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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Distribution of As, Ni and Co in Tailings and Surface Waters in the Cobalt Area, Ontario1
DISTRIBUTION OF AS, NI AND CO IN TAILINGS AND SURFACE 1 WATERS IN THE COBALT AREA, ONTARIO Jeanne B. Percival2, Y.T. John Kwong3, Charles G. Dumaresq4, Frederick A. Michel5 Abstract: From 1904 until the mid 1930’s and intermittently until 1989, over 450 million troy ounces of silver was mined from the Cobalt area, Ontario. Currently there is no active mining of silver, but the area has seen recent exploration activities for other commodities such as diamonds. Cobalt, however, has not only a renowned mining history, but also an environmental legacy. The area is characterized by remnant historic mine workings and numerous waste rock piles and tailings ponds. Several elements of concern including arsenic, nickel and cobalt continually enter the local watershed from the tailings and waste rock piles. These elements are transported through surface waters to the wetlands in the Farr Creek drainage basin and ultimately enter Lake Timiskaming. Tailings samples are composed of abundant plagioclase with subordinate quartz, chlorite, calcite and dolomite. Less common are K-feldspar, amphibole and mica as well as trace minerals such as erythrite, scorodite and pharmocolite. When efflorescent mineral crusts form on tailings surfaces they are dominated by either gypsum or thenardite. The tailings may contain up to 3.5 wt % Co and 2.2 wt% Ni. Lake sediment and tailings cores show concentrations up to 1.8 wt% As, 0.62 wt% Co and 0.27 wt% Ni in the solids, and 160 mg/L As, 74 mg/L Co and 42 mg/L Ni in the pore waters. One core collected from the infilled Hebert Pond situated within the Nipissing Low Grade Mill tailings impoundment show pore water concentrations in excess of 1,500 mg/L As associated with an organic- rich layer. -
Charlesite, a New Mineral of the Ettringite Group, from Franklin, New Jersey
American Mineralogist, Volume 68, pages 1033-1037,1983 Charlesite, a new mineral of the ettringite group, from Franklin, New Jersey PBre J. DuxN Department of Mineral Sciences SmithsonianInstitution, Washington,D. C. 20560 DoNero R. Peecon Department of GeologicalSciences University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 PBrnn B. LBavBNs Departmentof Geology Universityof Delaware, Newark, Delaware l97ll eNo JonN L. Beuu Franklin Mineral Museum Franklin. New Jersey 07416 Abstract Charlesite,ideally C4(AI,Si)z(SO4)2(B(OH)4)(OH,O)r2.26H2Ois a member of the ettrin- gite group from Franklin, New Jersey, and is the Al analogueof sturmanite. Chemical analysisyielded CaO27.3, Al2O3 5.1, SiO2 3.1, SO3 12.8,B2o33.2, H2O 48.6, sum : 100.1 percent.-Charlesiteis hexagonal,probable spacegroup P3lc, with a = ll.16(l), c = 21.21(2)4. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder difraction pattern (d, IlIo, hkl) are: 9.70,100, 100;5.58, 80, 110;3.855,80, ll4;2.749,70,304;2.538,70,126;2.193,70,2261 404. Charlesite occurs as simple hexagonal crystals tabular on {0001} and has a perfect {10T0}cleavage. The densityis 1.77glcm3 (obs.) and 1.79glcms (calc.). Optically, charlesite is uniaxial( -) with a : | .492(3)and e : 1.475(3).It occurswith clinohedrite,ganophyllite, xonotlite, prehnite, roeblingite and other minerals in severalparageneses at Franklin, New Jersey. Charlesite is named in honor of the late Professor Charles Palache. Introduction were approved, prior to publication, by the Commission Minerals and Mineral Names. I. M. A. The An ettringite-like mineral was first described from on New specimenwas divided into three portions. -
General Index
