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Global Scores the Ocean Health Index Team Table of Contents
2015 GLOBAL SCORES THE OCEAN HEALTH INDEX TEAM TABLE OF CONTENTS Conservation International Introduction to Ocean Health Index ............................................................................................................. 1 Results for 2015 ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Country & Territory Scores ........................................................................................................................... 9 Appreciations ............................................................................................................................................. 23 Citation ...................................................................................................................................................... 23 UC Santa Barbara, National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis INTRODUCTION TO THE OCEAN HEALTH INDEX Important note: Scores in this report differ from scores originally posted on the Ocean Health Index website, www.oceanhealthindex.org and shown in previous reports. Each year the Index improves methods and data where possible. Some improvements change scores and rankings. When such changes occur, all earlier scores are recalculated using the new methods so that any differences in scores between years is due to changes in the conditions evaluated, not to changes in methods. This permits year-to-year comparison between all global-level Index results. Only the scores most recently -
The Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Thailand, Naga Expedition; Bathythermograph (BT) Temperature Observations in the Timor Sea, Naga Expedition, Cruise S11
UC San Diego Naga Report Title The physical oceanography of the Gulf of Thailand, Naga Expedition; Bathythermograph (BT) temperature observations in the Timor sea, Naga Expedition, Cruise S11 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4mf3d0b7 Author Robinson, Margaret K Publication Date 1974 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California NAGA REPORT Volume 3, Part 1 Scientific Results of Marine Investigations of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand 1959-1961 Sponsored by South Viet Nam, Thailand and the United States of America The University of California Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 1974 EDITORS: EDWARD BRINTON, WILLIAM A. NEWMAN ASSISTANT EDITOR: NANCE F. NORTH Printing of this volume was made possible through the National Science Foundation Grant GN-32570. The NAGA Expedition was supported by the International Cooperation Administration Contract ICAc-1085. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 74-620121 2 CONTENTS 3 THE PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE GULF OF THAILAND, NAGA EXPEDITION by Margaret K. Robinson* *Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California 5 Chart of the Gulf of Thailand showing Cruise Track Lines 6 THE PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE GULF OF THAILAND, NAGA EXPEDITION CONTENTS 7 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 8 9 INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Research Vessel Stranger of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, was engaged in the Naga Expedition in the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea during the period of October, 1959, to December, 1960. The expedition was jointly sponsored by the Governments of South Viet Nam, Thailand and the United States of America. -
The Ross Sea Dipole - Temperature, Snow Accumulation and Sea Ice Variability in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica, Over the Past 2,700 Years
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-95 Manuscript under review for journal Clim. Past Discussion started: 1 August 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC BY 4.0 License. The Ross Sea Dipole - Temperature, Snow Accumulation and Sea Ice Variability in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica, over the Past 2,700 Years 5 RICE Community (Nancy A.N. Bertler1,2, Howard Conway3, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen4, Daniel B. Emanuelsson1,2, Mai Winstrup4, Paul T. Vallelonga4, James E. Lee5, Ed J. Brook5, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus6, Taylor J. Fudge3, Elizabeth D. Keller2, W. Troy Baisden2, Richard C.A. Hindmarsh7, Peter D. Neff8, Thomas Blunier4, Ross Edwards9, Paul A. Mayewski10, Sepp Kipfstuhl11, Christo Buizert5, Silvia Canessa2, Ruzica Dadic1, Helle 10 A. Kjær4, Andrei Kurbatov10, Dongqi Zhang12,13, Ed D. Waddington3, Giovanni Baccolo14, Thomas Beers10, Hannah J. Brightley1,2, Lionel Carter1, David Clemens-Sewall15, Viorela G. Ciobanu4, Barbara Delmonte14, Lukas Eling1,2, Aja A. Ellis16, Shruthi Ganesh17, Nicholas R. Golledge1,2, Skylar Haines10, Michael Handley10, Robert L. Hawley15, Chad M. Hogan18, Katelyn M. Johnson1,2, Elena Korotkikh10, Daniel P. Lowry1, Darcy Mandeno1, Robert M. McKay1, James A. Menking5, Timothy R. Naish1, 15 Caroline Noerling11, Agathe Ollive19, Anaïs Orsi20, Bernadette C. Proemse18, Alexander R. Pyne1, Rebecca L. Pyne2, James Renwick1, Reed P. Scherer21, Stefanie Semper22, M. Simonsen4, Sharon B. Sneed10, Eric J., Steig3, Andrea Tuohy23, Abhijith Ulayottil Venugopal1,2, Fernando Valero-Delgado11, Janani Venkatesh17, Feitang Wang24, Shimeng -
