Undergraduate Review
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Undergraduate Review VOLUME 1 • SPRING 2018 www.gwur.org THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Undergraduate Review VOLUME 1 • SPRING 2018 ©2018 The GW Undergraduate Review, The George Washington University STAFF AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The GW Undergraduate Review would like to thank Vice President for Research Leo M. Chalupa and the Office of the Vice President for Research for their generous support of our organization. Additionally, we would like to thank the Center for Student Engagement, Center for Undergraduate Fellowships and Research, the University Honors Program, and our Faculty Review Board for their encouragement, promotion of the journal, and helpful advice. Lastly, we would like to thank our authors, without whose outstanding work the journal would not be possible. ABOUT US Established in 2016, the GW Undergraduate Review (GWUR) is the premier publication of research from undergraduate students at the George Washington University. Our mission is to promote undergraduate research on GW’s campus through events, workshops, and the publication of a peer-reviewed journal. Undergraduate researchers from all academic disciplines are welcome to submit to the journal, which is staffed by editors majoring and minoring across nearly twenty departments at GW. Our organization also publishes the Colonial Scope, an online news blog with a research focus. GWUR is entirely student-run and is supported by the Office of the Vice President for Research. EXECUTIVE BOARD Margaret Steiner - President/Editor-in-Chief Aleksandra Dagunts - Director of Internal Affairs/Associate Editor Cameron Delaney Foster - Director of Outreach/Associate Editor Jose Nazario - Public Relations Chair Maanas Nukala - Director of Technology Richard Sear - Layout Manager Sarthak Shah - Event Coordinator EDITORIAL BOARD - NATURAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING Logan Bartholomew - Lead Editor Emily Earls Claire Houchen Sanika Kulkarni Camille Leoni Jose Nazario Richard Sear Sarthak Shah EDITORIAL BOARD - SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Isabel Wolfer - Lead Editor Cecelia Chisdock Haley Khosrowshahi Morgan Richmeier Olivia Sieff Sam Tiratto THE COLONIAL SCOPE - WRITING STAFF Maanas Nukala - Managing Editor Sanika Kulkarni - Lead Staff Writer Emily Earls Claire Houchen Camille Leoni ii FROM THE EDITOR Dear Reader, On behalf of the Editorial Board, I am excited and honored to present the inau- gural volume of the GW Undergraduate Review (GWUR). In Volume I, we are proud to publish original research spanning six academic disciplines conducted by seven talented undergraduate students at the George Washington University. Our authors take us from topics near and dear to GW — including congressional campaigns and George Washington himself — to other countries, and even other planets. The im- pressive quality of these publications speaks to the incredible talent and motivation of undergraduate students at our university. Beyond publishing the journal, GWUR has been active in promoting undergradu- ate research on campus through our events and workshops. In the fall semester, we hosted researchers from the Smithsonian Institution, National Geographic, and the School of Media and Public Affairs for an interdisciplinary panel on science com- munication. This spring, we partnered with the GW Classics and Archaeology Club to host the first annual “Crash Course Research” seminar series. We have also held workshops on applying to research opportunities, scholarships, and conferences. Additionally, the Colonial Scope — our online news blog — has published articles on topics ranging from muons to medical ethics. As we continue to grow as an organi- zation, I look forward to forming new partnerships with students and faculty, host- ing even more engaging events, and continuing to encourage undergraduates to get involved in academic research. This publication would not have been possible without the effort and dedication of many individuals. Thank you to the Executive and Editorial Boards for their tire- less work ethic, motivation, and professionalism and to the Office of the Vice Pres- ident for Research for their generous support of GWUR. Thank you to the authors for submitting insightful and meaningful work to the journal. Lastly, thank you to all of the professors, peers, and friends who have supported GWUR and its mission over the past year. It has been a wonderful privilege to preside over this organization, and I am personally grateful to all who have helped in turning this idea into a reality. Moving forward, I am nothing but optimistic about the future not only of this journal, but of each and every student who has been a part of it. I hope that you enjoy reading Volume