CAL – CAL GENERAL INDEX CACOXENITE United States Prospect quarry (rhombs to 3 cm) 25:189– Not verified from pegmatites; most id as strunzite Arizona 190p 4:119, 4:121 Campbell shaft, Bisbee 24:428n Unanderra quarry 19:393c Australia California Willy Wally Gully (spherulitic) 19:401 Queensland Golden Rule mine, Tuolumne County 18:63 Queensland Mt. Isa mine 19:479 Stanislaus mine, Calaveras County 13:396h Mt. Isa mine (some scepter) 19:479 South Australia Colorado South Australia Moonta mines 19:(412) Cresson mine, Teller County (1 cm crystals; Beltana mine: smithsonite after 22:454p; Brazil some poss. melonite after) 16:234–236d,c white rhombs to 1 cm 22:452 Minas Gerais Cripple Creek, Teller County 13:395–396p,d, Wallaroo mines 19:413 Conselheiro Pena (id as acicular beraunite) 13:399 Tasmania 24:385n San Juan Mountains 10:358n Renison mine 19:384 Ireland Oregon Victoria Ft. Lismeenagh, Shenagolden, County Limer- Last Chance mine, Baker County 13:398n Flinders area 19:456 ick 20:396 Wisconsin Hunter River valley, north of Sydney (“glen- Spain Rib Mountain, Marathon County (5 mm laths donite,” poss. after ikaite) 19:368p,h Horcajo mines, Ciudad Real (rosettes; crystals in quartz) 12:95 Jindevick quarry, Warregul (oriented on cal- to 1 cm) 25:22p, 25:25 CALCIO-ANCYLITE-(Ce), -(Nd) cite) 19:199, 19:200p Kennon Head, Phillip Island 19:456 Sweden Canada Phelans Bluff, Phillip Island 19:456 Leveäniemi iron mine, Norrbotten 20:345p, Québec 20:346, 22:(48) Phillip Island 19:456 Mt. St-Hilaire (calcio-ancylite-(Ce)) 21:295– Austria United States -
Geologica Macedonica
UDC 55 In print: ISSN 0352–1206 CODEN – GEOME 2 On line: ISSN 1857–8586 GEOLOGICA MACEDONICA Geologica Macedonica Vol. No pp. Štip 2 91–176 2018 Geologica Macedonica Год. 32 Број стр. Штип Geologica Macedonica Vol. No pp. Štip 2 91–176 2018 Geologica Macedonica Год. 32 Број стр. Штип GEOLOGICA MACEDONICA Published by: – Издава: "Goce Delčev" University in Štip, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Štip, Republic of Macedonia Универзитет „Гоце Делчев“ во Штип, Факултет за природни и технички науки, Штип, Република Македонија EDITORIAL BOARD Todor Serafimovski (R. Macedonia, Editor in Chief), Blažo Boev (R. Macedonia, Editor), David Alderton (UK), Tadej Dolenec (R. Slovenia), Ivan Zagorchev (R. Bulgaria), Wolfgang Todt (Germany), Nikolay S. Bortnikov (Russia), Clark Burchfiel (USA), Thierry Augé (France), Todor Delipetrov (R. Macedonia), Vlado Bermanec (Croatia), Milorad Jovanovski (R. Macedonia), Spomenko Mihajlović (Serbia), Dragan Milovanović (Serbia), Dejan Prelević (Germany), Albrecht von Quadt (Switzerland) УРЕДУВАЧКИ ОДБОР Тодор Серафимовски (Р. Македонија, главен уредник), Блажо Боев (Р. Македонија, уредник), Дејвид Олдертон (В. Британија), Тадеј Доленец (Р. Словенија), Иван Загорчев (Р. Бугарија), Волфганг Тод (Германија), акад. Николај С. Бортников (Русија), Кларк Барчфил (САД), Тиери Оже (Франција), Тодор Делипетров (Р. Македонија), Владо Берманец (Хрватска), Милорад Јовановски (Р. Македонија), Споменко Михајловиќ (Србија), Драган Миловановиќ (Србија), Дејан Прелевиќ (Германија), Албрехт фон Квад (Швајцарија) Language editor Лектура Marijana Kroteva Маријана Кротева (English) (англиски) Georgi Georgievski Георги Георгиевски (Macedonian) (македонски) Technical editor Технички уредник Blagoja Bogatinoski Благоја Богатиноски Proof-reader Коректор Alena Georgievska Алена Георгиевска Address Адреса GEOLOGICA MACEDONICA GEOLOGICA MACEDONICA EDITORIAL BOARD РЕДАКЦИЈА Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences Факултет за природни и технички науки P. -
Σ3O12, Henritermierite, Ca3mn2[(Sio4)2(O4H4)1]Σ3, (OH,F)-Spessartine, Mn2+3Al2[(Sio4)2(O4H4,F4)1]Σ3, and Hausmannite, Mn3o4
