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Violence, Society, and the War for the Kentucky and Trans- Appalachian Frontier, 1774-1795

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Violence, Society, and the War for the Kentucky and Trans- Appalachian Frontier, 1774-1795 University of Dundee DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Walking the line of fire: violence, society, and the war for the Kentucky and Trans- Appalachian Frontier, 1774-1795 Reid, Darren Award date: 2011 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Walking the line of fire: violence, society, and the war for the Kentucky and Trans- Appalachian Frontier, 1774-1795 Darren Reid 2011 University of Dundee Conditions for Use and Duplication Copyright of this work belongs to the author unless otherwise identified in the body of the thesis. It is permitted to use and duplicate this work only for personal and non-commercial research, study or criticism/review. You must obtain prior written consent from the author for any other use. Any quotation from this thesis must be acknowledged using the normal academic conventions. It is not permitted to supply the whole or part of this thesis to any other person or to post the same on any website or other online location without the prior written consent of the author. Contact the Discovery team ([email protected]) with any queries about the use or acknowledgement of this work. Walking the Line of Fire Violence, Society, and the War for the Kentucky and Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 1774-1795 Darren R. Reid PhD Thesis University of Dundee November, 2011 2 For Connor 3 ‘This is the showing-forth of inquiry of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, so that neither what has come to be from man in time might become faded, nor that great and wondrous deeds, those shown forth by Greeks and those by barbarians, might be without their glory; and together with all this, also through what cause they warred with each other.’ Herodotus, The Histories 4 Contents List of Illustrations ......................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 6 Declaration .................................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter One ................................................................................................................................ 41 Chapter Two ................................................................................................................................ 74 Chapter Three ........................................................................................................................... 107 Chapter Four ............................................................................................................................. 137 Chapter Five .............................................................................................................................. 165 Chapter Six ................................................................................................................................ 189 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 236 5 List of Illustrations Map of Kentucky and the surrounding country Diagram Illustrating Violence as a Mechanism Map showing spread of violence in Kentucky and southern Ohio, 1775-1780 Detail of Map showing spread of violence in Kentucky and southern Ohio, 1775-1780 Map showing spread of violence in Kentucky and southern Ohio, 1781-1786 Detail of Map showing spread of violence in Kentucky and southern Ohio, 1781-1786 Map showing spread of violence in Kentucky and southern Ohio, 1787-1794 Detail of Map showing spread of violence in Kentucky and southern Ohio, 1787-1794 Pie Chart Showing Predominance of Violent Memories in the Shane Interviews (Men) Pie Chart Showing Predominance of Violent Memories in the Shane Interviews (Women) Pie Chart Showing Predominance of Violent Memories in the Shane Interviews (Both Genders) 6 Acknowledgements First and foremost I owe a significant debt to my wife, Keira, for the endless patience, support and love she has shown throughout this process. I also owe no small debt to my parents, siblings, in-laws, grandparents and various other loved ones (too numerous to mention) for their continuous encouragement. Also, of course, I would like to thank my son, Connor. As far as this specific work goes, by far my largest debt it owed to Matthew C. Ward whom I gratefully acknowledge for providing an unparalleled level of support and feedback. Your kind guidance will forever guide my work. Thank you. In addition I would also like to acknowledge the other members of Doctor Ward’s research team, Catriona M. Paul and Richard McMahan, for countless hours of lively discussion, debate, and friendship. Special thanks are also extended to Blair Smith and all of the staff and postgraduates at the University of Dundee. I would also like to acknowledge all of the individuals at the many historical societies and archives who aided me in my research. I would like to thank all at the Filson Historical Society, but I would like to single out Jacob Lee, Michael Veech, Sarah-Jane Poindexter and Robin Wallace for the particular aid they offered. Thanks, too, is owed to all of the staff at the Kentucky Historical Society, particularly R. Darrell Meadows and Tony Curtis. Additionally, I would like to thank all at the Ohio Historic Society and the University of Kentucky Archives. Finally, I owe no small debt to John D. Shane and Lyman C. Draper. Your work endures; as does your memory. 7 Declaration This is to certify that this thesis was authored solely by Darren R. Reid. All references have been consulted by the author and the work of which this thesis is a record has been carried out by that same individual. This piece of work has not previously been accepted for a higher degree. Darren R. Reid Abstract One of the most understudied frontiers, the Kentucky frontier was also one of the most violent. For twenty years this region was affected by a bloody war that came to involve the new settler population, numerous Indian tribes, the British, and the American government. More than a border war, the battle for Kentucky and the trans-Appalachian west came to define the communities which grew up in its midst, altering world views, attitudes, and compounding prejudices. It is the purpose of this thesis to accomplish two goals: first, this work will tackle the lack of recent scholarship on this region by providing a detailed history of the Kentucky frontier during the American Revolution and its subsequent period. The second goal of this thesis is to study, analyse and understand how the violence generated by the war with the Indians helped to shape settler society. By thinking of violence not purely as the result of other, more potent social forces – racism, economic fears, competition for land – it is possible to study and understand its formative impact upon early American society. From the short term development of vendetta fuelled warfare to the long term impact this war had upon relations between white and Native America, the war for the trans-Appalachian west saw violence taking on a particularly important, particularly formative role. Map of Kentucky and the surrounding country Introduction September, 1786. Under the command of Benjamin Logan over three hundred settlers departed the hotly contested borderland of Kentucky, bound for the Indian territories north of the Ohio River. This movement of civilians was not an attempt to the settle the northern part of the country. Nor was it an attempt to explore, scout, or chart the Indians’ remaining lands. Instead, Logan’s forces crossed the Ohio River with the intention of attacking, defeating and – hopefully – crippling the Indian tribes with whom the settlers of the trans-Appalachian west had been locked in an unrestricted war for more than a decade.1 By the time Logan led his followers into Ohio thousands of settlers had been killed, injured, or taken into captivity during the course of the frontier war.2 Like the other settler campaigns which had been launched against the Indians since the outbreak of hostilities, Logan’s campaign had been designed to push the war’s centre of gravity away from the burgeoning settlements of the frontier – of central Kentucky, western Pennsylvania, western Virginia, and Tennessee – and into the Indian’s heartland. In this regard, however, the expedition was largely a failure.3
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