I as much as we have enjoyed watching it come together. Sincerely, Margaret C. Steiner Founder, President, and Editor-in-Chief The GW Undergraduate Review iii CONTENTS Association Between Aortic Vascular Inflammation by PET/CT and Aortic 1 Distensibility by MRI in Psoriasis PARAG SHUKLA, AMIT DEY, AGASTYA BELUR, JACOB GROENENDYK, YOUSSEF ELNABAWI, ADITYA GOYAL, JUSTIN RODANTE, LEONARD GENOVESE, MARK AHLMAN, MARTIN PLAYFORD, AND NEHAL MEHTA Clinical Medicine Energy Materials Analysis for Additive Manufacturing by Selective 5 Laser Melting RACHEL GRAY, DEVIN JESSUP, AND SANIYA LEBLANC Materials Science Detection of Exoplanets Using the Transit Method 10 DENNIS AFANASEV Astrophysics “The Indian Method of Warring”: Wampum, Warfare, and George 15 Washington’s Lessons in Frontier Diplomacy During the Seven Years’ War ANNABEL G. LABRECQUE History Asymmetric Campaign Advertising: Partisan Differences in 2014 23 Congressional Campaign Advertisements DANIEL A. WETTER Political Communication Examining the 2007 Redenomination of the Ghanaian Cedi on the 37 Disinflation Process Using the Chow Structural Break Test and VAR RIKI MATSUMOTO International Economics The Role of Pension Funds in the Development of Capital Markets in 47 Latin America JUAN PABLO POCH Financial Economics Meet the Staff 63 iv 1 KEYWORDS: atherosclerosis, psoriasis, inflammation, FDG-PET/CT, MRI Association Between Aortic Vascular Inflammation by PET/CT and Aortic Distensibility by MRI in Psoriasis PARAG SHUKLA1,2, AMIT DEY2, AGASTYA BELUR2, JACOB GROENENDYK2, YOUSSEF ELNABAWI2, ADITYA GOY- AL2, JUSTIN RODANTE2, LEONARD GENOVESE2, MARK AHLMAN2, MARTIN PLAYFORD2, NEHAL MEHTA2 1 PSYCHOLOGY, CCAS ‘18, [email protected] 2 The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MD ABSTRACT Introduction: Globally, 18 million people die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) annually, making it the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, inflammation has been established as a key cause of CVD, but the effects of anti-inflammatory treatment on cardiovascular (CV) risk remains poorly understood. Psoriasis (PSO), a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with increased CV events, provides an ideal clinical model to study the role of inflammation in CV disease. Aortic vascular inflammation (VI) by [18F]- fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT as well as aortic distensibility (AD) by MRI, are important markers of subclinical CV disease and have been shown to predict future CV events. Following subclinical markers, such as AD, enables physicians to make judicious treatment decisions before CV events such as stroke, myocardial infarction, or angina occur. Our study demonstrates a novel association between VI and AD in patients with chronic inflammatory disease. Hypothesis: A reduction in aortic vascular inflammation (VI), measured by PET/CT, will associate with increased AD, measured by MRI at 1-year. Methods: Consecutively recruited PSO patients (N=50) underwent whole-body PET/CT scans to quantify VI as target- to-background ratio (TBR). Descending aorta contours on MRI were traced throughout the cardiac cycle [Qflow, Medis] to measure AD. Longitudinal changes in aortic VI and AD were analyzed by multivariable regression. Results: The cohort was middle aged (mean ± SEM: 49.8 ±1.9 years), mostly male (56%), had low CVD risk, and mild-to-moderate PSO. At 1-year follow up, patients had a median improvement in PSO severity of 40% (p<0.001) with use of biological therapy (28/50 patients) while aortic VI decreased by 8% (1.81 ± 0.05 vs 1.67 ± 0.04, p<0.001) and AD increased by 10% (0.61 ± 0.03 vs 0.67 ± 0.04, p=0.04). Reduction in aortic VI was associated with an improvement in AD beyond traditional CV risk factors, statin use, and systemic/biologic PSO therapy (β =-0.36, p=0.04). Conclusion: Improvement in aortic VI in patients with psoriasis by PET/CT is associated with improvement in AD by MRI at 1-year, suggesting that treatment of inflammation may have a favorable impact on functional characteristics of the aorta. These findings further advance our understanding of the role of inflammation in CVD and the utility of MRI for inflammatory CVD risk prediction. Our novel findings can help improve the accuracy of CVD risk prediction, enable physicians to make evidence-based decisions, and decrease the global economic burden of cardiovascular disease on healthcare systems. • INTRODUCTION of morbidity and mortality worldwide (Roth et al., 2017). In recent years, inflammation has been Globally, 18 million people die from cardiovascular established as a key cause of CVD (Libby, Ridker, & disease (CVD) annually, making it the leading cause Maseri, 2002), but the effects of anti-inflammatory THE GW UNDERGRADUATE REVIEW • VOLUME 1 2 treatment on cardiovascular (CV) risk remain to be AD. A contour