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‰M‰Mwm Cixþvi Cék² I Dîi
gBs‡iwRƒj eBGqi 1g cÎ AwZwiÚ Ask 275 ‰m‰mwm cixÞvi cÉk² I Dîi 1. Dhaka Board-2015 English (Compulsory) 1st Paper Read the passage. Then answer the questions below. The National Memorial at Savar is a symbol of the nation's respect for the martyrs of the War of Liberation. It is built with concrete, but made of blood. It stands 150 feet tall, but every martyr it stands for stands so much taller. It is an achievement the dimension of which can be measured, but it stands for an achievement, which is immeasurable. It stands upright for the millions of martyrs who laid down their lives so that we may stand upright, in honour and dignity, amongst the nations of the world. Most prominently visible is the 150 feet tower that stands on a base measuring 130 feet wide. There are actually a series of 7 towers that rise by stages to a height of 150 feet. The foundation was laid on the first anniversary of the Victory Day. There is actually a plan to build a huge complex in several phases. The entire complex will cover an area of 126 acres. The plan of this complex includes a mosque, a library and a museum. The relics of the Liberation War will be kept in the museum. They will ever remind our countrymen and all who would come to visit museum of the valiant struggle and supreme sacrifices of a freedom loving people. Here also will be a clear warning to all oppressors that the weapons of freedom need not be very big, and that oppression will always be defeated. -
Atomic-Scientists.Pdf
Table of Contents Becquerel, Henri Blumgart, Herman Bohr, Niels Chadwick, James Compton, Arthur Coolidge, William Curie, Marie Curie, Pierre Dalton, John de Hevesy, George Einstein, Albert Evans, Robely Failla, Gioacchino Fermi, Enrico Frisch, Otto Geiger, Hans Goeppert-Mayer, Maria Hahn, Otto Heisenberg, Werner Hess, Victor Francis Joliet-Curie, Frederic Joliet-Curie, Irene Klaproth, Martin Langevin, Paul Lawrence, Ernest Meitner, Lise Millikan, Robert Moseley, Henry Muller, Hermann Noddack, Ida Parker, Herbert Peierls, Rudolf Quimby, Edith Ray, Dixie Lee Roentgen, Wilhelm Rutherford, Ernest Seaborg, Glenn Soddy, Frederick Strassman, Fritz Szilard, Leo Teller, Edward Thomson, Joseph Villard, Paul Yalow, Rosalyn Antoine Henri Becquerel 1852 - 1908 French physicist who was an expert on fluorescence. He discovered the rays emitted from the uranium salts in pitchblende, called Becquerel rays, which led to the isolation of radium and to the beginning of modern nuclear physics. He shared the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie for the discovery of radioactivity.1 Early Life Antoine Henri Becquerel was born in Paris, France on December 15, 1852.3 He was born into a family of scientists and scholars. His grandfather, Antoine Cesar Bequerel, invented an electrolytic method for extracting metals from their ores. His father, Alexander Edmond Becquerel, a Professor of Applied Physics, was known for his research on solar radiation and on phosphorescence.2, 3 Becquerel not only inherited their interest in science, but he also inherited the minerals and compounds studied by his father, which gave him a ready source of fluorescent materials in which to pursue his own investigations into the mysterious ways of Wilhelm Roentgen’s newly discovered phenomenon, X-rays.2 Henri received his formal, scientific education at Ecole Polytechnique in 1872 and attended the Ecole des Ponts at Chaussees from 1874-77 for his engineering training. -
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity by Asghar Qadir Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity By Asghar Qadir This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A cat- alogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright c 2020 by Asghar Qadir All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit- ted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-4428-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-4428-4 Dedicated To My Mentors: Manzur Qadir Roger Penrose Remo Ruffini John Archibald Wheeler and My Wife: Rabiya Asghar Qadir Contents List of Figures xi Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Equivalence Principle . 5 1.2 Field Theory . 9 1.3 The Lagrange Equations . 10 1.4 Lagrange Equations extension to Fields . 11 1.5 Relativistic Fields . 13 1.6 Generalize Special Relativity . 15 1.7 The Principle of General Relativity . 17 1.8 Principles Underlying Relativity . 18 1.9 Exercises . 21 2 Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions 23 2.1 Review of Three Dimensional Vector Notation . 24 2.2 Space Curves . 29 2.3 Surfaces . 33 2.4 Coordinate Transformations on Surfaces . 37 2.5 The Second Fundamental Form . 38 2.6 Examples . 41 2.7 Gauss’ Formulation of the Geometry of Surfaces . 45 2.8 The Gauss-Codazzi Equations and Gauss’ Theorem . -
The Epistemic Virtues of the Virtuous Theorist: on Albert Einstein and His Autobiography1
