Albania t^oday

POLITICAL AND INFORMATIVE REVIEW / TIRANA N° 1 (62) / 1982 Like the entire Albanian people, the miners, too, celebrated January 11th, the day of the proclamation of the PSRA, with new achievements in the accomplishment of their tasks

Workers of the <

Directives of the 8th Congress of the PLA for the 7th Five-year Plan (1981-1985) of economic and cultural development of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania 2 Socialist Albania will always remain loyal to the great cause

of socialism and the revolution 14 ADIL CARCANI Outstanding enrichment of the history of the National Liberation War -

a source of lessons for the future 20 ARBEN PUTO

A sharp and powerful ideological weapon 26 ZERI I POPULLIT The loyalty of the PLA to Marxism-Leninism - basis of all its victories 30 SOTIR MANUSHI The progress of culture

and the general progress of the nation 34 HAMIT BEQJA From the life of the Country 40 How is Titoite Yugoslavia going

to the 12th Congress of the LCY? 5o SKENDER OSUMI Press Review 57 DIRECTIVES OF THE 8t FOR THE 7th FIVE- OF ECONOMIC AND CU] OF THE PEOPLE'S OF A

THE 6th FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1976-1981) MARKED ANOTHER GLORIOUS PERIOD IN THE STRUG• GLE OF OUR PARTY AND PEOPLE TO CARRY FORWARD THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM, TO STRENGTHEN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORDER AND THE DEFENCE OF THE PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA, TO RAISE THE MATERIAL AND CULTURAL WELL-BEING OF THE PEOPLE AND TO TEMPER THE SOCIALIST CONSCIOUSNESS OF OUR NEW MAN. OVER THIS PERIOD THE FORCES OF PRODUCTION WERE FURTHER DEVELOPED AND THE SOCIAL PRODUCT ASSUMED LARGER PROPORTIONS, THE SOCIALIST RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION WERE IMPROVED, EDU• CATION AND CULTURE WERE RAISED TO A HIGHER LEVEL, AND THE TECHNICAL-SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION DEEPENED FURTHER. THE MAJOR VICTORIES WHICH WERE ACHIEVED IN ALL FIELDS OF LIFE IN THE LAST FIVE- YEAR PLAN ARE INCONTESTABLE EVIDENCE OF THE SUPERIORITY AND VITALITY OF OUR SO• CIALIST ORDER. THEY HAVE THE CORRECT MARXIST-LENINIST LINE Of THE PARTY AT THEIR FOUNDATIONS AND ARE THE FRUIT OF THE CONSCIOUS AND TIRELESS WORK OF THE BROAD WORKING MASSES OF TOWN AND COUNTRYSIDE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HISTO• RIC DECISIONS OF THE 7th CONGRESS OF THE PARTY. THESE VICTORIES WERE ACHIEVED IN THE SPECIFIC AND VERY DIFFICULT CONDITIONS OF THE SAVAGE IMPERIALIST-REVISIONIST ENCIRCLEMENT AND BLOCKADE, IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DIFFICULTIES CREATED BY THE HOSTILE AND SABOTAGE ACTIVITY OF THE CHINESE REVISIONISTS AGAINST OUR COUNTRY, OF THE SHARPENING OF THE CLASS STRUGGLE IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA, AND THE DEEPENING Ci- THE WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS. THE GIGANTIC STRUGGLE OF OUR PARTY AND PEOPLE CAUSED THE IGNOMINIOUS DEFEAT OF ALL THE EFFORTS OF THE ENEMIES TO IMPEDE AND DIVERT US FROM THE ROAD OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM. IN THIS STRUGGLE THE STEEL AND UNBREAKABLE UNITY OF THE PARTY AND THE PEOPLE WAS FURTHER STRENGTHENED, OUR HOMELAND AND ECONOMY EMERGED MORE POWERFUL THAN EVER FROM IT. AT A TIME WHEN THE CAPITALIST ECONOMY, BOURGEOIS AND REVISIONIST, HAS BEEN EVER MORE DEEPLY IMMERSED IN A WHIRL-POOL OF CONTRA• DICTIONS AND CRISES, OUR ECONOMY HAS CONTINUOUSLY BUILT UP ITS STABILITY AND CREATED A POWERFUL BASE FROM WHICH IT WILL MARCH AHEAD AT MORE RAPID RATES, RELYING COMPLETELY ON OUR OWN FORCES. THE STRUGGLE AGAINST IMPERIALISM AND MODERN REVISIONISM, THE UNWAVERING DEFENCE OF MARXISM-LENINISM AGAINST THE ATTACKS AND DISTORTIONS OF THE BOUR• GEOISIE AND ALL THE CURRENTS OF OPPORTUNISM AND REVISIONISM, THE RESOLUTE SUP• PORT WHICH OUR PARTY AND PEOPLE GIVE THE STRUGGLE OF THE PEOPLES FOR FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE, THE CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE OF THE WARMONGERING POLICY OF THE TWO SUPERPOWERS — US IMPERIALISM AND SOVIET SOCIAL-IMPERIALISM, AS WELL AS THE CHINESE REVISIONISTS, HAVE FURTHER INCREASED THE AUTHORITY AND STRENG• THENED THE INTERNATIONAL POSITION OF SOCIALIST ALBANIA. CONGRESS OF THE PLA EAR PLAN (1981-1985) rURAL DEVELOPMENT OCIALIST REPUBLIC BANIA

THE FULFILMENT OF THE MAIN TASKS OF THE 6th FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1976-1980) OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY AND CULTURE

In the last five-year plan the economy and culture of with consistency, the role of industry, as the leading branch our country reached a new, higher, stage of development. of the economy, for the more extensive exploitation of The volume of production was further increased and im• the natural assets, for the increase of the degree of their portant improvements were made to the structure of so• local processing and for the development of the other bran• cial product. ches of the economy, was further raised. Total industrial Although the Chinese revisionists cut off the credits production over the last five-year plan increased at an to and brolie other economic relations with our country, average annual rate o( 6.1 per cent. New branches of in• on which the attainment of some important objectives of dustry, such as the ferrous metallurgy, the deep processing the 6th Five-year Plan was based, the Party appealed to of oil, the processing of ferro-chrome, etc were, set up, the whole people, mobilized and led the working masses and the material and technical base of the existing bran• in the fulfilment of the main tasks of the state plan. ches of the extracting and processing industry was further With the measures which were taken for continuing expanded. the building of the projects abandoned half-finished and During the past five-year plan priority was given to sabotaged by the Chinese revisionists, in the period the branches of the production of the means of production. 1979-1980, against the period 1976-1978, our economy de• In 1980 the specific weight of the group A in total indus• veloped at higher rates, relying completely on its own trial production accounted for 64 per cent, against 56.8 forces, without any aid and credit from abroad. In this per cent in 1975. The electric power industry was further manner, during the last two years of the five-year plan strengthened, thus fulfilling all the growing needs of the social product increased at an average of 4.9 per cent as country and becoming one of the important sources for against 4.2 per cent in the period 1976-1980, at a time when the increase of exports. Important successes were achieved the average annual rate of increase of total industrial in the discovery of new oil and gas fields, which increased production was 17 per cent higher against the same period. the industrial reserves. In 1980, as against 1975, coal ex• Total social product in 1980 increased 24.4 per cent traction increased 63 per cent and the production of elec• against 1975, or twice as rapidly as the growth of the po• tric power from hydro-power plants threefold. pulation. The mechanical industry developed at high rates and • - By applying the economic policy of the Party for the attained the main task of fulfilling 95 per cent :of the deepening of the socialist industrialization of the country needs of the economy with locally produced spare parts, 4 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY

Important steps ahead were made in the increase ot the ists with our country, secured new markets for the sale production of machinery and equipment. Industrial pro• of our goods of export and increased the export-import vo• duction in this branch in 1980, as against 1975, was 57.7 lume in general. per cent greater. Notable progress was also made in all All these attainments were another important step on the other branches of the heavy industry, extracting and the road of the transformation of Albania into an industrial- processing, such as in that of chromium, copper, the chemi• agricultural country. cal industry, the industry of building materials, the paper Thanks to the solicitude of the Party and the measures and wood-working industries, etc. that were applied, the standard of living of the working During the 6th Five-year Plan the production of con• masses was maintained and improved. The real incomes sumer goods assumed further development. For many im• per capita of the population have been further increased, portant products of the light and food industries, the its buying power also increased, and the socialist trade average annual rates of their increase was from 2.2 to better fulfilled the needs of the population for consumer 6.5 times higher than the average annual rate of the growth goods in quantity, structure and quality. High rates cha• of the population. racterized the increase of the sectors of communal servi• In the 6th Five-year Plan our socialist agriculture ces. At a time when inflation, steep price rises, unemploy• made fresh progress on the basis of the intensification of ment and other negative phenomena hit the standard of production in its different branches. Agricultural produc• living of the working people in the capitalist and revisionist tion for the five years taken together, against the production countries, in our country taxes have been abolished long of the 5th Five-year Plan, was 21.4 per cent greater. The ago, prices of goods and charges for services are stable and cooperativist peasantry and the other agricultural workers house rents are very low. In our country there is no in• consolidated their great victory — the achievement of self- flation, unemployment, and economic emigration. sufficiency in bread grain for the entire population. This, Socialist education and culture assumed further de• together with the increase of other agricultural and live• velopment. Their role in the entire work of the Party for stock production, further raised the role of our socialist the communist education of the working masses has been agriculture in the independent development of our coun• raised to a higher level. About 20,000 higher cadres of va• try by fulfilling the needs of the papulation, industry and rious specialities, or 57 per cent more than in the 5th export, better. Five-year Plan, have been trained. The quality of the These achievements were the base for the further training of specialists in the higher schools and of the strengthening of the material-technical base of agriculture. qualified workers and other specialists in the secondary Alongside the increase of the number of tractors and other schools has been improved. farming machines, the acreage under irrigation increased by Progress has also been made in the health service, in about 40,000 hectares, the production of chemical fertilizers the protection and imprc^^ement of the people's health. in 1980, against 1975, increased 50 per cent. Important There have been successes in the development of hygiene steps ahead were also taken in the more rational use of in the towns and villages, work and production centres the material-technical base, which was achieved through and in the protection of the environment from pollution. the application of advanced technique and technology for The successes in the development of the economy and building up the fertility of the land and good administra• culture and the all-round struggle for the establishment of tion of livestock. a strict regime of savings everywhere helped further During the 6th Five-year Plan the volume of investments strengthen the financial situation of the country and in• made for the development of the economy and culture was creased the buying power of the lek. The state budget has 15 per cent greater than in the 5th Five-year Plan. Many uninterruptedly financed the growing expenditure for the important economic and socio-cultural projects, which development of the economy, the social and cultural sectors further strengthened the material-cultural base of the and the strengthening of the defence capacity of the Home• economy in general and of its specific branches, especially land. in industry and agriculture, were set up and came into An invaluable contribution to the all-round develop• production. ment of the country was made by the uninterrupted deve• Further development was marked also by the other lopment of the technical-scientific revolution which has branches and sectors of the economy and culture. The solved with success many problems of the advance of the volume of the goods • transport during the rpast five-year economy, ciilture and of the strengthening of the defence plan increased 30 per cent^ thus ensuring a better ful• capacity of the country. filment of the needs of the economy for the movement of Relying on the above-mentioned achievements in all goods in time. the spheres of the socio-economic activity of the country, Foreign trade, with the measures which were taken, the 8th Congress concluded that the main task set by the overcame the difficulties and obstacles created by the break• 7th Congress of the Party for the 6th Five-year Plan was ing off of the economic relations of the Chinese revision• fulfilled with success. ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 5

Based on these achievements, on the material and fi• as well as on the discussion and examination of the draft nancial resources and possibilities of our country, which of the 7th Five-year Plan (1981-1985), the 8th Congress will be increased in the future, on the studies made for of the PLA approves these directives of the 7th Five-year the development of the various branches and sectors of Plan of the development of the economy and culture of the material production and the social and cultural sectors, the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.

II THE MAIN DIRECTIONS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY AND CULTURE FOR THE 7th FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1981-1985)

