Geographical index

Page numbers in italic refer to Figures.

Agassiz-Ojibway, Lake, Canada 87 Baffin Island, Canada 49, 50, 55, 56, 89, 90, 193, 194, 201 Newfoundland 79, 80, 97, 98, 121, 122, 139–142, Ainsworth Fjord, Tierra del Fuego 133, 134 Baltic Sea 140, 141 Airport Beach Embayment, East Antarctica 115, 116 Gulf of Bothnia 197, 198, 209, 210, 321–324, 322, 323 Northeast Channel 363, 364, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, 435 Alaska 379, 380, 387, 388, 389, 390 Stockholm Archipelago 305, 306 Scotian Shelf 257, 258, 259, 260, 403, 404, 429–436, Albatross Bank 379, 380 Bandak, Lake, Norway 113, 114 430, 432, 434, 435 Baranof Channel 387, 388 Banks Island, Canada 53, 54 Southampton Island, Hudson Bay 87, 88 Chatham Strait 387, 388 Baranof Channel, Alaska 387, 388 Canadian Arctic Archipelago 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 60, Gulf of Alaska 387, 388, 389, 390 Barents Sea 117, 118, 167, 183, 184, 203, 204, 281, 282, 283, 469, 470 Horizon Channel 387, 388 284, 295, 296, 519, 520 Amundsen Gulf, Canadian Arctic Archipelago 51, 52, 53, Yakutak Valley 389, 390 Bear Island Trough 187, 188, 189, 190, 367, 368, 381, 54, 59, 60 Albatross Bank, Alaska 379, 380 382, 445–451, 446, 447, 449, 451 Amundsen Gulf Trough, Beaufort Sea, Canada 469, 470 Aleutian Trench 389 Djuprenna Trough 267, 268 Baffin Island, Canada 49, 50, 55, 56, 89, 90, 193, 194, 201 Alexander Channel, Antarctic Peninsula 399, 400 Erik Eriksen Trough 333–336, 334, 335 Banks Island, Canada 53, 54 Algeria 173, 174, 245, 246 Franz Victoria Trough 333–336, 334, 335 Belcher Inlet, Canada 155–158, 156, 157 Amery Depression, East Antarctica 502, 503, 504 Kveithola Trough 231, 232, 325–328, 326, 327 Buchan Gulf, Baffin Island, Canada 89, 90 Amundsen Gulf, Canadian Arctic Archipelago 51, 52, 53, 54, Kvitøya Trough 333–336, 334, 335 Bylot Island, Canada 55, 56 59, 60 Loppa High 293, 294 Dexterity Fjord, Baffin Island, Canada 89, 90 Amundsen Gulf Trough, Beaufort Sea, Canada 469, 470 Olga Trough 333–336, 334, 335 Eclipse Sound, Baffin Island, Canada 55, 56 Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica 221, 222, 243, 244, Storfjorden Trough 371, 372, 373, 374 Franklin Strait, Canada 47, 48 375, 376 Tromsøflaket 381, 382 Lancaster Sound, Canada 49, 50 Amundsen Sea Embayment 349–352, 350, 351 Bay de Loup, Newfoundland 79, 80 M’Clure Strait, Beaufort Sea, Canada 337–340, Dotson–Getz Trough 215, 345–348, 346, 347 Bay d’Espoir, Newfoundland 79, 80 338, 339 Getz Trough 199, 200 Bay of Fundy, Canada 123, 124, 429–436, 430, 432, 434, 435 M’Clure Strait Trough, Beaufort Sea, Canada 469, 470 Pine Island Bay 19–20, 20, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 244, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland 121, 122 Navy Board Inlet, Nunavut, Canada 49, 50 265, 266, 269, 381, 493–500, 494, 496, 498, 499 Bear Island Trough, Barents Sea 187, 188, 189, 190, 367, 368, Peel Sound, Canadian Arctic Archipelago 47, 48, 59, 60 Andfjorden Trough, Norwegian Sea 365, 366 381, 382, 445–451, 446, 447, 449, 451 Scott Inlet, Baffin Island, Canada 193, 194 Andøya Canyon, Norwegian Sea 408, 409, 410, 529 Beaufort Sea, Canada 299, 300, 337–340, 338, 339, 469, 470 Smith Sound, Canada 59, 60 Angostura Inglesa Channel, Chile 109, 110 Belcher Inlet, Canada 155–158, 156, 157 Chatham Rise, New Zealand 275, 276 Antarctic Peninsula 393, 394, 401, 402 Belgica Bank, Greenland 303, 304 Chatham Strait, Alaska 387, 388 Alexander Channel 399, 400 Belgica Trough, Bellingshausen Sea 375, 376 Chile 65, 66, 107, 108, 109, 110, 131–134, 132, 133 Biscoe Trough 341–344, 342, 343 Bernardo Fjord, Chile 131, 132, 133, 134 Ainsworth Fjord, Tierra del Fuego 133, 134 Bransfield Basin 171, 172, 177, 178, 313, 314, 344, 417, Billefjorden, Spitsbergen 147, 148, 150 Angostura Inglesa Channel, Chile 109, 110 418, 477–484, 478, 480, 482, 483 Biscoe Trough, Antarctic Peninsula 341–344, 342, 343 Ayse´n Fjord, Chile 65, 66, 107, 108 Bransfield Strait 125, 213, 214 Bonne Bay, Newfoundland 121 Bernardo Fjord, Chile 131, 132, 133, 134 Croker Passage 177, 178, 477, 478, 478, 480, 481, Borebukta, Isfjorden, Spitsbergen 77, 78, 151–154, Cuervo Ridge, Chile 65, 66 482, 483 152, 153 Europa Fjord, Chile 65, 66, 131, 132 Gerlache Strait 477–484, 478, 480, 482, 483 Bothnian Sea 321–324, 322, 323 Eyre Fjord, Chile 131, 132 Jaegyu Knoll 125, 126 Boyd Strait, Antarctic Peninsula 177, 178 Iceberg Fjord, Chile 65, 66, 131, 132, 134 Larsen shelf 237, 238 Bradshaw Sound, New Zealand 45, 46, 91, 92 Inutil Bay, Tierra del Fuego 109, 110 Marguerite Trough 175, 176, 215, 216, 344, 485–489, Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula 171, 172, 177, Marinelli Fjord, Tierra del Fuego 109 486, 488, 490, 491, 525 178, 313, 314, 344, 417, 418, 477–484, 478, 480, Messier Fjord, Chile 131, 133 Palmer Deep 211, 212, 213 482, 483 Paso del Indio Channel, Chile 109, 110 Antarctica Bransfield Strait, Antarctic Peninsula 125, 213, 214 Tierra del Fuego 109, 110, 133, 134 Dry Valleys, Transantarctic Mountains 215 British Columbia, Canada 81, 82, 93, 94, 225, 226 Chukchi Cap, Arctic Ocean 18, 391, 392 East Antarctica 115, 116, 185, 186, 241, 242, 501–508, British Isles 359, 360 Chukchi Plateau, Arctic Ocean 470, 471, 474, 475 502, 504, 506, 507 see also Ireland; Scotland Corner Brook, Newfoundland 121 Ross Sea 239, 240, 243, 244, 353–356, 354, 355, 536, Browns Bank, Scotian Shelf, Canada 429, 430, 431, 433, Courtauld Fjord, Greenland 103, 104 536, 539 434, 435 Croker Passage, Antarctic Peninsula 177, 178, 477, 478, 478, Weddell Sea 18, 19, 244, 289, 290, 377, 378, 383, 384 Bruce Plateau, Antarctic Peninsula 211, 212 480, 481, 482, 483 West Antarctica 375, 376, 493–500, 494, 496, 498, 499 Buchan Gulf, Baffin Island, Canada 89, 90 Cuervo Ridge, Chile 65, 66 see also Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica; Antarctic Burton Basin, East Antarctica 503, 504, 507 Cumberland Bay, South Georgia 67, 68 Peninsula Bylot Island, Canada 55, 56 Anticosti Channel, Canada 161, 162 Deception Island volcanic complex 213 Anticosti Island, Canada 161, 162 Caamano Sound, British Columbia 81, 82 Devastation Channel, British Columbia 81, 82 Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula 211, 212 Cabot