The Epistemic Virtues of the Virtuous Theorist: On Albert Einstein and His Autobiography1 Jeroen van Dongen Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam Vossius Center for the History of Humanities and Sciences University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract Albert Einstein’s practice in physics and his philosophical positions gradually reoriented themselves from more empiricist towards rationalist viewpoints. This change accompanied his turn towards unified field theory and different presentations of himself, eventually leading to his highly programmatic Autobiographical Notes in 1949. Einstein enlisted his own history and professional stature to mold an ideal of a theoretical physicist who represented particular epistemic virtues and moral qualities. These in turn reflected the theoretical ideas of his strongly mathematical unification program and professed Spinozist beliefs. Introduction In the early 19th century, the experimental physicist Michael Faraday perfected his notebook recordkeeping such that the data would enter them entirely without regard to what his original hypotheses might have been. His way of working sharply contrasts with Arthur Worthington’s, who in the earlier years of his career saw the need to generalize and brush over asymmetries in his visual studies of liquid drops: such asymmetries were deemed irrelevant for capturing the latter’s essence. Faraday and Worthington represent two ideal types, two ‘personae’ that figured prominently in the practice of nineteenth century science. The novel and self-denying scientist aspiring to the objective representation of nature represented the world differently than the intuitively working scholar, who wished to point out the true essence of a natural phenomenon: the first ideally presented his observations unfiltered and directly, without intervention; the second would at times, e.g., see the need to smooth out the irregular or asymmetric. -
„Maths and Science Adventure“ Gallery Of
„MATHS AND SCIENCE ADVENTURE“ GALLERY OF FAMOUS SCIENTISTS Wolfgang Pauli Date and place of birth 25.4.1900 Vienna, Austria-Hungary Date and place of death 15.12.1958 Zürich, Switzerland Nationality Austrian Area in which (s)he worked Quantum Physics Education Ludwig - Maximilians University, Munich Worked in University of Hamburg Known for Pauli Exclusion Principle Awards Lorentz Medal 1931 Lisa Meitner Date and place of birth 7. November 1878 Vienna, Austria Date and place of death 27. October 1968 Cambridge, UK Nationality Austrian Area in which (s)he worked Radioactivity, Nuclear Physics Education University of Vienna Worked in Kaiser Wilhelm Institute Known for Co-discovery of nuclear fission Awards Lieben Prize 1925 Leonardo da Vinci Date and place of birth 15 April 1452 Vinci, Republic of Florence Date and place of death 2 May 1519 Amboise, Kingdom of France Nationality Italian Area in which (s)he worked Invention, Painting, Sculpting Education Apprentice of Andrea del Verrocchio Worked in Milan, Rome, Bologna, Venice Known for Art: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper Awards A house awarded by Francis I of France James Maxwell Date and place of birth 13.6.1831 Edinburgh, Scotland Date and place of death 5.11.1879 Cambridge, England Nationality Scottish Area in which (s)he worked Physics Education Edinburgh University Worked in Cambridge University Known for Maxwell´s equations Awards Smith's Prize (1854) James D Watson Date and place of birth April 6, 1928 USA Date and place of death Nationality American Area in which (s)he worked Biology, -
Lasers : Applications and Safety
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics –400.307 ( 001 ) 2009 Spring Semester Lasers : Applications and Safety 2009. 4. 20. Center for Active Plasmonics Seoul National University Application Systems LASER, Laser, laser LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION Center for Active Plasmonics Seoul National University Application Systems Let’s make a laser Pumping (Light, Current) Mirror (High-Reflectance) Mirror (Medium Reflectance) Laser output Gain medium Cavity Center for Active Plasmonics Seoul National University Application Systems History of laser http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser Foundations In 1917 Albert Einstein, in his paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Theory of Radiation), laid the foundation for the invention of the laser and its predecessor, the maser, in a ground-breaking rederivation of Max Planck's law of radiation based on the concepts of probability coefficients (later to be termed 'Einstein coefficients') for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. In 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existence of stimulated emission and negative absorption, In 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify "short" waves. In 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and made the first demonstration of stimulated emission. In 1950, Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966) proposed the method of optical pumping, which was experimentally confirmed by Brossel, Kastler and Winter two years later. The first working laser was demonstrated on 16 May 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories. Since then, lasers have become a multi-billion dollar industry. By far the largest single application of lasers is in optical storage devices such as compact disc andDVD players, in which a semiconductor laser less than a millimeter wide scans the surface of the disc. -
Stephen William Hawking: a Biographical Memoir