Guided by the general line of the Party relying on the tion and strengthening the regime of savings in the pro• revolutionary enthusiasm and lofty patriotism of the duction in the social and cultural sectors; people, on the material-technical basis created up to now through the all-round progress of science and the de• and the socialist relations of production, the 8th Congress velopment of the technical-scientific revolution, further of the PLA endorses this fundamental task for the 7th enhancing their role for the development and application Five-year Plan (1981-1985): *The general development of of advanced technology an a broad scale and the solution the economy, relying completely on our own forces, on of socio-economic problems of the construction of socialism the basis of deepening the socialist industrialization of the in our country; country, the strengthening and intensification of agricul• through the constant strengthening of the socialist pro• ture, raising the efficiency of the economy, the development perty, especially in the countryside, improvement of the of the technical-scientific revolution and perfecting the forms of remuneration, the strengthening of the scien• socialist relations of production, in order to guarantee and tific character of the organization and planned manage• gradually raise the material well-being and the cultural ment of the economy and culture, on the basis of the prin• level of the masses of the working people and to further ciple of democratic centralism and improvement of the strengthen the socialist order and the defence capacity of organizational structure in compliance with the needs of the Homeland.» development. This objective will be achieved: The main indicators of the development of the economy through the rapid development of industry to ensure during the 7th Five-year Plan (1981-1985) are to rise as continuation of the construction of a multi-branched, com• follows: plex industry, by strengthening the existing branches and setting up new branches, giving priority to increasing heavy Increase per cent extracting and processing industry, in the first place, to 1985 against 1980 the energy industry, the mining and processing industries and the engineering industry, as well as by developing in• Total social product 34-36 dustry producing mass consumer goods in keeping with National income 35-37 the needs of the people and the economy, and improving Total industrial production 36-38 the structure and quality of these goods; Total agricultural production (in the 7th Five-year Plan, as against the 6th Five-year Plan, for the five through the rapid progress and intensification of agri• years taJien together) 30-32 cultural production, by introducing and applying the new Fundamental investments (in the 7th Five-year achievements of science and advanced experience on a Plan, as against the 6th Five-year Plan, for the five broader scale, with the aim of ceaselessly increasing the years taken together) 22-24 production of bread grain, and high rates of increase of Transt>ort of goods (ton/kilometres) 34-36 other agricultural and livestock products to ensure ever Circulation of retail goods 22-24 better supplies of those products to meet the needs of the Exports 58-60 people, the economy and defence; Productivity of social labour 12-14 through further increasing the effectiveness of the so• Productivity of labour in industry 13-15 cial product and the use of the national income, especially Productivity of labour in construction 14-16 in investments and fundamental construction, while in• Real income per head of population 8-10 creasing profitability in the branches of material produc• Total financial income 34-36 6 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY The targets envisaged for the 7th Five-year Plan are the economy for these products and increased exports of more majestic than those of all the previous five-year plans, them. the more so, because this will be the first five-year plan The development of the oil and gas industry carried out by our Party and people relying entirely on our will be the main task in the field of energy. In 1985, as own forces, without any aid or credit from abroad, and against 1980, oil extraction will increase 58-60 per cent. will achieve high rates of development in all branches of The increase in the extraction of oil and gas will be se• the economy and culture, in aggravated international con• cured from the existing fields which are under exploita• ditions and circumstances. tion, and from those known and proved. The exploitation The targets envisaged for the 7th Five-year Plan are of all the oil and gas fields will be improved by the use realistic and scientific. As always, they are founded on of the most rational, scientifically based methods and. the the universal laws and basic principles of scientific so• employment of secondary and intensification methods must cialism, as well as the real possibilities which our economy be extended widely to bring about an appreciable increase has to attain these targets. in the coefficient of the oil extraction from sandy and lime• To fulfil all these magnificent objectives of the 7th stone formations. Technical-scientific discipline must be Five-year Plan requires further mobilization of all the in• strengthened and efficiency raised, especially in the sector ternal resources and reserves that our economy has and of drilling for oil and gas. Work must be stepped up to will create, requires that everybody should thoroughly bring into exploitation the mines and processing plants understand and make the maximum efforts to carry out for bituminous sands, while improving their technical-fi• all the tasks that emerge from the situation in which our nancial indices. country is developing, especially the application of the In the oil refineries the quality of liquid fuels will be principle of self-reliance by all the working collectives improved and the range of products increased in com• of town and countryside, the raising to a higher level of pliance with the needs of the economy and the technolo• the work of the Party and all its levers for the revolu• gical losses will be reduced. tionary education and tempering of our new man through The extraction of cool and the measures to improve the development of the ideological and cultural revolution, its quality and the maximum extension of the use of coal always on the basis of Marxism-Leninism. to replace liquid fuels will be among the most important tasks for the working people of the energy industry and other consumers. In 1985, as against 1980, coal extraction will increase about 48 per cent. 1. DEVELOPMENT Production of electric power in 1985 will increase OF INDUSTRY about 16 per cent as against 1980. Most of the increase, about 14 per cent, will come from hydro-power stations. During the 7th Five-year Plan industry will be de• We must work for a more rational utilization of the veloped and consolidated further, first of all, through more complete and rational utilization of the natural assets of waters of the hydro-power stations during the whole year the country, more efficient utilization of the existing pro• and for more economical exploitation of thermal-power duction capacities and extension and reconstruction of stations, as well as for a high level of readiness of them them, as well as through the construction of new projects, to ensure uninterrupted supplies of electric power to the giving priority to the production of means of production. consumers. In 1985, as against 1980, the production of means of pro• A strict regime of savings with scientifically studied duction (Group A) will increase 38-40 per cent, while the norms of consumption of energy products and liquid production of consumer goods (Group B) will increase fuels and rigorous checkup on their application is neces• 33-35 per cent. sary. Geological prospecting for minerals will be stepped The mineral extracting industry must be developed at up ensuring increased proved and inferred industrial re• rapid rates, on the basis of the known mineral reserves, serves of oil, gas, and coal, chromium, copper and iron- first of all, by stepping up extraction from and extending nickel ores and other useful minerals, as a basis for the the existing mines. In 1985, as against 1980, extraction of rapid development of the mineral extracting and proces• chromium ore will increase 29 per cent, copper ore about sing industry for the longest possible period. The effecti• 53 per cent, iron-nickel about 2.5 times. The extraction veness of the use of the material-technical base and in• of phosphorites, quartzite, rock salt, marble blocks, do• vestments in the field of geological prospecting will be lomite, olivinite, bauxite magnezium, nickel-silicate, ala• enhanced by employing advanced scientific methods and baster, etc will be increased in conformity with the needs doing more all-embracing complex studies. of the economy. Priority must be given to the development of the Along with the exploitation of reserves of high-grade energy industry to increase energy products at more rapid ores, extraction of low-grade ores will also increase, while rates, ensuring the fulfilment of the growing needs of at the same time extending their enrichment. In the ex- ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 7 traction and processing of minerals, including coal, the Extensive use will be made of alternative, more readily level of mechanization will be increased and new techno• available materials to replace the use of timber to the logies introduced for their extraction and enrichment, while maximum. In 1985, as against 1980, production of the ensuring an appreciable reduction in losses and impove• paper industry will increase 22-24 per cent. rishment during the extraction of minerals and technolo• Light and food-processing industry will be developed gical waste during the enrichment process. . through more complete exploitation of the productive ca• Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy will be developed pacities in use and improvement of the technique and rapidly in order to further raise the level of processing of technology. Its role will be further increased in order to mineral raw materials locally. In 1985, as against 1980, fulfil the needs of the people for mass consumer goods production of rolled steels will increase nearly 76 per cent, ever better, in quantity, structure and quality. carbonic ferro-chrome about threefold and blister copper In 1985, as against 1980, the production of light in• about 28 per cent. The range and types of steels, copper dustry will increase 38-40 per cent while that of the food products, etc will be extended and the technical, econo• industry 23-25 per cent. Radical improvements will be mic and financial indices of the exploitation of the plants made in the quality of products, by continually upgrading producing them will be improved appreciably. quality standards over a wide range of products and in• The engineering industry will ensure that the produc• creasing the number of new products and the range of tive capacities and the means in use in the economy are assortments, by working with greater initiative and ima• kept in full working order, and that production of machi• gination. Tendencies towards globalism will be resolutely nery and equipment to meet the needs for extensions and combated in order to ensure a rapid increase in supplies reconstructions and building new projects relying on our of small and very small items. own forces and for raising the level of mechanization of work processes is rapidly increased. During the 7th Five- year Plan the total production of the engineering industry will increase 43-45 per cent, reconditioning of spare parts 2. DEVELOPMENT 54-56 per cent and the production of machinery and equip• OF AGRICULTURE ment 56-58 per cent. Continuous improvement of the organization and ma• To ensure ever better fulfilment of the needs of the nagement of the engineering industry through the further people and the economy for agricultural and livestock development of cooperation, specialization and concentra• products requires that our socialist agriculture should tion, the timely preparation of high quality technological proceed more rapidly on the road of intensification of pro• and structural designs for machinery and equipment and duction, by increasing the yields in agriculture, livestock- placing the production and reconditioning of spare parts on farming and fruit-growing on the basis of more scientific more advanced technological foundations, will be the main treatment of the soil, further improvement of seeds and ways to ensure tulfilment of the tasks for increased pro• breeds, better regionalization and specialization of pro• duction in this branch, the more rational utilization of duction, as well as improvement of the socialist relations steels and the improvement of the quality of products. of production. In the 7th Five-year Plan average total an• nual agricultural production will increase 30-32 per cent In 1985 the production of the chemioaJ industry will as against the 6th Five-year Plan. More than 90 per cent be 62-65 per cent greater than in 1980. The needs of agri• of the increase of agricultural production in the 7th Five- culture for chemical fertilizers and pesticides will be ful• year Plan will be secured from the increase in produc• filled better. Production of important products, such as tivity. soda ash, caustic soda, PVC, metallurgical coke, sulphuric Production of bread grain remains the principal task acid, detergents, etc will increase. Experimented work will in this five-year plan, too. Over the 5 years it will in• be done to master the technology and produce new che• crease about 20 per cent in comparison with the 6th micals which are still imported. Five-year Plan. The stability in the increase in total The building materials industry will be developed in production and the yield rates of wheat will be consolidated conformity with the needs of the economy and the people and a radical improvement in increasing maize production and the quality and structure of the products "will be will be achieved. The average annual yield per hectare of improved by mastering the technology and producing light maize will increase 39 per cent, as against the last five- materials on a large scale and reducing t-heir cost, with year plan. Measures for the proper administration and the aim of ensuring the most effective use of the funds saving of grain will be strengthened in every direction. allocated for construction-installation work. In 1985 the Industrial crops will be appreciated better and measures produ<:tion of the- building materials industry, will be about taken to increase production of them rapidly. Average an• 20-22 per cent higher than in. 1980.. nual production of sugar-beet will increase. 41-44 per cent,, The-timber and paper - in4ustry will-develop .-while sunflower 56-58 per cent, cotton 55-58 per. cent, and tobacco making better use of-the resources of the-country's forests. 46-49 per cent, as against the 6th Five-year Plan. 8 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY Special importance will be given to increasing pro• of forests. Better work will be done for the conservation duction of potatoes, vegetables and dried beans, producing and treatment of wild animals. all kinds of them in the necessary quantities and ensuring All measures will be taken for the desalination and early crops. cultivation of reclaimed coastal land, for the improvement Measures will be taken in the lowlands and coastal of acid soils and the systematization of land in the hilly regions of the country to achieve a higher level of intensi• and mountainous zones on rapid rates, along with the fication of agricultural production. To this end, there will further improvement and systematization of land in the be a concentration and more rational use of the material plains. base, agricultural machinery, investments and human la• Another 50-51 thousand hectares will be added to the bour on more than 100 thousand hectares of this area, area under irrigation and measures taken to maintain- the while at the same time improving the socialist relations capacities of the irrigating projects already in use. The of production. area with permanent underground drainage will be in• Animal products must be increased at more rapid creased to about 93 thousand hectares in 1985, and the use rates. In 1985, as against 1980, milk production will in• of chemical fertilizers and pesticides will be increased. crease 30-32 per cent, meat 53-55 per cent, eggs 50-52 per During the 7th Five-year Plan, 26 thousand hectares of cent and wool 34-36 per cent. Measures will be taken to virgin land will be broken in. put meat production on more scientific foundations. The more efficient use of the material-technical base The main task in livestock-raising is to increase the of agriculture, combining it better with the increase in yield of products per head of animal. Priority must be the work force, will be the main factor and reserve for given to rapidly increasing the fodder base, while making the increase in agricultural and livestock products. Along a radical change to ensure the rational use of foods for with the strengthening of measures for the scientific treat• the livestock, and increasing the rates of breed impro• ment and rational use of the land and Building up its vement of all kinds of animals through the adoption of fertility, the effectiveness of the use of chemical fertilizers complex measures. The numerical increase in livestock and organic manure will increase, too. and poultry will be made with improved breeds of high The fulfilment of targets in agriculture will also be productivity. based on the further strengthening of its material-technical In order to ensure the necessary food base for the base and making all the investments necessary to raise the livestock yield rates from first forage crops will be doubled, fertility of the soiL The mechanization of agricultural work the planting of successional forage crops will be extended, will be increased, in the first place, by better use of the the making of silage will be extended rapidly, all the by• existing tractors, other agricultural machinery and equip• products of field crops will be collected and used econo• ment, and all-round measures will be taken to extend small- mically and measures taken to increase the carrying ca• scale mechanization. pacity of pastures. New technology for the processing of The concentration of production and specialization of harsh foods and concentrates will be introduced widely agricultural economies will be carried further, in keeping in the agricultural economies. Special care must be de• with the economic and natural conditions, and the de• voted to the proper management of the herds formed velopment of agriculture, livestock-raising and fruit• from the personal livestock of the cooperativist households growing will be harmonized better in order to fulfil the the same as for the animals that are collective property. needs of the country for agricultural and livestock products The area planted to fruit trees will be extended and better. enhanced care shown for the development of fruit-growing The recognition, dissemination and application of ad• in general. The completion of existing blocks with the vanced experience will be raised to a higher level and plac• necessary number of trees and the carrying out of all ed on more scientific basis in all the agricultural econo• services according to agrotechnical requirements consti• mies, and persistent work will be done to apply the new tute one of the main directions of the work of the agri• achievements of science and technology in production on cultural economies. a wider scale. Over the five years of the 7th Five-year Plan the production of pip and stone fruit will increase 38-40 per 3. ON ACCUMULATION, cent, grapes 41-44 per cent and citrus fruit 42-45 per cent as against the 6th Five-year Plan. The production of olives INVESTMENTS in the 7th Five-year Plan will increase 68-70 per cent as AND CONSTRUCTION against the 6th Five-year Plan. The national income will increase at rapid rates on The forest economy will be developed further as a thebasi^ of the increase of the social product and the so• complex economy, in order to. fulfil the needs.of the country cial productivity of labour in all branches of thfe economy. better foi: timber and other, forest products, and continuous The distribution and use of the national income will measures will be taken to balance the cutting and growth be carried out on the basis of the requirements of the ob- ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 9 jective economic laws of socialism, giving priority to the higher level, priority will be given to the development of development of the productive sphere and, in the first place, railways, more work will be done and measures taken to to support the advance of the economy, both in industry make a radical turn in the intensification of rail transport. and in agriculture. The product for society will be increased The volume of rail transport of goods in ton/kilometres more rapidly than the product for the individual, through will increase 80-84 per cent in 1985. The building of new the rise in the productivity of labour and strengthening the railway lines and sidings will go on continuously. savings regime everywhere, and priority will be given to The development of transport must ensure the timely increasing the fund of accumulation over the fund of fulfilment of the needs of the economy and the people for consumption, increasing productive accumulation first of the movement of goods and passengers. The organization all. and management of transport will be strengthened, at the In 1985 the fund of accumulation will increase 74-76 base and the centre, for the national exploitation of the per cent as against 1980, while the norm oi accumulation means and the work of various kinds of transport will over the five years of the 7th Five-year Plan will be 31-33 be co-ordinated better. All movements of motor transport per cent. The necessary financial and material funds for parallel with the railways and overlapping in the mo• fundamental investments and constructions, to increase vement of goods will be eliminated. The use of trailers and strengthen the reserves in all the links of the economy will be increased and the road network improved. Measures and to strengthen the defence potential of the Homeland, will be taken for more rapid development of cable-way will be secured on the basis of tne rational use of the transport and internal river transport. fund of accumulation. Post and telecommunications services will be further The volume of investments during the 7th Five-year developed and improved to cope with the growing needs Plan will increase 22-24 per cent and that of construction of the working people and the economy, while further and installation work about 11 per cent above the respec• improving the readiness, quality and culture of services. tive indices of the 6th Five-year Plan. The fundamental in• vestments and constructions will ensure the priority de• velopment of the branches of materi.al production first of all. About 74 per cent of the total volume of investments 5. DEVELOPMENT will be used for the development of industry and agricul• OF FOREIGN TRADE ture. The time required for construction will be reduced on In 1985, as against 1980, the turnover oi goods in all projects and on industrial, agricultural and transport foreign trade will increase 57-59 per cent, giving priority projects in particular, through better concentration of the to exports over imports, so that the balance of exports human forces and material and technical means, and over imports ensures increased currency reserves for the through making full and rational use of the machinery, country. mechanism and means of construction, while a radical Exports of traditional goods will be stepped up and improvement will be made in the quality of building by work will be done to increase the range of new products ensuring the designs, building sites and machinery and for export, utilizing all the resources and possibilities of equipment of the required quality for the new projects the country. On this basis exports of goods in 1985 will on time. increase 58-60 per cent over 1980. The producers must im• Measures will be taken to reduce the costs of building prove the quality, packaging, labelling and market: ng of appreciably, by tightening up discipline in the study and export goods. The organs of foreign trade must improve: drafting of designs and specifications, from both the techno• their work to ensure and extend the markets for ex• logical and the constructional aspects. Lighter structures ports goods. will be used much more extensively, and the work carried Measures must be taken continuously to ensure the out so that the projects can be commissioned stage by stage maximum possible reduction of imports of raw materials, and within the time limits set. machinery and equipment, etc. Only the most indispensable items must be imported. The standard rates set for the use of imported raw and other materials must 4. THE DEVELOPMENT be reduced by replacing imported materials with local OF TRANSPORT AND POST materials, while no machinery, equipment, etc which is produced or could be produced within the country should AND TELECOMMUNICA• be imported, while the machinery and equipment already TIONS SERVICES in use must be fully exploited. The total volume of the transport of goods in 1985 The organs of foreign trade must make greater ef• will be 34-36 per cent greater than in 1980, while in the forts to gain thorough knowledge of the prices and demand enterprises of the Ministry of Communications about 40 for goods on the markets, and make the export-import per cent. In order to raise the efficiency of transport to a trade as profitable as possible. 10 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY In 1985, the turnover of retail goods in the state trade 6. ON THE INCREASE network will be 22-24 per cent higher than in OF THE PRODUCTIVITY 1980. OF LABOUR All the state and economic organs must increase their care to fulfil the requirements of the people for mass con• During the 7th Five-year Plan, 46-48 per cent of the sumer goods of the necessary structure, in quantity, qua• increase of industrial production and 42-44 per cent of the lity and assortment. increase of the volume of construction-installation work The organs of internal trade, in collaboration with the will be secured from the increase in labour productivity. producers, must get to know and study the requirements of The fulfilment of these targets will be achieved through the people better and take measures to improve the plan• further improvement of the socialist organization of labour, ning and distribution of mass consumer goods according the rise in the level of the technical equipment and im• to districts and zones. Services must be provided in a provement of the technology of production in every branch more cultured way and public eating houses, in particular, and sector of the economy. Work must be done everywhere must be improved. to raise the level of mechanization of work processes, There must be increased care for the sale of food• especially in the mines, agriculture and construction. The keeping of records must be improved and control tightened stuffs in the countryside by the agricultural cooperatives to ensure that the technical and technological requirements and the state trade network. Organized concrete measures of work processes and proletarian discipline at work are must be taken to properly fulfil the new tasks that emerge rigorously respected. Remuneration for work done must in this field from the formation of joint herds from the per• be strictly according to quality, quantity and the cost of sonal livestock of the cooperativists. production and services, combating tendencies to pursue In 1985, as against 1980, total services, repairs, main• personal interests to the detriment of the general interest. tenance and other work carried out by communal enter• Work norms must be continuously improved on a more prises to fulfil orders from the people will increase 45-47 profound scientific basis in keeping with the progress of per cent, while in the agricultural cooperatives they will the technique, the enhancement of the consciousness of the increase 80-84 per cent, mainly using workers from the working people and their education and technical-profes• city. During the 7th Five-year Plan communal services sional level. Work must proceed to replace outdated norms in the countryside will be placed on a more organized with new technical norms in every sector of the economy. basis. Measures will be taken to increase the range of re• pairs and services available and raise their quality. Constant care must be shown for the resources of la• bour, the employment of new labour forces, to activize them To improve the housing conditions of the people, nearly on the front of the socialist construction of the country. 50 thousand flats will be built by the state and with volun• The distribution of new labour resources must be carried tary labour during the 7th Five-year Plan. Likewise, the out always maintaining correct proportions between the materials for the cooperativist peasantry to build 31 productive and non-productive spheres. Continuous, wide- thousand houses will be made available. Many villages will ranging educational work must be done with the youth, so be supplied with drinking water and several new water- that they respond to the needs of tne Homeland, as always, supply systems will be built in the towns. to work on the new jobs in the mines, agriculture, construc• The aim of the development of education will be to tion and other branches of the economy. further advance the work at all levels of the educational system, to strengthen the ideological and scientific content of the school, and to ensure a better qualitative training 7. FOR RAISING of the students attending the various categories of schools, which responds properly to the requirements of the present THE MATERIAL and future development of production, science and culture. AND CULTURAL LEVEL In 1985, as against 1980, the number of students at• OF THE WORKING MASSES tending the higher schools will increase 24 per cent. Post• graduate qualification and specialization will be organized With the possibilities created by the development of the economy during the 7th Five-year Plan, the material on sounder scientific foundations. and cultural level of the working masses will be raised. Continuous work will be done to strengthen vocatio• Real per capita income in 1985 will be 8-10 per cent higher nal secondary education, to enrol and maintain the contin• than in 1980. The essential distinctions between town and gents of pupils, especially in the part-time schools, and to countryside will be reduced further, and the funds of so• open new profiles. In 1985, as against 1980, the number of cial consumption will be increased to fulfil the material pupils attending full-time secondary schools will increase and cultural needs of our socialist society. about 46 per cent. ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 11 Pre-school education will be further extended and the sary for the development of the applied sciences and techni• work for the education of children in the kindergartens cal progress. Because of the conditions of our country, will be raised to a higher level, especially in the country• there should be greater insistence on the application of the side. achievements of science and this is where the main forces Art, physical culture and sports will be developed with should be concentrated in scientific-research work. greater mass participation in them and their quality will The range of themes must be extended and the level be raised continuously in order to serve the revolutionary of studies raised in the field of social sciences, especially education and tempering of'the masses better, as well as on the major problems of the revolution and the construc• to assist the mobilization of the masses to carry out the tion of socialism. tasks in the field" of the construction and defence of the country. The health service will be further developed, conti• nually strengthening and extending the all-round prophy• 9. ON THE INCREASE lactic measures for the protection and improvement of the OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES health of the people and the protection of the environ• ment; the quality of the health service, especially ambula• THROUGH tory and emergency services, will be raised. There will be STRENGTHENING improved work for the detection, prevention and treat• THE SAVINGS REGIME ment of diseases. Special attention will be paid to streng• thening the preventive health services for the protection On the basis of the targets for the development of the of the health of mother and child, especially in the country• economy and the increase of the effectiveness of the social side. The service for patients in health institutions will product and the rational use of the national income, be further improved. The role of health propaganda in especially the funds of socialist accumulation, priority improving the health of the people will be enhanced. must be given to increasing the surplus of total financial income over expenditure. Special work must be done at the base and the centre 8. ON THE DEVELOPMENT to strengthen the savings regime everywhere, in everything and continually, to strengthen the control by monetary OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY means. The continuous reduction of costs, while improving AND DESIGNING WORK planning and checkup on fulfilment of the plan of expen• AND THE APPLICATION diture on production, construction, circulation, etc must constitute one of the main sources and factors to increase OF NEW TECHNIQUE the financial means in every enterprise, cooperative and AND TECHNOLOGY the whole economy. IN PRODUCTION Measures must be taken everywhere to achieve consi• derable reductions in the norms of consumption of raw The technical-scientific revolution will be developed and deepened in all branches of the economy and culture and other materials and constantly strengthen their re• on the basis of the Marxist-Leninist policy and world serves in all the links of the economy. outlook of the Party. The reconditioning of various products, raw materials, The work on complex technical-technological and eco• etc, such as motor tyres, plastic materials, lubricating oils, nomic financial scientific studies must be further deepened, must be organized on a sounder basis, while measures in order to raise and improve the indices of production, must be taken everywhere to eliminate off-cuts and waste construction, services, etc, to increase the productivity of and utilise those which are created as raw materials for labour, the effectiveness of expenditure, accumulation, etc. the production of various articles. All the studies in the fields of energy, oil, geology and Measures must be taken to eliminate the losses in mining, electronics, the engineering and chemical in• enterprises and various activities and products, making dustries, in the field of agriculture and livestock-farming, them profitable. The socialist attitude to property must be construction, transport, etc must assist the accomplishment further strengthened and all the necessary measures 'taken of the tasks envisaged by the 7th Five-year Plan and open to ensure that it is not misused and is administered new perspectives for the development of the country in well. the future. On this basis the total financial income in 1985, as More ivork must be done to study and master mathe• against 1980, will increase 34-36 per cent, while total fi• matics, physics, chemistry, biology, etc which are neces• nancial expenditure will increase 33-35 per cent. 12 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY the principle of democratic centralism. The scientific cha• 10. FOR THE REVOLUTIONARY racter of planning and its mobilizing role In the rapid IMPROVEMENT development of the productive forces and in the propor• OF THE SOCIALIST tionate development of the extended sociahst reproduction RELATIONS must be further strengthened. OF PRODUCTION * * * The economic and social development of the country The accomplishment of the majestic tasks of the 7th during the 7th Five-year Plan is also based on the further Five-year Plan, on the basis of the principle of self-reliance improvement of the socialist relations in production, which, and in the existing international situation, requires the as always, must open the way to the development of the further strengthening of the leading role of the Party, the productive forces, the full participation of the working deepening of the class struggle, against internal and ex• class and the broad working masses, in running the state ternal enemies, and alien manifestations of liberalism and the economy and the mobilization and enhancement of and bureaucracy, the raising of the educational, cultural their creative initiative for the construction and defence and technical-profesisional level of the working people and of socialism. improvement of the training and enhancement of the com• The socialist property must be further strengthened, bat readiness of the entire people for the defence of the especially in the countryside, by supporting and taking all Homeland. measures for the application of the revolutionary initiative In endorsing the directives of the 7th Five-year Plan, of the cooperativist peasantry for the formation of joint the 8th Congress of the PLA expresses its deep convinction herds of the livestock belonging to the cooperativist house• that, as always, the working class, the cooperativist peasan• holds, always with the aim of enhancing the interest of try and our entire people, under the leadership of the the cooperativists in strengthening the collective economy, Party and in unshakeable steel unity of thought and so that the great bulk of their income is derived from action, will step up their struggle, efforts and mobilization participation in the joint work in the cooperative. to cope with and smash the savage imperialist-revisionist The relations of distribution must be further improved encirclement and blockade and to successfully fulfil the through the application of the socialist principle of re• tasks which these directives set them. muneration according to the quantity and quality of the During the new five-year plan, the revolution and the work done, while further enhancing the interest of the socialist construction of our country will rise to even great• workers, cooperativists and other working people, and er heights. Socialist Albania will become even more power• strengthening the sense of individual and collective respon• ful, the hfe of the people more prosperous and our socialist sibility for the fulfilment of all the targets of the economic Homeland more flourishing. and financial plan. Control must be strengthened in pro• The guarantees of the marvellous present and the duction and everywhere, so that all possibilities for brilliant future of the people are the correct, Marxist-Le• anyone to take from society more than he contributes to ninist political line of our Party, the wise leadership of it are eliminated. the Party and its Central Committee, with Comrade Measures must be taken for the constant improvement Enver Hoxha at the head, which as always, will lead our of the organization and management of the economy in people to new, even more majestic victories, and raise our all its links, on the basis of the consistent applicalion of Homeland to new heights in the road of socialism. THE 8th CONGRESS OF THE PLA

Tirana. November 6, 1981 The Albanian young woman is a great force in the development of industry. ADIL CARCANI SOCIALIST ALBANIA WII REMAIN LOYAL TO THE OF SOCIALISM AND THu

COMRADE DEPUTIES, 1 EXPRESS MY HEARTFELT THANKS FOR THE GREAT TRUST YOU HAVE PLACED ON ME IN CHARGING ME WITH THE TASK OF CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE PEOPLES SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF AL• BANIA. THIS TRUST BELONGS TO OUR GLORIOUS PARTY, THE ORGANIZER OF ALL THE MAJESTIC VICTORIES OF OUR PEOPLE, BOTH YESTERDAY IN THE WAR FOR LIBERATION AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S STATE POWER, AND TODAY IN THE GREAT WORK FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM. THE TASK WITH WHICH YOU HAVE ENTRUSTED ME IS A GREAT HONOUR AND, AT THE SAME TIME, A TASK OF GREAT RESPONSIBILITY. I ASSURE YOU THAT THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS WHICH WILL BE APPOINTED BY THIS ASSEMBLY, WILL WORK WITH ALL ITS MIGHT TO PUT INTO PRACTICE, FAITHFULLY AND WITH UNWA• VERING DETERMINATION, THE CORRECT MARXIST-LENINIST LINE OF OUR PARTY OF LABOUR FOR THE CON• STRUCTION OF SOCIALISM AND THE DEFENCE OF THE HOMELAND. THE GOVERNMENT WILL WORK TO ENSURE THAT OUR INTERNAL AND FOREIGN POLICY, DEFINED BY THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY, WITH COMRADE ENVER HOXHA AT THE HEAD, WILL SERVE EVER BETTER THE DEFENCE OF THE LOFTY INTERESTS, THE FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE OF THE HOMELAND, THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM, THE INTEREST OF THE REVOLUTION AND THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE IN THE WORLD. The Albanian people, under the leadership of the It sets the course which our country will follow in the Party, have worked with self-denial and achieved majestic construction of socialism during the coming period. This victories in all fields — political, economic and social, have report lays down very important guiding tasks for all the successfully coped with the difficulties created by the sa• organs of the state and the economy, in particular for the vage imperiahst-revlsionist blockade, and have crushed Council of Ministers, and sets clear objectives for the fu• every plan and plot of internal and external enemies ture, which prove that socialism and the dictatorship of the against our country and our socialist order. Our people have proletariat in Albania are becoming ever stronger and that achieved these successes through great political maturity, there is no force which can disturb them. The Council of through a great mobilization of their creative energies, and Ministers and all the state organs, under the leadership of through a steel unity around the Party and Comrade the Party, will work with all their strength to carry out Enver Hoxha, with profound and unshakeable confidence completely all the majestic tasks which the Congress set. in the cause of socialism and communism. The successful holding of the 8th Congress of the Party Comrade Deputies, and the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the founding of our heroic Party, have created a revolutionary atmos• Allow me, on the basis of the Constitution and the Re• phere, aroused great enthusiasm for work, and further gulations of the People's Assembly, to propose to the enhanced the mobilization of the working class, the coope- People's Assembly, in accord with the opinion of the Cen• rativist peasantry and all the working masses to carry out tral Committee of the Party, the following composition for and overfulfil the many tasks set by the Congress, and the Council of Ministers: have further strengthened the unity of the Party and that of the people around the Party. Clear expressions of this 1. Vice-chairman of the Council of Ministers Manush mobilization and determination of the working masses are Myftiu the revolutionary initiatives of our working people to carry 2. Vice-chairman of the Council of Ministers Pali Miska the construction of socialism steadily forward, relying enti• 3. Vice-chairman of the Council of Ministers and Mi• rely on our own forces. nister of Finance Qirjako Mlhali The report which Comrade Enver Hoxha delivered at 4. Minister of Foreign Affairs Nesti Nase the 8th Congress of the Party of Labour of Albania is a do• 5. Minister of People's Defence Kadri Hazbiu cument of very great importance, a scientific Marxist-Le• 6. Minister of Internal Affairs Hekuran Isai ninist summing-up of the 40 years' experience of our Party. 7. Chairman of the State Planning Commission Petro S-peech on the program and composition of the Council of Dode Ministers delivered by the Chairman of the Council of Mi• 8. Minister of Industry and Mines Llambi Gegprifti nisters of the PSRA, Adil Qargani, at the 8th Session of 9. Minister of Energy Prokop Murra the 9th Legislature of the People's Assembly, January 15, 10 Minister of Light and Food Industry Esma Ulqinaku 1982. 11. Minister of Agriculture Themie Thomal ALWAYS EAT CAUSE EVOLUTION