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018-08-21 Crystal Chemistry and Structure of kimzeyite, Ca3Zr2[Al2Si]Σ3O12, henritermierite, Ca3Mn2[(SiO4)2(O4H4)1]Σ3, (OH,F)-spessartine, Mn2+3Al2[(SiO4)2(O4H4,F4)1]Σ3, and hausmannite, Mn3O4 Cruickshank, Laura Ann Cruickshank, L. A. (2018). Crystal Chemistry and Structure of kimzeyite, Ca3Zr2[Al2Si]Σ3O12, henritermierite, Ca3Mn2[(SiO4)2(O4H4)1]Σ3, (OH,F)-spessartine, Mn2+ 3Al2[(SiO4)2(O4H4,F4)1]Σ3, and hausmannite, Mn3O4 (Unpublished master's thesis).. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/32836 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/107656 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Crystal Chemistry and Structure of kimzeyite, Ca3Zr2[Al2Si]Σ3O12, henritermierite, 2+ Ca3Mn2[(SiO4)2(O4H4)1]Σ3, (OH,F)-spessartine, Mn 3Al2[(SiO4)2(O4H4,F4)1]Σ3, and hausmannite, Mn3O4 by Laura Ann Cruickshank A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS CALGARY, ALBERTA AUGUST, 2018 © Laura Ann Cruickshank 2018 ii ABSTRACT This study considers the crystal chemistry of some rare garnet-group minerals of the general [8] [6] [4] formula X3 Y2 Z3O12 including kimzeyite, Ca3Zr2[Al2Si]Σ3O12, henritermierite, 2+ Ca3Mn2[(SiO4)2(O4H4)1]Σ3, and (OH,F)-spessartine, Mn 3Al2[(SiO4)2(O4H4,F4)1]Σ3. -
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338 Geologica Macedonica, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 95–117 (2018) GEOME 2 IISSN 0352 – 1206 Manuscript received: August 5, 2018 e-ISSN 1857 – 8586 Accepted: November 7, 2018 UDC: 553.46:550.43.08]:504(497.721) 553.497:550.43.08]:504(497.721) Original scientific paper SUPERGENE MINERALOGY OF THE LOJANE Sb-As-Cr DEPOSIT, REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA: TRACING THE MOBILIZATION OF TOXIC METALS Uwe Kolitsch1,2, Tamara Đorđević2, Goran Tasev3, Todor Serafimovski3, Ivan Boev3, Blažo Boev3 1Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abt., Naturhistorisches Museum, Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, Austria 2Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universität Wien, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria 3Department of Mineral Deposits, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, “Goce Delčev” University in Štip, Blvd. Goce Delčev 89, 2000 Štip, Republic of Macedonia [email protected] A b s t r a c t: As part of a larger project on the environmental mineralogy and geochemistry of the Lojane Sb- As-Cr deposit, Republic of Macedonia, which was mined for chromite and, later, stibnite until 1979 and is a substantial source of arsenic and antimony pollution, the supergene mineralogy of the deposit was studied. Samples collected on ore and waste dumps were used to identify and characterize the previously uninvestigated suite of supergene mineral phases by standard mineralogical techniques. The following species were determined (in alphabetical order): annaber- gite, arseniosiderite(?), gypsum, hexahydrite, hörnesite, pararealgar, roméite-group minerals, rozenite, scorodite, sen- armontite, stibiconite, sulphur, tripuhyite and valentinite. Their occurrences are described and their local conditions of formation are discussed. High-resolution Raman spectra of hörnesite, hexahydrite and rozenite are provided and com- pared with literature data. -
Olmiite, Camn[Sio3(OH)](OH), the Mn-Dominant Analogue of Poldervaartite, a New Mineral Species from Kalahari Manganese Fields (Republic of South Africa)
Mineralogical Magazine, April 2007, Vol. 71(2), pp. 193–201 Olmiite, CaMn[SiO3(OH)](OH), the Mn-dominant analogue of poldervaartite, a new mineral species from Kalahari manganese fields (Republic of South Africa) 1, 2 3 4 1 1 P. BONAZZI *, L. BINDI ,O.MEDENBACH ,R.PAGANO ,G.I.LAMPRONTI AND S. MENCHETTI 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita` degli Studi di Firenze, Via La Pira, 4, I-50121, Firenze, Italy 2 Museo di Storia Naturale, sezione di Mineralogia, Universita` di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, I-50121 Firenze, Italy 3 