Stephen William Hawking CH CBE 8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018 Elected FRS 1974 Bernard J. Carr1, George F. R. Ellis2, Gary W. Gibbons3, James B. Hartle4, Thomas Hertog5, Roger Penrose6, Malcolm J. Perry3, and Kip S. Thorne7.∗ 1 Queen Mary College, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK 2 University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa 3 DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK 4 Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, 93106, USA 5 Institute for Theoretical Physics, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 6 Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK 7 Theoretical Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA 20 December 2018 Abstract Stephen Hawking’s contributions to the understanding of gravity, black holes and cosmology were truly immense. They began with the singularity theorems in the 1960s followed by his discovery that black holes have an entropy and consequently a finite temperature. Black holes were predicted to emit thermal radiation, what is now called Hawking radiation. He pioneered the study of primordial black holes and their potential role in cosmology. His organisation of and contributions to the arXiv:2002.03185v1 [physics.hist-ph] 8 Feb 2020 Nuffield Workshop in 1982 consolidated the picture that the large-scale structure of the universe originated as quantum fluctuations during the inflationary era. Work on the interplay between quantum mechanics and general relativity resulted in his formulation of the concept of the wavefunction of the universe. The tension between quantum mechanics and general relativity led to his struggles with the information paradox concerning deep connections between these fundamental areas of physics. -
Final Announcement 04
GRAVITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION PO BOX 81389 WELLESLEY HILLS MA 02481-0004 USA Roger W. Babson George M. Rideout, Jr. FOUNDER President Abstracts of Award Winning and Honorable Mention Essays for 2018 Award Essays First Award – Gravity’s Universality: The Physics Underlying Tolman Temperature Gradients by Jessica Santiago and Matt Visser; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract – We provide a simple and clear verification of the physical need for temperature gradients in equilibrium states when gravitational fields are present. Our argument will be built in a completely kinematic manner, in terms of the gravitational red-shift/blue-shift of light, together with a relativistic extension of Maxwell’s two column argument. We conclude by showing that it is the universality of the gravitational interaction (the uniqueness of free-fall) that ultimately permits Tolman’s equilibrium temperature gradients without any violation of the laws of thermodynamics. Second Award – A Microscopic Model for an Emergent Cosmological Constant by Alejandro Perez[1], Daniel Sudarsky[2], and James D. Bjorken[3]; [1]Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille, France, [2]Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, México, [3]SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract – The value of the cosmological constant is explained in terms of a noisy diffusion of energy from the low energy particle physics degrees of freedom to the fundamental Planckian granularity which is expected from general arguments in quantum gravity. -
A View from a Paracle Experimentalist
A View from a Parcle Experimentalist Photograph of the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid)detector 6/22/12 John P. Cumalat 1 Albert Einstein Julian Schwinger 99th element of the periodic table named after him. Russian stamp in honor of Einstein My laboratory is a ball point pen! Brownian Motion Quantum electrodynamics Photoelectric Effect Renormalization Special Theory of Relativity Confinement Matter- Energy Equivalence Multiple Neutrinos General Relativity Quantum Action Principle 1921 Nobel Prize First Albert Einstein Award (1951) 6/22/12 John P. Cumalat 1965 Nobel Prize 2 Neither guessed the Current Picture that we are the tip of an iceberg Stars 0.4% Intergalacc Gas 3.6% Dark Maer 23% Dark Energy 73% Parcle Physics ‐ Astronomy The physics of the elementary particle physics is deeply connected to the physics of the structure and evolution of the universe. Particle accelerators can recreate the levels of energy that existed in instants after the big bang, making the kinds of collisions that characterized the whole universe at its birth. Astronomical data from today’s powerful instruments shed light on the fundamental nature of matter. The fields have become much more interconnected. Today I will talk about both fields 6/22/12 John P. Cumalat 4 Neutrinos not obviously faster than speed of light! OPERA result is gone! The news was delivered at the 25th International Conference on Neutrino D D Physics and Astrophysics δt = − in Kyoto, Japan last v c Friday. € 6/22/12 John P. Cumalat 5 LHC Running Very Well > 5 ‐1 at √s = 8 TeV . Preparing many Higgs results . Open box on 15th. -
Stephen Hawking: a Life in Sciencesecond Edition