12. Minister of Construction Rahman Hanku For the development of heavy industry, special attention 13. Minister of Communications Luan Babameto will be given to the prospecting, prooving, extraction and 14. Minister of Internal Trade Viktor Nushi processing of useful minerals, putting into circulation new 15. Minister of Foreign Trade Nedin Hoxha minerals which our economj' needs. 16. Minister of Communal Economy Rrapo Dervishi Carrying out the instructions of the Party, the Council 17. Minister of Education and Culture Tefta Cami of Ministers will take measures for the further develop• 18. Minister of Health Llambl Zi?ishti ment of heavy processing industry, the ferrous and non- ferrous metallurgy, and the chemical industry. In this field, As always, the Council of Ministers will be guided in the complex utilization of all the components of our mi• all its activities by the Marxist-Leninist line, directives and nerals and the by-products of industry will be ensured, orientations of the Party. with reduction of expenditure and improved profitability The activity of the Council of Mini.sters will be centred in these branches. on carrying out the tasks for the ceaseless strengthening of The Government faces especially great tasks to carry the people's state power, the dynamic development of the out the instructions of the Party in connection with the full socialist economy and culture, the further strengthening of utilization, in breadth and depth, of the engineering in• the defence capacity of the Homeland, and the defence of dustry, especially for the production of machinery and the victories achieved. equipment needed by various branches of the economy, as In particular, the Council of Ministers will be engaged well as for the building of new lines and factories and the in carrying out the fundamental task of the 7th Five-year reconstruction and modernization of existing ones with our Plan which the 8th Congress of the Party endorsed, to en• own forces. Measures will be taken for the improvement sure the rapid, proportional development of the economy, of the technology of production, for the continuous impro• through the development of the socialist industrialization vement of specialization and cooperation, the application of of the country, the strengthening and intensification of standardization and unification of production, in order to agriculture, increasing the efficiency of the economy, the raise to a higher level the effectiveness of the powerful ceaseless development of the technical-scientific revolution, engineering base which has been established in our country. and the continuous perfection of 'the socialist relations of At the same time, the Council of Ministers will take production, in order to ensure the continuous raising of the measures for the further development of the light and food material and cultural level of the working masses. industry, along with heavy industry, in order to increase The great successes which have .been achieved in the the volume, extend the range and improve the quality of development of the people's economy and culture, have mass consumer goods. This will ensure better stability and accelerated the process of the transformation of socialist continuous improvement of supplies for the people. Albania into an industrial-agricultural country, and have During the years of the people's power our agriculture made our economy stable, with great possibilities to ad• has made great advances. These are the fruit of the correct vance, relying entirely on our own forces. In this context, line which the Party applies for the construction of social• our industry and its leading role in the process of socialist ism in the countryside, and speak of the great superiority construction, have been greatly built up and strengthened. which the socialist order creates. In striving to carry out the tasks of the 8th Congress of Proceeding from the assessment of the Party that agri• the Party, the Council of Ministers will give special atten• culture is the basis of our economy and carrying out the tion to the further strengthening of industry, giving prio• tasks which the 8th Congress of the Party approved, the rity to heavy industry, and especially the energy industry, Council of Ministers will take measures for the further in order to ensure the present and future needs of the development of the intensification of agricultural production economy. In this direction we shall work to guarantee and and the ceaseless improvement of socialist relations in the further improve the positive balance of our energy resour• countryside. The main task will be to increase the pro• ces, especially of fiil, ga.s and electric power, by increasing duction ol' liread gr.jjn, lr> feed Ihe people anil ensure reser• production and applying a strict regime of sa• ves, without diminishing the attention given to other agri• vings. cultural products^ vegetables, industrial crops, and the de- 16 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY velopment of fruit-growing and forests. Special attention ments and constructions approved by the 8th Congress of will be paid to the development of livestock-raising in the Party. Priority will be given, as always, to investments particular, both from the quantitative aspect and in the di• in the productive sphere, to the timely drafting of designs rection of breed improvemsnt and the increase of produc• and specifications, with high quality and low costs, to rais• tivity, as an important source of food for the people and ing the level of mechanization of building work and redu• supplies for the industry. cing the time required for the construction and installation To carry out these tasks, we shall work to secure the of objects that will be built, increasing their economic effec• bulk of the increased production from the increase in yield- tiveness. rates of agricultural crops and the productivity of livestock, The Council of Ministers will take important measures through the more rational utilization of land and agricul- to increase exports of our goods, to improve their structure

The Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the PSBA, Comrade Adil Qargani, presenting the program and composition of the Council of Ministers. tural machinery, the use of high-productivity seeds and and quality, to find new export markets and to sell the breed improvement, and the further perfecting of measures goods profitably. Further measures will be taken also for in connection with the formation of joint herds of the improved organization of the struggle and efforts of the peasants' personal livestock. In particular, the Council of working people to produce within the country many of the Ministers will devote special care to carrying out the tasks goods, machines and items of equipment which we still im• which the 8th Congress of the Party set for the zone with port. a high level of intensification, as well as for the further Keeping in the centre of attention the instruction of the improvement of the socialist relations in this zone. Party that without exports there are no imports, special For the all-round strengthening of the socialist econo• care will be devoted to maintaining and further strengthen• my, special attention wili be given to the timely imple• ing the positive export-import balance, which marks a mentation of the majestic program of fundamental invest- very great success for our country if one bears in mind the ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 17 fact that even many industrially developed states have a town and countryside. Despite the many great obstacles and negative export-import balance today. difficulties created by the imperialist-revisionist encircle• Today socialist Albania, which is building socialism re• ment and blockade, our socialist socio-economic order is lying solely on its own forces, conducts trade with more being developed and consolidated day by day, and the life than 50 states in different regions of the world. In the fu• of our people is becoming happier and more prosperous. ture, too, the Council of Ministers will take measures to In all the rest of the world the financial and economic crisis develop our trade relations in the interests of socialism and is wreaking havoc, prices are rising, and there are marked on the basis of reciprocal benefit and advantage. This shortages of goods in many countries, inflation and unem• correct policy and the results it has achieved refute the fa• ployment are mounting, taxes and the impoverishment of brications of enemies of our country who charge that we are the working masses are increasing, while in our country isolated and alone. Let our enemies prattle as much as they the opposite is occurring. Social production is going up, the wish that we are isolated and alone. Socialist Albania is not national income is increasing, unemployment does not exist, isolated and can never be isolated. At the same time, it will there is no inflation, no price rises, but there is continuous never «open its doors»- in the way that the bourgeoisie and economic stability, a steady increase in the well-being of the revisionists want and conceive the development of trade the people, and the market is full of goods at prices which relations. Our trade relations with any country have not do not alter. These indicators speak of the vitality of been and will not be either <Albanians stand. of Kosova themselves who demanded and continue to de• We have declared and declare again that if the So• mand this. They demand this because their sovereign rights cialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is attacked by any within the Yugoslav Constitution have been violated. The superpower, the People's Socialist Republic of Albania is demands of the Albanians~of Kosova and the other parts attacked, too. In this case, the two countries will be at of Yugoslavia were drowned in blood, the prisons were war against the same enemy. The Yugoslavs have never filled with Albanians, and a savage wave of chauvinist, made such a clear declaration. Why? The sinister aims of terrorist vengeance was raised against them. And those who the Yugoslav leadership are not hard to guess. committed these acts, condemned by the whole progressive One of the obvious dangers that is threatening Yugo• world, concocted slanders and lies, created all sorts of slavia is the Soviet-Bulgarian danger. We have stated pu• baseless theories and suppositions in order to prove what blicly that the Soviets and their satellites, Bulgarian or cannot be proved about things which are not happening other, are among our most savage enemies, therefore, we in Kosova alone. have opposed their aggressive aims towards us and our We have defended and will continue to defend all the neighbours, and will oppose them to the end. This is as rights due to our Albanian brothers who live in Yugoslavia, clear as crystal. without any hesitation, within international laws and Why does Yugoslavia also not make such a declaration, norms. but instead strengthens its links with them, and in order The foreign policy of our Party and socialist state was to disguise these links, makes insinuations alleging that the defined and formulated clearly and precisely at the 8th Soviet Union and the other countries of the Warsaw Pact Congress of the Party. This jxtlicy of our Party was made have not accepted our official denunciation and rejection known to the whole world which understood and ap• of this pact? Likewise, why do they make insinuations preciated it as it is in fact. Only the Yugoslav leaders are about our treaty with Bulgaria of the time of Dimitrov, falsifying and distorting it for their own purposes, which which at the present time is null and void? we mentioned above. They read the report delivered by In order to use this treaty to the detriment of socialist Comrade Enver Hoxha at the 8th Congress upside down, Albania, the Russian aggressors and their Bulgarian lac• according to their own pleasure and desires. However, the keys will, first of all, have to pass over the bodies of Al• line of our Party, both in internal policy and in foreign banians, and this is also in favour of the peoples of Yugo• policy, is clear, unequivocal and without hidden implica• slavia. Therefore, instead of making insinuations in con• tions. The stands of our Party and state have been ex• nection with our treaty with Bulgaria, the Yugoslav leaders pressed openly, and nothing is hidden from anybody. Our would do well to denounce the treaties which they have Government will implement it consistently and with deter• signed previously and which link them with the super• mination. powers. In order to cover up the Great-Serb terror which was Comrade Deputies, launched against the Albanians who live on their lands in the Yugoslav Federation, the Titoite leadership with I express the profound conviction, and assure you, that great shamelessness accused Albania of inciting disturbances the Council of IVIinisters, under the correct and far-sighted and interfering in the internal affairs of Yugoslavia. This leadership of the Party, of its Central Committee with Com• claim is as slanderous as it is absurd, because there are rade Enver Hoxha at the head, and relying firmly on our disturbances not only in Kosova and the other regions valiant, patriotic, industrious, vigilant and fearless people, where a part of the Albanian nation is living, but all over on their steel unity around the Part}', will work and fight Yugoslavia. This situation is so evident, and the real causes tirelessly for the implementation of the principled internal of it are so obvious that nobody, not even those ill-disposed and foreign polic.v of the Party, for the socialist cons• towards Albania, place the blame on Albania for the si• truction of the country, for the all-round strengthening of tuation and events in Yugoslavia. Their slanders remained the dictatorship of the proletariat and for the defence of slanders and their fabrications remained fabrications. the Homeland, will always defend the lofty interests of the . It is not socialist Albania which demanded the status people and will remain loyal to the end to the great cause of a republic for Kosova within the framework of the So• of socialism and the revolution. (ABOUT COMRADE ENVER HOXHA'S BOOK OF MEMOIRS «THE ANGLO-AMERICAN THREAT TO ALBANIA») OUTSTANDING ENRICHIV OF THE HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL LIBEF A SOURCE OF LESSONS FC

// is a broad experience which serves not only to illuminate the history of the past, but also the way of the future. The enlightening conclusions on the past are at the same time valuable lessons for the concrete activity of our Party and state. They teach us above all to be vigilant, to be wide awake to the plots and intrigues of American imperialism and Soviet social-imperialism, of internal and external reaction ENT

ATION WAR - R THE FUTURE

COMRADE ENVER HOXHA'S MEMOIRS OF THE TIME OF THE NATIONAL was a union of heterogenous forces, an LIBERATION WAR, WHICH HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED IN HIS SERIES OF alliance of states and forces of diffe• MEMOIRS RECENTLY, MAKE AN OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO THE rent political and class orientations MORE COMPLETE STUDY OF THE MANY AND COMPLEX PROBLEMS SET based on the then existing circum• BY THE HISTORY OF THIS GLORIOUS PERIOD. THE DIRECT PERSONAL stances. The antagonism between so• EXPERIENCE OF THE EVENTS AND FACTS ON THE FIELD OF BATTLE OR ON THE FRONT OF THE POLITICAL CONFRONTATION WITH BOTH cialism and capitalism found a clear THE OCCUPIER AND THEIR TOOLS AND THE OPEN AND HIDDEN ENEMIES, expression in the very leadership of ARE DESCRIBED IN THE FIRST PERSON BY THE PROTAGONIST OF THESE this alliance, consisting of the socialist HISTORIC EVENTS OF DECISIVE IMPORTANCE FOR THE FATE OF ALBANIA, and anti-imperialist Soviet Union which BY THE FOUNDER AND LEADER OF THE PARTY AND THE PEOPLE, BY THE waged a defensive and liberation war, OUTSTANDING MILITARY AND POLITICAL LEADER OF THE on the one hand, and on the other hand NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT, WHO WITH HIS REVOLUTIO• the two capitalist great powers of the NARY WISDOM, FAR-SIGHTEDNESS AND COURAGE TOOK THE PARTY AND West — Britain and the United States, THE PEOPLE TO VICTORY IN EVERY BATTLE. which sought to turn the war against Conceived also as a corroboration of den fund of our literature devoted to fascism into a new opportunity to en• the authentic documents and the va• the National Liberation War. sure new spaces for their expansionist rious acts of the National Liberation In this series of memoirs an impor• interests. Movement, as well as a further deve• tant place is taken by Comrade This alignment of the leading powers lopment and enrichment of them, they Enver Hoxha's latest book «The Anglo- of the alliance also brought about the doubtlessly constitute an irreplaceable American Threat to Albania» which differentiation of its component forces. first-hand source, the main Albani-dn came off the press in January this Right from the beginning our Party had source among the sources of various year. The particular value of this book assumed a clear-cut and categorical origin appertaining to the history of lies in the fact that it deals with some stand, placing the movement of resis• the resistance in Europe during the of the fundamental problems of the tance in Albania beside the most pro• Second World War. On account of the foreign policy and diplomatic activity gressive forces, those that most faith• depth of their analysis, and not only of the National Liberation Movement fully expressed the aspirations of the owing to the importance of their sub• during the war immediately after. The people. The Party fully responded to ject, Comrade Enver Hoxha's memoirs question is about problems of cardinal its class vocation, and as Comrade mark a major achievement of our his• importance which had to be coped with Enver Hoxha says, <

people, never forgot their savage capi• talist and colonialist nature.» This was bound to lead to fierce clashes with reaction not only on the internal plane, but also on the international plane. Precisely here lies the source of the «Anglo-American threat to Albania^, which Comrade Enver Hoxha in his book not only identifies with the policy of the two Western great powers, but also analyses and watches closely at every moment, in each of its phases, giving us the guiding compass to find our bearings in the dark labyrinths of imperialist diplomacy. At the same time, Comrade Enver Hoxha also discloses the historical causes and motives of the anti-Albanian policy of the Euro• pean great powers. We have to do, therefore, not merely with isolated stands and actions taken on the spur of the moment in the concrete circum• stances of the Second World War, but with a platform of the foreign policy of these great powers towards «the weaker^ and •'••the smaller>», which is the traditional policy of trampling underfoot the most elementary rights of the peoples, a policy of transactions and intrigues to their detriment, a policy From reading Comrade ENVER HOXHA'S which finds its most complete and ty• book «The Anglo-American Threat to Albania^ pical expression in the way British di• plomacy dealt with the Albanian que• one is clear about these stion. persistent practices of the hostile In the few pages of the introductory part, an outline of the main features of activity of Washington and London, one is clear the diplomatic picture of the Alba• about the clear nian question at some of its key mo• ments, from the last Oriental crisis of and consistently logical stand of the PLA the past century to the Balkan Wars, from the end of the First World War and its Ieadership. The Albanian people emerged to the outbreak of the Second World victorious from the confrontation with these War, is sketched out. All this is done not only with a rare power of gene• two imperialist powers which wanted ralization and vividness of portraying, but also with a lofty feeling of pa• to undermine the independence of Albania triotism, with a profound revolutionary and destroy the gains of the revolution. This book feeling which calls for struggle against injustice and the rapacious policy of is published also in English, imperialism, which inspires people to struggle for a new international rea• French, Spanish, German and Italian. lity free from the omnipotence and dictate of «the great". In this the acute- ness of the observer is coupled with the passion of the fighter for the just iHm HOXHA 24 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY cause of the people, for the new ideal with Albania by means of plots and not to establish a political relationship of mankind, thus making this work intrigues. The idea of ^stimulating Al• between Britain and our movement. more than one of historical-scientific banian resistances^ had long been raised In this situation a clear definition values. in the leading circles of British policy of our position was of great importance. It was not by chance that, right at and the London government itself had Therefore Comrade Enver Hoxha issued its first steps the National Liberation studied it after officially recognizing the instruction of great importance of Movement found itself confronted with Albania's occupation by fascist Italy. principle that it was necessary to drive British diplomacy. Besides a certain tra• But this had to be done by means of the point home to the British that our dition formed over decades. Great Bri• ^subversion and diversions^ instigated country had a master, that «it was not tain availed itself of the vacuum creat• from abroad. Anti-Albanian prejudices so easy to enter the partisan zones, ed in the higher spheres of interna• were still strong in the capital of Bri• that they were not inns with two doors». tional policy as a result of the fall of tain. When the question was about Al• McLean was obliged to demand per• some of the more important centres bania and the Albanians, the country mission in writing to move into the of this policy under the attack of Hitle• and its people were described, as Com• liberated areas, while on the other hand, rite Germany, to emerge for a rela• rade Enver Hoxha writes, as -«savage, in a talk with Comrade Enver Hoxha tively long time as the main centre barbaric, uncultured^. As a consequence, he declared, «We do not engage in of the diplomatic game on an interna• a movement of resistance in Albania politics, we are only soldiers». Nor did tional scale. In a later stage, the Ame• was imagined as a tool, not as an equal the coming of General Davies in October rican policy would also join it, making partner. This explains why London did 1943 mark any change in the British it ever more active and thus adding not want to take any pledge on the stand. He too, declared on landing that to the impact of imperialist diplomacy political plane in regard to Albania. he was only «a soldier and not a po- in general. In the British long-term plans our coun• litician». As Comrade Enver Hoxha In the early stage of the war, as try figured as a reserve card to be points out, the British «did their utmost Comrade Enver Hoxha says, the then eventually exchanged in the phase of not to give the smallest hint that they prime minister of Great Britain the sharing of the war spoils. could officially recognize our National W. Churchill launched the slogan «Set Towards the end of 1942, due to the Liberation War*. The same stand was Europe Ablaze», which was a program impetuous development of events in Al• to be repeated later (especially at the of action directed towards all the Euro• bania, the founding of the Communist time of the Congress of Permet and pean countries occupied by the fascist Party of Albania and the convening of the talks with the delegation of our powers. Comrade Enver Hoxha points of the Conference of Peza had reper• Army in Bari), moreover this would out the two sides of this slogan: one cussions in the British capital. In Com• become the jointly adopted line of the incendiary — to set on fire the rear rade Enver Hoxha's words, -"England's Anglo-American allies towards Alba• of the occupiers, the other extinctive interest turned into concern». It was nia: everything of the military line. — to put out the fire of the national forced to make the known declaration In reality, this stand, as the book liberation movements of the masses or• on the reaffirmation of the indepen makes it clear, hid a well-defined po• ganized and led by the communist par• dence of Albania. But even this decla• licy towards our country and Move• ties. The final undeclared aim was that ration did not alter the stand of Britain ment. The British and, after them, the after the war the whole of Europe in essence. Apart from leaving the way American officers combined in their should remain within the capitalist open to the revision of Albania's bor• activities mere secret-service tasks, ac• orbit. ders to the advantage of Britain's clients tions of espionage and counter-espio• From British sources it emerges that in the Balkans, it marked no evolution nage with political deals behind the one of the first experiments in the in the methods and criteria of treat• scenes. Certainly they came here to context of this program was carried ment of the Albanian question. London engage in politics with the aim of out in Albania. Comrade Enver Hoxha's persisted in not recognizing any part• undermining the National Liberation book gives a concise, comprehensive, ner on the political plane and even less Movement, of foiling the victories of picture of the initial activities, espe• expected to find it in the mountains our Party, of preparing the ground for cially during the years 1940-1941, of of Albania. As Comrade Enver Hoxha a come-back of the reactionary forces. the offices of the British secret service describes it in his Memoirs, in the In the last analysis, the very -"assistancex- in the neighbouring countries, activities spring of 1943 London sent its former which was presented as the only which were intended to create an in• officers - McLean and Co. to Albania, motive for their coming to Albania, hid surrectional movement of the British but its «military missions» were only a stratagem: it never became a mili• type in Albania. a continuation of its plots and intrigues tary factor of any importance, it served What clearly emerges from Comrade to -"encourage the guerrillas>> in our only as a means of political pressure Enver Hoxha's book is that in all this country. McLean wanted only to recruit which was intended to draw the leader• activity London was inclined to deal "Bengal lancers^^ on Albanian soil, and ship of the National Liberation Move- ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 25 ment little by little on to the road of •'

THE SECOND EDITION OF THE HISTORY OF THE PLA, PREPARED BY THE INSTITUTE OF MARXIST-LENINIST STUDIES, BY DECISION OF THE CC OF THE PARTY, RETAINS UNALTERED THE STRUCTURE AND CON• Which are the fundamental questions TENTS OF THE FIRST EDITION. IT REFLECTS THE SUBSEQUENT AC• treated in the supplement of the His• TIVITY OF THE PARTY UNTIL 1980, TO WHICH THREE NEW CHAPTERS tory of the PLA? HAVE BEEN DEVOTED (CHAPTERS VII, VIII, IX). First of all, it reflects the leading r»le THE MAJOR EVENTS IN THE IDEOLOGICAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC of the Party, as the decisive subjective AND ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE OF THE PARTY AND THE COUNTRY, THE factor for the unceasing development VICTORIES ACHIEVED BY THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE UNDER ITS LEADER• and deepening of the socialist revolut• SHIP IN THE PERIOD 1966-1980 (WHICH ARE COMPRISED IN THE LAST ion in all fields, for the defence of its THREE CHAPTERS OF THE HISTORY OF THE PLA) AND OVER 40 YEARS gains, for the realization of the leading OF ITS GLORIOUS ACTIVITY, ARE TESTIMONY TO THE CONSISTENT role of the working class. CREATIVE AND RESOLUTE APPLICATION OF MARXISM-LENINISM BY This role has been raised continuous• OUR PARTY, TO THE TRANSFORMING POWER OF THIS IDEOLOGY, TO ITS ly. Its raising has been conditioned by GUIDING LIGHT. THEY ARE ALSO TESTIMONY TO THE INEXHAUSTIBLE a number of factors. The first factor CREATIVE POWER OF A WHOLE PEOPLE GUIDED BY A REVOLUTIONARY is the correct line of the Party, which PARTY OF THE WORKING CLASS, TO ITS INDOMITABLE SPIRIT IN FACE has skillfully, boldly and resolutely OF THE CLASS ENEMIES, HOWEVER SAVAGE AND POWERFUL THEY MAY carried out this line in any situation. BE, AS WELL AS IN FACE OF THE INEVITABLE DIFFICULTIES AND OBS• The other factor is the revolutionary TACLES ON THE ROAD OF THE REVOLUTION. implementation of the Marxist-Lenin• The period 1966-1980 is very rich in practical experience of this period, in ist organizational principles and norms. generalizations of a Marxist-Leninist the same manner as of the previous A special influence on raising the lead• theoretical and practical character, periods. ing role of the Party has had the pre• made by the Party of Labour of Alba• The activity of the PLA for the years servation and strengthening of its ideo• nia in the documents of the 5th, 6th, 1966-1980 is a continuation of its strug• logical, political and organizational 7th Congresses and the Plenums of the gle for the complete construction of unity. The enemies of Marxism-Lenin- Central Committee, and especially in socialist society. The essence of this ac• ism, the revolution and socialism, who the Works of Comrade Enver Hoxha, tivity consists in the policy and the aim at liquidating the leading role of written in these years. These generali• struggle for the further revolutionization the Party in order to destroy socialism zations bring a new contribution to the of the Party and the life of the eountry, in our country, tried to attain their aim defence and creative application of the deepening of the revolution in all through the traitor groups of Fadil Pa- Marxism-Leninism; at the same time, fields, the development of the economy ?rami and Todi Lubonja( in the field they represent a further enrichment and culture and the strengthening of the of ideology and culture), Beqir Balluku, and development of the theory and defence capacity of the Homeland with Petrit Dume and Hito Qako (in the practice of scientific socialism. our own forces, for foiling the plans army), Abdyl Kellezi, Kogo Theodhosi In the second edition of the History and aggressive and undermining ac• and KiQO Ngjela (in the economy). of the PLA a synthesis of the line and tivities directed against socialist Alba• However, these groups were smashed, activity of the Party is made, as well as nia by the American and other im• as were all the previous enemy groups a summing up of its theoretical and perialists, the Soviet and Chinese so• in the ranks of the Party, in face of its monolithic unity, the revolutionary vi• ZERl I POPULLIT : Organ of the CC of cial-imperialists, as well as by the dif• the PLA ferent currents of modern revisionism. gilance and intuition which charac- %eninist theoretical zuments of the 5th, 6th and 7th Congresses Comrade ENVER HOXHA, written in these years