Strait, Canada 161, 162 Dexterity Fjord, Baffin Island, Canada 89, 90 Arctic Ocean 18, 391, 392, 469–475, 470, 471, 472, 473, Canada 19 Djuprenna Trough, Barents Sea 267, 268 474, 535 Baffin Island 49, 50, 55, 56, 89, 90, 193, 194, 201 Donegal Bay, Ireland 253, 254 Fram Strait 285, 286, 297, 298, 469, 470, 474 Banks Island 53, 54 Dotson–Getz Trough, West Antarctica 215, 345–348, Laptev Sea, Siberian Arctic 301, 302, 311, 312 Bay of Fundy 123, 124, 429–436, 430, 432, 434, 435 346, 347 Lomonosov Ridge 36, 37, 287, 288, 470, 471, 472, 473, Beaufort Sea 299, 300, 337–340, 338, 339, 469, 470 Douglas Channel, British Columbia 81, 82 474–475 Belcher Inlet 155–158, 156, 157 Dry Valleys, Transantarctic Mountains 215 Mendeleev Rise 297, 298, 391, 392 British Columbia 81, 82, 93, 94, 225, 226 St Anna Trough 285, 469, 470 Canadian Arctic Archipelago 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, East Antarctica 115, 116, 185, 186, 241, 242, 501–508, 502, Yermak Plateau 285, 287, 288, 329–332, 330, 331, 470, 60, 469, 470 504, 506, 507 471, 474 Gulf of Maine 429–436, 430, 432, 434, 435 Eclipse Sound, Baffin Island, Canada 55, 56 Arendal Terrace, Norwegian Skagerrak 205, 206 Gulf of St Lawrence 97, 127, 128, 161, 162, 227, 228 Ekmanfjorden, Spitsbergen 71 Arlis Plateau, Arctic Ocean 470, 471, 475 Labrador Shelf 279, 280, 385, 386, 405, 406 Erik Eriksen Trough, Barents Sea 333–336, 334, 335 Arranmore Island, Ireland 195, 196 Laurentian Channel 161, 162, 163, 164, 227, 228, 363, Esquiman Channel, Canada 161, 162 Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge 165 364, 523 Europa Fjord, Chile 65, 66, 131, 132 Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland 139, 140, 141, 142 Navy Board Inlet, Nunavut 49, 50 The Eye, Bransfield Strait, Antarctic Peninsula 213, 214 Ayse´n Fjord, Chile 65, 66, 107, 108 New Brunswick 111, 112 Eyre Fjord, Chile 131, 132 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX 613

Facheux Bay, Newfoundland 79, 80 Hudson Bay, Canada 87, 88 New Brunswick, Canada 111, 112 Faroe–Shetland Channel, NE Atlantic 361, 362 Hvı´ta´rvatn, Iceland 143–146, 144, 145 New Zealand 45, 46, 91, 92, 275, 276 Fig Basin, Antarctic Peninsula 213, 214 Newfoundland 79, 80, 97, 98, 121, 122, 139–142, 140, 141 Filchner Trough, Weddell Sea, Antarctica 289, 290, 377, 378, Iceberg Alley Trough, East Antarctica 503, 504, 507 Nielsen Basin, East Antarctica 503, 504, 505, 507 383, 384 Iceberg Fjord, Chile 65, 66, 131, 132, 134 Nordaustlandet, Svalbard 57, 58, 73, 74 Finnmark, Norway 191, 192 Iceland 6, 73, 143–146, 144, 145, 165, 166 Norddalsfjorden, Møre og Romsdal, Norway 95, 96 Fiordland, New Zealand 45, 46, 91, 92 Illizi Basin, Algeria 245, 246 Nordkinn Peninsula, Norway 191, 192 Fiskenæs Trough, Greenland 167, 168 Inner Hebrides, Scotland 135–138, 136, 137 Nordvestfjord, East Greenland 43, 44, 523 Flat Island, Newfoundland 97, 98 Inutil Bay, Tierra del Fuego 109, 110 Norske Trough, Greenland 462, 464, 466, 467 Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean 285, 286, 297, 298, 469, 470, 474 Ireland 195, 196, 253, 254, 359, 360 North Africa 173, 174, 245, 246, 534 Franklin Strait, Canada 47, 48 Isfjorden, Spitsbergen 77, 78, 147, 148, 151–154, 152, 153 North Sea 207, 208, 291, 292, 317–320, 318, 319, 369, 370 Franz Victoria Trough, Barents Sea 333–336, 334, 335 Isfjorden Trough, Spitsbergen 233, 234 Northeast Channel, Canada 363, 364, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, 435 Gebra Valley, Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula 417, 418 Jaegyu Knoll, Antarctic Peninsula 125, 126 Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel 363 George Sound, New Zealand 91, 92 Joinville Island, Antarctic Peninsula 125, 126 Northwind Ridge, Arctic Ocean 471, 474, 475 George V Land, East Antarctica 501, 502, 503–505, 506, Norway 203, 204, 283, 284, 437–443, 438, 440, 441, 442 507, 507 Kangerlugssuaq Fjord, Greenland 103 Arendal Terrace, Skagerrak 205, 206 Georges Bank, Scotian Shelf, Canada 429, 430, 431, 433, Karrat Isfjord, Greenland 453, 455, 456 Haltenbanken 223, 224 434, 435 Kejser Franz Josef Trough, Greenland 461–466, 462, 463, Ma˚løy Plateau 179, 180 Gerlache Strait, Antarctic Peninsula 477–484, 478, 480, 465, 467 Norddalsfjorden 95, 96 482, 483 Kitkiata Inlet, British Columbia 81, 82 Røstbanken 437, 438, 440, 441 German Bank, Scotian Shelf, Canada 259, 260, 429, 430, 431, Kollerfjorden, Spitsbergen 71, 72 Skjoldryggen 249, 250 433, 434, 435 Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen 147, 148, 437, 438 Tanafjorden 191, 192 Getz Trough, Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica 199, 200 Kongsfjorden Trough, Spitsbergen 233, 234 Telemark 113, 114 see also Dotson–Getz Trough, West Antarctica Kotlujo¨kull, Iceland 6 Trænabanken 203, 204, 437, 438, 440, 441, 442 Glomar Challenger Basin, Ross Sea, Antarctica 239, 240 Krossfjorden, Spitsbergen 437, 438 Vestfjorden 181, 182, 229, 230, 413, 437, 438 Godtha˚b Trough, Greenland 167, 168 Kveithola Trough, Barents Sea 231, 232, 325–328, 326, 327 see also Norwegian Sea Graham Coast, Antarctic Peninsula 211, 212 Kvitøya Trough, Barents Sea 333–336, 334, 335 Norwegian Channel 18, 19, 179, 180, 205, 369, 370 Grand Manan Basin, Bay of Fundy, Canada 429, 430, 431, Norwegian Sea 369, 395, 396, 397, 398, 407 432, 433, 435 Labrador Marginal Trough, Canada 279, 280 Andfjorden Trough 365, 366 Greenland 235, 236 Labrador Shelf, Canada 279, 280, 385, 386, 405, 406 Andøya Canyon 408, 409, 410, 529 Belgica Bank 303, 304 Laclavere Trough, Antarctic Peninsula 171, 172 Lofoten 395, 396, 397, 398, 407, 408, 409, 410, 413, 414 Courtauld Fjord 103, 104 Lafond Trough, Antarctic Peninsula 171, 172 Malangsdjupet Trough 169, 170, 191, 192, 535 Fiskenæs Trough 167, 168 Lancaster Sound, Canada 49, 50 Sanden Trough 261, 262 Godtha˚b Trough 167, 168 Laptev Sea, Siberian Arctic 301, 302, 311, 312 Sklinnadjupet Trough 181, 182, 249 Greenland Basin 461–466, 462, 463, 465, 467 Larsen shelf, Antarctic Peninsula 237, 238 Sula Reef 307, 308 Kangerlugssuaq Fjord 103 Laurentian Channel, Canada 161, 162, 163, 164, 227, 228, Trænadjupet Trough 181, 182, 191, 192, 229, 413, 414, Karrat Isfjord 453, 455, 456 363, 364, 523 437, 438, 440, 441 Kejser Franz Josef Trough 461–466, 