a ll I o n ly kn o w this p o e m fro m a late pap er co py i n the R o yal Ir is h 2 0

- 1 — 1 Nj al Saga (ch . 5 5 5 7) mentions a viking of this nam e s a B (O p k) . H e was the brother of roder who killed b Os a k king Brian Borum a . p refused to ﬁght against

>> the good king He came to Brian , took baptism , hi s and fought on side in the battle of Clontarf. The Irish accounts of the battle make no mention of Os p a k or of hi s conversion to Christianity ; in other respects they are not inconsistent with the story as told in the

I s Os a k saga . p , the brother of Broder , identical with W a s b a g h ? ’ G o tm a r m G u dm a rz a r is the Irish form of , a very

. G ud m un d s o n common Norse name Is he identical with ,

S te i ta n 1 y of g , who in 99 came to England in the compan of Justin , and of Olav Tryggvason , the celebrated Nor " w e g i a n ki n g P ) ‘ Al l o t A l o z r A l a tr g is probably the Swedish name g , g . In the year 1 1 3 4 died a member of the reigning fa m il v

' d M a c G i l l a M a i r e M ze A l l o r t >> of Waterfor , called g , the best of the foreigners who were in A l lg o r t and A l lg o t are diff erent forms of the same name . W a s A l l o r t g identical with , or a descendant of the vikin g A l l g o t ? The following s i x vikings are said to have invaded Ulster :

’ T a r e a z l l T r ea d/1 71 72 15 in the annals of Cl o n m a c n o i s

' ’ ’

l z. : T ur kzl l r eva rz . T u r ea z transformed into two persons , T i s the usual Norse name Pe r /ee l l ; this later for m of the ‘ ' o r k l 1 0th c o n tur tr ea ba r m name P ezz l was not used in the y .

fr é be z rm . is probably a nickname , (i . e . wooden leg) 8 0 A famous Norwegian viking , who about 7 went to the ’ ’ fi m m a r tr e o tr Hebrides , was called Q fi fl ‘ Co s a i r Gr a ham Co s s a r Cr o a a rz z rz e is the same as , y of

l o n m a n o i s Co s s a the Annals of C c . Is he identical with

N a r a 1 6 , who about 9 came with a ﬂeet to Water f a e dh Co s s wa r a G il ch . e ord ( , XXVI) , and with , who fell o f ? in the famous battle Brunanburh , 937 The name is unintelligible .

S te e n s tr u N r m a n n r n o e e . 2 2 8 p, III , p .

L a n dn é m ab é k h 1 —1 , III , c . 3 5 . 2 1

' ' ' ' Oz tz rz Oz tz r is probably a slip of the pen , instead of , i . ’ ék a r l a h o i s F i r b i s e . 02e a a i w . , also mentioned by Mac ’ ’ ’ ' ’ B a z a bzrz B a a rz is identical with z e in the second list .

>> dhi << V i s In The War of the G a e l (ch . XXX I) he called This name i s probably the Irish form o f the ’ ’ ’ ’ bo n a z m z >> « B o n a e Norse the peasant . was during the Mid dle ages a very common name in Denmark and

. Sweden as well as in Dublin and Limerick . B e r n i n F i r b i s i s , mentioned by Mac in both lists, in

» a e d hil a V The War of the G (ch . XXX I) called ’ In a poem by Mui r e d a ch A l b a n a c h O Daly (R oyal Irish Academy

>> G a e dhil << mentioned in The War of the are enumerated ,

' i s c e m m B z r rz he alled the Irish for of g (a bear) , on e B e r n of the most common Norse names . n i is probably

’ ’ b r m m z >> b the Irish form of j g , the Brian Borum a in one his early battles killed a Munster- viking called ' ’ E z r a a i G a e d h l . (War of the , ch XLVI) , who is perhaps

B i r n i n identical with Bernin and d . ’ A rc ra /z e n r a a a ﬁ >> R e d g , the is also mentioned dhil G a e . V in War of the , ch XXX I and CXVII . Pro fe s s o r S te e n s t r up has writt en about her — . 1 2 2 s h e i s I, pp 9 ) and suggested that identical with the

’ R a s z l a R a s l a i s heroine , , who mentioned by the Danish G r a m m a ti c us historian Saxo . Professor Bugge

. 6 2 a n {re /ze n pp 3 , 5 ) supposes that g ’ * * r ua a fz R a 61a R 061a . is a translation of a Norse name , ,

Among the Chieftains , who came to help the Norsemen ’ ’ E o n B a r u n o ca s R z ca r a in the battle of Clontarf, were , , ’ ’ ’ a - a m aa c n a l z [ rzg e rz e R a a za ke (i . e . Eon Barun and R R e d G . icard , two sons of the irl) The Norse form of * ' R u 01a s rcz r . >> this would have been y , i e . the sons or descendants of Professor S o ph us Bugge supposes

R o ol a R that is no other than ollon , the conqueror of ’ - B e w R e a l a . Normandy, hose Anglo Saxon name was cause o f the ending -a this name has been taken a s a v feminine , and the Irish ha e transformed the celebrated

