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V4n2-408-432-Resources.Pdf Resources _____________________________________________________________________________ Development and Crisis in Bougainville: A Bibliographic Essay TERENCE WESLEY-SMITH The Contemporary Pacific, Volume 4, Number 2, Fall 1992, 407–432 © 1992 by University of Hawai‘i Press THE CONTEMPORARY PACIFIC. FALL 1992 Development and Crisis in Bougainville A Bibliographic Essay My main purpose in this essay is to dis­ history is drawn largely unaltered from cuss the emerging literature on the so­ his earlier work, BougainviUe: A Per­ called Bougainville crisis that began in sonal History (Oliver 1973). However, 1988 and remains unresolved early in the material on the mine and its 1992. However, before examining these impact, as well as on more recent recent writings I will identify some gen­ change in the "other Bougainville," has eral sources on Bougainville, and sur­ been completely recast and brought up vey the sizeable literature on change to date. The earlier work was roundly and development there since European criticized for its focus on colonial contact. I will pay particular attention actors and perceptions, descriptive to studies of the impact of the giant emphasis, and generally favorable por­ copper mine at Panguna, and to trayal of the mining company (eg, see sources on Bougainville's earlier seces­ Griffin 1973a). Black Islanders will, no sionist crisis. doubt, evoke similar responses from Most ofthe literature cited consists reviewers (eg, see William Standish of books, monographs, articles in elsewhere in this issue). Nevertheless, it scholarly journals, and material remains an essential reference for stu­ published in occasional and working dents of Bougainville because of its rel­ paper series. All of these should be atively comprehensive coverage. available in major research libraries, or The prehistory of Melanesia is one through interlibrary loan systems. of the most dynamic areas of Pacific Newsmagazine and newspaper articles Islands scholarship, and general devel­ are not generally cited unless they are opments in the field are reflected in of particular importance. Unpublished works by John Terrell (1986, 1988), materials are limited to important dis­ Matthew Spriggs (1984), and in a col­ sertations and theses, reports, and doc­ lection of articles in Volume 63 of uments. Antiquity. In this collection Allen, Gos­ den, and White (1989) discuss the Pleis­ GENERAL SOURCES tocene occupation of Greater Austra­ ON BOUGAINVILLE lian outliers, and Gosden et al (1989) The best single source on the geogra­ identify more recent developments. phy, anthropology, and history of Oliver (1991, 1-15) offers a useful over­ Bougainville1 is Douglas Oliver's Black view ofthe prehistory of Bougainville Islanders (1991). Professor Oliver first itself, while Stephen Wickler (1990) conducted research in Bougainville in and Matthew Spriggs (1990a) provide the 1930S and has been writing about more specific information. Wickler and developments there ever since. The Spriggs (1988) demonstrate that people material on traditional cultures, early have lived in Bougainville for at least contacts with Europeans, and colonial twenty-eight thousand years, some RESOURCES twenty-five thousand years longer than (1960) provide general descriptions of previously reported for the Solomon the European exploration of the Islands. Pacific, while Jack-Hinton (1969) deals Although her chapters on prehistory specifically with voyages ofdiscovery and social change are now well out of to the Solomon Islands. Although a date, Ann Chowning's (1977) slim vol­ detailed history ofthe labor trade in ume remains a useful introductory sur­ Bougainville has yet to be written, the vey ofthe major cultural characteristics history of"blackbirding" in general is of Melanesia. Some of the earliest nicely summarized by Kerry Howe descriptions oflife in Bougainville are (1984,329-343). Other sources include provided by Guppy (1887), Parkinson Deryck Scarr (1967), Colin Newbury (1899), and Frizzi (1914). Although (1980), Price with Baker (1976), and government anthropologist Ernest especially Peter Corris (1973). Addi­ Chinnery (1924, 1925) was the first to tional insights can be gained from Clive attempt an overview of the traditional Moore's (1985) excellent study of cultures of Bougainville, chapter 7 of Malaitan migration to Queensland Black Islanders (Oliver 1991, 92-117) is between 1871 and 1904. the most useful contemporary source. Secessionist leaders often draw This is based on Oliver's own earlier attention to Bougainville's political work (eg, Oliver 1949, 1969), including separation from the rest ofthe Solo­ his classic study of the Siwai people of mon Islands in 1886. Paul van der Veur southwest Bougainville (1955), as well (1966a, 