Stephen Hawking: A Life in ScienceSecond Edition http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10375.html Other books by Michael White include: Acid Tongues and Tranquil Dreamers: Tales of Bitter Rivalry that Fueled the Advancement of Science and Technology Darwin: A Life in Science (with John Gribbin) Einstein: A Life in Science (with John Gribbin) Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer Leonardo: The First Scientist Life Out There: The Truth of—and Search for—Extraterrestrial Life The Pope and the Heretic: A True Story of Courage and Murder at the Hands of the Inquisition Weird Science: An Expert Explains Ghosts, Voodoo, the UFO Conspiracy, and Other Paranormal Phenomena Thompson Twin: An 80’s Memoir Tolkein: A Biography Other books by John Gribbin include: Almost Everyone’s Guide to Science The Birth of Time: How Astronomers Measured the Age of the Universe A Brief History of Science The Case of the Missing Neutrinos: And Other Curious Phenomena of the Universe Companion to the Cosmos Empire of the Sun: Planets and Moons of the Solar System (with Simon Goodwin) Eyewitness: Time & Space (with Mary Gribbin) Fire on Earth: Doomsday, Dinosaurs, and Humankind (with Mary Gribbin) Hyperspace: The Universe and Its Mysteries In Search of Schrödinger’s Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality In Search of the Big Bang: The Life and Death of the Universe In Search of the Double Helix In Search of the Edge of Time: Black Holes, White Holes, Wormholes In the Beginning: The Birth of the Living Universe Origins: Our Place in Hubble’s Universe (with Simon Goodwin) Q Is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics Richard Feynman: A Life in Science (with Mary Gribbin) Schrödinger’s Kittens and the Search for Reality: Solving the Quantum Mysteries The Search for Superstrings, Symmetry, and the Theory of Everything Stardust: Supernovae and Life: The Cosmic Connection (with Mary Gribbin) XTL: Extraterrestrial Life and How to Find It (with Simon Goodwin) Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. -
Prizes, Fellowships and Scholarships
ESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES ALERT Issue 33: Volume 2 R SCHOLARSHIPS, PRIZES AND FELLOWSHIPS (Quarter: October - December, 2018) A Compilation by the Scholarships & Prizes PRE-& POST AWARD SERVICES Early/ Mid-Career Fellowships OFFICE OF RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT (ORID), UNIVERSITY OF GHANA Pre/ Post-Doctoral Fellowships Thesis/ Dissertation Funding SEPTEMBER 2018 Issue 33: Volume 2: Scholarships, Prizes & Fellowships (October –December, 2018) TABLE OF CONTENT Walston Chubb award for innovation .................................................................................................... 23 PhD fellowships ............................................................................................................................................... 23 International awards ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Irvington postdoctoral fellowships ......................................................................................................... 23 Fellowships ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 Walter L Huber civil engineering research prize .............................................................................. 24 Arid lands hydraulic engineering award .............................................................................................. 24 Ven Te Chow award ...................................................................................................................................... -
Updated Chronology of Life of Albert Einstein
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 2458-9403 Vol. 3 Issue 5, May - 2016 Updated Chronology Of The Scientific, Political And Family Life Of Albert Einstein Carlos Figueroa Navarro Department of Industrial Engineering University of Sonora Abstract— This year commemorates one friend, Max Talmud. In 1881, his sister Maja Einstein hundred years of the General Relativity Theory, was born, and she stuck with him until the day she described at the time by Max Born as the greatest died. feat of human thinking. Recently the press has In 1884 he received an exciting gift that he later focused a great deal of coverage on the declared was a catalyst to his curiosity in science. That experimental discovery of gravitational waves, for gift was a compass! One year later, in 1885 he the greater good of Dr. Einstein. In order to attended Petersshule, a Catholic elementary school in remember this transcendental scientist, we made Munich. There he started to learn how to play the some simple distinctions when recalling the most violin. significant milestones of his existence. This Einstein entered the Luitpold junior high school in chronology synthesizes his accomplishments and Munich in 1888. He didn’t care for the school system; proves useful for introducing his work. We focus he accused it of being too strict and rigid, somewhat on his personal and family life as well as the most militaristic. One teacher he had problems with important moments of his contributions to the predicted he would have little chance of success in life. advancement of physics in the 20th century When difficulties arose with the businesses of his Keywords— general relativity; gravitational father and uncle, his family relocated to Milan, Italy in waves; milestones 1893 however he stayed in Munich with some relatives.