Florida Department of Education
)/25,'$ '(3$570(17 2) ('8&$7,21 ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ 'DWH '2( ,1)250$7,21 '$7$ %$6( 5(48,5(0(176 )LVFDO <HDU 92/80( , $8720$7(' 678'(17 ,1)250$7,21 6<67(0 July 1, 1995 $8720$7(' 678'(17 '$7$ (/(0(176 APPENDIX G COUNTRY CODES CODE COUNTRY CODE COUNTRY AF Afghanistan CV Cape Verde AB Albania CJ Cayman Islands AG Algeria CP Central African Republic AN Andorra CD Chad AO Angola CI Chile AV Anguilla CH China AY Antarctica KI Christmas Island AC Antigua and Barbuda CN Clipperton Island AX Antilles KG Cocos Islands (Keeling) AE Argentina CL Colombia AD Armenia CQ Comoros AA Aruba CF Congo AS Australia CR Coral Sea Island AU Austria CS Costa Rica AJ Azerbaijan DF Croatia AI Azores Islands, Portugal CU Cuba BF Bahamas DH Curacao Island BA Bahrain CY Cyprus BS Baltic States CX Czechoslovakia BG Bangladesh DT Czech Republic BB Barbados DK Democratic Kampuchea BI Bassas Da India DA Denmark BE Belgium DJ Djibouti BZ Belize DO Dominica BN Benin DR Dominican Republic BD Bermuda EJ East Timor BH Bhutan EC Ecuador BL Bolivia EG Egypt BJ Bonaire Island ES El Salvador BP Bosnia and Herzegovina EN England BC Botswana EA Equatorial Africa BV Bouvet Island EQ Equatorial Guinea BR Brazil ER Eritrea BT British Virgin Islands EE Estonia BW British West Indies ET Ethiopia BQ Brunei Darussalam EU Europa Island BU Bulgaria FA Falkland Islands (Malvinas) BX Burkina Faso, West Africa FO Faroe Islands BM Burma FJ Fiji BY Burundi FI Finland JB Byelorussia SSR FR France CB Cambodia FM France, Metropolitian CM Cameroon FN French Guiana CC Canada FP French Polynesia Revised: -
Baffin Bay Sea Ice Inflow and Outflow: 1978–1979 to 2016–2017
The Cryosphere, 13, 1025–1042, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1025-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Baffin Bay sea ice inflow and outflow: 1978–1979 to 2016–2017 Haibo Bi1,2,3, Zehua Zhang1,2,3, Yunhe Wang1,2,4, Xiuli Xu1,2,3, Yu Liang1,2,4, Jue Huang5, Yilin Liu5, and Min Fu6 1Key laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China 2Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China 3Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China 4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 5Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China 6Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazard Forecasting Center, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing, China Correspondence: Haibo Bi ([email protected]) Received: 2 July 2018 – Discussion started: 23 July 2018 Revised: 19 February 2019 – Accepted: 26 February 2019 – Published: 29 March 2019 Abstract. Baffin Bay serves as a huge reservoir of sea ice 1 Introduction which would provide the solid freshwater sources to the seas downstream. By employing satellite-derived sea ice motion and concentration fields, we obtain a nearly 40-year-long Baffin Bay is a semi-enclosed ocean basin that connects the Arctic Ocean and the northwestern Atlantic (Fig. 1). It cov- record (1978–1979 to 2016–2017) of the sea ice area flux 2 through key fluxgates of Baffin Bay. Based on the estimates, ers an area of 630 km and is bordered by Greenland to the the Baffin Bay sea ice area budget in terms of inflow and east, Baffin Island to the west, and Ellesmere Island to the outflow are quantified and possible causes for its interan- north. -
South China Sea Overview
‹ Countries South China Sea Last Updated: February 7, 2013 (Notes) full report Overview The South China Sea is a critical world trade route and a potential source of hydrocarbons, particularly natural gas, with competing claims of ownership over the sea and its resources. Stretching from Singapore and the Strait of Malacca in the southwest to the Strait of Taiwan in the northeast, the South China Sea is one of the most important trade routes in the world. The sea is rich in resources and holds significant strategic and political importance. The area includes several hundred small islands, rocks, and reefs, with the majority located in the Paracel and Spratly Island chains. Many of these islands are partially submerged land masses unsuitable for habitation and are little more than shipping hazards. For example, the total land area of the Spratly Islands encompasses less than 3 square miles. Several of the countries bordering the sea declare ownership of the islands to claim the surrounding sea and its resources. The Gulf of Thailand borders the South China Sea, and although technically not part of it, disputes surround ownership of that Gulf and its resources as well. Asia's robust economic growth boosts demand for energy in the region. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects total liquid fuels consumption in Asian countries outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to rise at an annual growth rate of 2.6 percent, growing from around 20 percent of world consumption in 2008 to over 30 percent of world consumption by 2035. Similarly, non-OECD Asia natural gas consumption grows by 3.9 percent annually, from 10 percent of world gas consumption in 2008 to 19 percent by 2035. -