terize the Albanian communists and the This steel unity has been manifested the different trends of modern re• Central Committee of the Party, with not only in the elections to the People's visionism. Giving their unreserved sup• Comrade Enver Hoxha at the head. The Assembly and people's councils, in port to the correct Marxist-Leninist principled ideological and political which almost a hundred per cent of the stands of the Party over the events in struggle for the destruction of these voters have turned out and cast their Kosova, they have unanimously con• groups helped to further strengthen this votes for the candidates of the De• demned the Great-Serb policy and ac• unity and vigilance. mocratic Front, ie for the line of the tivity of repression and genocide against The enhancement of the leading role Party, for socialism. This unity has the Albanians in Yugoslavia; they have of the Party is also the result of the been manifested in the popular dis• come out in support of the efforts of strengthening of the proletarian com• cussions of the directives of the Party the Albanians of Yugoslavia for their position of the Party. In the period congresses for the five-year plans. In national and social-political rights in 1966-1980, its ranks increased 80 per these discussions, the working people the framework of the Yugoslav Fe• cent with workers and cooperativists have given their full approval and sup• deration. and office workers, who have distingui• port for these directives, making at the The unity with the Party has ma• shed themselves in the hightide of the same time a great contribution with nifested itself in particular moments struggle for the socialist construction their very valuable proposals and sug• with extraordinary force, such as the and the defence of the Homeland, as the gestions. grave situation which was created after best among the best, as staunch re• Proof of this unity has been, in par• the cutting off of credits by the Chi• volutionary proletarians, as the most ticular, the great popular discussion of nese leadership, when the entire peo• progressive. From 1970 the workers the New Constitution of the Albanian ple, at the call of the Party, stood up ! emerged in the first place in the com- socialist state. Of the 1,500,000 people, and mobilized themselves for the ful• i position of the membership of the that is, all the adult population of the filment of all the tasks of the 6th Five- Party. country, who took part in this discus• year Plan; or the earthquake of April All these factors have helped to per- sion, 500,000 spoke about various ques• 3979 in the northern districts, when all l feet the figure of the communist as a tions of the Draft-Constitution. The peo• the regions of the country went to the vanguard fighter, who does not divorce ple's masses unanimously approved its assistance of the affected population his words from his deeds, who does contents, which means that they ap• so as to carry out the decision of the not yield in front of difficulties and proved the general line of the Par• CC of the Party and the Council of Mi• obstacles, who stands in the forefront of ty. nisters of the PSR of Albania for the the struggle and works, who is always Great proof of the Party-people unity liquidation of the material damage just, modest, honest, principled, pro• has been the unanimous support of the caused by this earthquake within 5-6 gressive, courageous. masses for the revolutionary foreign po• months, without aid from abroad. The strengthening of the unity of the licy of the Party. The popular masses The years 1966-1980 are also the years people around the Party is the result not only have supported this policy, but of a great struggle of the Party for of the consistent implementation of a also have taken part actively, under the further revolutionarization of the correct revolutionary line, which res• the leadership of the Party, in the people's power for the strengthening ponds to the demands of the popular struggle for the exposure of the ag• and perfecting of the dictatorship of masses, the interests of the rapid and gressive and expansionist policy of the the proletariat. Through this struggle it 5ure progress of the country on the road US imperialists, Soviet social-imperial• has been possible to ensure that not of socialism, tlie defence of national in• ists, Chinese social-imperialists and only the political power, the dictatorship dependence. other imperialists, for the exposure of of the proletariat, acquire greater abi- 28 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY lity of governing, carry out its state blockade, although our economy and and to carry out all the economic tasks activities, but also accumulate a rich culture develop relying on the internal without any foreign aid. Total indus• revolutionary experience, drawing very resources, means and forces, without trial production in 1979 and 1980, the important lessons about how to preserve foreign loans and from 1978 onwards first two years after the cutting off of for all times the proletarian character without receiving credits or material these credits, increased at a higher of the state, how to avoid its isolation aid from abroad. average annual rate than in the period from the masses, how to bar the road The Khrushchevite revisionists, when 1976-1978. to the bourgeois and revisionist de• they cut off all their material aid in In the period 1966-1980, the ld«o- generation of the dictatorship of the 1960, said that Albania could not be logical revolution, under the leadership proletariat, so that the tragedy which able to make a single step forward in of the Party, became deeper than ever. occurred in the Soviet Union and the its economic and cultural development In order to carry forward this re• other former socialist countries, does without this aid of theirs! But what volution, large-scale popular movements, not occur in our country. happened in fact? The total industrial such as the movement to place the ge• The approval of the New Constitution production of 1979, against that of 1960, neral interest everywhere above the (1976), which embodies this new qua• increased fivefold, agricultural product• personal interest, the movement against litative development of the state in the ion increased therefold. During this pe• religion and religious prejudices, the mo• stage of the complete construction of so• riod powerful power plants, such as the vement for the complete emancipation cialist society, contributed, in particular, hydro-power plant at Vau i Dejes, the of women, the movement for the re- to the strengthening of our socialist "Light of the Party» hydro-power volutionization of the school, etc broke state. In this Constitution is embodied plant, which matches the largest of out. By the will of the masses of the the line of the Party on such essential Europe, were built. The engineering people, and on the basis of the teach• problems as: the dictatorship of the pro• industry succeeded in producing 95 per ings of the Party, Albania became letariat, as the decisive weapon in the cent of the spare parts needed by the the first country in the world without construction of socialism and com• country, and is in a position to produce churches and mosques, without priests, munism, as the broadest, most thorough industrial factories and plants. The che• thus dealing a crushing blow to religion and complete democracy for the work• mical industry is in a position to meet and backward customs connected with ing people, the leadership of the work• all the needs of the country for che• it. These movements showed the great ing class and its revolutionary party, mical fertilizers. The light and food- transforming force of the Marxist- as the law of the revolution and the so• processing industries have managed to Ijeninist line of the Party of the work• cialist construction; the alliance of the fulfil 85 per cent of the needs of the ing class when it becomes the line of working class with the peasantry, as population for consumer goods. From the masses, the colossal educative the political base of the dictatorship of 1976 (for the first time in the history strength of socialism in the spiritual li• the proletariat; the class struggle as of the country our agriculture fulfilled beration of people from all those moral the main motive force until the com• the needs of the country for bread grain) evils which are fostered by the so• plete extinction of classes in com• the country is sufficient in bread grain. ciety with antagonistic classes. munism; the complete sovereignty of The electrification of all the villages The ideological revolution in socialist the people, which is fully ensured only of the country was completed in 1970. society marches ahead non-stop. Failure in a genuine socialist society; self-re• The system of taxes was totally abo• to go down to the continuous and all- liance as the principle and policy which lished in 1968. Thus Albania, formerly round deepening of this revolution. ensure true political and economic in• the most backward country of Europe, Comrade Enver Hoxha has said, «means dependence, the construction of a so• became a country with a multi-branched to abandon the revolution half-way, to cialist society on unshakeable bases, the and mechanized agriculture, one among jeopardize its realizations in the political ability to cope with the many dangers the few countries of the world with all and economic field, to open the road which threaten independence and so• villages supplied with electricity, and to bourgeois degeneration in all cialism. -"The New Constitution is the the first country without taxes. It has fields.>^ mirror of the genuine socialist society, become one of the few countries of the which is built according to the teachings world with such a great number of peo• In this period the Party paid special of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin, em• ple who attend school (one out of three attention to the increase of the defence bodied and confirmed in the revolutio• goes to school), and such a great number potential of the Homeland. By deep• nary practice of our country,^ said Com• of physicians (one for every 650 in• ening the work for the implementation habitants), etc. of the Marxist-Leninist principle of the rade Enver Hoxha. arming and military preparation of the The vitality of the revolutionary po• The Chinese revisionists, like the So• entire people for defence, it put into licy and practical activity of the PLA viet revisionists, by cutting off credits practice a comprehensive system for has been manifested especially in the and aid to socialist Albania illuded the military training of the working development of the socialist economy themselves that the economic develop• masses, which are both builders and and culture and the well-being of the ment here would come to a standstill. defenders of socialism. The army and masses of the people. However, they were wrong in this, the armed people have attained, in this Their development rates have been too. Our people found means and re• manner, a high degree of preparedness higher than those in any capitalist, sources enough to build the projects and defence capacity which they never bourgeois and revisionist country, des• which were left incomplete as a result had before, thus being completely in a pite the savage imperialist-revisionist of the cutting off of the Chinese credits. position to cope with any imperialist arid ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 29 revisionist aggressor or coalition of ag• tice»-, -xReflections on Chinas, «With its major international duties. On the gressors, in any situation. Stalin>>, ^Eurocommunism Is Anti-com- other hand, it sees the support of the The Party has carried out very in• munism-> and «The Khrushchevites». Marxist-Leninists and revolutionaries tensive activity in defence ol Marxism- These- works of great theoretical and everywhere in the world as a great aid Leninism and the cause of tlie revolu• practical value are new powerful in its struggle for the complete cons• tion on an international scale, from the weapons in the hands of our com• truction of socialist society. «They see 5th Congress on. munists and working people in their that the Party of Labour of Albania de• In order to quell the revolution, to li• struggle against imperialism and mo• fends Marxism-Leninism when the quidate socialism, to put down the li• dern revisionism, for the socialist cons• others attack it, that it defends the beration movements of the peoples, all truction and the defence of the Home• principles of proletarian international• the counter-revolutionary forces — Ame• land. The great theoretical and prac• ism when the various revisionists have rican imperialism, Soviet social-impe• tical values, on a nationa and inter• discarded these principles,^ Comrade rialism, Chinese social-imperialism, all national scale, of these works are con• Enver Hoxha points out in his worfe the international forces of imperialism firmed by the development of the "Imperialism and the Revolution"-, and and revisionism, have always launched events in the world, which speak of the continues, «They see that in its stands all-round frenzied attacks against correctness and far-sightedness of not only it is impelled by the interests Marxism-Leninism, attacks which had their theses and conclusions, as well as of its own country, but also represents never been experienced before by the by the broad international response very great interests, which are so sa• world revolutionary movement. In these which they have had and continue to cred and immediate to the entire pro• conditions the PLA considered it ne• have. letariat, the interests of genuine social• cessary to intensify its struggle against The defence of Marxism-Leninism on ism, the interests of all those who base these forces, for their exposure, for the an international scale is carried out by themselves and are led by Marxism- defence of Marxism-Leninism. The do• the PLA not only by defending the Leninism for the revolutionary trans• cuments of the 5th, 6th and 7th Con• Marxist-Leninist principles against the formation of the world. gresses of the Party, as well as the do• efforts which its enemies, bourgeois and cuments of the Plenums of the CC revisionist, make in order to liquidate constitute a program of work and strug• them but also by maintaining Marxist- gle not only for the complete cons• Leninist stands over world development * * * truction of socialist society in our coun• in general, and every international event The second edition of the History of try, but also a weapon for the defence in particular, by exposing the counter• the PLA, completed with the reflection of Marxism-Leninism on an internatio• revolutionary policy and ideology of of its revolutionary activity for the pe• nal scale. the imperialists and various revisionists, riod 1966-1980 and with the very im• The struggle of the PLA in defence by supporting the revolutionary mo• portant theoretical conclusions which of Marxism-Leninism and the cause of vements, the liberation struggles of the the Party has made in this period, will the revolution on an international sca• peoples, the international Marxist- serve more and more, as Comrade Enver le has found its expression in a long Leninist communist movement, of which Hoxha says, «as a sharp and powerful number of speeches snd writings by it is a detachment. ideological and political weaponfor th e Comrade Enver Hoxha, especially in his The PLA gives all possible aid to the revolutionary tempering of the com• major Works ^Imperialism and the Re- Marxist-Leninist sister parties for their munists, the working class, the entire volution>^ Yugoslav 'Self-administra• ideological and organizational streng• people, for the solution of the major tion' - a Capitalist Theory and Prac- thening, regarding this aid as one of probems of today.-- THE LOYALTY O TO MARXISM-L] BASIS OF ALL ITS VICT(

Marxism-Leninism RIGHT FROM ITS FOUNDING THE PLA HAS ALWAYS STOOD SOLIDLY ON PRINCIPLED MARXIST-LENINIST POSITIONS. THE 40 YEARS OF ITS is the theoretical and LIFE AND ACTIVITY HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED BY BOUNDLESS scientific basis LOYALTY TO MARXISM-LENINISM, ITS DEFENCE AND REVOLUTIONARY APPLICATION IN PRACTICE, THE COMBINATION OF MARXIST-LENINIST of the general line THEORY WITH REVOLUTIONARY PRACTICE. *THE BOUNDLESS LOYALTY of the PLA, OF OUR PARTY TO THE IMMORTAL DOCTRINE OF MARX, ENGELS, LENIN of its strategy and AND STALIN, ITS ABILITY TO APPLY THIS DOCTRINE IN A CREATIVE MANNER, IN CONFORMITY WITH THE CONDITIONS OF THE COUNTRY tactics. It is the AND THE COMPLICATED INTERNATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES, IIS DETER• infallible MINATION TO DEFEND THE PURITY OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THIS DOCTRI• NE FROM THE ATTACKS AND DISTORTIONS OF MANY ENEMIES, INTERNAL and irreplaceable AND EXTERNAL, HAVE BEEN AND REMAIN THE FUNDAMENTAL BASIS compass, which has OF ALL THE SUCCESSES AND VICTORIES OF OUR PEOPLE,* SAID COMRA• guided it DE ENVER HOXHA AT THE 8«i CONGRESS OF THE PLA. Marxism-Leninism is the theoretical dictatorship of the proletariat, the re- in any situation and scientific basis of the general line establishment of capitalism in the of the PLA, of its strategy and tactics. socialist countries. This happened in It is the infallible and irreplaceable the Soviet Union and the other former compass, which has guided it in any socialist countries. Likewise, departure situation, however complicated, to from Marxism-Leninism led the com• overcome obstacles and difficulties and munist parties in the capitalist coun• to successfully lead the working class tries to betray the interests of the pro• and the other working masses to the letariat and to defend the interests of triumph of the socialist revolution, the the bourgeoisie, to renounce the revo• building of the bases of socialism and lution. the complete construction of socialist All the currents of modern revision• society today. ism represent a hodge-podge of pseudo- The 40-year long history of the PLA, theories opposed to Marxism-Leninism. all its revolutionary activity, ideologi• Their aim is to invalidate the scientific cal, theoretical and practical, are com• theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin and plete proof of its boundless loyalty to Stalin, which is the powerful weapon Marxism-Leninism. The PLA values in the hands of the proletariat for the nothing above Marxism-Leninism, there• destruction of capitalism and the con• fore it has always remained compact, struction of communism. monolithic, invincible, it has coped The Party of Labour of Albania, with ail the storms and has always unreservedly relying on Marxist-Le• emerged triumphant. ninist science, has known how to drive Departure from Marxism-Leninism, ahead, in an uninterrupted march, on its distortion and revision, unavoidably the road of the revolution and the lead to the loss of the gains and the construction of socialism, to face up to degeneration of the Party and of the its many enemies, the nazi-fascists, the imperialists, with the US imperialists SOTIR MANVSHI - Professor at the ^V. I. Lenin»- Higher Party School at the head, the revisionists, with the THE PLA NINISM -

RIES by SOTin 3MA]VirSMM

Soviet revisionists at the head, etc. The theory, the revolution and socialism in «Only by waging the class struggle cor• Party gave leadership in the most glo• Albania have never known zigzags or rectly and without deviations, with the rious epic of the Albanian people, the set-backs, as is the case of the Soviet large-scale participation of the working National Liberation War, which was Union and the other former socialist masses led by the Party, will the pre• transformed into a deep-going popular countries, but have always advanced sent be built correctly and always rest revolution, and was crowned with the and always scored new victories. This on sound foundations, and the future establishment of the dictatorship of the is connected with the existence and of the Homeland and socialism be se• proletariat in Albania. In this manner, the revolutionary activity of the Party cure, »• said Comrade Enver Hoxha at three years after its creation, the PLA of Labour of Albania, with its political the 8th Congress of the Party. The PLA ensured for the people their true na• and ideological clarity and with its has attached and attaches special at• tional and social liberation, opened for always correct Marxist-Leninist line, tention to the close connection and co• them the brilliant road of the construc• with the steel Party-people unity, with ordination of the internal front with tion of socialism and communism. the revolutionary courage of the Party the external front of the struggle against The PLA led the people in the work in its heroic struggle against enemies, the class enemies. This struggle on two for the construction of the bases of difficulties, etc. fronts can be coped with success only socialism in Albania and today is Learning from the negative experi• by strengthening the interna] front in boldly and courageously leading them ence of the Soviet Union and the other all directions. in the work for the complete construc• revisionist countries, the PLA and Illuminated by the Marxist-Leninist tion of socialist society. Comrade Enver Hoxha have drawn a doctrine, the PLA has always loyally The revolution and the work of so• number of lessons of vital importance abided by the principle that with the cialist construction in Albania have for the fates of socialism in our coun• development and strengthening of so• been carried out on the basis of the try and of great international value, cialism, the leading role of the Party principles of scientific socialism. The which constitute a creative contribu• not only is not weakened, but on the PLA has always stressed that there is tion to the theory and practice of scien• contrary, grows ever stronger and only one theory and practice of the tific socialism. more perfect. The strengthening of the scientific socialism. This theory, the Preachings about renunciation of the leading role of the Party, as the 8th 8th Congress of the PLA pointed out, class struggle and conciliation and col• Congress of the Party pointed out, we learn from Marx, Engels, Lenin laboration amongst the opposed classes, constitutes one of the decisive con• and Stalin. We find its practice in the the PLA considers to be the cause of ditions for the fulfilment of the major rich experience of the construction of all opportunism and revisionism. In op• tasks facing the whole country in the sociahsm in the Soviet Union in the position to the opportunist views and present stage of its development and time of Lenin and Stalin, we find it stands, the PLA has always stood firm in the concrete conditions in which so• today in socialist Albania where the on the positions of the class struggle. cialism is being built in Albania. With new society is being built according to It sees the class struggle in socialist a Party strong as steel, vigilant and the teachings of Marxism-Leninism. society as a struggle between two roads, unfearing in the forefront, the cause of All other ^socialisms-- have been put to the socialist road and the capitalist the revolution and socialism is invin• soorn by the PLA because they are road, which continues to be the main cible. forms of the capitalist society which motive force up till the construction of The Party has always attached spe• are used by the bourgeoisie, revision• communist society. The PLA has cial attention to the question of ensur• ism, social-democracy and «Leftism>» in always waged the class struggle against ing and strengthening the dictatorship order to dupe the proletariat and all enemies both in the bosom of the of the proletariat over the entire period the other working people. people and inside the Party. It wages of the transition from capitalism to com• Marching on this revolutionary road this struggle in all its main directions munism. Renunciation of the teachings illuminated by the Marxist-Leninist — political, economic and ideological. of Marxism-Leninism on the dicta- 32 m 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY

torship of the proletariat gives birth to 8th Congress of the PLA stressed, is to self-reliance, in any form whatsoever, revisionism, the most dangerous spawn be focussed on the revolutionary tem• leads, in the last account, to the be• of the counter-revolution, which subse• pering of man, so that he sees every• littling of the victories achieved, the quently leads to the re-establishment of thing from the class angle, on his readi• shaking of the bases of socialism and capitalism in the socialist countries. ness to subordinate his own personal the re-establishment of capitalism. In Rigorously putting into practice the interest to the general interest, on the report of Comrade Enver Hoxha to teachings of Marxism-Leninism on the his revolutionary socialist stand the 8th Congress of the PLA special dictatorship of the proletariat and per• towards work and socialist property, stress is laid on this important Marx• fecting and consolidating it, the exam• the Homeland, the collective, society, ist-Leninist principle. It underlines the ple of Albania, as Comrade Enver on the correct understanding of the de• fact that the 7th Five-year Plan is the Hoxha pointed out at the 8th Congress cisive role of the masses in the con• firsit plan which will be carried out of the PLA, serves as a new experience struction of socialist society, on the relying entirely on our own forces, in the history of the dictatorship of the struggle against the petty-bourgeois that Albania continues to build so• proletariat and constitutes an invalu• mentality and outlook and on the cialism without receiving foreign able contribution to the theory and strengthening of the socialist conscious• aid. practice of socialism and Marxism- ness and psychology. The PLA implements the principle of Leninism. Relying firmly on the principles of self-reliance in all walks and fields The PLA has worked out a rich and Marxism-Leninism, the PLA considers of life, in the economy, culture, science, original experience about the streng• the development and perfecting of the art, in its international relations, in thening of the dictatorship of the pro• socialist relations of production as the the strengthening of its defence capa• letariat in the military field and in decisive factor for the triumph of so• city, etc. the defence of the socialist homeland cialism and avoiding the danger of The triumph of the socialist revolu• from any eventual aggression from their degeneration. The work for the tion and the successful construction of abroad. In this question it has been perfecting of the socialist relations of socialism in Albania have double sig• guided by the principle that the de• production on the correct road, in all nificance, national and international. fence of the country cannot be based their aspects and directions, in the By means of these victories the PLA on changing international political cir• field of ownership, distribution and has fulfilled simultaneously its funda• cumstances, but on the internal factor exchange, is connected, amongst other mental duty to the people of its own which is decisive. Only an independent things, with the consolidation of the country and its international duty to defence based on the Marxist-Leninist principles of socialism and with the the proletariat and the socialist revo• principle of self-reliance is efficient. raising of the socialist consciousness of lution in the world. This defence is based on the arming, people to a higher level. It places them Guided by the ideas of Marxism-Le• organization and military preparation in such socio-economic conditions in ninism and the principle of proleta• of the entire people. which they are educated and tempered rian internationalism, the PLA has The PLA has always attached spe• as revolutionaries. The 8th Congress of always followed the policy of establish• cial importance to the deepening of the PLA stressed that in this vital ing and strengthening comradely re• the socialist revolution in the field of question the Party has abided by the lations of mutual aid and collabora• ideology and culture. Its experience Marxist-Leninist thesis that if the so• tion with the genuine Marxist-Leninist shows that, -"...the struggle on the cialist relations of production degene• parties. The PLA has always given ideological front for the complete de• rate there can be no socialism, no mat• unreserved support to the Marxist-Le• feat of the bourgeois and revisionist ter how developed the productive for• ninist movement in the world and ideology, in the last account, has to do ces may be. fights consistently for the strengthening with the question whether socialism The PLA has always seen the prin• of its unity and collaboration amongst and communism will be built and the ciple of self-reliance as a universal the sister parties. It sees this collabo• restauration of capitalism avoided. principle, applicable to all countries ration as an imperative problem of (E. Hoxha, Report at the 5th Congress and in all circumstances. It proceeds principled importance in the present of the PLA, p. 124, Alb. ed.) from the Marxist-Leninist thesis that conditions of the international revolu• In order to carry out the tasks of the the internal factor is decisive and de• tionary movement, as an absolute ne• ideological and cultural revolution, the terminant both in the struggle for the cessity for the successful fight against 8th Congress of the PLA once again triumph of the revolution and in the the many bourgeois-revisionist and op• stressed that it is necessary to lay spe• struggle for the construction and de• portunist and other enemies who, on cial stress on the work for the educa• fence of socialism. While applying the their part, work to strengthen their tion of people with the revolutionary principle of self-reliance, the PLA takes collaboration in various forms and outlook of the working class, with into consideration the imperialist-re• waj^. the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, in close visionist encirclement of the country, Guided by the ideal of socialism and connection with the documents of which exerts its continuous economic, proletarian internationalism, the PLA the Party and the Works of Comrade political, ideological and military pres• once again declared from the tribune Enver Hoxha, with the creation of deep- sure, but does not condition its policy of the 8th Congress that Albania will rooted ideological convictions among on these factors. It keeps present the never maintain relations with the two our people. The whole attention of the historical experience, which shows that imperialist superpowers, the USA and educative work of the Party, as the any deviation from the principle of the Soviet Union, which are the most ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 33 savage enemies of the peoples, the re• tical with that of imperialism, because sifying the struggle against all the cur• volution and socialism. At the same it, too, aims at making capitalism per• rents of modern revisionism, it is im• time it wages a stern struggle against manent, snuffing out the revolution and portant not to forget that Soviet re• imperialism, social-imperialism and destroying socialism. visionism has been and remains the reaction in general, seeing this strug• An important contribution to the most dangerous current of modern re• gle as a condition necessary for the struggle against modern revisionism visionism. defence of the freedom and indepen• and the further enrichment of Marx- In the present conditions, as the dence of the socialist homeland and as ism-Leninism are the major Works of 8th Congress of the PLA pointed out, an internationalist duty in support of Comrade Enver Hoxha, -"Imperialism the primary task for carrying forward the revolution and the liberation strug• and the Revolutions^ «yugoslav 'SeK- the revolutionary process in every gle of the peoples. administration' — a Capitalist Theory country and on a world scale is the On the other hand, the PLA, from and Practice", «Reflections on China>», liberation of the consciousness of the the rostrum of its 8th Congress, highly ^-Eurocommunism Is Anti-commun- proletariat and the peoples from the appreciated the solidarity, love and ism», «With Stalin(Memoirs), «The inhibiting influences of revisionism, trust that the fraternal Marxist-Le• Khrushchevites" (Memoirs), the report the spread of Marxism-Leninism which ninist parties, the proletariat and the to the 8th Congress of the PLA, etc in shows the only correct road of strug• revolutionary and freedom-loving peo• which the ideological critique of gle and victory. ples of the world show towards so• Khrushchevite, Chinese, Yugoslav, Eu• With the emergence and spread of cialist Albania. rocommunist revisionism has been revisionism in the communist parties Standing loyal to Marxism-Leninism made more profound, in which the of the former socialist countries and in and proletarian internationalism, the historical and socio-economic condi• the capitalist countries, the bourgeoisie PLA has uninterruptedly waged a stem tions of the emergence and spread of hastened to proclaim -"Marxism-Lenin- and consistent struggle against mo• these trends of revisionism have been ism is dead!>s But no such thing happened dern revisionism and all the other more completely brought out into or will ever happen. Marxism-Lenin• opportunist currents, and has firmly relief, the process of their degeneration ism is a living, ever young doctrine defended the purity oi the Marxist-Le• has been analysed, their anti-Marxist which illuminates the road of struggle ninist principles from their onslaughts strategy, tactics and theories have been and victory for the proletariat and the and distortions. The struggle of the exposed. All these have special im• peoples. Therefore it has resisted and PLA against modern revisionism is, at portance in understanding and assess• outlived with success all the attacks the same time, a further enrichment of ing the dangers which threaten so• and campaigns of its enemies and has Marxism-Leninism. cialism and the dictatorship of the emerged triumphant over them. So• The PLA has always waged a strug• proletariat in Albania and the revo• cialism and communism are the future gle on a broad front against all the lution and liberation struggle of the of mankind which will be realized currents of modern revisionism, Soviet, peoples of the world from revisionism without fail through the consistent Yugoslav, Chinese and Eurocommunist, and opportunism. class struggle of the world proletariat, exposing their strategy and tactics. The At the 8th Congress of the Party the waged according to the teachings of strategy of modern revisionism is iden• stress was laid on it that while inten• Marxism-Leninism. THE PROGRESS OF CULTURE AND THE GENERAL PROGRESS OF THE NATION bu HAMIT BEQaA