462, 463, 465, 467 Libya 173, 174 Vestera˚len 247, 248, 261, 262, 309, 310, 407, 408, Melville Bay 201, 202 Little Loch Broom, Scotland 421, 422, 423 409, 410 Morris Jesup Rise 36, 37, 285, 287, 288, 470, 471, Livingstone–Deception islands shelf, Antarctic Peninsula 471, 474 213, 214 Olga Trough, Barents Sea 333–336, 334, 335 Nordvestfjord 43, 44, 523 Lofoten, Norwegian Sea 395, 396, 397, 398, 407, 408, 409, Orleans Trough, Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula Norske Trough 462, 464, 466, 467 410, 413, 414 313, 314 Rink Fjord 99, 100, 453, 454, 455, 456, 459 Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean 36, 37, 287, 288, 470, 471, Orwell Trough, South Orkney Islands 251, 252 Scoresby Sund 43, 44 472, 473, 474–475 Sukkertop Trough 167, 168 Loppa High, Barents Sea 293, 294 Palmer Deep, Antarctic Peninsula 211, 212, 213 Uummannaq Fjord 453–457, 454, 456, 459 Lucerne, Lake, Switzerland 69, 70, 107 Paso del Indio Channel, Chile 109, 110 Uummannaq Trough 221, 222, 235, 236, 453–457, 454, Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada 111, 112 456, 458, 459 Mackenzie Trough, Beaufort Sea, Canada 469, 470 Peel Sound, Canadian Arctic Archipelago 47, 48, 59, 60 Vaigat Strait 99, 100 Mac.Robertson Land, East Antarctica 501, 502, 503–505, Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica 19–20, 20, 215, 217, 218, Westwind Trough 263, 264 504, 507, 507 219, 220, 244, 265, 266, 269, 381, 493–500, 494, Greenpeace Trough, Antarctic Peninsula 237, 238 Magdalenefjorden, Spitsbergen 105 496, 498, 499 Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland 121 Makkovik Bank, Labrador Shelf, Canada 279, 280, 405, 406 Pine Island Trough, West Antarctica 215, 244, 265, 266, Gulf of Alaska 387, 388, 389, 390 Malangsdjupet Trough, Norwegian Sea 169, 170, 191, 493–500, 494, 496, 498, 499 Gulf of Bothnia 197, 198, 209, 210, 321–324, 322, 323 192, 535 Placentia Bay, Newfoundland 139–142, 140, 141 Gulf of Maine, Canada 429–436, 430, 432, 434, 435 Ma˚løy Plateau, Norway 179, 180 Placentia Sound, Newfoundland 139, 142 Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada 97, 127, 128, 161, 162, 227, 228 Marguerite Trough, Antarctic Peninsula 175, 176, 215, 216, Professorryggen, Spitsbergen 61 Gullet Basin, Antarctic Peninsula 213, 214 344, 485–489, 486, 488, 490, 491, 525 Prydz Bay, East Antarctica 501–503, 502, 504, 505, 507, 507 The Gully, Scotian Shelf, Canada 403, 404 Marinelli Fjord, Tierra del Fuego 109 Prydz Channel, East Antarctica 185, 186, 501–503, 502, 504, M’Clure Strait, Beaufort Sea, Canada 337–340, 338, 339 505, 507 Haida Gwaii, British Columbia 225, 226 M’Clure Strait Trough, Beaufort Sea, Canada 469, 470 Halibut Channel, Newfoundland 139, 142 Melville Bay, Greenland 201, 202 Raudfjorden, Spitsbergen 105, 147, 255, 256, 437, 441, 442 Halifax, Canada 19 Melville Bay Trough, Greenland 201, 202 Rijpfjorden, Nordaustlandet, Svalbard 57, 58 Halley Trough, Weddell Sea, Antarctica 289, 290, 383, 384 Mendeleev Rise, Arctic Ocean 297, 298, 391, 392 Rindersbukta, Spitsbergen 83, 84 Haltenbanken, Norway 223, 224 Mertz Bank, East Antarctica 503, 506, 507 Rink Fjord, Greenland 99, 100, 453, 454, 455, 456, 459 Hambergbukta, Spitsbergen 61, 62, 101, 102 Mertz Trough, East Antarctica 241, 242, 503, 505, 506, 507 Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic 277, 278 Hebrides Shelf, Scotland 359, 360, 421, 423, 426 Messier Fjord, Chile 131, 133 Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic 359, 360 Hebrides Terrace Seamount, British Isles 359, 360 Minas Scour Trough, Bay of Fundy, Canada 123, 124 Ross Sea, Antarctica 239, 240, 243, 244, 353–356, 354, 355, Hecate Strait, British Columbia 225, 226 The Minch, Scotland 421–428, 422, 424, 426, 427 536, 536, 539 Herald Canyon, Arctic Ocean 470, 471, 475 Moraine Fjord, South Georgia 67, 68 Røst Reef, Norwegian Sea 413, 414 Hermitage Channel, Canada 161, 162 Møre og Romsdal, Norway 95, 96 Røstbanken, Norway 437, 438, 440, 441 Hinlopen Trough, Svalbard 415, 416 Morris Jesup Rise, Greenland 36, 37, 285, 287, 288, 470, 471, Royal Bay, South Georgia 68 Hoggar Plateau, North Africa 173, 174 471, 474 Hola Trough, Vestera˚len, Norwegian Sea 309, 310 Mott Snowfield Trough, Antarctic Peninsula 171, 172 Saguenay Fjord, Canada 163, 164 Hopedale Saddle Trough, Labrador Shelf, Canada 385, 386, Murzuq Basin, North Africa 173, 174 Sahara 173, 174 405, 406 St Anna Trough, Arctic Ocean 285, 469, 470 Horizon Channel, Alaska 387, 388 Nain Bank, Labrador Shelf, Canada 405, 406 St George’s Bay, Newfoundland 97, 98 Hovgaard Ridge, Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean 285, 286 Navy Board Inlet, Nunavut, Canada 49, 50 St Lawrence Estuary, Canada 163, 164 Howe Sound, British Columbia 93, 94 Needle Basin, Antarctic Peninsula 213, 214 St Lawrence Platform, Canada 127, 128, 163, 164 614 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX

Sanden Trough, Norwegian Sea 261, 262 Rindersbukta 83, 84 Uummannaq Fjord, Greenland 453–457, 454, 456, 459 Sassenfjorden, Spitsbergen 85, 86, 147, 149 Sassenfjorden 85, 86, 147, 149 Uummannaq Trough, West Greenland 221, 222, 235, 236, Scoresby Sund, Greenland 43, 44 Smeerenburgfjorden 105, 106, 147, 150, 441, 442 453–457, 454, 456, 458, 459 Scotian Shelf, Canada 257, 258, 259, 260, 403, 404, 429–436, Storfjorden 101, 102 430, 432, 434, 435 Tempelfjorden 75, 76, 85, 86, 105, 147, 149, 154 Vaigat Strait, Greenland 99, 100 Scotland 201, 359, 360, 361, 362 van Keulenfjorden 83, 84, 85, 86, 147, 150, 151–154, van Keulenfjorden, Spitsbergen 83, 84, 85, 86, 147, 150, Inner Hebrides 135–138, 136, 137 152, 153 151–154, 152, 153 The Minch 421–428, 422, 424, 426, 427 van Mijenfjorden 71, 83, 84 van Mijenfjorden, Spitsbergen 71, 83, 84 Summer Isles 63, 64 Wijdefjorden 85, 86, 147, 437, 438 Va¨ttern, Lake, Sweden 117, 118, 119, 120 Scott Inlet, Baffin Island, Canada 193, 194 Woodfjorden 437, 438 Vega Trough, Weddell Sea, Antarctica 244 Ship Harbour, Newfoundland 139, 142 Stockholm Archipelago, Baltic Sea 305, 306 Vestera˚len, Norwegian Sea 247, 248, 261, 262, 309, 310, 407, Skagerrak Basin, Norway 205, 206 Storfjorden, Spitsbergen 101, 102 408, 409, 410 Skjoldryggen, Norway 249, 250 Storfjorden Trough, Barents Sea 371, 372, 373, 374 