L o i n io s or i arl a i ti r che i thr e ﬁthid o n a tti r g m O . l g

' ' ' Zo zﬂ zo s E r a fa n a h a i r n l o i n e a s r e s l o i n e a s E achdui n n g z g t tui u . g B a g 2 2

E o n B a r un . hero into a heroine . Besides , the names (i ' ’ n B a n d R z ca r a R e . Joh the aron) ( ichard) distinctly point R to Normandy . In the oyal Irish Academy there is a

8vo t o f Paper MS . in written in the la er part I C . ’

1 8th . the century by Michael O Longan , sen It mostly

consists of poems ; the transcriber , however , does not

h e give the names of the original MSS . from which

hi s . i s h a s . taken copies Among these poems there , pp ’ 1 — : M i trea a b a cl z D a l a 7 7 3 , one , which has the heading O ’ ’ ’ ' ‘ a ica ﬁ A l ba n c c c i r dh ch Al b a n a ch M za rea c a h e e rz zz . Mu e a . z .

’ ’ 1 2 1 1 2 0 O Daly ﬂourished between 4 and 4 . O Curry

0 >> e x t e m e l (Academy Catalogue , p . 4 5 ) calls the poem this y e curious , valuable and unique I have not been abl

to ﬁnd any other copy . The poem is not mentioned in ’ e Dr . Abbot s Catalogue of the MSS . in the Trinity Colleg ’ ’ t th e Library, or in O Curry s Manuscrip Catalogue of

B . Irish MSS . in the ritish Museum It beg ins ' ‘ ’ ’

>> A o rza r d/ mzz a B kr za z rz . >> i e . Alone to you , 0 B rian of B a n b a l << The p oem describes the battles and B i B b wars of king r an orum a , and me ntions the principal

C 2 . th e viking hieftains who invaded Ireland . P . 7 , l 3 poem continues *)

L o i n e a s m or m n a r ua i h g na d e . b a measa n a gach c ua i n e d ua i r c an ph r i m hg hi n tar muir mal o a) ’ d i n g h e a n a i bh mine m a cd a cht b)

R i a do rinne an cl ui che C) garbh an di o g a il t go m -b e i di s m a r bh

a dh n a dh 61 co i n n l e a c - i m do ) f a c u . a sith 6 ) na n - i n g h e a n n - al ui n n

T he ex s f e e Pr t t it e l s ms to b e v e ry co rr upt . But o fe sso r K u n o M e y e r

ha s n r e s e T o I n e e fo r the o rr e e e x a n d ki dly vi d it . him am i d bt d c ct d t t

fo r the r e er r o f the r n s o n T he o r n ex w e n d ffe r s g at pa t t a lati . igi al t t , h it i

fro the r e se I e i n n o e s m vi d , giv t .

’ r ha s m a z l c s n e i s i n the o r e r o rr a n d wr e n : a) O ig . . b) Thi li ig . v y c upt itt

N ' ’ d z l z e m e m i c o r m c z t/z e r a s a /z rza d /z a ca cl z t. r c h . g ( c) O ig . hac . d) O ig . g e r ha s ki t/ ) O ig . z .

2 4

But Mur ch a dh killed the red woman Better this victory than every victory

So that he put a stake through her head , In the presence of the men of

This poem makes the R e d Woman (or Girl) a con o f B o r um h a s o n temporary king Brian , and lets his Mur c h a d h S l i a b h E a cht a A u ht kill her in g (now Slieve g y, in G alway) , and on the same time it transforms her into a

>> supernatural being . Her residence is called a fairy

<< w e ta rs m ansion ( ) , and it is said that the ( ‘ ea l za g ) came to help her . There can , however , be no ’ ' ’ d a /z r n a doubt that e n r n a a fz is identical with z n g e n a a. ’ Mui r e d a ch A l b a n a ch s poem is , in fact, only a poetical r e n a r r a ti o n of >> The War of the G a e d hil with the ’ bea n r n a a l z The poem , immediately before the , mentions

' ' ' ’ [ o n zo s 7n o r i a r l a Oz tz r l e n zbs B i r n g , g , and other invasions into Ireland . I believe that among the vikings who r m invaded I eland there has been a fe ale warrior , called

>> R e d G r a m m a ti c us the As to her cruelty , Saxo ,

W h o 1 2 00 wrote about , has a somewhat similar story V ‘ n I I . E a Z rn s za te R e i e . : e e (Saxo , lib , p 3 5 3 , ed . Muller) p , ‘ ’ ' ‘ a ﬁe n e r n m 5 m m a tr z a n z n o s tr a rn r a z n a cl 7 , p p

’ ' ’ ’ ' ' ‘ ‘ z n n r z zs r o zl a ba t n s ta r n z n s z n zs a tr o cz za s e r a l a t j ﬁ ﬂ g . a g , , ’ ' ' ' ' ca fe r zs ex tr e m a ca l e r n r n n n a z fa l z a r ce n tz én s ea e tza rn p p , ' ' ’ ’ s ecr e tzbr es co rpe r u rn pa r tes Zeg n nn z bn s spe l za r e a ef o r rn e

' ’ ‘ ’ ’ n o n a n c n a a a a n c z r nrn a n es n e r a zn a s e r e z . U e g r ves n g p