The socialist revolution, the socialist social order, which triumphed in Albania, released the latent energies of the people, the huge human, physical and intellectual potential of the working masses. They opened new paths for their irresistible and stormy outburst of an unexampled progress in all fields, social, cultural and artistic

IN THE REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE 8th CONGRESS OF THE PLA, progress of culture. At the same time, COMRADE ENVER HOXHA, THE LEADER OF THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE, the slow rates of cultural development, REFERRING TO THE ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS OF OUR SOCIALIST stagnation and, in given circumstances, CULTURE, POINTED OUT IN A SIGNIFICANT MANNER THAT ^Albanian language were feudal and bourgeois society creates culture» for their own expansionist opened, Albanian books and journals no possibility for their outburst and aims against the smaller peoples? were printed, the whole Albanian cul• development, on the contrary, it sup• Therefore, the struggle for the mother ture further developed. presses and curbs them; that socialism tongue, for the defence and develop• This brief historical outline of the alone works miracles in universal ment of the national cultural conscious• features of the Albanian culture clearly science and technology, knowledge and ness, of the national charaeter and shows how great was its role in the culture, making them the property of psychology, is today, too, a weapon in defence and liberation of the Albanian the working people, that socialism the hands of the Albanians, wherever nation from foreign yoke, and the paths alone creates the conditions for the all- they happen to be, as well as of the it opened for progress. round emancipation of man, for the peoples languishing under the twofold However, after the proclamation of complete development of the personality yoke — national and social, for the its independence, hard times were in of the new man, impelling him activ^^ preservation of their -national compact• store for Albania. With the establish• in cultural life, in the true sense of ness and vitality, for countering any ment of the savage feudal-bourgeois the word. new assimilating pressure. regime of King Zog in 1925 up till Right after the liberation of Albania Despite this vivid and powerful 1939, the Albanian people continued and with its embarkment on the road cultural tradition, throughout their to live in mediaeval obscurity. Oppres• of the free and democratic and, at the history the Albanian people have had sion and poverty, exploitation and same time, socialist development, the extremely few possibilities to involve misery went hand in hand with pro• Communist Party of Albania (today themselves in a rich and intensive found ignorance and mass illiteracy. the PLA) launched the profoundly rev• cultural life. During the period of the The great socio-economic backwardness olutionary and significant slogan: «More National Renaissance, in particular, all was the basis of this ignorance and bread, more culture for the people!» the great and brilliant minds of the suppressed all aspirations to cultural Placing culture on the same plane as nation saw and were deeply aware of progress. On its part, ignorance had an bread, the PLA laid down the problem the dialectical contradiction between influence on this backwardness, as of the rapid cultural development of the people's aspirations to progress and well as on the primitive outlook and the country as a vital historic impe• culture and the impossible. That is way of life of the people, fostered and rative for the nation, for its cultural why through Naim Frasheri, the out• kept it alive. That is why in the progress, as an absolutely necessary standing Albanian poet of the 19th passionate call: «A little light!»• coming condition for the construction of the century, they issued the call: «And the from the verses of the greatest rev• new socialist society. light of knowledge/ Will lead us for• olutionary poet of the time, Migjeni, The new socialist Albanian culture ward/ Forward to freedomAnd they along with the demand for freedom developed and flourished on the soil could not imagine the transition of and democracy, for all-round social of all-round revolutionary, democratic Albania from mediaeval backwardness progress, the permanent thirst of the and socialist, political, socio-economic on to the road of progress without Albanian for culture was also pre• and ideological transformations. The knowledge, without an academy and sent. establishment of the people's power a university, as Sami Frasheri, the and its further consolidation as a dic• brilliant thinker and encyclopaedist of tatorship of the proletariat, the social• the 19th century, called for in his 2. ization of the means of production program for the national movement. accompanied with rapid progress in Moreover, sensing the danger of reli• The socialist revolution, the socialist the elimination of the economic back• gious strife instigated by the foreigners, social order, which triumphed in Alba• wardness, and the beginning of the who had divided our small people into nia, released the latent energies of socialist construction, the revolution of three different religious beliefs, they the people, the human, physical and a socialist character, which began in stood for a secular culture in the intellectual potential of the working the whole spiritual life of society — national spirit, free from religion and masses. They opened new paths for these were the factors which served above religion. And with the pen of their irresistible and stormy outburst as an indispensable premise of this another outstanding patriot of our of an unexampled progress in all fields, new democratic and socialist progress National Renaissance, Pashko Vasa, social, cultural and artistic. of the Albanian culture. they launched the slogan: ^Albania is The example of socialist Albania Precisely on this soil the road was the Albanians' religion !»• They put the proved and is proving more and more gradually opened for an extremely spirit of Albania at the foundation of convincingly with each passing day dynamic cultural progress, both exten• the development of the national culture. Lenin's prediction that in the midst of sive and intensive, quantitative and Under this program, the Albanian the people there are innumerable slum• qualitative, in depth and bredth, In language and culture were cultivated, bering talents; that the exploiting the context of a comprehensive cultural ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 37 revolution of a profoundly democratic ist Albania sit at school desks regularly of its socialist content based on the and socialist character. every day. That is one of the highest Marxist-Leninist ideology, as well as A unified education system com• indices of mass involvement of the the efforts for the uninterrupted prising all categories of schools, based population in educational activities that strengthening and development of this on democratic socialist principles, was can be imagined in modern society. In content as a si^n of the irresistible set up almost from scratch. Education a country where only 40 years ago march of tile socialist revolution in became compulsory, secular and admis• about 85 per cent of the population the field of ideology and culture. sion was free of charge. This created was illiterate, today more than 67 per This unexampled revolutionary pro• the premises not only to quickly wipe cent of the workers have 8-year and gress does not sever the connections out illiteracy, but also to ceaselessly middle schooling and 32 per cent of with the past. The whole treasury of raise the educational, cultural and pro• them have medium and high profes• the national cultural legacy is orga• fessional level both of the new gene• sional training, whereas 52.3 per cent nically and, at the same time, critically rations and the working masses as a of the cooperativists have 8-year and integrated into modern socialist Alba• whole, to train the new skilled labour medium schooling, A country which nian culture. On the basis of the Marx• power — specialists and cadres for a few decades before had only 380 ist-Leninist concept of the role of the all fields of activity, the new people's specialists of higher training, today has whole process of cultural development intelligentsia. 47,500 of them and 131,500 specialists o£ mankind, it also assimilates the The setting up of a network of cul• of higher training. Eight-year education most outstanding universal values tural institutions and mass media, as has been applied long since all over created by mankind. well as the development of literature Albania and now more than two-thirds However, this culture has always and theatres, the creation of all kinds of the pupils who graduate the 8-year developed as a qualitatively new cul• and genres of artistic and cultural school goes on to the middle school. ture. The Albanian socialist school and activity, drama theatres and operas, The number of girl students is equal pedagogy develop on the basis of the the national cinematography, libraries to that of boy students, not only in the conrsistant defence, as well as creative and museums, homes and hearths of middle schools, but also in the higher implementation and development of culture as centres of a very broad and schools, which speaks of the high degree the Marxist-Leninist educational prin• massive activity for the dissemination of the general, but also cultural, eman• ciples and pedagogical thinking. Pre• of socialist culture, also proceeded on cipation of the Albanian woman. Even sent-day Albanian literature and art this road. now, in regard to the number of poli• flourish because they are based on the The scientific activity in the centre tical, scientific and artistic books pu• method of socialist realism. Science, and at the base, especially a nucleus blished by professional artistic insti• too, has the socialist ideology as its of specialized institutions and high tutions, their places per capita of popu• theoretical and methodological ba• schools, the University of Tirana and, lation, without mentioning the insti• sis. later, in the system of the Academy tutions of mass culture and the broad The whole of this new socialist cul• of Sciences, was organized from scratch. participation of the masses in cultural ture distinguishes itself not only for All these measures democratized and artistic activities, Albania is well its popular spirit and national original• Albanian culture and imparted it a in advance of many countries which ity imbued with a socialist spirit, but more massive character, making it a boast ancient cultural traditions. More• first of all, for its revolutionary mi• weapon for the construction of the over, all this cultural revolution has litancy and proletarian partisanship. socialist society, for the increase of developed and continues to develop in Both the aristocratic tendency of an production, for raising productivity of close connection with the related tech• elite culture for the privileged minority labour, for the general economic and nical-scientific revolution. A distinctive of the ruling classes, as well as the social progress of the country. feature of it is the broad participa• benumbing opium of the modern mass tion of the working people in scientific This extremely rapid and unpre• art and culture are alien to it, just experimentation, its simultaneous de• as the aberrations of the <'Left»- surro• cedented cultural progress has a deep velopment both in specialized scientific significance. The whole of Albania has gates which allegedly contest official institutions and at the base — in fac• conventional bourgeois culture. been turned into a great permanent tories and workshops, agricultural co• school, a hearth of culture constantly operatives, schools and health insti• In Albania constant efforts are made ablaze. All the Albanians are engaged tutions, etc. Modern science and tech• every day towards enrichment of the in a three-front struggle and wield nology have penetrated all fields of national socialist culture on the basis three weapons — the pick-axe, the Albanian socialist life, all its cells and of Marxism-Leninism, protecting it rifle and the book. On the third front, pores. both against mouldy and anachronistic that of knowledge, education and book, rubbish and the poisonous drugs of the whole people are soldiers, too. Two However, the greatest achievement of the modern bourgeois and revisionist out of every seven inhabitants of social• modern Albanian culture is the creation world, waging the struggle on two 38 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY fronts — both against conservatism and in the high appreciation of our films, cent. The complete cycle of secondary against liberaHsm. etc. The Albanian socialist culture education, without being made com• This whole many-sided process of enjoys universal respect for its national pulsory by law, will become available the uninterrupted revolutionization of and popular originality, its human and for almost everybody. This is an ex• Albanian socialist culture in quality democratic spirit, its pure revolutionary ceptionally important step. Within a and quantity is reflected not only on socialist ideals. quarter of a century, in a country in the ceaseless raising of the educational, which the overwhelming majority was cultural and professional level of the illiterate, today every boy and girl whole working people, of our new 3. will have the practical and effective man, but also on his rich and, at the possibility to receive full secondary same time, new spiritual world, on Looking always ahead towards the education. his communist consciousness, in ge• stage of the complete construction of Perceptible quantitative increases neral, on the new socialist social psy• socialist society and the all-round deep• will be made in all the fundamental chology, on the tastes of people, on ening of the socialist revolution, and indices of educational, cultural and their moral physiognomy, outlook and especially the ideological and cultural technical development. Only in the way of life, all of which fit into the revolution, the further and uninter• 7th five-year period (1981-1985) one geaeral pattern of the new socialist rupted revolutionization of the entire million books more than up till today society. life of the country, new and even more will be published. Of fundamental im• The communist personality of this brilliant prospects open up for Alba• portance is the fact that the means of new man, on a whole, is really one nian culture. This is closely connected culture, not only the major, but also of the greatest achievements of the with the present and perspective de• the minor ones, will penetrate ever socialist order in Albania. And here velopment in all walks of life. more into every institution and cell it must be pointed out that a new The magnificent task for the inten• of socialist society, so as to make them historical phenomenon — this new sification of the work for the com• increasingly available for every indi• man who is affirming himself not only plete construction of socialism, and espe• vidual at work and school, as well as as the object, but also as the subject cially of its material-technical base at in his free time. of this ideological and cultural rev• rapid rates, in a small country which These giant steps forward will be olution, a new and vital law of ma• has emerged just a few decades ago taken proceeding from the broad prin• terialist dialectics which demands that from deep backwardness, and even ciple, worked out by the PLA and man must not be a passive consumer more so in the conditions of the all- Comrade Enver Hoxha, that our whole of cultural values but an active creator round imperialist-revisionist blockade, socialist life is and must be culture. of them, is affirming itself. relying entirely on its own forces, a The aim of this culture is to serve task which calls for the ceaseless rais• All the achievements made so far production best to bring about an unin• ing of the cultural level of the whole show that the present-day cultural pro• terrupted rise in the productivity of society in the broadest meaning of the gress is one of the more distinctive labour and its quality, enabling our word, is unexampled in history. Bearing signs of the prosperity of the new so• people to constantly and ever better in mind this historical necessity and cialist Albanian nation. The values of prepare themselves for the defence of the roads for its achievement, at the its culture have earned respect every• our socialist Homeland, to embellish 8th Congress of the PLA Comrade where among the progressive circles their environment and life. Enver Hoxha pointed out -«The raising of the world and all the well-wishers This is the only way to achieve a of people's knowledge and their cul• of Albania. This is apparent in the broad concept of the cultured man of tural level represents a great poten• popularity of the Albanian Marxist- the socialist society, with all-round tial for the realization of the pre• Leninist political thinking, of the Se• communist development, with a Marx• sent and future plans.«• lected Works of Comrade Enver Hoxha, ist-Leninist world outlook, with a and especially those works published The great need for more knowledge, creative mind and a deft hand, with more recently which deal with the education and culture, science and socialist ethics and tastes, with a new international developments following technology is forcefully felt everywhere mentality and way of life. the Second World War, in the transla• in our country today. The present and The demand for a further rise in tion of the works of many outstanding perspective, extensive and intensive, the quality of work in all sectors of modern Albanian writers and poets, quantitative and qualitative develop• cultural activity is more than ever on among whom Ismail Kadare, Dritero ment in these fields must and will the order of the day. While preserving AgoUi, and others, into several foreign meet this need. and, moreover, further strengthening languages, in the successes of our folk• In this five-year period (1981-1985) the new, socialist, ideological content lore ensembles and cultivated art and the number of students trained in se• which has already strongly affirmed figurative arts exhibitions abroad, and condary schools will increase 46 per itself in our culture, the stress is laid ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 39 on raising the productivity and effi• The arts, both popular and culti• of our schools, with the present level ciency of the whole cultural work at vated, in all their kinds and genres, of our books, radio and television school and in all other fields of men• are irresistibly flourishing in Albania broadcasts, artistic performances, etc. tal activity, in literary and artistic today. The traditions of our people's While continuing our work for the creativeness and in cultural and pro• culture are not only preserved and constant improvement of all these in• paganda activities for the masses, in kept alive, but also further developed dices, we must aim at further impro• scientific-research work, in a word, in on a new, socialist basis. And this ving their quality and raising their all the mechanisms of the spiritual happens at a time when in the capi• productivity. life of society. talist and revisionist world there is On this road, of particular impor• The qualitative improvement of the a strong tendency towards their con• tance, not only for the present but whole cultural work, apart from in• stant degradation. Whereas in Alba• also for the perspective, are a better ternal motives, is also dictated by the nia the national ground and the com• co-ordination of all the many factors specific of the development of today's munist partisanship of our socialist and organisms of cultural influence on technical-scientific revolution, the literature and arts are being streng• our socialist society, the improvement achievements of which we have never thened, and at the same time, espe• of all the links of the full-time and neglected in the past nor will we cially in the development of cultivated part-time educational system, the co• neglect them in the future. If we forge art, its sound content and revolutionary ordination of the activity of the school ahead relying completely on our own themes are matched ever better by a with that of the means of mass culture forces, this does not mean in the form standing at a high level of ar• and propaganda, learning from books least that we are for a closed and tistic realization. The constant per• with learning from life, the conscious, autarkic development, for isolating fecting and raising of professional skill organized and systematic cultural and ourselves from the achievements of has assumed particular importance in propaganda activity with the active contemporary culture, science and tech• this field. participation of the masses themselves nology, as the bourgeois and revisionist In the present stage of development in the spiritual life of society — in enemies accuse us. Further steps ahead of socialist Albania, the deepening of the ideological class struggle and socio• must be taken to acquaint ourselves the technical-scientific revolution is political activity, in scientific-research with and critically utilize contemporary particularly urgent and imperative. At a work, in the creative artistic movement, scientific information, modern techni• time when the economy has entered the etc. cal and technological progress, their road of its intensive development, it creative applications in our conditions. is required everywhere that work must In this manner our culture will never The scientific-pedagogical moderni• be done with high quality, producti• remain a vain ornament, intellectualist zation of the whole teaching and edu• vity and efficiency. erudition, or a means for narrowly cational process of the school, its con• All these phenomena and trends of understood personal profit, for ensuring tents and methods, will be intensified the present and perspective cultural a job in the bureaucratic and techno• further, combating more energetically development clearly show that now cratic hierarchy, as happens in the the conservatism and traditionalism we cannot content ourselves with the bourgeois and revisionist countries, but apparent in some teaching programs quantitative indices of cultural pro• will always be an effective weapon and textbooks, as well as in the every• gress: with the present advance and for the all-round development and day teaching procedures of our school. proficiency of the students and pupils progress of our socialist nation. THE 8'" SESSION OF THE 9'" LEGISLATURE OF THE PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY

The 8th session of the 9th legislature 5 — Endorsement of the Draft-law on of the People's Assembly was held from the State Budget for 1982. I4th to 16th of January 1982. 6 — Endorsement of the decrees-is• Attending this session were also sued by the Presidium of the People's suests, advanced workers and coopera- Assembly. tivists, working people and cadres of va• The deputies unanimously voted for rious departments, institutions and mass the agenda. organizations. In the first point on the agenda, Com• The session burst into stormy ap• rade Simon Stefani gave the floor to plause and ovations at the entrance of the First Secretary of the Central Com• the First Secretary of the Central Com• mittee of the PLA, Comrade Enver LIFE OF THE mittee of the Party, Comrade Enver Hoxha. In his speech, Comrade Enver Hoxha, the President of the Presidium Hoxha said: of the People's Assembly, Comrade ^Comrade Deputies, Haxhi Lleshi, Comrades Adil Qargani, On behalf of the Central Committee Hajredin Qeliku, Hekuran Isai, Kadri of the Party I propose to the People's Hazbiu, Lenka Quko, Manush Myftiu, Assembly that the Member of the Po• Muho Asllani, Pali Miska, Ramiz Alia, litical Bureau of the Central Committee Rita Marko, Simon Stefani, Besnik of the Party of Labour of Albania, Bekteshi, Foto Qami, Llambi Gegprifti, Comrade Adil Qar^ani, be appointed Prokop Murra, Qirjako Mihali, the Vice- Prime Minister of the People's Socialist presidents of the People's Assembly Republic of Albania and charged to Myslim Peza, Spiro Koleka and Shefqet submit the composition of the Council Pegi, the members of the Presidium of of Ministers, which he will bead, to the People's Assembly and of the Go• the People's Assembly. vernment. Comrade Adil Car^ani is a known ca• The Chairman of the Chairmanship dre of great loyalty and experience of of the People's Assembly Simon Stefani, leading work in the affairs of the Party declared the session open, proposing the and the State, he has continually and following agenda: untiringly fought and worked to carry 1— Designation of the chairman of out and defend the Marxist-Leninist line the Council of Ministers and his pre• and ideology of our glorious Party. sentation of the composition and pro• The Central Committee of the Party gram of the Council of Ministers. expresses its conviction that the Council 2 — Report of the Council of Mi• of Ministers, under the chairmanship of nisters on «The Draft of the Ith Five- Comrade Adil C^ar$ani, will honourably year Plan of the Development of the discharge the tasks of responsibility de• Economy and Culture of the People's riving from the Constitution and which Socialist Republic of Albania for the the 8th Congress of the Party has set. Period 1981-1985, as well as of the I express my conviction that the com• Drafts of the State Plan and Budget for J982.» rade deputies will unanimously approve the condidature of Comrade Adil Qar- 3 — Endorsement of the Draft-law on cani.» the 7th Five-year Plan of the Develop• ment of the Economy and Culture of The proposal made by Comrade Enver the People's Socialist Republic of Alba• Hoxha of appointing Comrade Adil nia for the period 1981-1985. Qargani Chairman of the Council of Mi• 4 — Endorsement of the Draft-law on nisters and charging him with submit• the State Plan of the Development of ting the composition and program of the the Economy and Culture of the Peo• Council of Ministers was received with ple's Socialist Republic of Albania for warm applause and adopted unani- 1982. TTMUSly. At the end of the session, in an at• Petro Dode, Chairman of the State Law of the State Plan of the Develop• mosphere of revolutionary enthusiasm Planning Commission, submitted the re• ment of the Economy and Culture of Comrade Enver Hoxha went among the port on the «lth Five-year Draft-plan the People's Socialist Republic of Alba• delegates and shook hands with them of the Development of the Economy nia for 1982 and the Law of the State cordially. and Culture of the People's Socialist Budget for 1982, in principle, in every At the second session, the President Republic of Albania for the Period single article and as a whole. of the Presidium of the People's As• 1981-1985 and the drafts of the State Then, the session went over to the sembly, Comrade Simon Stefani, gave Plan and Budget for I982». last item of the agenda. The Secretary the floor to the Chairman of the Coun• The report of the Planning and of the Presidium of the People's Assem• cil of Ministers, Comrade Adil Qar^ani Budget Commission of the People's As• bly, Comrade Xhafer Spahiu, on behalf who, on the basis of the Constitution sembly was delivered by the head of of the Presidium, presented the report and the Regulations of the People's the Commission, deputy Hamit Taga. on the decrees issued by the Presidium Assembly, having solicited the opinion The third and fourth sittings of the of the People's Assembly. of the Central Committee of the Party, session were devoted to discussing the The closing speech was made by the submitted the program and composition report of the Council of Ministers -"On President of the Presidium of the Peo• of the Council of Ministers. the 7th Five-year Draft-plan of the De• ple's Assembly, Comrade Simon Ste• The speech of Comrade Adil Qarqani velopment of the Economy and Culture fani. The 8th Session of the 9th Legisla• was listened to attentively and fre• of the People's Socialist Republic of Al• quently punctuated by stormy applause. ture of the People's Assembly success• bania for the Period 1981-1985 and the On the basis of Article 67 of the Cons• fully ended its proceedings, which went Drafts of the State Plan and Budget titution, by decision No. 156, the Peo• on in an atmosphere of revolutionary for I982». ple's Assembly of the People's Socialist enthusiasm, of the unbreakable unity of Republic of Albania appointed the After the discussion was wound up the people round the Party, its Central Council of Ministers and fully endorsed the deputies unanimously adopted the Committee with Comrade Enver Hoxha its program. Law on the 7th Five-year Plan of the at the head, of optimism and deter• Then, the session went over to the Development of the Economy and Cul• mination to carry out the tasks of the second point of the agenda. On behalf ture of the People's Socialist Republic plan for 1982 and the entire 7th Five- of the Council of Ministers, deputy of Albania for the period 1981-1985, the year Plan.

ture and education have made signi• THE REPUBLIC DAY ficant progress. In the People's Socialist Republic of Albania there is complete economic and The entire Albanian people, old and independent democratic Albania. For political stability, society is healthy, young, celebrated the 36th anniversary the first time in their history the Alba• people feel secure about their present of the proclamation of the People's Re• nian people won all their democratic and future, there is no stagnation or public of Albania, today the People's rights and freedoms and mercilessly fall of production, no unemployment Socialist Republic of Albania, in an crushed all the efforts of the internal or price rises. Albania is the only coun• atmosphere of revolutionary optimism enemies and the plots of the imperialists try in the world ivithout taxes for the a.nd mobilization to carry out the his• and their agents, thus finally burying working masses, developing without ex• toric decisions of the 8th Congress of the hopes of the exploiting classes for ternal loans or internal debts, with edu• the PLA and the tasks of this year — a return to poioer. cation and health service free of charge the second year of the 7th Five-year During these 36 years of heroic .strug• for the entire population, with all its Plan. On this occasion, various meet• gle and work, the Albanian people, un• villages completely electrified. The PSR ings and other activities dedicated to der the leadership of the Party of La• of Albania has the most progressive the Republic Day were organized. bour of Albania and guided by the tea• constitution in the ivorld, the Consti• On January 11, 1946 the Constituent chings of Comrade Enver Hoxha, con• tution of the complete construction of Assembly which emerged from the first, sistently following the correct Marx• socialist society. Proletarian democracy, really free and democratic elections, ex• ist-Leninist road of the Party, have which is genuine democracy for the pressing the sovereign wiU of the peo• brought about deep-going revolutionary working masses, is always in action, ple, proclaimed Albania a People's Re• economic and social transformations, and the revolutionary vigilance of the public. This act of great historic im• making incomparable progress in all masses is always high. The defence of portance represents one of the major fields. Albania today is a socialist coun• Albania and its socialist gains is secure victories of the Albanian people. The try with modern industry and advanced and invincible. proclamation of the Republic was the agriculture, powerful hydro-power The Party has shown continuous con• outcome of the gigantic efforts of the plants and big factories, with a working cern for the ceaseless strengthening of valiant and freedom-loving Albanian class 30 times more numerous than be• the people's state power. This power people, the fruit of the torrents of blood fore Liberation. Industry grows stronger today is stronger than ever. Its strength they shed in the Anti-fascist National and advances and agriculture continues lies in the correct leadership of the Liberation War, it was the sanctioning on the road of its modernization and in• Party, in its close links with the mas• of their free will to build a new and tensive development. The people's cul• ses. ' The Albanian people masses for the construction of socialism who have fought in the centuries for and the defence of the Homeland. That their freedom and independence, have is why we guard this state power like always condemned any social and na• the apple of our eyes and continuously tional oppression, in any part of the strengthen it in struggle against the world, as well as all the attempts of dangers which threaten it — liberalism the great powers and the various reac• and bureaucracy."- tionary forces at the enslavement and Albania is a truly socialist country, exploitation of the peoples. They con• which pursues a principled and consis• demn any form of colonialism, old and tent foreign policy in all fields. This po• new, any dictate and violation of the licy, as the 8th Congress of the Party sovereignty and rights of the peoples. clearly and explicitly once again em• This is the unwavering stand which has phasized, is completely in the service of lined up Albania and united it with the the defence of the interests of the Home• just struggle of the peoples, with all land and the gains of socialism, of the those forces which fight against the im• cause of the revolution, the liberation perialist superpowers, for freedom, na• of the peoples and peace in the world. tional independence and social progress. Among other factors, it is this policy The Albanian people, living up to the which has secured for 'Albania great spirit of proletarian internationalism, authority and well-earned respect in the have supported and will support the re• world, has won its friends and well- volutionary and liberation struggles of wishers on all the continents. The PSR the peoples. They sympathize with all of Albania has been and is resolutely those progressive patriotic forces which opposed to imperialism and social-im• resist and oppose the warmongering ag• perialism, in the first place, American gressive policy of American imperialism, imperialism and Soviet social-imperial• Soviet social-imperialism and other ism. It has exposed and combated their reactionary powers. aggressive policy, their sinister plans The People's Socialist Republic of Al• to rob the nations of their freedom bania ha'i never been isolated and is and independence, their attempts to en• not isolated. It has diplomatic relations slave the peoples. Speaking at the 8th with 95 states, it develops trade re• Congress of the PLA, Comrade Enver lations with scores of states and has Hoxha said, «Wit?i the United 'States cultural exchanges with many of them. of America and the Soviet Union, which Albania is for the development of these are the most ferocious enemies of the relations with all those states which fieedom and independence of the peo• abide by the known principles of non• ples and of peace and security in the interference in internal affairs, equali• world, our country does not maintain ty, Ttspect of sovereignty and territorial and will not maintain any relations. As integrity and mutual benefit. NEW VICTORIES, BRILLIANT PROSPECTS In every Albanian home, in the city Mother Albania so high, which made and the countryside, old and young our socialist Homeland powerful, res• wished each other from the heart «A pected and honoured in the eyes of the happy New Year 1982! With the Party peoples and the revolutionaries all over at the head! May the banners of vic• the world. tories fly higher and higher!^ As al• The joy around the festive table this ways, the first toast was raised from year was even greater because great the bottom of people's heart to our be• were the victories achieved over the loved Party, which, with Comrade Enver 365 days of work and efforts to raise Hoxha, its founder and leader, at the the glory of the Homeland ever higher head, raised the name and glory of and embellish its face. The past year was a year of great historic events. The The past year, just as the preceding higher degree the work for the fulfil• 8th Congress of our glorious Party, years, was the continuation of the major ment of the plans worked out by the which was held on the eve of the 40th efforts for the revolutionization of the Party. anniversary of its founding, drew the whole life of the Party. In the work The PSR of Albania, led by our glo• balance of the successes achieved in the and struggle for the successful imple• rious Party, has today a sure and in• past five-year plan and set new tasks mentation of the tasks of the first year vincible defence. The entire soldier peo• and opened even more magnificent pros• of the 7th Five-year Plan and correctly ple work and stand guard to defend the pects before the Homeland. The historic waging the class struggle, the education victories of the socialist revolution, keep decisions which this great assembly of of the popular masses was strengthened their vigilance always high, are daunt• our Party took became a source of ins• through the assimilation of the Marx• less and always ready to shower bullets piration for and major revolutionary ist-Leninist ideas in close connection on any aggressor who would dare touch initiatives taken and backed by our with the teachings of the Party and working class, cooperativist peasantry, even an inch of the sacred and invio• the youth and intelligentsia, all the Comrade blnver Hoxha, as well as with lable soil of our socialist Homeland. working people, to always forge ahead our revolutionary practice. This great The correct line the PLA has always in the socialist construction of the transforming process has led to the followed in the field of the foreign po• country. strengthening of the Party, of its leading licy by consistently implementing the The great unity of the people around rote, as well as the ceaseless consoli- principles of Marxism-Leninism and the Party shone with great force during aation of the people's power, ttie dic• proletarian internationalism, its resolu• the last year, too. From the tribune of tatorship of the proletariat. The parti• te and uncompromising struggle against the Congress, Comrade Enver Hoxha cipation of the masses in governing the imperialism, social-imperialism, revi• said that «the internal situation has country became even more active and sionism and the various reactionaries never been stronger than today. The was raised to an even higher de• contributed, this year, too, to the fur• compactness and unity of the people, gree. ther strengthening of the international the alliance of the working class with The days of the past year were days position of the People's Socialist Repu• the cooperativist peasantry, the colla• of work and efforts to fulfil the plan blic of Albania. The progressive and boration and solidarity among the va• of the first year of the 7th Five-year peace-loving peoples and states every• rious strata of our society have been Plan in all fields. At a time when the where in the world respect and honour strengthened and consolidated further. bourgeois-revisionist world is caught our country. The friends and well- The links of the Party with the people in the grip of a deep-going and all- wishers of socialist Albania are^in- have been steeled, their mutual trust round crisis, in Albania there is com• creasing from day to day. The sym• has been tempered even more.>^ The plete economic and political stability, pathy and love of the Marxist-Lenin• boundless determination, the revolu• our society is sound, people are sure ists, revolutionaries and honest and de• tionary drive and the heroic spirit with of the present and the future. All this mocratic people for the PLA and the which the people struggle for the rea• is evidence of the strength and vitality People's Socialist Republic of Albania lization of the tasks set by the Party of the socialist system, which streng• is constantly growing. are brilliant expressions of this great thens and steels the confidence of the Today, on the first day of the New unity which is being steeled more and people in the words and directives of Year 1982, the hearts of the Albanians more with each passing day. This is a the Party. The revolutionary enthusiasm wish: -"A happy New Year! Let the unity tempered in all-round work and and mobilization which have burst coming years find us always like this, struggle for the implementation of the forth all over the country, the revolutio• with the Party at the head, with its Marxist-Leninist revolutionary line of nary initiatives and movements which teachings and Comrade Enver Hoxha's the PLA which has always emerged are spreading everywhere to put into teachings in our minds and hearts, triumphant in the fight and clashes practice the decisions of the 8th Con• united like an iron fist on the glorious with many enemies. gress of the Party, will raise to a new. road of the construction of socialism!"-

socio-economic character, which are THE BULLETIN carried out by the scientific institutions, higher schools, central organs of the OF mass organizations, party committees, etc, as well as critiques of social scien• ces publications, Albanian and foreign, «SOCIO-POLITICAL and unpublished documents of the Party on specific problems*, etc. STUDIES» The 8th Congress of the Party ins• tructed that social sciences should de• By decision of the CC of the PLA, the Political Studies"-. In the spirit of this velop our revolutionary creative think• Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies decision this press organ will include ing, sum up our rich experience in the begins publishing the bulletin -"Socio- ^studies of a political, ideological, and revolution and socialist construction and defence of the Homeland, courageously The bulletin will be comprised of stu• cope with practical problems on the dies on various problems of internatio• basis of Marxism-Leninism. nal relations, the world communist and "Studies and generalizations,-- Com• worker movement, the liberation mo• rade Enver Hoxha pointed out in his vement of the peoples, the present-day report, «open clear perspectives for the movement, the liberation movement of party organizations, the communists the peoples, the present-day develop• and the working people, help them to ments in the world, proceeding from the tight the manifestations of routine, for• revolutionary foreign policy of our malism and superficiality, to create Party, especially the penetrating Marx• healthy convictions and define the mea• ist-Leninist analysis which the 8th sures and roads for carrying out the Congress made of the international si• tasks for the present and the pers• tuation and the orientations it gave in pective. >^ the field of foreign policy. These are magnificent tasks. Their A special place in the bulletin will be solution will he assisted by our science, devoted to the studies on the exposure in general, and the social studies, in of the ideology, policy and practical ac• tivity of the various currents of mo• LIFE OF THE particular. dern revisionism — Soviet, Yugoslav, Many social studies, at the centre and Chinese, Eurocommunist. Such studies in the base, will be reflected in the contribute to the revolutionary educa• bulletin «Socio-Political Studies"-. tion of our communists and working These studies will make a concrete people, enabling them to assimilate the contribution to the solution of socio-eco• revolutionary line of the Party for the nomic problems in connection with the uninterrupted development of the so• tasks of the 7th Five-year Plan and the cialist revolution, strengthen the con• perspective development of the country, fidence in the unavoidable triumph of to the implanting of deep convictions socialism on an international scale. among the masses about the possibility In the field of historical studies, the of realizing the planned tasks, to the bulletin will mainly include studies on mobilization and the fullest possible the history of the PLA. The Institute of utilization of the energies and creative Marxist-Leninist Studies, after pre• abilities of people in their work, to the paring the second edition of the His• overcoming of the obstacles created by tory of the Party of Labour of Albania, the difficulties of our growth and the has programmed its work for the fu• imperialist-revisionist blockade, as well ture years which will comprise studies as by the world economic-financial and generalizations of the historical ex• crisis. perience of the Party over major pro• The bulletin will give ample space to blems of its revolutionary activity, such problems of a political and socio-ideo- as the Marxist-Leninist, political, phi• logical character, connected with the losophical, economic, cultural, military problems of the socialist superstructure. thought of the Party, the strategy and In regard to these problems social tactics of the Party in the different sciences will be orientated mainly to• stages of the revolution, problems of the wards those major tasks which the 8th building of the internal life of Congress of the Party set for the further the Party, the struggle of the Par• strengthening of the Party and its Uad- ty against modern revisionism, etc. Stu• ing role, for the continuous strengthening dies on these problems will be carried and perfecting of the dictatorship of the out not only by the Institute, but also proletariat, for the strengthening of de• by other central institutions. Studies fence and the enhancement of the so• will begin on various questions of the cialist consciousness of the working history of the Party in the districts, too. people. The bulletin will include especially studies of the struggle against and the of Albania, which are systematically capitalist and revisionist countries. exposure of the slanders and distortions made by the so-called scientific institu• The bulletin ^^Socio-Political Studies^> of the past and contemporary history tions, historians and sociologists in the will appear biannually in Albanian.

of the other tumuli discovered in Mat. CHRONICLE Hamallaj, Durres. A medium-sized tomb built exclusively of earth has OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL been discovered here. The skeletons in it were in a very deteriorated state. FINDS IN 1981 The number of objects found inside was very limited. As to its time, the tomb In 1981, like in the preinous years, the direct connection with the neolithic cul• belongs to the 9th-7th centuries b.o.e. Centre of Archaeological Research oj ture of our country. Though small in amount, the'material the Academy of Sciences of the PSR oj The Nezir Cave, Mirdita. For three found has special value, because it is Albania, together icith eight of its bran• consecutive years work has been going the first of its kind discovered in the ches in the districts, organized a num• on systematically at this cave dwelling. vicinity of Durres and is connected with ber of excavations over the main pro• The cultural stratum (4 m deep), as vjell blems of the pre-history and ancient as its floor planes, which are super• the material of the tombs of Mat and history of the country, the ethnogenesis imposed on one another almost without Korga. of the Illyrians, the development of the interruption and in very clearly dis• In the field of the Illyrian anliquity: Illyrian culture and the formation of tinguishable succession, show that in Bylis, Fier. For a long time now Bylis the Albanian people and their culture. this cave there was intensive activity has been one of the largest centres of In the field of pre-history: in the Copper Age and in the beginning excavations in the field of Illyrian civil Barg, Korga. Work was begun for of the Bronze Age. Archaeological ex• culture. Studies have been made about unearthing a pre-historical village, cavations and the materials resulting the earliest stages of the birth of this which, as cultural strata (2.37 m thick) from them show much more clearly ihe culture, its system of fortifications, and show, has gone through two main pe• cultural and ethnical connection betwMn especially the internal urban set up of riods of its existence. They belong to the two periods, throwing light on the its settlements. In 1981 work finished the beginning of the Neolithic Age and fact that the neolithic element, ie the for the complete unearthing of the the end of this same age. Painted, stam• autochthonous element has played an theatre, which in regard to its size and ped and stiff ceramics characterize the important role in the formation of the architectonic solution and special ele• earlier period, whereas black and grey culture of the Bronze Age. ments is one of the major accomplish• ceramics, together with ceramics paint• The finds at Burim, Barg and in the ments in the field of construction in the ed on light background for the first Nezir Cave give more information not period of the flourishing of this settle• time, as well as some religious objects, only about the characteristics of the ment. Likewise, work has began on characterize the second period of this culture of the Neolithic Age and the unearthing another large monument — settlement. Copper Age, hut also, through new facts, the stadium of the city. Burim, Korga. Intensive excavations they throw light on the way of life Apollonia, Fier. Excavations have con• in 1981 brought to light the ruins of a of the very ancient inhabitants of the tinued in the large theatre of the city. settlement belonging to the Copper Age country — the Pelasgians. As a result of the combined efforts of (about 2600 years b.o.e.), which flou• Sug, Mat. In the course of several the archaeologists and architects, 2/3 of rished in the beginning of this age. Of years of work at the tumular necropolis the pit of the orchestra was brought to special interest is its black and grey of Mat, in 1981 another such necropolis light and its perimetre was established ceramics painted in grey and decorated was discovered in Sug, which provides at 44.75. Valuable data regarding the with incisions and plastic ornaments. valuable archaeological material such architecture of the stage were thus The culture of Burim, besides its di• as pottery of various types, bronze ob• obtained and several problems con• rect connection with the culture of jects, weapons and especially ornaments, nected with the designs for the res• Maliq (a village near Korga), which iron objects and ivory and glass orna• toration of the monument were solved. has been discovered earlier, has its own ments, which belong to the 8th and 7th Meanwhile work continued at the individual characteristics which bring it centuries b.o.e. The archaeological ma• necropolis of the city where a ceme• to an earlier date and as such has a terial has features in common with that tery containing 25 graves, with 160 va- luable objects belonging to the Helle• upper part of the castle, together with nistic period, was discovered. those discovered previously, complete SUrres. The necropolis on haute Hill and embellish the environment around was made the object of extensive stu• the new National Museum of Gjergj dies during 1981. All the 47 tombs dis• Kastrioti - Skanderbeg. covered are characterized by similar Saranda. Work for unearthing a com• features both regarding their burial pat• plex of buildings in the centre of the terns and architecture. No case of cre• city, of which the most important and mation burial was found among them. valuable is the basilica, has come to an The archaeological material found in end here. The value of this monument them gives a fuller idea of the exten- is increased by the discovery of a mo• iion of the necropolises of the 4th-3rd saic floor of 14 X 8.15 metres. The multi• centuries b.o.e., as well as more data coloured mosaic shows figures of ani• about the economic life of this period. mals and fowls, such as lions, oxen, Butrint. Work was concentrated on hounds, and birds skillfully executed the building complex adjacent to the and combined with artistic taste. The theatre of the city. As a result, several rest of the space is dedicated to a eu- buildings, which make the urban picture charistic scene. of this central part of the city more Blaca, Pogradec. Preliminary exca• complete, were discovered. The ce• vations carried out at the Castle of ramics and other artisan products found Blaca show that the beginnings of this here, which belong to the 4th-6th cen• settlement go back to the early Iron turies o.e., represent valuable material Age. However, the. castle has lived its for the study of the economic level and most intensive period in the course of trade exchanges of Butrint in the last the 5th-6th centuries of our era, when period of its existence. its surrounding walls must have been In the field of late antiquity and built. early Middle Ages. Arapaj, Durres. For two years now Kruja. In the vicinity of the Clock excavations are going on for the com• Tower of the old castle, in some build• plete unearthing of a palaeo-christian ings beside the surrounding wall of the basilica of very large proportions, which town, fragments of ordinary and ena• is situated on the hills of the Arapaj melled ceramics, as well as other ob• village close to the beach of Durres. jects of instructive and chronological The size of the basilica, which is one value about the period of the activity of the largest discovered in Albania, is cf these premises were discovered. The proved best by the recently discovered unearthing of these buildings in the mosaic.