Consensus Statement
Arctic Climate Forum Consensus Statement 2020-2021 Arctic Winter Seasonal Climate Outlook (along with a summary of 2020 Arctic Summer Season) CONTEXT Arctic temperatures continue to warm at more than twice the global mean. Annual surface air temperatures over the last 5 years (2016–2020) in the Arctic (60°–85°N) have been the highest in the time series of observations for 1936-20201. Though the extent of winter sea-ice approached the median of the last 40 years, both the extent and the volume of Arctic sea-ice present in September 2020 were the second lowest since 1979 (with 2012 holding minimum records)2. To support Arctic decision makers in this changing climate, the recently established Arctic Climate Forum (ACF) convened by the Arctic Regional Climate Centre Network (ArcRCC-Network) under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) provides consensus climate outlook statements in May prior to summer thawing and sea-ice break-up, and in October before the winter freezing and the return of sea-ice. The role of the ArcRCC-Network is to foster collaborative regional climate services amongst Arctic meteorological and ice services to synthesize observations, historical trends, forecast models and fill gaps with regional expertise to produce consensus climate statements. These statements include a review of the major climate features of the previous season, and outlooks for the upcoming season for temperature, precipitation and sea-ice. The elements of the consensus statements are presented and discussed at the Arctic Climate Forum (ACF) sessions with both providers and users of climate information in the Arctic twice a year in May and October, the later typically held online. -
Iucn Summary Gough Island (United Kingdom) 2
WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION - IUCN SUMMARY GOUGH ISLAND (UNITED KINGDOM) Summary prepared by IUCN/WCMC (March 1995) based on the original nomination supplied by the Government of the United Kingdom. This original and all documents in support of this nomination will be available for consultation at the meetings of the Bureau and the Committee. 1. LOCATION Located southeast of Tristan da Cunha Island in the south Atlantic Ocean, midway between Africa and South America. 2. JURIDICAL DATA The island and surrounding territorial waters were designated a wildlife area in 1976 under the Tristan da Cunha Conservation Ordinance. 3. IDENTIFICATION The island of Gough (6500ha) represents the eroded core of a Late Tertiary volcano. The east side of the island is dissected by a series of deep steep-sided valleys, which are separated by narrow serrated ridges. Along the west side of the island, rounded slopes extend from the central plateau to the western sea cliffs. Many offshore stacks and rocks are present, mostly within 100m of the main island. Vegetation comprises tussock grass around the coast and wet heath with moss and feldmark, and bog and swamp communities at higher elevations. Knowledge of the flora is incomplete but consists of some 35 native flowering plant and 28 native fern species. Over 30 of Gough's vascular plant taxa are endemic to the Tristan de Cunha islands. A total of 146 bryophytes have been recorded, eight of which are endemic, together with 20 fungi and 24 lichens. Invertebrate fauna also remains poorly known, but comprises 100 species, eight of which are endemic. -
The Ross Sea: a Valuable Reference Area to Assess the Effects of Climate Change
IP (number) Agenda Item: CEP 7e, ATCM 13 Presented by: ASOC Original: English The Ross Sea: A Valuable Reference Area to Assess the Effects of Climate Change 1 IP (number) Summary International Panel on Climate Change models predict that the Ross Sea will be the last portion of the Southern Ocean with sea ice year round. Currently, the Ross Sea ecosystem is considered to be relatively little affected by direct human-related impacts other than the past exploitation of marine mammals along its slope and the recent exploratory Antarctic toothfish fishery. The indirect human impacts of CO2 pollution on melting ice and ocean acidification have yet to be felt. The Ross Sea - with its several very long biotic and hydrographic data sets - constitutes an important reference area to gauge the ecosystem effects of climate change and distinguish those effects from the effects of current fisheries, tourism, and historic overexploitation and recovery or lack of recovery of some seal, whale, and fish populations elsewhere. This, in conjunction with a range of other scientific and biological reasons that has been laid out in prior ASOC papers, underpins why the Ross Sea should be included as a key component in the network of marine protected areas currently being considered for the Southern Ocean by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). 1. Introduction Over the past few years, ASOC has put forward a number of papers making the ‘science case’ for supporting full protection of the Ross Sea slope and shelf,1 in the context of establishing an important component of a representative network of MPAs in the Southern Ocean.2 This paper focuses on the climate reference zone potential of the Ross Sea. -