Institut fu¨r Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universita¨t Bochum, Universita¨tsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany 4 P.O. Box 37, I-20092 Cinisello, Milano, Italy [Received 10 April 2007; Accepted 12 July 2007] ABSTRACT Olmiite, ideally CaMn[SiO3(OH)](OH), is a newly identified mineral from the N’Chwaning II mine of the Kalahari manganese fields (Republic of South Africa), which occurs as a product of hydrothermal alteration associated with poldervaartite, celestine, sturmanite, bultfonteinite and hematite. The mineral occurs as wheat-sheaf aggregates consisting of pale to intense reddish pink minute crystals. Olmiite is transparent with vitreous lustre, and exhibits deep-red fluorescence under short-wave UV-light. The mineral is brittle, with irregular fracture. Streak is white and Mohs hardness is 5À5Ý. No cleavage was observed. The measured density (pycnometer method) is 3.05(3) g/cm3. The calculated density is 3.102 g/cm3 or 3.109 g/cm3 using the unit-cell volume from single-crystal or powder data, respectively. Olmiite is biaxial positive, with refractive indices a = 1.663(1), b = 1.672(1), g = 1.694(1) (589 nm), 2Vmeas = 71.8(1)º, 2Vcalc = 66(8)º. -
6H2O, a New Mineral and a Possible Sink for Sb During
1 Revision #1 2 Smamite, Ca2Sb(OH)4[H(AsO4)2]·6H2O, a new mineral and a possible sink for Sb during 3 weathering of fahlore 4 1§ 2 3 4 5 JAKUB PLÁŠIL , ANTHONY R. KAMPF , NICOLAS MEISSER , CÉDRIC LHEUR , THIERRY 5 6 6 BRUNSPERGER AND RADEK ŠKODA 7 8 1 Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic 9 2 Mineral Sciences Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition 10 Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA 11 3 Musée cantonal de géologie, Université de Lausanne, Anthropole, Dorigny, CH-1015 12 Lausanne, Switzerland 13 4 1 rue du St. Laurent, 54280 Seichamps, France 14 5 22 route de Wintzenheim, 68000 Colmar, France 15 6 Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 16 37, Brno, Czech Republic 17 18 ABSTRACT 19 Smamite, Ca2Sb(OH)4[H(AsO4)2]·6H2O, is a new mineral species from the Giftgrube mine, 20 Rauenthal, Sainte-Marie-Aux-Mines ore-district, Haut-Rhin department, France. It is a supergene 21 mineral found in quartz-carbonate gangue with disseminated to massive tennantite-tetrahedrite 22 series minerals, native arsenic, Ni-Co arsenides and supergene minerals picropharmacolite, 23 fluckite and pharmacolite. Smamite occurs as lenticular crystals growing in aggregates up to 0.5 24 mm across. The new mineral is whitish to colorless, transparent with vitreous luster and white 25 streak; non-fluorescent under UV radiation. The Mohs hardness is ~3½ ; the tenacity is brittle, 26 the fracture is curved, and there is no apparent cleavage. -
Haidingerite Ca(Aso3oh)•
Haidingerite Ca(AsO3OH) • H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. As short prismatic to equant crystals, to 1 mm; typically as botyroidal or fibrous coatings, scaly. Twinning: Rare on {110}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {010}. Tenacity: Sectile, thin laminae slightly flexible. Hardness = 2–2.5 D(meas.) = 2.85–2.96 D(calc.) = 2.96–2.97 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Colorless to white. Luster: Vitreous; pearly on cleavages. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Orientation: X = b; Y = a; Z = c. Dispersion: r> v,weak. α = 1.590(3) β = 1.602(3) γ = 1.638(3) 2V(meas.) = 58(3)◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P cnb. a = 6.904–6.935 b = 16.150–16.161 c = 7.935–7.940 Z=8 X-ray Powder Pattern: “Baden”, Germany. 5.217 (FFFF), 2.981 (FFF), 8.059 (FF), 5.254 (FF), 3.843 (FF), 3.185 (FF), 3.151 (FF) Chemistry: (1) (2) As2O5 57.52 58.03 CaO 28.39 28.32 H2O 14.32 13.65 Total 100.23 100.00 • (1) J´achymov, Czech Republic. (2) Ca(AsO3OH) H2O. Occurrence: Formed by dehydration of pharmacolite (Getchell mine, Nevada, USA). Association: Pharmacolite, pitticite, weilite. Distribution: At J´achymov (Joachimsthal), Czech Republic. In Germany, from the Anton mine, Heubachtal, near Schiltach, and near Wittichen, Black Forest; at Richelsdorf, Hesse. At the Gabe-Gottes mine, Rauenthal, near Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, Haut-Rhin, France. From the Ruben mine, Kohlendorf, Poland. At the Khaydarkan deposit, Fergana Valley, Alai Range, Kyrgyzstan. -