NEW OBJECTIVES OF THE WORKERS OF THE INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

The workers of the Institute of Hy• gress of the Party, have laid down, a giene and Epidemiology, basing them• program of concrete tasks for the pro• selves on the decisions of the 8th Con• tection and strengthening of the peo- pie's health through improving their fever, whooping cough, and the pro• cence for toxoplasmoses, as well as the work in the field of hygiene, epidemio• duction of curative serums for diph• diagnostication of aspergillosis through logy and the production of immuno- theria, tetanous, rechitls, as well as the immunoelectrophoresis. Similarly, ex• biological preparates. The experience vaccine against cholera, so as to ensure periments will be carried out for the gained and the successes achieved to a longer time of their utilization and production of the anti-influenza vac• date are a good starting-point for car• facilitate their use in all the regions cine which is not yet produced in our ryings this work, especially in the of the country. Part of these vaccines country, work will be done to increase field of scientific research and ex• will be stored in ampoules, which is productivity in the production of te• perimentation, further ahead. very economic, instead of small flasks, tanic anatoxine on semi-synthetic breed• In 1981 the working collective of this at, they have been stored so far. ing ground. At the same time, a new institute, relying on their own forces, Studies in the field of hygiene for method will be applied for the treatment started work on the drying of anti-2^BC agricultural workers, especially those of diphtheria carriers through inha• vaccine, of gama globulin and histo glo• which have to do with the prevention lation, which reduces the time of hos• bulin. At the same time, studies connec• of the pollution of the environment and pitalization from 21 days to 24. ted with the establishment of data on surface loaters and its protection hours. contagious diseasea and the related pro• against pesticides also, will be further In collaboration with scientific work• blems of hygiene have been further deepened. ers in the districts, studies in the field deepened, a number of new expe• During 1981 the diagnosis laboratory of contagious diseases will be extended riments, such as the study of the reac• of the Institute succeeded in recycling to the assessment of the level of im• tion for passive haemoglutination in the the agar used in its tests and in 1982 munity of the population to measles, diagnostication of the virus B hepa• the workers of this Institute will extend poliomyelitis, whooping cough, scarlet titis, the chemical and technological this method to the bacteriological la• fever, diphtheria and other viral and pa• methods connected with the problems boratories of the districts. This basic rasitic diseases, as well as in the field of the protection of the environment material for the work of bacteriological of preventive measures against con• from industrial, urban and other sour• laboratories is imported at a high cost. tagious diseases of the intestines. In the ces of pollution, have been carried Its recycling will reduce import. field of hygiene, studies wil be deep• out. During 1981, 180 kinds of serums for ened in the metallurgical and che• While analysing the directives of the the diagnostication of contagious di• mical industries, in the oil extraction 8th Congress of the Party, the working seases were produced, while in 1982 and processing industry, in construct• collective of the Institute have set some more kinds of serums will be pro• ion, agriculture, etc. The objective set themselves a series of objectives with duced for the diagnostication of salmo• for 1982 is to publish a handbook of the aim of further promoting their nellosis. Likewise, the serum for the standard methods of analysis for all scientific studies. diagnostication of the virus B hepatitis chemical and toxicological laboratories In this manner, during 1982, besides icas produced with very good quality, in the districts. These are important fulfilling the plan of themes of studies thus opening the road to ceasing im• objectives in order to ensure a new in all details and the plan for the pro• ports of it. qualitative rise of the studies carried duction of biological preparates, they In 1982 work will go on to ensure the out and to further deepen the technical- u-ill go over to the drying of the vac• rapid diagnostication of contagious di• scientific revolution. Besides, this is of cine against measles, small-pox, typhoid seases by the method of immunofluores• great economic advantages, too.

of the Albanian TV in the Adriatic and UNDERWATER Ionian Seas, as well as in the Oher Lake. This expedition has two aims DISCOVERIES closely combined with one another: the

In recent times, the sector of under• Durres, as well as in other important discovery of underwater archaeological water archaeology of the Archaeological off-shore points of the Albanian coast. objects and their scientific documen• Museum of Durres has carried out ex• Of special importance was the orga• tation and broad popularization among plorations in various points of the hy• nization of a one-month joint expedition the masses, thus making a great con• dro-archaeological map of the Bay of of this museum and the scientific board tribution to the popularization of under- water archaeology among the masses, the hypothesis, that this must be where the illumination of certain problems of the ancient Aulon should be located. cultural tradition of our people in the Of interest are also the repeated ex• early Middle Ages. peditions at the Uji i Ftohte and at the The main objective is the Bay of ancient Quarries of the Karaburun Pe• Durres. Dives along the coastline of ninsula. The sea has preserved through the Cape of Rodon enabled the expe• the centuries the traces of the intensi• dition to make observation of the foun• ve work done by the anonymous work• dations of the iwo round towers of the ers of these quarries, who in the 6th Muzhli Castle which, due to the dip in century, and more so in the 4th century the level of the soil, today is found b.o.e., supplied construction stones for under water. It was the only coastal Apollonia and other Illyrlan towns in castle of Skanderbeg and one of the its hinterland. There, under the waves, centres of intensive sea traffic, through there is a clear view of the polygonal a?hich the Albanian coastal cities car• and square blocks of the stone pillars ried out trade with other countries in destined for the monumental architec• the Middle Ages. This is also corro• ture of that time. The sea bottom of the borated by a number of mediaeval do• Bay of the Bear, in the western coast LIFE OF THE cuments. Off-shore, not very far from of the Karaburun Peninsula, is full of the south-western tower, at three me• ceramic fragments of different epochs. ters' depth, an ancient wall of poly• The wooden sea-shell covered hull of gonal big boulders, without mortar, an ancient sea-going vessel was disco• was found. What does this underwater vered at 14 metres' deep. The ceramics aiscovery signify? The ancient authors found about it belong to the early cen• mention the existence of a certain lUy- turies of our era. The Bay of the Bear, lian town with tae name of Denda in just like the Bay of Gramata, are two tne litoral somewhere between Lezha haroours which provided shelter for and Durres. Aboui three-quarters of the ships against heavy seas. The ar• a century ago the archaeologist Karl chaeological materials found at the bot• faisch proposed the Hypothesis that tom of these two bays will throw light perhaps Denda snouid be sought in the on the seamanship of those places, the vicinities of Rodon. Will this hypothesis kinds of sea transport used in ancient resist the proof of facts? Further ar• times and the inventory of the sunken chaeological excavations will prove it. ships, as well as on the extent of the One thing is certain, namely, that not relations and sea contacts with the only the Cape of Roaon was a dwelling Adriatic-Ionian-Mediterranean world centre in the Middle Ages, but also that and the Aegeus. it was inhabitated from more ancient The expedition worked at Orichon, times. Ancient ceramic fragments found too, in two directions: along the coast• at the Cape of Rodon bear this out. line and in the salt lagoon behind the Interesting conclusions were reached hill where the ruins of the ancient town also by the expedition in the Bay of still exist. Orichon had its outer and Vlora. At the Cape of Treport, north of inner ports. At the extreme part of the Vlora, a wall tract of 700 metres, which lagoon there are clear traces of a road according to the type of constructtion winding round the foot of the hill right belongs to the 4th century b.o.e., was up to the wall of the pier built with studied in detail. Today it is found two parallel rows of big hewn stones under water. According to some stu• with smaller stones used as filler. The dents, this is what remains of an an• organization of future expeditions will cient road, while according to others complete the picture of the hydro-ar• it is the structure of a pier which ex• chaeological information, thus enriching tended into the sea. In fact, it is a su• the data about the culture and the tra• rrounding wall, and this induces us to ditions of our ancestors. MESSAGE OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PLA TO THE 2nd CONGRESS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF DENMARK (M-L)

COPENHAGEN

Dear comrades, On the occasion of the 2nd Congress of your nalist solidarity with the fraternal CP of Denmark Party, the Central Committee of the Party of La• (M-L), the proletariat, the progressive forces and peo• bour of Albania, on behalf of the working class and ple of Denmark and wish them new and greater suc• all the working people of socialist Albania, sends cesses in their just struggle against imperialism, so• heartfelt revolutionary greetings to the delegates cial-imperialism, revisionism and reaction, against to the Congress and the fraternal Communist Party the danger of fascism and imperialist war, for the of Denmark (M-L)) and wishes them complete suc• cause of peace, democracy and socialism. cess in the proceedings of the Congress. In the process of the common revolutionary The 2nd Congress is an important event in the struggle, the friendship and collaboration between life and the revolutionary activity of the CP of our two parties are growing and strengthening on Denmark (M-L) and in the struggle of the Danish the basis of Marxism-Leninism and proletarian in• working class and people for their just aspirations. ternationalism. The CP of Denmark (M-L), which has inherited the best traditions of the Danish proletariat and has Long live the Communist Party of Denmark a correct Marxist-Leninist line, carries out a con• (M-L)! sistent and resolute activity in the interest of the working class and people of Denmark, as well as Long live the friendship and unity between the in defence of the purity of Marxism-Leninism Communist Party of Denmark (M-L) and the Party against modern revisionists of all colours. of Labour of Albania! The Party of Labour of Albania, the Albanian working class and people express their internatio• Glory to Marxism-Leninism!

THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA A SHORT TIME AGO, IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PREPARATIONS WHICH This attempts of the ARE BEING MADE FOR THE HOLDING OF THE 12th CONGRESS OF THE Great-Serbs, as we have LEAGUE OF COMMUNISTS OF YUGOSLAVIA, THE 23rcl PLENUM OF THE CC already observed, must OF THE LCY AND THE 18th PLENUM OF THE LEAGUE OF COMMUNISTS OF SERBIA MET IN QUICK SUCCESSION. ALTHOUGH IT WAS PUBLICLY PROC• also be seen as part LAIMED THAT THESE TWO FORUMS WERE CONVENED IN ORDER TO of the joint plot of STRENGTHEN <>, that «we may also talk about At the 18 th Plenum of the CC of the the alteration of the Constitution if we LC of Serbia, which was held in De• fail to solve the problems on its basis>^ cember 24-26, 1981, the feverish efforts However, the prevailing spirit of the of the Great-Serbs to establish their discussion was: by alleging respect to hegemony, the Serb unitarian dictate the Constitution and in the name of and centralism, in the first place, in a uniform interpretation of it, to en• the nations and nationalities organized sure the approval of a number of laws, in autonomous regions and eventually which in practice would lead to the li• in all the republics of the Federation, quidation of the autonomy of the re• came into the open. gions and the establishment of the In order to realize this objective complete rule of Serbia. they want to alter the existing Consti• This is what Vlaskalic, Petar Stam- tutions approved in 1974. However, as bolic, Miles Minic, Mirko Popovic, emerged at the plenum, the Great-Serbs Dusan Ckrebic, Dusanka Pijevac, Dra• consider that the ratio of forces is not goslav iVIarkovic and all the Serb re• suitable for doing such a thing yet. presentatives who spoke at the plenum This accounts for the fact that Tihomir demanded. Concretely, they proposed Vlaskalic. President of the CC of the the issuing of some laws binding on the LC of Serbia, who delivered the main Republic of Serbia and the autonomous report to the plenum, and other Serb regions, such as the Law on the social leaders, swore aloud that they do not planning (of the economy), the Law on intend to touch the Yugoslavia Consti• the people's defence, and the Law on tution and the rights of the regions. But the unification of international rela• what Vlaskalic tried to hide was revea- SKENDER OSUMI - Publicist, article tions, which deprive the regions of the published in the newspaper "Zeri i po- rights which the\ have had in these pullit>^, organ of the CC of the PLA, Ja• fields hitherto. Enactment of these nuary 24 and 26, 1982. UGOSLAVIA ESS OF THE LCY?

laws practically ensures the establish• On the other hand, Ivan Stamboli6, into a 'monolithic party' of the cen• ment of a unitarian and centralized sys• Chairman of the Executive Council of tralist type.^v tem controlled by Serbia, reducing the Serbs, voicing the discontent about the This plenum was an expression of the competences of the autonomous regions so-called federalism which allegedy obvious concern lest the Great-Serbs of Kosova and Voivodina and liquida• has been established in the Republic establish their own hegemony in the ting their autonomy. In the best case, of Serbia through the creation of the LCY by introducing a unitarian and ap was said at the plenum, too, all two autonomous regions, openly criti• centralist system, first by violating the that remains of autonomy boils down cized the federative organization of competences of the LC of the Republics to a sort of "cultural autonomy>>. Yugoslavia. «In the last analysis,* said and Regions. At the plenum was said Demands were also made about cir• Ivan Stambolic, «the important ques• that "Some Individuals, acting in pu• cumscribing the competences of the tion is not whether the SR of Serbia, blic, have attacked the federative orga• League of Communists of Kosova and as a state, will disintegrate or become nization of Yugoslavia, the solution of Vojvodina and completely reducing federalized^ Much more important is the national question, and want to them to subordinate organs of the LC the question whether Yugoslavia, as a strengthen the role of the state organs of Serbia, depriving them of the right society, will disintegrate. This depends in the planning of the economy and of having any direct connection with on the answer to the question about accumulation of production, violating the LC of Yugoslavia. the federalization of Serbia.>^ This same the Yugoslav Constitution and the Law The aim of the Serb clan to establish view was expressed by Minic, when he on United Labour*. The aim of these its hegemony and its unitarian system pointed out that the carrying out of forces the plenum emphasized, is to in the Yugoslav Federation was also centralizing measures in Serbia "con• bring about "the unitarian organiza• voiced in the plenum. The contributions ditions not only the unity of Serbia, but tion of the LCY and eventually of the also the unity of Yugoslavia,"- which is entire Yugoslav society.* Most mem• by Petar Stambolic, Ivan Stambolic, Mi- tantamount to saying that this Serb bers of the plenum expressed the view los IMinic, Dusanlta Pijevac, and others, -<^unity»- must be extended to the entire that in the structure of the LCY, the were deliberate efforts to prepare pu• Federation. existing organization, -xwhich recogni• blic opinion to accept on the Federa• Great-Serb hegemony-seeking and zes the League of Communists of Yu• tion level what they are trying to unitarianism was also noticed in the goslavia as a single organization based achieve in the regions. Thus, for exam• work of the 23rd Plenum of the CC of on the equality of position, indepen• ple, in his contribution Petar Stamboli6 the LC of Yugoslavia, which was held dence and responsibility of the League said, <

zing measures, ie the establishment of endangers Serbia and the Federation. gions and demanded their liquidation. the Serb domination in the whole of Pasko Romac, the representative of The formation of the regions, in Mar- Yugoslavia, a double tactics is being Vojvodina, stressed that «new victims kovic's opinion, was conditioned by his• used: on the one hand, they strive to are wanted. And one such victim is torical and economic reasons and not minimize the threat of the Serb natio• found in the region of Vojvodina.» About by the need of <^, allegedly following the so-called -^ there was the regions, Dragoslav Markovic, for only would liquidate the regions, but another threat, «the threat from Voj- his part, made a direct assault on the also would liquidate all the republics." vodina'^, which, as the plenum put it, very existence of the autonomous re• However, Ivan Stambolic said that he ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 53

found unjustified tiie attempts "which of the LC of Yugoslavia, the CC, or As emerged from this plenum, the are being made to find such elements the Presidium of the Republic, and, Titoite claim about the alleged cons• amongst us, who are taking part in instead, the decision was taken to leave truction "Of a community of freely the discussion about the Republic.The it aside < the "Blue Book" should be rehabilita• mit that "in the relations between the OF THE GREAT-SERBS ted and made available for the CC of Central Committee of the LC of Serbia the LC of Serbia and the Yugoslav and the Regional Committees of Voj• From the proceedings of the 18th opinion. In spite of the opposition on vodina and Kosova reigns an atmos• Plenum of the CC of the LC of Serbia the part of the representatives of Voj- phere of mistrust and reservations", it emerged clearly that in the moments vodina, who considered the "Blue that "the many conflicts and disagree• of the exacerbation of national feuds, Book" condemned and rejected, Vlaska- ments are becoming a stumbling block as in 1961, 1968, 1971, 1974 and in lic, in his closing speech, demanded to unity". 1981, when these conflicts assumed that "the written materials of the year The conclusion which emerges from their most acute forms, the hegemony- 1977 (the "Blue Book") should be dis• this discussion is that the activation seeking, centralist and unitarian forces tributed to the members of the CC or of Great-Serb chauvinism is the cause of Serbia have clashed with those of the committees of the Communes." of the increase in the attempts of the the republics and regions which de- Thus, a discussion will be organized nations and nationalities organized in tended the federative system of Yu• on the basis of a platform, which will the federal republics and autonomous goslavia. Minic said that both in 1968, further encourage Great-Serb chauvi• regions to maintain their positions and 1971, and in 1974, when the Constitu• nism, fan the national hatred and in• to defend their sovereignty and auto• tion was approved, ^various unitarian cite attacks on the other nations of nomy which are endangered by the and bureaucratic tendencies emerged to Yugoslavia, especially the Albanians unitarian tendencies of the Great- be followed by confederalist, autarkic and the Autonomous Regions of Koso- Serbs. and separatist tendencies later.» But, va and Vojvodina. The plenum, shed light on the con• like Vlaskalic, Markovic and others, tradictions and disagreements existing Minic, too, said by way of excuse that between the leadership of Serbia and •'from 1977 on, Serbia has been domina• EXPLOSION the leaderships of the regions of Kosova ted by autarkic tendencies which have OF NATIONAL QUARRELS and Vojvodina. The representatives of expressecl themselves in the isolation IN SERBIA Kosova, despite the specific conditions of the regions and republics." AND IN YUGOSLAVIA of the military occupation and the In fact, as the contributions to the state of siege proclaimed in this region, 18th Plenum of the LC of Serbia show, The 18th Plenum of the CC of the tried to defend the Constitution of the the problems under discussion at pre• LC of Serbia brought into the open the Socialist Autonomous Region of Koso• sent in Serbia and in Yugoslavia had deep-going national differences and va. Thus in his contribution to the dis• been proposed for solution as early as quarrels which erode today's Yugosla• cussion Iljaz Kurteshi said that he does 1977 by the Great-Serbs In a "Blue via. This was openly admitted by many by no means consider the siluation ap• Book» which was presented to the Pre• contributors to the discussion. Thus, propriate for the discussion of such im• sidium of the CC of the LC of Serbia. for example. Miroslav Pecalic pointed portant problems. He also tried to de• From the few things that were said at out in his discussion that "the present fend the prerogatives of the autono• the Plenum, it emerges that the «Blue crisis is affecting Yugoslavia in the mous regions. "It is true," said Kur• Book>> expresses the aims of the Ser• most sensitive tissue of its society, in teshi, "that Serbia is not a federation, bian unitarian forces for the curtail• the relations among nations, the unity however, in its composition there are ment of the rights and competences of and coexistence" among its nationali• two regions which have their own func• the autonomous regions. This was the ties, that "the tendencies to division, tions, independence and responsibility. reason why it was not given for dis• disintegration are assuming broad and Any case of infringement of the inte- cussion at large either to tlie Presidium dangerous proportions". 54 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY

rests of the regions is fraught with ma• operating according to a plan and with tenic. «If this is so, then the SR of jor political consequences>>-. ulterior aims». Serbia is centralist.» He defended the Bajram Selimi, expressing his reser• This meeting emphasized that <-v. rejected «the attempts to alter the of Yugoslavia and Serbia for their at• However, the Great-Serbs came up Constitution in the direction of streng• tacks on Vojvodina, especially on its against more stubborn resistance on thening the role of the state, the Re• demand that the regional leagues of the part of the representatives of Voj- public of Serbia>\t was emphasized communists have also the right to con• vodina who in their totality opposed that «forms may differ, while their vene their own congresses. '

Vojvodina has informed its Serb coun• against them, trying to liquidate the Serbia and Yugoslavia even more.dif- ter-part that <^ This, and especially obvious considering that Vojvodina is LC of Yugoslavia, gave the Zagreb the ^problem of Kosova,>> Bakaric said, not a homogenous region from the na• <'is not only a problem concerning Ser• tional viewpoint, that it is considered «Vjesnik» on December 25, 1981, is of bia alone, but is becoming a concern «a Yugoslavia in miniature^ where the particular significance. for the whole of Yugoslavia. If a na• Serbs make up the majority of the po• In his interview he criticized the tionality (that is, the Albanian natio• pulation. This, however, does not mean oanti-republican campaign^ which is nality) cannot exist in Yugoslavia, then that the Hungarian nationality does not being conducted in the problems of the this question bears at the same time on have an influence on the political life of economy, thereby implying the centra• the existence of Yugoslavia as a this region. The question is raised: if list and unitarian tendencies of Serbia whole...» The allusion is transparent: Serbia and the Great-Serbs are meeting against the sovereignty of the republics jf Serbia denies Kosova its rights as with opposition by the leadership of an in the economic and political fields. an autonomous region, this will mean autonomous republic with a majority Bakaric defended the national econo• an attempt at the existence of the of Serbian population, as is the case of mies of the republics against the at• whole Yugoslav Federation, this will Vojvodina, hO'W will they cope with tempts of the Serb unitarians at liqui• put in question its very existence. Kosova or the other federated republics dating them under the pretext of the Thus, Bakaric demanded that, under which are determined to defend their creation of a unified Yugoslav market, the Yugoslav Constitution, Serbia res• sovereignty? which, as Bakaric put it, «in reality is pect the autonomy of Kosova and Voj• The Albanians of Kosova have cons• a return to centralism*. vodina. He condemned the demand «A tantly and persistently demanded the Bakaric expressed the view that in the republic for Kosova* as an attempt to recognition of their democratic and na• future, too, Yugoslavia should continue ensure «a special position-- within Yu• tional rights which the Great-Serbs to be built on a federal basis, as was goslavia, while at the same time, have denied them. In this context they decided at the 2nd meeting of AVNOJ drawing a distinction between the stand demanded that Kosova be raised to the in 1943. Bakaric sees the positive as• of Croatia and the other republics from status of a republic within the frame• pect of this federal system in the fact that of Serbia on the treatment of that it created the national economies Kosova. «As far as the rest of us is work of the Yugoslav Federation, which which formerly did not exist in Yugos• concerned,* says Bakaric, -"we have had to accord them the same rights as lavia. He rose against the centralist- long ago respected the independence those of the other federated republics. unitarian threat, the hegemonic and re- of Kosova, and this has been a rule for Instead of listening to and meeting vanchist tendencies which have brought us*. these legitimate demands of the Alba• Yugoslavia no good, but, on the cont• nians of Kosova, the Serb chauvinists rary, have made the solution of the Nevertheless, like the Great-Serb have launched a savage onslaught questions of principle in the relations of clan, the Croatian-Slovanian clan also 56 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY

has hostile aims against the PSR of WHY ARE ved with the establishment of unita- Albania. Bakaric spoke of the Auto• THE GREAT-SERBS rianism and hegemonism. The Great- nomous Region of Kosova as •••a bridge IN A HURRY? Serbs cannot suffer to let this moment towards Albania^. This nationality (the escape them. Markovic put it bluntly Albanians), he said, «must have been a At their plenum the Serb leaders saying: «We were unable to solve these bridge to overcome boundaries^v. «We were in a great hurry to solve the ques• questions in 1977, because there was no must support the thesis,» said Bakaric, tions laid down for discussion as soon unity in the leadership of the LC of «which gives complete freedom to the as possible. <^ These attempts of the Great-Serbs, as Party, with Comrade Enver Hoxha at Why all this hurry of the Great-Serbs we have already observed, must also be the head, Bakaric doe.-j not give up the to achieve their hegemonic aims at the seen as part of the joint plot of the chauvinist plans of the Yugoslav bour• present moment? Great-Serbs and Soviet social-imperia• geoisie against Albania. The strengthening of the political lists against the peoples of Yugoslavia, Still, the stand of Bakaric, who ex• and military positions of the Serb clan the Albanians of iCosova and the PSR presses the opinion of the Croatian-Slo• in Yugoslavia, after the March-April of Albania. Why should the hand of the venian clan about Kosova, is different 1981 events in Kosova, has had an im• Soviet social-imperialists, which incited from that of the Great-Serbs. The fact pact on it. If the leaderships of the Jaruzelski to establish a military dicta• that at the 22nd Plenum of the LC of other republics and autonomous regions torship in Poland and which seeks to Yugoslavia, which was held on Novem• have considered the extraordinary si• do the same thing in different forms ber 17 and at which fresh attacks were tuation created in Yugoslavia as tem• in Yugoslavia, too, not be behind these made on the Albanians of Kosova, their porary and provisional and are waiting attempts? demand to be given the status of a re• for it to end and return to the situation Of course, Yugoslavia has its own public, and against Albania in particu• prior to the spring of 1981, the Great- peculiarities, both in its national com• lar, none of the well-known Croatian- Serbs want to transform it into a per• position and state structure, which are Slovenian personalities said a word, is manent situation and to strengthen two serious obstacles to the plans of meaningful. It may be expected that their hegemony over the regions and the Great-Serbs to establish a military after Croatia, the other republics, too, republics in all fields. dictatorship. Therefore, the Serbs are and especially Slovenia and Bosna-Her- By all <4egal>' and ^constitutional^ going about it cautiously, under the lap, cegovina will publicly oppose the uni• means and, eventually military means, in allegedly <4egal» and ^