Vestfjorden, Norway 181, 182, 229, 230, 413, 437, 438 Sklinnadjupet Trough, Norwegian Sea 181, 182, 249 Sukkertop Trough, Greenland 167, 168 Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica 115, 116 Smeerenburgfjorden, Spitsbergen 105, 106, 147, 150, Sula Reef, Norwegian Sea 307, 308 Vestnesa Ridge, Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean 297, 298 441, 442 Summer Isles, Scotland 63, 64 Visingso¨ Island, Sweden 119, 120 Smith Sound, Canada 59, 60 Svalbard 269, 270 Sohm Abyssal Plain 161, 162 Hinlopen Trough 415, 416 Sound of Jura, Scotland 135, 136, 137, 138 Nordaustlandet 57, 58, 73, 74 Weather Channel, Arctic Ocean 391, 392 South Carolina 271, 272 see also Spitsbergen Weddell Sea, Antarctica 18, 19, 244, 289, 290, 377, 378, South Georgia 67, 68 Sweden 117, 118, 119, 120, 305, 306 383, 384 South Orkney Islands 251, 252 see also Gulf of Bothnia West Antarctica 375, 376, 493–500, 494, 496, South Patagonian continental margin 273, 274 Switzerland 69, 70, 107 498, 499 South Shetland Trench 477, 478, 479, 482, 483 see also Amundsen Sea; Pine Island Bay; Dotson–Getz Southampton Island, Hudson Bay, Canada 87, 88 Tanafjorden, Norway 191, 192 Trough Spitsbergen 247, 437–443, 438, 440, 442 Telemark, Norway 113, 114 West Shetland Shelf, Scotland 361, 362 Billefjorden 147, 148, 150 Tempelfjorden, Spitsbergen 75, 76, 85, 86, 105, 147, 149, 154 Westwind Trough, Greenland 263, 264 Ekmanfjorden 71 Tennholmen Ridge, Vestfjorden, Norway 229, 230 White Bear Bay, Newfoundland 79, 80 Hambergbukta 61, 62, 101, 102 Thompson Sound, New Zealand 45, 46 Wijdefjorden, Spitsbergen 85, 86, 147, 437, 438 Isfjorden 77, 78, 147, 148, 151–154, 152, 153 Tierra del Fuego 109, 110, 133, 134 Wilkes Land, Antarctica 18 Isfjorden Trough 233, 234 Tory Island, Ireland 195, 196 Witch Ground Basin, North Sea 318, 319, 320 Kollerfjorden 71, 72 Trænabanken, Norway 203, 204, 437, 438, 440, Woodfjorden, Spitsbergen 437, 438 Kongsfjorden 147, 148, 437, 438 441, 442 Kongsfjorden Trough 233, 234 Trænadjupet Trough, Norwegian Sea 181, 182, 191, 192, 229, Yakutak Valley, Alaska 389, 390 Krossfjorden 437, 438 413, 414, 437, 438, 440, 441 Yermak Plateau, Arctic Ocean 285, 287, 288, 329–332, 330, Magdalenefjorden 105 Transantarctic Mountains 215 331, 470, 471, 474 Raudfjorden 105, 147, 255, 256, 437, 441, 442 Tromsøflaket, Barents Sea 381, 382 Yoldiabukta, Isfjorden, Spitsbergen 77, 78 Subject index

Page numbers in italic refer to Figures.

3D seismic imaging 20–21, 29, 30–32, 30, 31, 32, 541 Canada 59, 60 cuesta landscape, Gulf of St Lawrence 127, 128 3D visualization 21, 21 Greenland 201, 202 current-modified moraines, Spitsbergen 255, 256 Scotland 201 cyclic step bedforms, British Columbia 93, 94 Aberdeen Ground Formation 317 see also bedrock meltwater channels acoustic impedance 24 bedrock meltwater channels 537, 540 Daugaard Jensen Gletscher, Greenland 43, 44 acoustic methods 17–38, 18 Alaska 379, 380 De Geer moraines 523, 525, 531 3D seismic imaging 20–21, 29, 30–32, 30, 31, 32, 541 Antarctic Peninsula 211, 212, 215, 216 Canada 87, 139, 141, 142, 156, 157, 158, 259, 260 3D visualization 21, 21 Barents Sea 325, 326, 327, 328, 333–336, 334, 335 Norwegian Sea 261, 262 artefacts and errors 32–35, 33, 35 Spitsbergen 85 Ross Sea, Antarctica 355–356 backscatter 19, 21, 23, 26, 28 West Antarctica 215, 217, 218, 345, 347, 348 Scotland 63, 64, 138 beam angle 24 Belcher Glacier, Canada 155, 156, 157, 158 Spitsbergen 152, 153, 154 characteristic acoustic impedance 24 Belgica Fan, Bellingshausen Sea 375, 376 Sweden 117, 118 chirp sonar 25, 28–29, 28 Bernardo Glacier, Chile 131, 132 dead-ice topography, Norway 113, 114 development of 17–21, 18, 20 boomer sound sources 29, 30 debris-flow deposits 43, 363, 524, 526, 528, 529, 542 echo-sounding principles 21–26, 22 Borebreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 77, 151 Antarctic Peninsula 399, 400 first Fresnel zone 22,25–26 boulder-rich debris mantle, East Antarctica 115, 116 Barents Sea 367, 368, 371, 372, 373, 374 multibeam echo sounders (MBESs) 19–20, 20, 21, 22, bow-tie reflections 34, 35 British Isles 359, 360 24, 25, 27–28, 27, 32, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 541 Bransfield Current 213 Canada 385, 386 parametric echo sounders 29 Bra˚svellbreen Glacier, Svalbard 73, 74, 283 Chile 107, 134 seismic-reflection profiling 19, 21, 22, 29–32, 30, 31, 32, British–Irish Ice Sheet 63, 135, 138, 195, 253, 277, 359, Faroe–Shetland Channel 361, 362 34–35, 35 361, 421 Hinlopen Trough, Svalbard 415, 416 side-scan sonar systems 19, 21, 22, 26, 28 bundle structures, Antarctic Peninsula 177, 178, 213 Norway 95, 96, 365, 366 single-beam echo sounders (SBESs) 17–19, 18, 22, 24, buried moraines, South Orkney Islands 251, 252 Spitsbergen 77, 78, 151, 152, 153, 154 26, 34–35, 35 Weddell Sea, Antarctica 377, 378 sonar equation 23 canyon-channel systems, Antarctic Peninsula 393, 394, 401 West Antarctica 375, 376 sonar footprint 22,24 decibel (dB) scale 23 sound sources and receivers 21, 22, 29–32, 31 canyons 528–530, 529 Labrador Shelf, Canada 405, 406 deep shelf-basins, Antarctic Peninsula 211, 212, sound velocity profile (SVP) 23–24, 26, 27, 34 213, 214 spatial resolution 24–26 Norwegian Sea 407, 408, 409, 410 Scotian Shelf, Canada 403, 404 deglaciation sub-bottom profilers (SBPs) 21, 22, 24, 25, 28–29, 28, Antarctic Peninsula 213, 313 34–35, 35 cascades, Gulf of Alaska 389, 390 characteristic acoustic impedance 24 Barents Sea 187 survey platforms 35–36, 37 Canada 79, 158, 225 Aguas Calientes landslide, Chile 107, 108 Chatham Fan, Alaska 387, 388 Chindli Moraine, Lake Lucerne, Switzerland 69, 70 Chile 131–134 airgun sound sources 29 Greenland 43 aliasing 25 chirp sonar methods 25, 28–29, 28 contourite drifts Gulf of Bothnia 324 Alice Delta, Fiordland, New Zealand 91, 92 ice sheet retreat rates 534–536 Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica 501, 502, 507, 508 Antarctic Peninsula 393, 394 Norwegian Sea 395, 396, 397, 398 New Zealand 45, 91 Amundsen Gulf Ice Stream 51, 53 Scotland 135–138 Anchorage Delta, Fiordland, New Zealand 91, 92 coral reefs, cold-water, Norwegian Sea 307, 308, 309, 310, 413, 414 Spitsbergen 61, 71, 85, 147–150, 149, 233 Andfjorden Ice Stream 409 see also recessional moraines