' R e tiz o r a n ceg n o r nzn a r e Is there a connection t h e R d l /1 0 . e R e . between , 6 e the red , the bloody) and Maiden ? ’ Her epithet r n a a (red) i s a translation of the N o rse

r a n dr >> which in compositions also signiﬁes cruel ,

’ r a n Oa r a n m o f r a n Oa eans a special kind robbery , and ’ ’ ’ m kz n r n >> a I s r n a a g mea s cruel , bloodthirsty a

r a n ti r >> b l o o d << P translation of , in the sense of cruel , y

' T o r m zn r na c C e l z and E og a n B a r u n have in the A n n al s Cl o n m a c n o i s n of been transformed i to one person ,

' ' T o r m n rn c Ke z l e éa r o n T o r n nn y . seems to be the Irish ’ Po r m n n a r n form of . This ancient ame does not occur

- in the Sagas , but is still in use in the south western 2 5

Norway as well as in Denmark (Terman) . The name is o n R Cel also found a Danish unic inscription . e is an

c >> a Irish word , whi h means companion , associate ; a

a s Spouse , husband or I should think that Cele the name of the father of T o r m i n is a corruption of some f A i Zc/zi H l . o e i Norse name (e . g , the Irish form of g ) .

The Saga of Ce l l a ch a n of Cashel (ch . 2 7 and 6 3) men

i f a i n s o f tions two c h e t the name To r rn n n . One of these

o r m i n m a is perhaps identical with T c Celi .

' T i r B o / mi n i s n g the present county of Tyro e , in the north of Ireland . The following chieftains are said to have invaded L e i n s t e r

E o na n B a r u n g , i . e . John the Baron . The War of the

G a e dhil a n B a r u n mentions a chieftain of this name ( ) ,

1 f who about 9 5 invaded Ireland , and another chie tain of the

E e n B a r un same name , who fell in the battle of Clontarf ( R i ca r d R e d G . and , the two sons of the irl) A Norseman

t n . o n a . a n who is called wi h the christian name , i e y , and who has the feudal title o t a baron cannot have i n

hi s vaded Ireland as early as about 9 1 5 . John and brother R ichard have probably been Norman barons who , as so many other warriors from Normandy , Flanders and Eng

’ i tr i c s 1 0 1 S . land , came to king assistance in 4

' ’ R e i be r t M i o l zcn has probably also been a Norman

' R o z ée r t R e ée r t knight . is the Norman name . Does

’ M i e l zi n >> << mean from Melun (a town in the dept . of Seine e t ? R o i b e r t Mi o l ti n Marne , near Paris) Is identical with c R l e 1 0 2 6 the elebrated obert diable , who in succeeded hi s father R ichard as duke of Normandy ?

a l ta i n a l fa i r n U r A i g l i s . U is the English ame Walter

W a l de r A i n l i s U a l ta i r (Ags . e) ; g no doubt means A i n g l i s has prob ably been a leader of the English auxi l i a r i e s in the battle of Clontarf, if he has not come to

Ireland at a still later period . G o i s i l i n ( G o s nly n in the Annals of Cl o n m a c n o i s ) i s t h e same as G o i s i i l i n G a l l who is men ti oned a s one of th e Norse chieftains killed at Clontarf (War of the G aed

i s l R . G o i i n hil , p is a common French and omanic

m e d i m va l G o i s e l i n G o ts a l i n name , in times written , , l G a l l G o s ce l i n G az e l i n G o z i i n . , , The epithet is probably 2 6

d >> a used in the original meaning of this wor , man from

i . e . a Frenchman .

dhil . . G a e . Cf War of the , ch XIII

e d hil B o i n n . r th a e . . . G . Cf War of , ch XVI , i e the rive

ff N o r i rn a n n a c/i r L e . . o Boyne ; if , i . e the river Li ey

N o r m a n n a cn >> a << N e r b r na ti r probably means Norwegian ( ) .

This invasion took place about the year 84 5 . dhil G a e . Cf. War of the , ch XX , where it is said that 000 E r d a the Danes killed 5 Norwegians at Snamh g (A .

D . / W i z . . a a i s l n a R dhil . C i G e . Cf ars of the , ch XX g (C of

n ew . the Kings) , Cashel , the ancient capital of Munster é . A n z l a i G a e dhil . . Cf War of the , ch XXIII is the

Ol a r i s s Norse f . He mentioned by the Icelandic Saga , l a r l i ii i under the name of O f t/ . l dhil . i s l G a e . O i Cf. War of the , ch XXIV is probably

>> th e Norse name Eyg i s l or A n Og i s Z. Cf. Three Frag ’ » . . 1 0 . ments , ed by J O Donovan , p . 7

il . . Cf. G a e dh War of the , the beginning of ch XXV

l a n za c A rn l a i é s o n o f A m l a ib This chapter has (with the ) , B a r i tn F i r b i s B a r a i d . and calls the other chieftain , Mac

B a i r t writes the name r i . This name is the Irish form of

’ the Norse B a r Or (the usual form of the name in th e * ’ Icelandic Sagas) ; but the original form was B af r e pr ; * B a i r i i B ar e r is derived from a medium form ﬁ , which was probably the spoken form of the name at the end

L a n d n am a b Ok 1 6 th . of the 9 century In a poem in (II , )

the form B d r e b r occurs . dhil i s . G a e . Cf War of the , the end of ch XXV , as it

c found in the Book of Leinster (p . Alba is the Celti

name of Scotland .

f. d il . C G a e h . War of the , ch XXVI, th e beginning

Cf . G a e dhil War of the , ch . XXVII .