«ZER1 I POPULLlT>^ — organ of the CC of the PLA

Speaking to the 8th Congress against neo-colonialism for working people, as is the case of the PLA about the libe• complete political, economic at Brazil, Chile, South Africa, ration struggles, Comrade and social and cultural eman• Indonesia, etc. Along with Enver Hoxha pointed out: cipation. As such, it is directed them, the armed struggle has «Besides the upsurge and against the imperialist powers assumed broad proportions in extension of the struggle of and against the two superpo• many countries. This kind of the working class, a general wers, the United States and the struggle is forging always awakening of the oppressed Soviet Union, in the first place, ahead and assuming ever peoples, a strengthening of na• as the two neo-colonialist po• higher forms of organization. tional feelings and a great de• wers of the time. These powers From sporadic armed actions sire to be free, independent try to maintain their domina• it has developed into broad and sovereign can be seen tion of the peoples relying on movements organized in libe• today. The peoples' liberation internal reaction and acting ration fronts with regular movements have grown in in concert with it, oppress and armed forces which apply re• extent and quality, their anti- exploit the peoples. In these silient tactics of partisan war• imperialist, anti-social-impe• conditions, the struggle for fare, as is occurring in Sal• rialist and anti-neo-colonialist freedom and independence vador, Guatemala, Colombia, character has been strength- against foreign imperialist rule, the Philippinos, Thailand and ened». the establishment of national other countries. In their As regards the broad range sovereignty in all fields and actions, the patriotic forces are of problems it puts forward the liquidation of neo-colonial• not only able to successfully for solution and the extension ism is indissolubly linked with cope with the mopping up it has assumed, the struggle the struggle against internal operations of government of the oppressed peoples of reaction which is sold out to forces, but also to launch Asia, Africa and Latin Ame• the foreigners. This is what counter-offensives resulting in rica has been transformed is occurring in most countries the liberation of whole areas. today into a great force against of Latin America: Chile, Bra• Characteristic is also the close imperialism and reaction. It zil, Uruguay, Salvador, Colum• cooperation of the patriotic is dealing heavy blows at the bia, Honduras, Guatemala. forces with the movements foundations of the colonial This is also occurring in the of the people's masses in the system, raising the task of li• Philippines, Indonesia, Thai• cities. Besides the bold actions beration from foreign yoke and land, Oman and other coun• of the Palestinian partisans, of the creation of independent tries of Asia and Africa. powerful protest demonstra• tions of the Palestinian po• national states, as in the case The struggle of the oppressed pulation against the Israeli of the liberation struggle of peoples has been stepped uj rule are breaking out in the the Palestinian people against and growing in extent and Israeli occupied Arab cities. the Israeli aggressors, in the depth. There is almost no In the southern part of the struggle of the people of North• area or region under reactio• African continent, along with ern Ireland against the cen• nary rule which is not shaken the armed actions of the Na• turies-long English 'rule and by, revolutionary upheavals. mibian and Azanian patriots, "for national unification,- in the The peoples' -struggle Is 'car- the powerful protests of the • struggle of the Namibian -arid ,fied out-'• in various • .forms, African population are mak• other peoples. The 'peoples' in strikes,- 'derndnstratiftfts, ing themselves felt in the big struggle is also spearheaded protests and the revolt of the 58 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY

press review cities. This combination of The brutal interventions, even country again with «a second the struggle in urban and rural the open armed aggression of lesson^ and which supports areas has put the dictatorial the American imperialists aga• the reactionary regimes all regimes in a difficult posi• inst the Iranian revolution, over the world, operates on tion, further deepening their their attempts to maintain in these same counter-revolutio• crisis. power the Somoza regime nary lines. In face of the mounting which met with utter failure, However, the peoples are wave of the peoples' struggle, their open support of the anti- not intimidated by the attacks the forces of reaction have popular regimes in Salvador, of their enemies. The new thrown themselves onto savage Guatemala, Honduras, Chile, developments prove that they assault on a broad front to Oman, the Philippines, South never can reconcile them• Africa and in many other destroy any hearth of libe• selves with the twofold oppres• ration war. The two superpo• countries of the world, are sion and exploitation which wers, the United States and fresh facts in the memory of the imperialists, the social- the Soviet Union, the arch• the peoples. The Soviet social- imperialists and all the reac• enemies of the peoples, are imperialists are going about tionaries endeavour to impose at the head of this counter• it in the same manner they revolutionary onslaught. They, undertook the fascist-type on them. The peoples now and together with them, the aggression against Afghanistan have chosen their road, the other imperialist powers are and now, by violence and road of the armed struggle taking under their wing the terror, seek at all costs to and are determined to go forces of the blackest reaction, maintain their domination of through to the end. Imperial• the most corrupt and hated that country. Social-imperialist ism is rolling towards the regimes and, jointly with them, China, which committed a abyss. It is not in a position try to snuffle out any revolu• fascist-type aggression against to contain the revolutionary tionary spark of the peoples. Vietnam, which threatens this drive of the peoples.

WASHINGTON PENETRATES EVER DEEPER INTO THE REVISIONIST MOB ^^BASHKIMl"^ — central organ of the Democratic Front of Albania

In the end of last year The representatives of this as the Soviet bourgeoisie, has Washington -"gave the green ^philanthropic^ institution a great appetite for Western lights" to the Polish and Hun• based in Washington have vi• money, capital, technique and garian applications for mem• sited and explored every single technology. Through the en• bership to the International capitalist and revisionist coun• slaving credits it receives it Monetary Fund. As is known, try. They are the old-stand• tries, among other things, to this banking organism, in ing ^welcome guests» in Yu• fill the gaps and to make good which Washington holds the goslavia, and the recent guests the huge passive balances largest share and has the right of China. The International which have been created in of veto on every decision, is Monetary Fund has knocked the Comecon member coun• • one of the staffs of American now at the doors of, the -"so- tries as a result of their un• n€0-colonialisrn for the domi• cialist •co.mniun.ity»,: too. equal economic relations with nation and exploitatiron of the The bourgeoisie . of the Co- .the Soviet metropolis wh'ch peoples of the whole world. mecon member countries, just exploits them systematically. ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 59

press review obviously, the Kremlin can• member countries as a very the exploitation of the local not oppose ^in principle"- the suitable testing ground for his workers already enjoy legal capitalist economic links of the own bargainings and various protection on the part of the Comecon countries with the forms of partnership with the revisionist states and have a West. The Soviet Union itself Western monopolies outside its privileged status in their eco• maintains extensive relations borders, as the first step of nomy. In Poland, Hungary, with the West, regarding it its neo-colonialist expansion Bulgaria and other revisionist as an important factor for the towards the world capitalist countries a whole system of extended reproduction of the economy. From Moscow, the state subsidies has been set capital and the economic po• two biggest banks of the up to facilitate the activity of tential of the revisionist bour• Comecon control hundreds of joint companies with Ameri• geoisie. The extension of the credits and agreements of can, West-European capital, relations of the Comecon Western economic «aid» to etc. Credits and subsidies are member countries to the the countries of the ^-socialist granted on a priority basis, Western countries, as has been community^. The relations of through allowances in taxation proved by practice, would these countries with the West, and customs duties on im• serve only to alleviate the in general, have developed ported materials and equip• great pressure which the eco• more than those of the Soviet ment, through the simplifica• nomic needs of the revisionist Union with the West. There, tion of import-export proce• countries exercise on the fi• the forms of the present-day dures, etc. The Kremlin consi• nancial, material, technical imperialist-revisionist integra• ders this system of measures and energy resources of Soviet tion, such as joint companies, experimented in the Comecon social-imperialism. This re• the establishment of Western countries under its supervisions lease from the burden is very branches in the local econo• "definitely interesting^^ «de- much welcome to the Moscow mies, joint ventures to exploit serving of attention"- and patron, too, especially in the the local labour force, etc "liable to be applied in the conditions of the feverish arms have reached a higher stage practice of the Soviet Union race between the two super• of development than in the in the future, too». powers and of their armed Soviet Union itself. It is obvious that the pene• aggressions. This state of things is also tration of Western finance ca• However, the problem for reflected in the fact that the pital into the Comecon mem• the Soviet bosses is that the Comecon member countries ber countries has damaged stepped-up economic penetra• have gone further than the the economy of these countries tion of the Western monopo• Soviet Union in the legisla• more than that of the Soviet lies into this exclusive sphere tive field — in sanctioning by Union. Their one-sidedly de• of influence of Soviet capital law the activity of the Western veloped economy, geared on should not become the cause monopolies and banks in the fulfilling the needs of the of centrifugal tendencies In revisionist economy. Hungary Moscow patron, is very much the social-imperialist mob. has applied such forms as exposed to the enslaving im• Moscow is mortally afraid lest early as 1971, while in 1976 pact of the massive neo-co- the national bourgeoisie of the Poland went beyond all bounds lonizing expansion of American countries of Eastern Europe and allowed the setting up imperialism and the other tries to get out of the Krem• of enterprises with a hundred Western powers. The countries lin's control, as is happening per cent foreign capital in the of Eastern Europe have been in Poland. economy of the country. In turned into a broad area of Apart from all this, it is 1978 Bulgaria, too, officially clashes, but also conciliation already an established fact allowed such capitalist-revi• of the interests of Soviet and that the Soviet patron uses sionist grafts. Such joint ven• Western capital. On the basis the economy of the Comecon tures with Western capital for of this reality, the 8th Con- 60 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY

press rewjiewD gress of the PLA pointed out, dency of the satellite countries labouring under the impact of •«The contradictions and disa• to move closer to and colla• a deep-going political, econo• greements have become very borate with the West.x- mic and social crisis, the true acute, also, within the so- The Kremlin's concession to dimensions of which are re• called socialist commianity. the demands of Poland and flected in the Yugoslav and The Soviet Union itself is in Hungary to become members Polish crises. Moscow has no such difficult conditions that of the International Monetary more reserves to fill the great it is no longer able to fulfil Fund is a reflection of this economic gaps of the so-called the demands of the allied reality of deep crises and con• socialist community. Condi• countries for a normal deve• tradictions. Finding themselves tions being as they are, Wa• lopment of their economies. between the neo-colonialist shington avails itself of them There are frictions and quar• fires of the two superpowers, to get deeper into the imperial rels also because of the ten• the revisionist countries are preserves of the Kremlin.

A NEW WAR STAFF OF THE PENTAGON

•^LiXJFTETARh^ — central organ of the Ministry of People's Defence of the PSR of Albania -

In the series of preparations to the creation and training The growing revolt and for military expansion and in• of the Rapid Deployment struggle of the peoples in Sal• tervention in the various re• Force. Obviously, the duty of vador and other countries have gions of the world, American these commands is to prepare dealt powerful blows at the imperialism has set up a new the ground and give directions hegemonic positions of Ame• military command for the Ca- as to the ways in which US rican imperialism. They have ribbeans and the entire basin and other military forces had broad repercussions and of Central America. should intervene whenever the serve as a source of encourage• The setting up of this new people in Washington see that ment for the other peoples war machine for the Carib- their imperialist interests are of Latin America. In these at stake. beans and the entire basin of conditions, seeing that the Central America is another By setting up their new fascist regimes, with all their command for the Caribbeans step talien by American impe• terror and massacres, prove rialism in its efforts to streng• and Central America, the Ame• unawailing in front of the then its military dictate on rican imperialists want to pre• people's struggle, seeing that and control of this region, is empt the mounting tide of neither its large-scale mili• a further dangerous escalation the revolutionary and libe• of its aggressive and warmon• ration struggles of this region. tary and financial assistance gering policy in this region They are growing panicky at to the ruling cliques, nor its and all over the world. This the rising tide of the struggle advisers and mercenary ar• is part of the successive mea• of the peoples of this region, mies can smother the anti- sures of a militarist character who have gained the aware• imperialist fighting spirit of which have been taken by ness that it is only through the peoples, the USA is mak• the Reagan administration for the armed struggle against the ing preparations for direct the stepping up of the Ame• local bloody dictatorship and military intervention, just as rican plans of war and aggres• American imperialism that it did in the Domenican Re• sion. The setting up of new they can realize their aspira• public. The creation of the military commands for these tions to freedom and inde• new military staff for the Ca• zones is the second step next pendence. ribbeans and Central America ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 61

press review serves precisely this purpose. warmongering and adventu• By means of such and other Washington considers these rous character of the foreign warmongering steps, the Ame• banana republics as its own policy of the USA. rican imperialists strive to in• backyard, as chattel which it In its «new» foreign po• timidate the peoples of Latin may handle as it likes. There• licy, the Reagan administra• America. Nevertheless, the fore, with open arrogance it tion is resorting ever more peoples are not frightened by creates the military commands openly to brutal military force, these measures, they defy them for the Caribbeans and the re• military pressure and threats and rise up resolutely arms gion of Central America, as as means to ensure the hege• in hand against the local mi• though these were part of the monic positions of American litary dictatorships and Ame• USA. imperialism. The new war rican imperialism. This revo• staff of US imperialism in the This is the logic of aggres• lutionary and liberation strug• Caribbeans is only an addi• sion followed by the heads gle of the peoples is an objec• of American imperialism, who tional link in the chain of in• tive process which cannot be think that they have a right numerable war staffs set up halted by the brutal force of to make the law and dictate by US imperialism all over imperialism. -«In the 'backyard' their will in this and other the world, in Europe and the of the United States great regions of the world. This is Middle East, in the Far East another instance of the aggres• and the Pacific. This is one tempests are blowing up, tem• sive escalation of the Ameri• of the methods which both pests which cannot be stopped, can policy in Central America American imperialism and So• either with weapons or with and in the entire Latin-Ame• viet social-imperialism employ dollars," said Comrade Enver rican sub-continent. It is fur• to carry out their strategy for floxha at the 8th Congress of ther testimony of the growing world domination. the Party.

A MEANS OF VIOLENCE IN THE HANDS OF THE BOURGEOISIE

"ZERI I POPVLLIT»

Reports from news agencies violence, increasing the num• places, as well as for more and the world press on the ber of police, opening new police troops. According to increase of funds for and the jails and equipping the police the newspaper «Worker's modernization of the appa• with the most sophisticated Weekly», Britain nowadays ratus of «law and order», that weapons, as well as increasing has the greatest jail popula• is, the police, in the countries the funds for these forces. The tion in the countries of ruled by capital have become British newspaper «The Times» Western Europe — about but too common. It is an unde• writes that, besides CS gas 45,000 thousand. Its expendi• niable fact that in the fierce and other offensive wea• ture for the police reached class struggle that is going on pons, the British police will 408 million pounds last year, between the proletariat and also employ • lethal rubber in the year 1983-1984 it is the oppressed masses, on the bullets. The same newspaper envisaged to rise to 530 mil• one hand, and the bourgeoisie, writes further that the British lion pounds. All this is done on the other, the latter tries government is considering to to break the resolute resistance to find its salvation in im• increase expenditure for the of the broad working masses posing a regime of terror and police, for new jails with 5,000 against the anti-popular po- 62 • 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY

press review licy of Mrs Thatcher. In In the Federal Republic of the police apparatus reached Northern Irland alone, for Germany the police will be 22 billion von (the South Ko• example, the British occu• equipped with modern wea• rean currency) last year, while piers spend 230 million pounds pons to employ against the de• another 10,000 men was added to keep the police, the courts monstrators. The Bonn Mi• to the number of the police nistry for Internal Affairs re• troops. and jails, and 60 million ported that the police forces The most modern electronic pounds for about 20,000 occu• will be given about 40,000 mo• devices for supervision and pation troops. In the United dern motor vehicles and that bugging are put at the disposal States expenditure for the po• more than 1.7 billion marks of the police and its secret lice, its equipment with mo• will be spent for the further agents. About 90 per cent of dern means and jail construc• modernization of its arma• telephone conversations in tion grows on an average 15 ments. Expenditure for the po• London are controlled by the per cent each year. According lice grows on an average 17 secret police. These few facts to the Western press, an Ame• per cent each year in this alone show that so-called de• rican commission has recently country. In Spain there is a mocracy in the countries ruled asked for a sum in excess of 100,000 strong police appara• by capital is nothing other but 2 billion dollars to build new tus, including its secret agents. violence and terror against the jails. In South Korea expenditure for broad people's masses.

THE DEEPENING OF THE CRISIS - A CONSEQUENCE OF THE RESTORATION OF CAPITALISM IN THE SOVIET UNION -PUNA" — organ of the Central Council of the TUA The consequences of the res• garine, sugar, tea, meat and its main alimentary products, and toration of capitalism in the products, etc. As a result of in particular, meat, milk, but• Soviet Union are making this critical situation mea• ter, etc. themselves felt more and more sures have been taken for the Serious shortages of food• in the daily life of the Soviet rationing of some food-stuffs, stuffs on the Soviet market broad working masses. They and it is said that «in some are accompanied with syste• have to cope with all sorts towns ration cards for food, matic, open and disguised, of difficulties and hardships especially for meat, have been price rises for various com• from the irresistible price rises introduced.» modities. Thus, as emerges to shortages of commodities of There were systematic re• from some reports in the fo• first necessity, such as, for ports of such a state of things reign press, there was a 30 example, food-stuffs, etc. The even before, and especially per cent price rise for con• Soviet press is forced to admit from the top officials of the fections in September. Fore• now and then this bitter rea• revisionist ruling cHque. At a casts predict further price lity. Significant are the recent recent plenum of the revision• rises. In this connection, the reports published on its pages. ist party, Brezhnev expressed «Novosti»- news agency re• Thus, butter could not be his ''dissatisfaction* over the ported recently that begin• bought for money in Moscow chaotic state of the supply ning from January 1st, the for two weeks on end. The of the population with food• price of coal will go up 42 ?5iroe can be said about mar• stuffs, over shortages of the per cent, gas 45 per cent, etc. ALBANIA TODAY 1 (62), 1982 • 63

These price rises will inevi• some reports of the revisionist for these failures on bad wea• ^ jtress review tably be loUowed by increas• Soviet press show: in the first ther, droughts and frosts. But ing production costs which 10 months of the past year the truth will out. Moscow will express themselves in growth rates of industrial pro• is forced to buy increasingly higher prices for broad con• duction and labour producti• large quantities of cereals on sumer goods. Shortages in vity have fallen short of the the world capitalist market, commodities of first necessity planned targets. Coal extrac• which has resulted in growing on the Soviet market have tion dropped much below the trade deficits. brought about, among other level of the same period in The feverish militarization things, the flourishing of the 1980. The same is observed of the economy, which the So• black market, smuggling and in steel, pig iron, rolled steel, viet social-imperialists are deals under the lap. Rumours chemical fertilizers, synthetic carrying out in implementation such as, «yoM can find every• fibres, production, etc. How• of their expansionist policy, thing on the Soviet black mar- ever, the situation in agricul• also has an influence on the ket>>, are exact. It operates in a highly organized form ture is gloomier still. Total worsening of the living condi• and has become a great source agricultural production fell tions of the Soviet people's of profit for certain circles 38 per cent over the last two masses. It is obvious that of the new bourgeoisie. As years. This year too the great• when guns are produced bread is officially admitted, one can est shortages were recorded and butter disappear from the find anything on this market, in the production of cereals. market. There are everyday but at prices 4-5 times as high Thus, according to official in• reports which show that co• as those of the state market. formation, there was a fall lossal sums are laid about for There are, of course, other of 60 million tons in the pro• the strengthening of the war articles the prices for which duction of cereals, which is machine. are even higher. the lowest figure reached since However, those who pay for 1975. There have been short• the restoration of capitalism Chronic shortages of various falls also for other products in the Soviet Union and the commodities and price rises on the Soviet market are not such as meat, milk, butter, militarist policy of the new accidental and transient phe• etc. As «Ekonomicheskaya Ga- czars of the Kremlin are the nomena. They are an aspect zeta» had it recently, in the people's masses which have of the deepening of the general first 9 months of this year to suffer great privations, are economic crisis, a direct con• milk production fell 3 per savagely oppressed and ex• sequence of the slump in pro• cent. As always, the revision• ploited, the same as the work• duction in different sectors of ist chiefs and their propagan• ing masses in the capitalist the economy. This is what da continue to lay the blame countries.

THE VATICAN - CENTRE OF THE OPPRESSION AND EXPLOITATION OF THE PEOPLES «Z£RI I POPULLIT» In many declarations and pie who suffer all over the exploiters to think of the poor speeches on various occasions world and has called for in the sharing of profits, etc. the Pope Vojtyla has expressed -«justice», -«equality» among These words, which are fre- his «deep preoccupation"- about the rich and the poor, has quently used by all the popes the millions of working peo- begged the oppressors and of the Vatican, are intended 64 1 (62), 1982 ALBANIA TODAY

only to keep the oppressed in the USA and is at the in 1979, or double that of the press review peoples and masses in passi• same time one of the biggest previous year. vity to sabotage their revo• financial groups in Italy, Besides the activity of dif• lutionary struggle for the over• where it controls 9 banks, one ferent industrial and financial throw of the old world and of which has a capital worth monopoly companies and its bosses. Through such phra• 36 billion dollars. Apart from enterprises, the Catholic ses the Polish Pope Vojtyla this, the representatives of Church also appears as a big seeks to cover up the crimes the Vatican participate in the landed proprietor, whose es• of the Catholic Church, its role administration councils of a tates keep extending all over as a centre of oppression and great number of Italian banks, the world. At present it pos• exploitation, of the plunder financial companies which sesses about 483,000 hectares of the fruits of work of the control different industrial en• of land in Italy, 500,000 hec• peoples all over the world. terprises, etc. tares in France, 100,000 hec• The facts show that the Va• By means of such activities, tares in Great Britain, 330,000 tican is, among other things, and through the exploitation hectares in West Germany, a company similar to the of the proletariat of the coun• millions of hectares in Latin multi-nationals. The capital of tries where it has invested its America, as well as hundreds the Catholic Church and the capital and the plunder of of thousands of acres in Spain, Vatican is invested in the the wealth of the various peo• Portugal, etc. steel industry, in the extrac• ples, the Holy See makes huge All these facts show what tion and processing of oil, in profits. Only in the role of is hidden behind the religious the construction of aircraft the proprietor of its assets in demagogy of the Vatican and and missiles, arms and ammu• Rome, the Vatican ensures an its hypocritical calls for social nitions. Thus, the Vatican «peace» and <->. They annual income of about 4 bil• indicate that the Vatican not operates like the notorious lion dollars. Through such only is the centre of me• multi-national companies such banks as the Banco di Santo diaeval obscurantism, of the as General Motors, Esso, etc. Spirito, etc it ensures huge spiritual oppression and ensla• In France, for example, the profits in Europe, Latin Ame• vement of the peoples, but Vatican possesses a non-pro• rica and other regions. The also a centre of oppression ductive capital of 50-60 bil• Bank of Sao Paolo in Torino, and exploitation of the toil lion francs. It owns a capital which is connected with the and wealth of the peoples, an of 2 billion pounds in Britain, Holy See, has made a net [ institution which fattens on more than 79 billion dollars profit of 14,226 million lire their sweat and toil. Merry winter holidays for our children Albania today

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