Andfjorden Trough-Mouth Fan, Norway 365, 366 Cordilleran Ice Sheet 81 Corossol Structure, Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada 127, 128 deltas 526, 527 annual recessional moraines 63, 521, 523, 531 British Columbia 81, 82, 93, 94 Spitsbergen 61, 62, 71, 72, 75, 76, 83, 84, 148, 149, 150 corrugation ridges 19–20, 20 Barents Sea 281, 282 Chile 131, 132, 134 see also De Geer moraines; push moraines Iceland 144 Antarctic Circumpolar Current 273, 275 Svalbard 269, 270 West Antarctica 265, 266, 269 New Zealand 45, 91, 92 Antarctic Coastal Current 289 Norway 95, 96 Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet 125, 237, 341, 477, 485 Courtauld Glacier, Greenland 103, 104 crag-and-tail features 221, 522, 537 Devil’s Hole Group seabed tunnel valleys, North Sea Antarctic Treaty System 36 317–320, 319 anthropogenic modification of fjords, Newfoundland 121, 122 Antarctic Peninsula 341, 343 Baffin Island 55, 56, 193, 194 Devon Ice Cap, Canada 155, 156, 158 see also human activity Donegal Fan, British Isles 359, 360 artefacts in acoustic data 32–35, 33, 35 Barents Sea 333, 334, 336 Canada 49, 50, 53, 54, 139, 141 Dotson–Getz Ice Stream 345–348, 347 Austfonna Ice Cap, Svalbard 57, 73, 74, 101, 102 Downing Silt Formation 79, 97, 139 autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) 17, 20, 25, 36, 541 Greenland 167, 168 Nordaustlandet, Svalbard 57, 58 drifts upward-looking multibeam systems 219, 220, 303, 304 see sediment drifts; contourite drifts axial channels, Greenland 103, 104 Norwegian Sea 169, 170 Scotland 135, 136, 137 drumlins 221, 222, 519, 522, 537 backscatter 19, 21, 23, 26, 28 Spitsbergen 147, 148, 149, 150 Antarctic Peninsula 341, 342, 343, 344 Baltic Ice Lake 117, 119 West Antarctica 199, 200, 345, 347, 348 Barents Sea 326, 327, 328 Baltic Ice Stream 197 Crary Fan, Weddell Sea, Antarctica 377, 378, 383, 384 Canada 51, 139, 140, 142 Baranof Fan, Alaska 387, 388 crescentic hills and holes, Barents Sea 267, 268 Gulf of Bothnia 197, 198, 209, 210, 321–324, Barents Sea Ice Sheet 57, 147, 150, 187, 269, 333, 381, crescentic scours 322, 323 415, 445 Greenland 221, 222 Ireland 195, 196 Barra Fan, British Isles 359, 360 West Antarctica 221, 222 Scotland 135, 136, 137 basal morphology crevasse-fill ridges 520, 523 Spitsbergen 147, 148, 149, 150 ice-shelf 219, 220 Nordaustlandet, Svalbard 73, 74 West Antarctica 345, 347, 348 sea-ice 303, 304 Spitsbergen 75, 76, 149, 150, 151–154, 152, 153 see also rock drumlins beaded eskers 85, 86, 540 Sweden 117, 118 beam angle 24 West Antarctica 350, 351, 352 earthquakes 107, 119, 413 Bear Island Trough Ice Stream 187, 367, 381, 445–451, 451 cross-shelf troughs 521, 523, 534, 535, 540 East Antarctic Ice Sheet 185, 353, 534, 539 Bear Island Trough-Mouth Fan, Barents Sea 367, 368, 381, Iceland 165, 166 echo-sounding principles 21–26, 22 382, 445, 446 North Africa 173, 174 see also acoustic methods bedrock glacial erosion 537 see also individual troughs in geographical index Erik’s horns 33,34 616 SUBJECT INDEX

eskers 117, 521, 523, 540, 541 glacitectonic rafts Greenland 43, 44, 99, 167, 201, 263, 264, 453, 455, 457, Canada 87, 88, 139, 141 Barents Sea 189, 190, 520, 522 461, 466, 534, 539 Gulf of Bothnia 209, 210, 321, 322, 323, 324 Svalbard 415, 416 Icelandic 165 Norway 113, 114 Graae Gletscher, Greenland 43, 44 Innuitian 158 Spitsbergen 83, 84, 85, 86, 147, 149, 150, 153, 154 Grand Banks Drift Formation 97, 139 Laurentide 55, 59, 87, 127, 139, 161, 193, 227, 257, 271, see also beaded eskers; ice-channel fill eskers; segmented Grand Banks Sand and Gravel Formation 139 337, 340, 431, 433, 436 tunnel-fill eskers; tunnel-fill eskers Greenland Ice Sheet 43, 44, 99, 167, 201, 263, 264, 453, 455, North African 245 Estero Ferna´ndez landslide, Chile 107, 108 457, 461, 466, 534, 539 retreat rates 534–536 Estero Frı´o landslide, Chile 107, 108 grounding-line fans see ice-proximal fans Scandinavian 119, 169, 229, 291 Eurasian Ice Sheet 247, 329 grounding-zone complex, Spitsbergen 329, 331 Svalbard–Barents Sea 57, 147, 150, 269, 333, 415 grounding-zone wedges (GZWs) 523–524, 525, 531, 534, West Antarctic 239, 349, 353, 534, 539, 541 Falklands/Malvinas Current 273 538, 540, 541, 542 ice-shelf basal morphology 219, 220 fans see ice-proximal fans; trough-mouth fans Antarctic Peninsula 175, 176, 237, 238, 341, 343, 344 ice streams 59, 235, 243, 519, 524, 534, 536, 537, 541 Fennoscandian Ice Sheet 95, 117, 119, 197, 249, 321, 324, Barents Sea 187, 231, 232, 325, 326, 327, 328, Amundsen Gulf, Canada 51, 53 395, 411, 445 335, 336 Antarctic Peninsula 125, 393, 394 Filchner Ice Stream 377, 378 Canada 156, 157, 158, 227, 228 Arctic Ocean 469, 470, 475 first Fresnel zone 22,25–26 East Antarctica 185, 186, 241, 242 Baltic Ice Stream 197 fjord-mouth moraines, Newfoundland 79, 80 Greenland 167, 168 Bear Island Trough, Barents Sea 187, 367, 381, fjord–shelf–slope landsystems 9 North Africa 245, 246 445–451, 451 Arctic Ocean 469–475, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474 Norway 169, 170, 229, 230 Biscoe Trough, Antarctic Peninsula 341–344 Bay of Fundy–Gulf of Maine, Canada 429–436, 430, Ross Sea, Antarctica 239, 240, 243, 244, 353, 354, Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula 177, 313, 314 432, 434, 435 355, 356 Bransfield Strait, Antarctic Peninsula 213 Bear Island Trough, Barents Sea 445–451, 446, 447, Spitsbergen 233, 234 Canada 47, 49, 55, 79, 193, 337–340, 385 449, 451 Weddell Sea, Antarctica 244 Djuprenna Trough, Barents Sea 267, 268 East Antarctica 501–508, 502, 504, 506, 507 West Antarctica 243, 244, 346, 347, 348 Dotson–Getz Trough, West Antarctica Gerlache–Boyd Ice Stream, Antarctic Peninsula gullies 529, 530 345–348, 347 477–484, 478, 480, 482, 483 Barents Sea 381, 382 East Antarctica 241, 242, 501, 503, 505 Greenland Basin 461–466, 462, 463, 465, 467 Canada 385, 386 Gerlache–Boyd Ice Stream, Antarctic Peninsula Marguerite Trough, Antarctic Peninsula 485–489, 486, Greenland 103, 104 477–484, 478, 480, 482, 483 488, 490, 491 Norwegian Sea 409, 410 Greenland 167, 201, 221, 453, 455, 457, 462, The Minch, Scotland 421–428, 422, 424, 426, 427 Weddell Sea, Antarctica 383, 384 464, 466 Norway and Svalbard 437–443, 438, 440, 441, 442 West Antarctica 381 Gulf of Bothnia 323, 