V . G a e dhil . This corresponds to War of the , ch XX III v a l d . l . R a n R a n a l . In ch XXIX it is told , that g (i e g ) Di fi r and (i . e . Ottar) were killed in Alba (A . D . ‘

f. C a d il w S i i r i c . . G e h . War of the , ch XXXI , here (i e

S i i r r >> S i tr i uc g yg g ) is called the blind , grandson of A M Cl i a t/i >> the Ford of Hurdles << is the Irish name o f

Dublin . k Cf. a e hil d . G . War of the , ch XXXII This victory too

2 place in 9 1 . 2 7

. dhil i i i i s G a e . O r Cf War of the , ch XXXV . the Irish Otta rr n form of , a common Norse ame , which in Anglo

Saxon i n rendered Ol i i e r e . About this famous viking

f 1 6 f . 1 6 1 N r m a n n e r n e 1 . s e e S te e n s tr u o . p , III , 3 , This list has been taken from >> The War of the G a e dhil << a r e (ch . XXXVI) , where nearly all the same chieftains Odn i n d Ode n d enumerated . is the genitive case of ,

de n n . A n n n n . O . d , i e the Norse He is probably, as

B l i e d/1 n d a . 0 w s supposed by S ugge , iden tical with , who b t slain by Brian Borum a in one of his early battles , abou

6 . . 6 the year 9 5 (War, p 4)

>> W e E o dh o n d killed , ﬁerce his valour ‘ , With his forty ‘ S n a i a i r S n a r z e zrr g (the Irish form of g ) is a chieftain , who actually belon gs to the battle of Clontarf. Under the description of this battle he is mentioned by the

. 0 i r . 1 1 S ua r t a Ulster Annals (A D 3 , g ) , the Annals of é C Cl o n m a c n o is . Loch , and the Annals of

L a m a n n . [ rn a a s g (i e . the Norse pg é n used a personal name by the royal family of t he Isle of Man) is p e r ha r ps L a m a n n identical with g who , according to the Saga of C e l l a ch a n wa s of Cashel (ch . 5 3 and the chief of the

0 . Norsemen of Armagh ca . 95 E r éa l é/i (in the genitive E r éa i l bn) is in the War o f the G a e dhil E r n l b called . E r éa l é/z a r ﬁn r E r n l é e is the Norse j j if , and is the Nors

' H e n l r D o n n ry f . This viking wa s probably the ancestor cna d n a l r n i l b who i s mentioned as one of the four crown princes of the foreigners in 1 0 1 4 (War of th e G a e dhil , p . T o i r é e r d r ua dﬁ (the red) is probably the same as

’ o z r é e r d d a b/t T of the ﬁrst list . S n i rn i n is no doubt identical with S ui n i n who is men ti o n e d as the father of one of the chieftains killed in the u n i n battle of Clontarf (S ef r a i d/z rn a c S ui n i n ) . S i is the

’ ’ ‘ n s vzn i n s . s n zn i i right form of the ame , , the gen of

>> the used as a personal name .

S ua i n n i n n >> S e e i n n i . s ve i n , i e . the young was a very common pers o nal name as well in Norway as in

Denmark .

B a r un is the same as a n Barun o f the ﬁrst list . 2 8

B a m i l i d m i l l o i n es m i l e d a . g is the genitive case of ,

i l es a . l o a n w a r d f . m a rom Lat , in medi eval Lat signifying >> a B a a is the Irish form of the Norse name

’ B a >> B aa s B a i B ai i gen . The names g and sometimes

z R us l a i c hange . One of the warriors of the ama on s

' M l i dn B a a by Saxo called R a g e . Is he identical with

w R e d f . h o is mentioned together with the G irl (c . S

a a f r ae l l i n f ? S o t . Bugge , g g , pp 4 4 ) The other names of this list are mentioned in the ’ M i r b i s s notes to a c F ﬁrst list .

d i . . . G a e h l Cf War of the , ch XL The names Imar and

D ub h c e n n Cn a l l a i dn are already mentioned . is an Irish

>> a 1 . f. « word signifying wild dog . e a wol

A r a l t i H a r a l d s the Norse r .