Henderson Island Expedition June 2019 Henderson Island Expedition June 2019
Henderson Island Expedition June 2019 Henderson Island Expedition June 2019 Overview Overarching objectives of the expedition: A) Study the plastic pollution on Henderson Island and raise awareness of the waste in the context of the global problem of ocean plastics; B) Study and raise awareness of the Henderson marine environment – promoting the Pitcairn Island Marine Reserve and the benefits of large, fully protected marine protected areas. A 2015 analysis (published in 2017) found that one of the Pitcairn archipelago’s four islands, Henderson, has >18 tonnes of plastic on its beaches: “the highest density of plastic debris recorded anywhere in the world”. The 38km2 island has >38 million pieces of plastic upon its shores. Conservative estimates suggest that 3,500-13,500 new plastic items wash up on Henderson each day. One of its beaches, the 2 km long East Beach, is polluted by 30 million plastic items. The 2015 work served as a reminder that the long-term protection of large areas of ocean needs to be partnered by science and messaging capable of changing attitudes towards the way we live, consume, and discard on land. The Pitcairn Island Council has sanctioned an expedition to Henderson in June 2019 which provides an opportunity for key Pitcairn and ocean stakeholders to effectively communicate the source, scale, range and impacts of ocean debris on Henderson and the Pacific Ocean through on-site science, art and media. The initiative also provides the team an opportunity to study and showcase the beauty and ambition of the Pitcairn Island Marine Reserve Henderson Island Expedition June 2019 MEXICO Timings PACIFIC OCEAN 1 02/06 Arrive at Tahiti Team briefing Tahiti 2 04/06 PERU Depart Tahiti 07:30 a.m. -
Florida Department of Education
FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Implementation Date: DOE INFORMATION DATA BASE REQUIREMENTS Fiscal Year 1995-96 VOLUME II: AUTOMATED STAFF INFORMATION SYSTEM July 1, 1995 AUTOMATED STAFF DATA ELEMENTS APPENDIX C COUNTRY CODES CODE COUNTRY CODE COUNTRY AF Afghanistan CV Cape Verde AB Albania CJ Cayman Islands AG Algeria CP Central African Republic AN Andorra CD Chad AO Angola CI Chile AV Anguilla CH China AY Antarctica KI Christmas Island AC Antigua and Barbuda CN Clipperton Island AX Antilles KG Cocos Islands (Keeling) AE Argentina CL Colombia AD Armenia CQ Comoros AA Aruba CF Congo AS Australia CR Coral Sea Island AU Austria CS Costa Rica AJ Azerbaijan DF Croatia AI Azores Islands, Portugal CU Cuba BF Bahamas DH Curacao Island BA Bahrain CY Cyprus BS Baltic States CX Czechoslovakia BG Bangladesh DT Czech Republic BB Barbados DK Democratic Kampuchea BI Bassas Da India DA Denmark BE Belgium DJ Djibouti BZ Belize DO Dominica BN Benin DR Dominican Republic BD Bermuda EJ East Timor BH Bhutan EC Ecuador BL Bolivia EG Egypt BJ Bonaire Island ES El Salvador BP Bosnia and Herzegovina EN England BC Botswana EA Equatorial Africa BV Bouvet Island EQ Equatorial Guinea BR Brazil ER Eritrea BT British Virgin Islands EE Estonia BW British West Indies ET Ethiopia BQ Brunei Darussalam EU Europa Island BU Bulgaria FA Falkland Islands (Malvinas) BX Burkina Faso, West Africa FO Faroe Islands BM Burma FJ Fiji BY Burundi FI Finland JB Byelorussia SSR FR France CB Cambodia FM France, Metropolitian CM Cameroon FN French Guiana CC Canada FP French Polynesia Revised: -
An Early Sophisticated East Polynesian Voyaging Canoe Discovered on New Zealand’S Coast
An early sophisticated East Polynesian voyaging canoe discovered on New Zealand’s coast Dilys A. Johnsa,1, Geoffrey J. Irwina, and Yun K. Sungb aAnthropology Department, School of Social Sciences, and bSchool of Architecture and Planning, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Edited by Patrick V. Kirch, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved August 19, 2014 (received for review May 9, 2014) The colonization of the islands of East Polynesia was a remarkable wide at its widest point and 76 cm at the butt end. Lashing holes episode in the history of human migration and seafaring. We around all edges have been chiseled transversely through the timber report on an ocean-sailing canoe dating from close to that time. and the canoe averages 5-cm thick at lashing holes. The internal A large section of a complex composite canoe was discovered surface is finished with regular adzing and the outside surface recently at Anaweka on the New Zealand coast. The canoe dates carefully smoothed to prevent drag through the water. The edges to approximately A.D. 1400 and was contemporary with continu- are flat and evenly finished by abrasion or possibly sawing (15, 16), ing interisland voyaging. It was built in New Zealand as an early where they were attached to adjoining parts of the canoe. adaptation to a new environment, and a sea turtle carved on its Striking features of the hull are four transverse ribs carved at hull makes symbolic connections with wider Polynesian culture intervals along the hull, and a straight longitudinal stringer or and art.