324 Pine Island–Thwaites Ice Stream system, West Gwaelo Sequence 359, 360 Kveithola Trough, Barents Sea 231, 232, 325–328, Antarctica 493–500, 494, 496, 498, 499 326, 327 Uummannaq Fjord-Trough system, Greenland 453–457, Hambergbreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 61, 62 Laurentian Channel 161, 163 454, 456, 458, 459 harmonic mean speed 24 Marguerite Trough, Antarctic Peninsula 175, 485–489, fjord-type lakes, Switzerland 69, 70 Hebrides Ice Stream 135, 138 486, 488, 490, 491, 525 Fladden Group seabed tunnel valleys, North Sea Heinrich Layers 385, 386, 527 North Africa 173 317–320, 319 Hero Fracture Zone, Antarctica 177, 178, 213 Norway 191, 192, 250, 365, 409, 437–443 footprint, sonar 22,24 Hesteskoen hill–hole pair, Trænabanken 203, 204 Norwegian Channel 18, 19, 179, 180, 205, 206, 369 Foula Wedge, Faroe–Shetland Channel, NE Atlantic hill–hole pairs 520, 523, 534, 538 Norwegian Sea 169, 181, 182, 191, 192, 247, 413 361, 362 Barents Sea 335, 335 Palmer Deep, Antarctic Peninsula 211 Franz-Victoria Ice Stream 269 Norway 203, 204, 205, 206, 250 Pine Island–Thwaites system, West Antarctica 493–500, Fresnel zone, first 22,25–26 West Antarctica 349–352, 350, 351 494, 496, 498, 499 frictional heating 539 see also crescentic hills and holes Ross Sea, Antarctica 239, 240, 353 Hinlopen–Yermak Slide, Svalbard 415, 416, 529 Rutford Ice Stream 47, 51 Gaer Arm Delta, Fiordland, New Zealand 45, 91, 92 horizontal resolution of acoustic data 25–26 Scotland 135, 138, 421–428 gas hydrates human activity 531 South Atlantic Ocean 273 Arctic Ocean 297 Barents Sea 293, 294 Storbank Trough, Barents Sea 189 Barents Sea 295 Newfoundland 121, 122 Storfjorden Trough, Barents Sea 371, 373 Beaufort Sea, Canada 299 hummocky-terrain belts 523, 525 Svalbard 57, 147, 269, 437–443 Chile 109 Norway 113, 114, 247, 248 Weddell Sea, Antarctica 377, 378 Weddell Sea, Antarctica 377 Svalbard 333, 334, 415, 416 West Antarctica 199, 349–352, 350, 351 gas venting 531 hydrophones 21, 22, 29, 30, 31 iceberg ploughmarks 4, 19, 32, 34, 49, 60, 219, 526–527, 528, Arctic Ocean 297 hyperbolic artefacts 34–35, 35 531, 542 Beaufort Sea, Canada 299 Alaska 379, 380 Newfoundland 121, 122 ice-bed interface 536–538 Antarctic Peninsula 175, 176, 343, 344 see also pockmarks ice caps Arctic Ocean 285, 286, 287, 288, 329, 331, 332 Gebra Slide, Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Devon Ice Cap, Canada 155, 156, 158 Barents Sea 189, 190, 231, 232, 281, 282, 283, 284, 293, Peninsula 417, 418 Langjo¨kull Ice Cap, Iceland 143, 144 294, 295, 296, 327, 328 General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans 17 Newfoundland 79, 139 Canada 81, 87, 139, 156, 157, 158, 227, 228, 279, 280, geothermal heating 539, 540, 541 Patagonian 65, 131, 273 337–340, 338, 339, 403, 404 Gerlache–Boyd Ice Stream, Antarctic Peninsula 477–484, Svalbard 57, 73, 74, 101, 102 Chatham Rise, New Zealand 275, 276 478, 480, 482, 483 ice-channel fill eskers 85 East Antarctica 115, 116, 185, 186 Getz Ice Shelf 199, 200 ice-marginal landforms 521–526, 521, 525, 526, 527 Greenland 201, 202, 287, 288 glacial lineations 117, 542 ice-proximal fans 525–526, 527, 531, 539, 540, 541, 542 Gulf of Bothnia 197, 198 Arctic Ocean 329, 331, 332 Barents Sea 325, 326, 327, 328 North Sea 291, 292 Greenland 263, 264 Canada 89, 90 Norway 205, 206, 223, 224, 229, 230, 283, 284, Norwegian Sea 247, 248 Norway 223, 224 307, 308 see also crag-and-tail features; mega-scale glacial Spitsbergen 147, 148, 150 Rockall Bank 277, 278 lineations (MSGLs) ice-sculpted bedrock, Canada 59, 60 South Atlantic Ocean 273, 274 glacigenic debris-flows 363, 524, 526 ice sheets 3–5, 4, 235, 243, 285, 520, 532–534, 533 South Carolina 271, 272 Barents Sea 367, 368, 371, 372, 373, 374 Antarctic Peninsula 125, 237, 341, 477, 485 Svalbard 73, 74, 101, 102, 233, 234, 269, 270 British Isles 359, 360 Barents Sea 57, 147, 150, 187, 269, 333, 381, 415, 445 Weddell Sea, Antarctica 289, 290, 383, 384 Canada 385, 386 British–Irish 63, 135, 138, 195, 253, 277, 359, 361, 421 West Antarctica 265, 266, 347, 348 Faroe–Shetland Channel 361, 362 Cordilleran 81 iceberg-rafted dropstone deposits 359 North Sea 369, 370 East Antarctic 185, 353, 534, 539 iceberg-related landforms, Spitsbergen 101, 102 Norway 365, 366 Eurasian 247, 329 Icelandic Ice Sheet 165 Svalbard 415, 416 Fennoscandian 95, 117, 119, 197, 249, 321, 324, 395, impact crater, Gulf of St Lawrence 127, 128 glacimarine basin-fill 526, 527 411, 445 impedance, characteristic acoustic 24 SUBJECT INDEX 617

Innuitian Ice Sheet 158 mass-wasting events 524, 528 P-Cable seismic systems 31–32, 31, 32, 541 inter-ice stream landforms 534, 537 Canada 156, 157, 158 palaeoclimate reconstruction 538 Norwegian and Svalbard continental margins 437–444, Sweden 119, 120 Palmer Deep Ice Stream 211 440–442, 444 Weddell Sea, Antarctica 377 paraglacial landscapes, Newfoundland 97, 98 West Antarctica 349–352, 350, 351 MBESs see multibeam echo sounders (MBESs) parametric echo sounders 29 interferometric side-scan sonar systems 26 medial moraines Patagonian Ice Cap 65, 131, 273 International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean Canada 155, 156, 157, 193, 194 Paulabreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 83, 84 (IBCAO) 17 Chile 131 Peach Slide complex, Barra Fan, British Isles 359, 360 International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean Spitsbergen 61, 62 perialpine lakes, Switzerland 69, 70 (IBCSO) 17 mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) 19, 34, 519, 522, 531, permafrost patterns 311, 312 International Hydrographic Organization 24 534, 536, 537, 540 phase-differencing bathymetric sonar systems 26 Irish Ice Sheet see British–Irish Ice Sheet Antarctic Peninsula 125, 126, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, piezoelectric materials 22, 29 178, 213, 237, 238, 313, 314, 341, 342, Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica 219, 220 kettle holes 343, 344 Pine Island–Thwaites Ice Stream system, West Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula 313, 314 Barents Sea 183, 184, 187, 231, 232, 267, 268, 325, 326, 493–500, 494, 496, 498, 499 Norway 113, 114 327, 328, 333, 334, 335, 336 pingos 299 knock-and-lochan