. a hi G e d l . Cf War of the (ch XL) , and the saga of Cel

lachan of Cashel (ch . These three descriptions of the oppression of the Norsemen must be based on a c o m m o n

T ua th a m The De Da ann , the Firbolgs , and the legendary kings N e m h e d and Pa r tal o n are well know n and men

ti o n e d in all ancient tales about th e colonisation of Ireland . F e d/21a i s one of the ancient names of Ireland . S l ea m /z n a of M ag l i l i ke is the ancient n ame of a district

S wil l . near Lough y, in the County of Donegal This

battle , the ﬁrst that was fought in Ireland , took place ,

. . 2 A M 5 3 0 (Four Masters) . C o n a n F o m o r i a o s The Tower of g , where the had fortiﬁe d -m é r themselves , stood on Tor , the eastern extremity of

d o ff c . Tory Islan , the north oast of the County of Donegal

I . t w a s . , according to the Four Masters , destroyed , A M

0 3 66 . Balair is also mentioned by the Four Masters who t e l l

that he killed Nua d a of the Silver Hand (A . M . Mac F i r b i s seems to confound the Fomorians and the

e Norsem n , and not to know that the Fomorians are

legendary , but that the Scandinavian Vikings ﬁrst came

to Ireland in the year 7 95 . ’ ’ D a n a r i s D a n i the Irish form of i r Danes .

C f n o e s to th e e d o n o f the o f C e l l a cha n . my t iti Saga . 2 9

D a n m a zr z /z . D a n m a i r ec/z >> a g g , pl of g man from

S - >> i n [ o . m /i a r n a m or ea l n . th e ud m « e n ts . , i e Old Ivar of J g ’ The same epithet occurs in Mac F i r b i s s pedigree of th e

Mac Leods and in another pedigree of the same family , to which I later shall refer, printed by Mr . Skene from G ’ a aelic MS . in the Advocates Library of Edinburgh . There were in Ireland two celebrated kings of the name

[ o m /i a r Ivar) . One was king of Dublin and died A .

. 8 8 2 8 1 D 7 3 (Annals of Ulster , 7 ; Four Master 7 , Frag

c o to r m . 1 S c u ments of Annals , p 99 , Chroni on The

wa s other Ivar , grandson of Ivar , who about the year 0 93 came to Limerick , and who very often is mentioned in

a dhil F i r b i s r the War of the G e . Mac says that Old Iva i n the great of the Judgments had descendants Alba , in

Erin and in the Scandinavian countries . In the Scandi navian countries during the Viking- Ages there lived two more or less legendary kings of the name Ivar ,

V i dfa d m e B e i n l a us namely Ivar and Ivar , son of the

k c o n celebrated R agnar L o db r o . It is possible that a fused memory o f these kings is preserved in G reat Old

F i r b i s Ivar of the Judgments , whom Mac seems to regard as a kind of common ancestor of the Norsemen .

Ca /z bl z l M i n /re n a B e r i . g , i . e the battle of Magh na

B e r bh a B r b . e hi . I do not know this battle is the river

Barrow in Leinster . M a n n n s o ﬁr e s w t s /i i s o n o Me ki n o N o r wa g f if p, f g f y , cf. the Introduction . i s The G reat Book of Lecan mentioned in the Introduction . o ﬁr I s l a n d H e b r i d e S P Gl o n n Pi i f e s (i . e . the ) ; I am not i s able to identify this clan . The name not Norse .

' ’ Cna a i . h s Gl o n n . . p , i e the Mac Cabes O Donovan in notes says : >> The family of Mac Cabe are now widely u d Spread through the midland co nties of Irelan , especially through Leitrim , Cavan, Monaghan and Meath , where .

o they are remarkable for their xanthous complexi ns , their

c c viva ity, and vigour, They are evidently a bran h of the Mac Leods of Arran , and would appear to have

« migrated to Ireland in the fourteenth century . The earliest mention of the name in the Irish Annals is i n h 1 68 M a c . the year 3 , when Hug Cabe was slain 3 0

’ hi s : >> Cl a n n Cui l e n . O Donovan in n otes says This ’ Co il e a n s clan is unknown . The O of Munster , and the ’ O C uil ui n s of Leinster are One of the Norse Gl e n m a m a m e n o f Dublin who fell in the battle of , was dhil il e n s o n E c hti e r n G a e . C u of g (War of the , ch LXXII , I s T i e r n a c h . . Annals of g , A D he the ancestor of

uil e n ? Cui l e n . Clan C The name is not Norse , but Irish Clan C uil e n is probably the same family which i s

n o s . mentioned by the Annals of Cl o n m a c i (A . D

Cl a n Kn l l e n under the nam e of .

m n o i s . 1 2 The Annals of Cl o n a c (A . D 99) tell that in Ireland in the 1 7 th century there were several

>> other families , who were of Scandinavian The

ffa m il i e s D a l a m a r e s L e d wi t ch e s ffra n e s C a b e s of , , y , and y a r e of the r e m a n t of the Danes that r e m a i n e in this The C a b ye s must be identical with the above

mentioned family, Mac Cabe . The Delamares seem to

- n l have been an Anglo Norman family . Sir Joh De amare

1 2 . was killed , A . D . 99 (A C . ) The ﬁrst time the Fraynes are mentioned by the Annal s is in the year

1 2 1 L i bn e d a F r e n e . 4 ( , Four Masters V, p One ’ f w a s amily of this name , according to O Donovan in his T i s c o fﬁn notes to the Four Masters , seated in the parish of ,

in the county of Kilkenny , and another at Browntown

R . in the same county , not far from New oss The ﬁrst time the Irish Annals make mention of the family of the

L e dwi c h e s i s 1 66 in the year 4 , when the Annals of the

. 1 0 1 6 n Four Masters (IV, p ) give the ame in the form

L n dn s a /z a o >> r i n . L d n s cn o c e a . . a f , dat plur . of , i e man from the island of The Irish name of this island L e o d/zn s L e o /z n s is , g (from the Norwegian

’ ’ L i o on zzs The name has , I suppose , nothing to do with

d wa s Clan Leo , of which a branch for centuries holding

Lewis .