New Mineral Names*
The American Mineralogist, Volume60, pages945-947, l9Z5 NEW MINERAL NAMES* Mlcttnrl FLerscurn AND J. A. MnuonRrNo Brassite* The mineral,associated with realgar,native As, and a little orpi- FneNcors FoNTAN,Mencsl Onlrnc, FnnNcors prnurNcrer, ment,occurs as grains up to 0.2mm in calciteveinlets in marlsand RoleNo Prrnnor, nNo RsleNr Sre,nr_(1973) La brassite, siliceouslimestones at Duranus,Alpes-Maritimes, France. MgHAsO..4HrO. Bull. Soc. Franc. Mineral. Cristallogr. 96, The nameis for the locality.Type materialis at the EcoleNatl. 365-370. Superieuredes Mines, Paris.M.F. Analysisby M.O. on 15.4mg from Jachymovgave AsrOr 4g.1, Jagowerite* MgO 15.6,CaO 0.9, HrO (by ditr.)35.4 percent, corresponding to the formula above.The mineralcan be synthesizedfrom solutions E. P. Mencsen,M. E. Conrns,AND A. E.Ano (1973)Jagowerite: with pH 24 andis readilyobtained by the spontaneousdehydra- A new barium phosphatemineral from the yukon Territory. tion of roesslerite.The Drl curve showsa small endothermic Can. Mineral. 12, 135-136. breakat 95o,a largeone at 135o,and an exothermiipeak at 570.. A gravimetricanalysis (H. Sharples,analyst) gave: BaO 38.41, X-ray studyshows the mineralto be orthorhombic,space group P,O631.41, Al,Os 25.87, Fe,O, 0.26, S 0.15,H,O+ 4.09,total Pbca,a 7.472+0.001,,l0.E9l +0.001, c 16.585+0.005A,Z:8. c 100.19percent. Emission and solid sourcemass spectrographic ca1c.2.326,meas 2.28*0.04 (data on syntheticcrystals, Brasse and analysesindicated the followingelems,rts present in amountsless Pemy,Bull. Soc. Chim. Franc. -
Weilite Cahaso4 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Weilite CaHAsO4 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1. Powdery, massive, typically pseudomorphous after pharmacolite or haidingerite. Physical Properties: Hardness = n.d. D(meas.) = 3.48(5); 3.54 (synthetic). D(calc.) = 3.45; 3.541 (synthetic). Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: White. Luster: Porcelaneous, may be greasy to slightly pearly. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X ∧{001} = 20(2)◦; Y ∧{001} = 27(2)◦; Z ∧⊥{001} = 34(2)◦. α = 1.664(2) (α 0) β = n.d. γ = 1.688(2) (γ 0) 2V(meas.) = 82(1)◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 1 (synthetic). a = 7.0591(8) b = 6.8906(9) c = 7.2006(16) α =97◦26(1)0 β = 103◦33(1)0 γ =87◦45(1)0 Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Gabe-Gottes mine, France. 3.43 (FFF), 3.07 (FFF), 3.42 (F), 2.80 (F), 2.58 (mF), 2.28 (mf), 3.60 (f), 3.21 (f) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) As2O5 64.1 61.7 63.85 CaO 30.7 33.1 31.15 H2O 5.2 5.2 5.00 Total [100.0] [100.0] 100.00 (1) Gabe-Gottes mine, France; recalculated to 100% after deduction of SiO2 1% and pharmacolite 10% from an original total of 99.7%. (2) Schneeberg, Germany; recalculated to 100% after deduction of pharmacolite 10% from an original total of 100.0%. (3) CaHAsO4. Occurrence: A rare secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of arsenic-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits. Association: Pharmacolite, haidingerite, picropharmacolite. Distribution: In Germany, from Schneeberg, at the Daniel mine, and at Schlema-Hartenstein, Saxony; from Wittichen, Black Forest; in the Bauhaus district, Richelsdorf Mountains, Hesse.