morphology, Greenland 201, 202 Canada 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 127, 128, 337, 338, Pio XI Glacier, Chile 131, 132 Kollerbreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 71, 72 339, 340 pipelines 531, 531 East Antarctica 185, 186, 241, 242 Placentia Clay Formation 79, 139, 142 Labrador Current 279, 385 Gulf of Bothnia 321, 322, 323, 324 Playa Blanca landslide, Chile 107, 108 Lambert Glacier–Amery Ice Shelf system 185, 186 North Africa 173, 174 ploughmarks see iceberg ploughmarks landform assemblages 9, 534, 537 Norway 169, 170, 179, 180, 181, 182, 229, 230, 249, 250, plunge pools, Gulf of Alaska 389, 390 Antarctic Peninsula 341–344, 342, 343 307, 308, 365, 366 pockmarks 531, 531 Arctic Ocean 329–332, 330, 331 Ross Sea, Antarctica 239, 240, 353, 354, 355, 356 Arctic Ocean 297, 298 Barents Sea 325–328, 326, 327, 333–336, 334, 335 Spitsbergen 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 Barents Sea 295, 296, 325, 327, 328 Canada 139–142, 140, 141, 155–158, 155, 156, West Antarctica 347, 348 Canada 111, 112 337–340, 338, 339 megaflutes Chile 109, 110 Chile 131–134, 132, 133 Newfoundland 139, 140, 142 polygonal permafrost patterns 311, 312 Gulf of Bothnia 321–324, 322, 323 Scotland 135 Porteau Creek Sill, British Columbia 93, 94 Iceland 143–146, 144, 145 Mentirosa landslide, Chile 107, 108 Portlandia arctica 142 North Sea 317–320, 318, 319 methane venting see gas venting postglacial tectonic structures, Sweden 119, 120 Ross Sea, Antarctica 353–356, 354, 355 Mills cross configuration 27, 27 Precipice Delta, Fiordland, New Zealand 91, 92 Scotland 135–138, 136, 137 moat features preservation of seafloor landforms 5, 6 Spitsbergen 147–150, 148, 149, 151–154, 152, 153 Arctic Ocean 329, 331 Punta Cola landslide, Chile 107, 108 West Antarctica 345–348, 346, 347, 349–352, Canada 51, 52, 299, 300 push moraines 350, 351 moraines Iceland 144–146 landslides see submarine landslides see annual recessional moraines; buried moraines; Spitsbergen 71, 72, 75, 76, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154 landsystems see fjord–shelf–slope landsystems current-modified moraines; De Geer moraines; Langjo¨kull Ice Cap, Iceland 143, 144 fjord-mouth moraines; lateral moraines; lateral R-channels, Gulf of Bothnia 209, 210 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 3, 67 shear-margin moraines; lift-off moraines; medial radar altimeter data 17 Antarctica 125, 171, 177, 213, 241, 341, 349, 353, moraines; push moraines; recessional moraines; Rayleigh criterion 25, 28 377, 485 ribbed moraines; Rogen moraines; transverse reception threshold 23 Arctic Ocean 329, 469, 470, 474 moraines recessional moraines 521, 525, 538, 542 Barents Sea 231, 333, 381, 445, 446 MSGLs see mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) Barents Sea 334, 335, 336 Canada 49, 55, 79, 139, 158, 257 mud volcanoes, Beaufort Sea, Canada 299, 300 Chile 65, 66, 132, 133 Chile 65, 131 multibeam echo sounders (MBESs) 19–20, 20, 21, Greenland 263, 264 East Antarctica 185 22, 24, 25, 27–28, 27, 32, 32, 33, 34, 36, Ireland 253, 254 Greenland 43, 201, 453, 532 37, 541 Norway 223, 224 Ireland 195 see also upward-looking multibeam systems Ross Sea, Antarctica 353, 354, 355–356, 355 New Zealand 45 multiple reflections 32, 35, 35 Scotian Shelf, Canada 257, 258, 403, 404 North Sea 317 Scotland 63, 64, 136, 137, 138 Norway 113, 191, 205, 223, 229, 261, 395, 409, 437 Nansenbreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 77, 151 Spitsbergen 61, 62, 71, 72, 75, 76, 83, 84, 148, 149, 150, Scotland 135, 359 Nase Moraine, Lake Lucerne, Switzerland 69, 70 255, 256 South Atlantic Ocean 273 Nathorstbreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 83 Switzerland 69, 70 South Orkney Islands 251 Naust Formation 181, 182, 411, 413 West Antarctica 350, 351, 352 Svalbard 57, 255, 437 needle-like seafloor features, Barents Sea 187, reefs, cold-water, Norwegian Sea 307, 308, 309, 310, Switzerland 69 188, 519 413, 414 lateral moraines Negribreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 101, 102 reflection coefficient 22,24 Canada 89, 90 Newfoundland Ice Cap 79, 139 reflections 22–23, 22,24 Iceland 144 Norðurjo¨kull Glacier, Iceland 143–146, 144, 145 bow-tie 34, 35 Norwegian Sea 169, 170 North African Ice Sheet 245 hyperbolae 34–35, 35 Spitsbergen 71, 72 North Atlantic Drift 277 multiple 32, 35, 35 lateral shear-margin moraines 247, 519–520, 522 Northeast Fan, Canada 363, 364 refractions 22–23, 22, 33,34 Barents Sea 189, 190 Norwegian Atlantic Current 309 remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) 25, 36, 541 Norwegian Sea 169, 170, 191, 192 Norwegian Channel Ice Stream 18, 19, 179, 180, 205, retreat moraines see recessional moraines Laurentian Channel Ice Stream 161, 163 206, 369 rhombohedral crevasse-fill ridges 520, 523 Laurentian Fan, Canada 161, 162, 363, 364 Norwegian Coastal Current 309 Nordaustlandet, Svalbard 73, 74 Laurentian Moraine 161, 162 Norwegian Current 395 Spitsbergen 149, 150, 151–154, 152, 153 Laurentide Ice Sheet 55, 59, 87, 127, 139, 161, 193, 227, 257, Nye channels see bedrock meltwater channels Sweden 117, 118 271, 337, 340, 431, 433, 436 Nyquist frequency 25 ribbed moraines, West Antarctica 349, 350, 351, 352 LGM see Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ridges lift-off moraines, Norwegian Sea 247, 248 Occidental Glacier, Chile 131 see corrugation ridges; crevasse-fill ridges; rhombohedral Little Ice Age Olex bathymetric database 26 crevasse-fill ridges Canada 89, 158 Orleans Trough Ice Stream 313, 314 Rink Glacier, Greenland 99, 100, 453, 454, 455, 456 Chile 65, 66, 131 outburst floods 525, 542 roche moutone´e-type landforms, Greenland 201, 202 Greenland 103 Antarctic Peninsula 313 rock drumlins 199 Svalbard 71, 72, 75, 150, 442, 443 North Sea 207 Antarctic Peninsula 341, 343, 344 Lofoten Contourite Drift, Norway 395, 396, 397, 398 Norway 223, 395 Canada 156, 157, 158 Lophelia pertusa 307, 309, 413 outwash plains 526, 542 Newfoundland 139, 140 Lower Macleod Sequence 359, 360 British Columbia 225, 226 Scotland 135, 137 618 SUBJECT INDEX