T he o n ly c o py o r v e rs io n o f the An n a l s of Cl o n m a cn o i s kn o wn to b e

e x n i s a n E n s r n s o n e r o the Ir sh i n the e r 1 6 2 ta t gli h t a lati mad f m i y a 7 , by

Go un l a E cha an o f L i sm o n e i n the o n o f W e s e t fo r hi s Mac g , y , c u ty tm a h ,

r e n an d n s n T o rIO h C o chl an L o r o f e l n i n o n f i d ki ma , g Mac , d D vi , that c u ty

’ O C rr m a te r i a l s ( u y , MS . , p .

3 2

S i tr i c mistake , because king in The War of the G a e dhi l

. 1 1 1 1 n i s A m l a i o (p 9 and 9 , ) twice called instead o f m a c

A m l a i o de n A m l a b >> , and because his wife is called i th e wife of A m l a ib << instead of » the wife of the s o n of The note that the greater part of the Dublin mer chants a t the time of Mac F i r b i s are the des c endants o f

C ua r a n king Olav is very interesting . It proves that the

e d population of Dublin , even at that late p rio , had not quite forgotten its Norwegian descent (cf. Gi r a l d us Cam b r e n s i s T o o r a hi a H i b e r n i ae L , p g p , ch . X III) .

’ D o m n n a l l s o n o E m il i n w a s m o r - m a o r w , f , ste ard or

- G e r i n n chieftain , of the Eoghanachts of Magh g , or Marr , ’ in Scotland . He was on his father s side descended from

L e a m h n a s o n Oil l o l l Maine , of Conall Corc , of the race of ’ Ol l um a , who was also Bri n s ancestor (War of the G a e dhil . t , p CLXXVIII, n . By his maternal descen

C a te i n h i n hi s only he was of the Mac Leods . p T omas , paper >> On the e x ti r p e ti o n of the Celts i n the Heb rides «

(Proceeding s of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland ,

. t F i rb i s vol XI) , thinks tha it is a mistake , when Mac speaks of the Mac Leods of Arran . There is , he says , no connection between the Mac Leods and the Island of

. . 1 1 Arran The Four Masters , however, (A . D 5 94 , 5 95 ) a mention Mac Leod of Ara (i . e . Arr n) .

T/i e e d i r e e o M a c L e o d p g f . The Mac Leods , one of the i m ost ancient families of the Hebr des , were divided into

i o l Ta r ui l S . . two branches , the (i e descendants of) q , S i o l T o r m o d holding Lewis for centuries , and the , hol

ﬁo r d s ding Harris and the western of Skye , the latter o f unto this day . It is generally supposed that they are e a n Norse origin , and that they are desc nded from the c ien t kings of Man and the Isles . The Scotch Historian the late Mr . Skene , has written against this theory (Ulster

o f . 1 a . Journal Arch eology , vol 9, pp 3 7 and tried to prove that the Mac Leods are pure Cel ts .

» n o w I h one of the Irish MSS . dep osited in ’ the Advocates library , Edinburgh , Mr . Skene says , there is a pedigree of the Campbells and Mac Leods , Ne m e di a n s referring them to a common origin from the ,

L e ith d e a r through Fergus g , who is said to have led a l e co ony of that tribe to Scotland . These pedig rees wer 3 3

b 1 0 c M a c written a out 5 5 , a entury earlier than that of ‘ F i r b i s C o l l e cca n ea d e , and were printed by me in the

R é n A l o s c s a n i ci .

B r a o d n The Campbells or Clan Cailin are deduced from , s L i t hd e a r N e m e d i us o n e . of Fergus g , son of Then fol

s i x lows the pedigree of the Mac Leods . The ﬁrst names

c z have been arefully erased , probably by a parti an of

r f one of the two great ival Mac Leod amilies , whose t c laims to the chiefship were disproved by it . The res is as follows :

G e n e l a ch Mi c a n n s o Leod .

Mic Leod 0 . r .

l r Mic O o i .

Mic Oib . il m Mic O o i r .

Mi c I a m h a r 0 g .

I a m h a r Mic Sin . Mic S g o i n n e S g a n l a i n

I a m h a r A t a cl i a t h Mic .

C o n n l Mic a .

cl a n n d e r Mic Conaill g . C e a l l a h Mic c .

M a r d o i d Mic e . r . in mic L .

C e a l l a c h Ca tl ua n i d Mic .

u h Mic C li an .

Mi c C o n n l a .

D e r d i a n o h Mic g S g t e g .

Ma n ui i Mic s o g .

Mic Ma g n ui s na l ui n g e l ua i th e .

M a n ui a i r r o a b 1 1 1 1 m i c a m l o a Mic g s c o n ise g in e m h r .