1966b) details the circum­ as on area-specific studies by Beatrice stances surrounding Bougainville's Blackwood (1931, 1935, 1936), incorporation into German New G. Thomas (1931), Robert Shoffner Guinea, but indicates the equally arbi­ (1976), Donald Mitchell (1976), Jill trary nature ofPapua New Guinea's Nash (1974), Hilde Thurnwald (1934), other boundaries. The most useful gen­ Richard Thurnwald (1934a, 1934b, eral histories of German New Guinea 1936,1951), Jared Keil (1975), Jonathan in English are Peter Hempenstall (1978) Friedlaender (1975), and Michael Ham­ and Stewart Firth (1982), but an earlier nett (1977). Ofparticular importance work by S. W. Reed (1942) is also for students of the current crisis is worth consulting. Shorter accounts Eugene Ogan's research (especially include Marjorie Jacobs' (1972) section 197Ia, 1972, but see also 1971b, 1974) on German New Guinea in the Ency­ among the Nasioi ofeast central clopaedia a/Papua and New Guinea Bougainville, on whose land the (P. Ryan 1972), and chapter 4 of Grif­ Panguna mine is now located. fin, Nelson, and Firth's political his­ Once again, Oliver (1991) offers the tory ofPapua New Guinea (1979, 34­ most comprehensive postcontact his­ 45). An invaluable research tool for tory of Bougainville, with chapters students of the German era is the devoted to early contacts with Europe­ English language translation of the ans, the German era, the Australian administration's annual reports (Sack mandate, World War II, and the post­ and Clark 1979). war era. Beaglehole (1966) and Sharp The best introduction to Australia's 410 THE CONTEMPORARY PACIFIC· FALL 1992 occupation of German New Guinea in quality, are some books and edited col­ 1914 and the subsequent period under a lections of the 1960s and early 1970S League of Nations mandate is chapter 5 that discuss development problems and ofGriffin, Nelson, and Firth (1979, 46­ prospects. These include Fisk (1966), 58). Reed (1942) offers a critical discus­ J. Ryan (1969), Hastings (1969), Clu­ sion of the Australian administration nies Ross and Langmore (1973), Wai­ between the wars. More detailed gani Seminar (1969), and Ward (1970). sources include Mair (1970), and Radi Rowley's New Guinea Villager (1965) is (1971), while Rowley (1958) deals spe­ the most interesting early discussion of cifically with the military period. what "development" might mean for Oliver (1991, 41-68) provides the only Papua New Guineans. Oliver describes extended discussion of Bougainville's developments in Bougainville before particular experience during this the establishment of the mine in chap­ period. ter 7 of Black Islanders (1991, 92-II7). Once again, Griffin, Nelson, and Papua New Guinea's transition to Firth (1979, 70-ro1) provide the best independence in 1975 is discussed by introduction to the impact ofWorld Griffin, Nelson, and Firth (1979, 178­ War II on Papua New Guinea, while 271) and Downs (1980, 486-563). Oliver (1991, 69-77) is the best single Books aimed at more popular audi­ source on developments in Bougain­ ences by Hank Nelson (1974) and jour­ ville. Other sources with relevance for nalist Don Woolford (1976) give a good Bougainville's wartime experience are sense ofthe issues ofthe day. Finally, Long (1963) and Miller (1959). the country's first prime minister, The most useful general account of Michael Somare, provides some addi­ developments in Papua New Guinea in tional insights in his 1975 autobiogra­ the postwar colonial era is Ian Downs' phy, Sana. All of these books discuss The Australian Trusteeship (1980). the separatist problems that beset More than five hundred pages long and Papua New Guinea during this period. well documented, it covers in some For political developments in Bougain­ detail the establishment of the copper ville in the early 1970s, see Anis et al mine in Bougainville, and the seces­ (1976). sionist challenge there in the 1970s. Two more theoretically oriented Since this is an "official" history, it is studies of Papua New Guinea's politi­ not surprising that the book is sympa­ cal economy should be mentioned. In thetic toward Australian efforts. A Development and Dependency, Azeem Time for Building, by the architect of Amarshi, Kenneth Good, and Rex much ofthis effort, ex-Minister for Mortimer (1979) discuss the develop­ Territories Paul Hasluck (1976), is ment of peripheral capitalism, chang­ another valuable source of official ing global influences, class structure, views and perceptions during the and political forms ofdependency. The period from 1951 to 1963. book remains influential, despite the A more critical account ofAustra­ problems it causes for those predis­ lian efforts is provided by Griffin, posed toward its theoretical assump­ Nelson, and Firth (1979, 102-177). tions (eg, Turner 1980)
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