Rogen moraines 519, 522 Storfjorden Trough-Mouth Fan, Barents Sea 371, 372, Trænadjupet Slide, Norwegian Sea 395, 397, 398, 413, 414 West Antarctica 349, 350, 351, 352 373, 374 Transition Fault 389, 390 Rona Wedge, Faroe–Shetland Channel, NE Atlantic stoss-and-lee landforms, Greenland 201, 202 transverse moraines 531 361, 362 strain heating 539, 540, 541 British Columbia 81, 82 ROVs see remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) stratified glacimarine basin-fills, Greenland 99, 100 Chile 131, 132 Rutford Ice Stream 47, 51 streamers 22, 29, 30–32, 30, 31 Newfoundland 139, 142 sub-bottom profilers (SBPs) 21, 22, 24, 25, 28–29, 28, Norway 95, 96 sackung, British Columbia 81, 82 34–35, 35 trawl marks 293, 294, 531, 531 St Anna Ice Stream 269, 285 subglacial lakes 525, 541 Trinity Peninsula Group 125 salt domes, North Sea 208 Antarctic Peninsula 211, 213 trough-mouth fans 524–525, 526, 531, 534, 535 sand fields, Norwegian Sea 261, 262 North Sea 207 Andfjorden Trough-Mouth Fan, Norway 365, 366 sand waves 531 subglacial meltwaters 51, 53, 61, 87, 89, 207, 521, 538–541, Arctic Ocean 469, 470, 475 Canada 403, 404 539, 542 Barra Fan, British Isles 359, 360 Norwegian Sea 261, 262, 309, 310 see also bedrock meltwater channels; eskers; tunnel Bear Island Trough-Mouth Fan, Barents Sea 367, 368, see also sediment waves valleys 381, 382, 445, 446 sandurs see outwash plains submarine landslides 528, 529 Belgica Fan, Bellingshausen Sea 375, 376 satellite altimeter data 17 Antarctic Peninsula 417, 418 Crary Fan, Weddell Sea, Antarctica 377, 378, 383, 384 SBESs see single-beam echo sounders (SBESs) Barents Sea 371, 372 Laurentian Fan, Canada 161, 162, 363, 364 SBPs see sub-bottom profilers (SBPs) Canada 81, 82, 121, 122, 139, 141, 142, 405, 406 Malangsdjupet Trough, Norwegian Sea 169, 170 Scandinavian Ice Sheet 119, 169, 229, 291 Chile 107, 108 Northeast Fan, Canada 363, 364 sea-ice basal morphology 303, 304 Norwegian Sea 397, 398, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, Prydz Channel, East Antarctica 502, 503, 505 sea-ice ploughmarks 527 413, 414 Storfjorden Trough-Mouth Fan, Barents Sea 371, 372, Beaufort Sea, Canada 299, 300 Svalbard 105, 106, 415, 416 373, 374 Laptev Sea, Siberian Arctic 301, 302 Weddell Sea, Antarctica 377, 378 Uummannaq Trough-Mouth Fan, West Greenland 453, sediment drifts 531 submarine spreading, Norwegian Sea 411, 412 457, 458, 459 Antarctic Peninsula 393, 394, 399, 400, 401, 402 submarine terraces tsunamis 105 Norwegian Sea 395, 396, 397, 398 Baltic Sea 305, 306 Tunabreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 75, 76, 149 sediment profilers see sub-bottom profilers (SBPs) Spitsbergen 101, 102 tunnel-fill eskers 85 sediment rafts, West Antarctica 349–352, 351 submarines, as survey platforms 36 tunnel valleys 521, 523, 540, 541, 542 sediment waves 530, 531 Suðurjo¨kull glacier, Iceland 143–146, 144, 145 North Sea 207, 208, 317–320, 318, 319 Barents Sea 395 surge-type glaciers turbidity-current channels 43, 44, 461–466, 462, 463, 465, Canada 403, 404 Iceland 73, 143–146, 144, 145 529, 530, 530 Norwegian Sea 261, 262, 309, 310, 395, 396 Nordaustlandet, Svalbard 73, 74 Antarctic Peninsula 393, 394 Spitsbergen 255, 256 Spitsbergen 75, 76, 83, 84, 150, 151–154, 152, 153 Chile 134 segmented tunnel-fill eskers 85 survey platforms 35–36, 37 turbidity currents 43, 363, 530 seismic-reflection profiling 19, 21, 22, 29–32, 30, 31, 32, Svalbard–Barents Sea Ice Sheet 57, 147, 150, 269, 333, 415 Antarctic Peninsula 393, 394, 399, 401 34–35, 35 Sveabreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 77 Norwegian Sea 409 ships, as survey platforms 35–36, 37 SVP see sound velocity profile (SVP) two-way travel time (TWT) 22, 23, 26, 35 side-scan sonar systems 19, 21, 22, 26, 28 Sykorabreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 61, 62 signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) 23 synthetic seismograms 24 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 36 single-beam echo sounders (SBESs) 17–19, 18, 22, 24, 26, Upper Macleod Sequence 359, 360 34–35, 35 Tempano Glacier, Chile 65, 66, 131, 132 Upper Regional Unconformity (URU) 183, 184 sleeve gun sound sources 29 terminal moraines 521, 525 upward-looking multibeam systems 219, 220, 303, 304 slides see submarine landslides Chile 65, 66, 132, 133 Uummannaq Trough-Mouth Fan, West Greenland 453, 457, slope instability/failures 414 Iceland 143, 144 458, 459 Antarctic Peninsula 399, 400 Nordaustlandet, Svalbard 73, 74 British Columbia 81, 82 Norway 249, 250 valley trains see outwash plains Norwegian Sea 407, 408 South Georgia 67, 68 vertical resolution of acoustic data 25 Snell’s law 22, 22, 23, 34 Spitsbergen 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 101, 102, 148, 149, Vestfonna Ice Cap, Svalbard 57 SNRs see signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) 151, 152, 153 volcanism, Antarctica 125, 126, 541 sonar equation 23 terracing, bedrock 59, 60 volume of submarine glacial landforms 531–532, 532 sonar footprint 22,24 three-dimensional (3D) seismic imaging 20–21, 29, 30–32, Von Postbreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 149 sonar systems see acoustic methods 30, 31, 32 sound sources and receivers 21, 22, 29–32, 31 thrust moraines, Spitsbergen 147, 149, 150 Wahlenbergbreen Glacier, Spitsbergen 77 sound velocity profile (SVP) 23–24, 26, 27, 34 tidal power generation, Canada 123, 124 washboard patterns 19 South-West Arm Delta, Fiordland, New Zealand tidewater glaciers 3, 520, 521, 526, 527, 531, 538, Weddell Gyre 289 91, 92 540, 541 West Antarctic Ice Sheet 239, 349, 353, 534, 539, 541 sparker sound sources 29, 30 Canada 89, 90, 155–158, 155, 156, 259 West Greenland Current 201 spatial resolution of acoustic data 24–26 Chile 65, 66, 131, 133, 134 whale-feeding marks 293, 294, 531 speed of sound 23–24 Greenland 99, 103 whalebacks 59, 60 spreading see submarine spreading Scotland 137, 138 Whitewater Delta, Fiordland, New Zealand 91, 92 Squamish Delta, British Columbia 93, 94 Spitsbergen 75, 76, 77, 78, 83, 84, 101, 102, 147, 150, wobbly outer beams and offsets 33,34 Steinbitryggen–Sopphola hill–hole pair, Barents Sea 151–154, 152, 153 203, 204 timescales of formation of submarine glacial landforms Younger Dryas Storbank Trough Ice Stream 189 531–532, 532 Norway 95 Storegga Slide, Norwegian Sea 397, 411, 412 TMFs see trough-mouth fans Sweden 119