I a m h a r ua l l a ch Mic .

Mic Dergi .

r a il t Mis A .

a m r B a Mic I h a na m r e t .

U b h a idh Mic .

A r a i l t Mic .

A S ui Mic p g . Mi c C e a l l a c h .

Mi c C o n n l a .

I c Lamus .

L u i r d Mic n g b a . 3 3 4

Mic Lamus .

Mi c A r a il t .

l a i d e r e c c Mic Laigh or . ri h L .

L e i th d e r Mic Fergus g . But there is still older authority for the common d escent of the Campbells and the Mac Leods from the N e m e d i a n s ; for in a collection of MS . genealogies written

1 6 in the year 4 7 , there is the usual pedigree of the

S r n E s r u Milesians , and at son of , the father of Eber

S c ui t : , there is the following Sentence in Latin

' e l r a te r e a s S ea r a a n o n e n i i N e m e di n s i n fe r f y o , [ bo s te r o s ej n s M c Ca i l l i n m o i r e l m i c L e o i d

Mr . Skene is right when he says that the pedigree which Mac F i r b i s gives >> appears to bear evident marks ’ o f e n d es r i t fabrication , and it is more like a f p of some S e n a ch a i d e than a pedigree seriously intended to be

« taken a s authentic . But exactly the same may be said as to the pedigree printed by Mr . Skene . The suppo s e d t e L e i th d e r wh o ancestor of Mac Leods , Fergus g p , belongs t o the earliest Irish History , long before the introduction of Christianity , has e . g . a grandson of the n A r a l t m ame of , a Norse na e that was never used by

H i s s o n i o /z n the Irish before the Viking ages . s L c l a i n

L n n ba . r d (i . e . a Norseman) And a name like g (the

Longobard) has never been used by an Irishman . Mr . ’ Skene s text is on the whole very corrupt , partly unintelligible , and not to be relied upon . That I am right in saying this is best proved by the fact , that

Mr in the same MS . from which . Skene has taken his f ﬁrst pedigree there is another, and completely di ferent p edigree of the Mac Leods , which Mr . Skene also gives L o id Mur c a d Cl a n n e . . Cristiona , ingene Mic , i Mac T o r m o id Mac Le01d Mac G il l e m ui r e Mac R aice Mac Ol b a i r S n o i c e Gi l l e m ui r e E al a f ho l t - A r a il t Mac . g alainn , ingen mic

m a i r i n m a i th a i r e n L o chl a n Gi l l a m ui r e s i n i . S rig an [ . e

>> E a l a H e l a fa ir h a i r e d d o f g (the Norse g ) the , aughter 3 5

A t a l t s o n o f L o chl a n n , r , of Old Ivar , king was the mothe o f this S e n m a This pedigree c ontains several err ors . Thus i r m S e n l a i r . is certainly an error for (Old Ivar) Besides , this is no real pedigree of the Mac Leods , but of the

n Ma c G i l l e m /z n i r e Morrisons (Cl a . ) who were hereditary j udges of Lewis (see a paper by the late Captain F . W .

L . Thomas in the Proceedings of the Society of Anti

ua r i e s . . q of Sco tland , vol XII , p R In the oyal Irish Academy , Dublin , there is a

1 8 paper MS . from the later part of the th century

pedigree of the Mac Leods . The last names of this ’ pedigree corresponds with Mac F i r b i s s pedigree : M c

A m /z l a o i o/z zld c a ca i l l M c A r a i l t M c A s m a i n n M o , , , , l m a i r M e T o r a n n a z n M c A i r d r z n L o / i r . o M i a . (i e ) , g , g z

- L o c hl a n n l a n n . . (i e the High king of , who is regarded as the ancestor of the sept) . s The only way to decide , whether the Mac Leod

e are of Norse origin , is to ﬁnd the etymology of the nam

t c i tself, and to consul an ient and reliable historical do w b e M c um e n t s . a c As it ill remembered , the Leods are

d i ve d e d S i o l T a r n i l or were into two branches , the y S o l T o r m o d i . and the Now , these two names are evi

’ o r ke l l o r m o Or i d e n tl y the Norse names of ﬁ and ﬁ . In h s paper >> On the Extirpation of the Celts in the the late Captain Thomas mentions that according to he H a k o n s s o n t Saga of king Hakon of Norway (ch . — 1 66 1 6 7) about the year 1 2 3 0 on the Island o f S kye there

T ho r k e l s o n T h o r m o d . H e lived a Norse chieftain , , of was killed with his two sons ; but the third , named Thor m od , escaped . Captain Thomas supposes that we here have the ancestors of the two branches of the Mac Leods .

T h e to common ancestor of the Mac Leods , according n Mr . Thomas , was a chieftai who lived in the

1 1 0 — 1 1 0 Or kn e i n s a a Hebrides about the years 3 5 ( y g g , ch 8 . 7 and Here I cannot agree with Mr . Thomas . Leod must be the Cel t ic form of the Norwegian name of

’ ’ L i o r l L i o l n l r . 1 2 th , and not of f In the middle of the c century , a cording to the Sagas , there lived a man of 3 6

this name . He was from the Hebrides , and appears to

L i ol r A r n ﬁn n have been a chieftain ( , a companion of , A n a k o l l the brother of , a viking from the Hebrides ;

O rk n e i n a s a a c h . t h e y g g , Is he the ancestor of

Mac L e e d s ? Mr . Thomas says that the common tradi t m ion is to trace the origin of the Mac Leods fro Leod ,

s o n S va r ti a of Olav , who was king of Man and the

. 1 2 Isles , and who died A . D 3 7 , and the evidence is said to

>> « i s be in the Chronicle of Man . But no Leod mentioned i n this Chronicle , and consequently Mr . Thomas does

. not believe in this tradition The Mac Leods themselves ,

b e however, seem already in the Middle Ages to have l i e v e d in their descent from the ancient kings of Man .

a n d In Iona , where so many kings chieftains from the

VVe s t e r n l b o Is ands are uried , there is a t mbstone from

the ﬁfteenth century . The inscription is partly o b l itt e rated ; but the following words are clear : H i c i a ce l

’ l lI L o d e i . Below the inscription a galley w ith sails furled is engraved , (Antiquities of Iona , by

G m . H . D . raha , plate XXII, ﬁg There are a few

other tombstones where a similar ship is represented , and the editor remar ks : >> The g a l l e y with sails furled marks a descendant of the ancient Norwegian kings of

: T a r uil At any rate , the names Mac Leod , Siol q ,

T o r m o d M a c and Siol , prove that the Leods are of

Norse origin .

D l b h n d o l b h C e n n m o r o I e t c . Names as Alpin , Malcolm , , ,

are taken from the list of Scottish kings .

c . This seems to refer to some an ient , now lost fairy tale ? A r tu r . , i e . the celebrated king of the Britons

B a l a r . . . , i e the Fomorian general of this name 1 ? T i l e l e . . Is an error for , i e th e Island of Islay

a H a a l d r A r l t is the Irish form of r .

u d . A s m a n i . A s m n r , i e . the Norse

c/z l n n u o/z L o o i . i . . , i e in the Scandinavian countries

’

Cl a n n C/za oa s e e 11 . , i . e . the Mac Cabes ; 3 5 . The name

T o r m o d u w , which occ rs in this pedigree , seems to Sho

that the family is a bran ch of the Mac Leods .

’ M u r m o r Ca l l , certainly as O Donovan suggests , mean s

G . the reat Steward of Caithness in Scotland Duncan , 3 7

880 Earl of Caithness , was about the year married to a w G Nor egian lady roa, the daughter of king Olav of

Ol a r fi r/i i i A n d Dublin ( / ) and of his wife , from whom

many of the ﬁrst Icelandic families were descended .

Cl o a n Or ca . . , i e the Inhabitants of the Orkneys , who

were Norwegians .

Cl a n n Cr ui n e r . . . t h e G , i e according to Mr Skene, uns G un or Clan , a Sutherland Clan , whose chief was here

d i t a r y Coroner or Crowner of Caithness . In his history

. 1 R . G f of Sutherland , p 9 , Sir ordon mentions a chief o

>> M a c k a m e s C r un e r << this clan , called William wich and adds : >> From this Cr un e r all this cl a n n G un are d e s c e n

Cr ui n e r ded , and are after him called Clan

G un seems to be a Celtic name . is possibly a corrupt G un n a r r form of the Norse name .

Cl a n T/zo r ca da l . M c uh o r c a d a l e s Ph a n t e l l a n i . a , i e the q of ,

a small but ancient clan in A r g yl e s hi r e . The name of ’l l this clan is derived from ﬁo r ke l z . ’ G r e us g , O Donovan seems to understand this name as

G r aecu >> s a . , I do not know why G o m e r a fe th was the son of J . This note on the origin

of the L o chl a n n a ch s is a late fabrication . Else it seems

as if Mac F i r b i s faith fully has followed the ancient MSS .

without adding anything of his own .

Postscript . I learn from a letter sent me by Professor Kuno Meyer t hat >> the R e d Maiden << is mentioned in a poem by B r o cca n ’ ’ — C r a i é a c/i . e b . (Book of Leinster , pp . 4 3 4 4 a ) This curious

- p oem enumerates the celebrated burial places of Leinster , and g ives many references to battles etc . , e . g . to the battle of

- zl l a Islay ( g [ l e) where 5 000 D uog a i l l (Danes) were slain . The A i l / Me l E r co l poem also mentions a woman , the mother of

z : i d r a ( and the wife of M g . Besides other ex

’ l o i t s A i thb e l R zi a d -cna l l e cn p , is said to have drowned the in

R 1 8 : R a ch o n a i i n r ua d ch a l l i the iver Barrow (p . 44 a, l . g g

’ b a i d fo c/z a l l cn » a r o s r l a r . e s Berba) The word signiﬁe nun ,

’ a n R zi a d -c/za l l e c/z old The is probably, as suggested i n e n r aa d R e d by Dr . Kuno Meyer, identical with g (the

Maiden) . If this conclusion is the right, it seems to Show t hat the R e d Maiden had already in t he 1 1 th century b e c ome a legendary personage .