DOCSLIB.ORG

HOME RANGES and DIVING BEHAVIOR of NEW ZEALAND SEA LIONS ALONG the CATLINS COAST, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND a Dissertation by NA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HOME RANGES and DIVING BEHAVIOR of NEW ZEALAND SEA LIONS ALONG the CATLINS COAST, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND a Dissertation by NA HOME RANGES AND DIVING BEHAVIOR OF NEW ZEALAND SEA LIONS ALONG THE CATLINS COAST, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND A Dissertation by NATHAN MARK REED Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Randall Davis Committee Members, William Seitz Blair Sterba-Boatwright Bernd Würsig Intercollegiate Faculty Chair, Anja Schulze May 2021 Major Subject: Marine Biology Copyright 2021 Nathan Reed ABSTRACT New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) were extirpated from the North and South Islands of New Zealand during pre-European native hunting, and their numbers were greatly reduced on the Auckland and Campbell Islands during European commercial sealing. However, they began reoccupying South Island in 1994, and pup production remains low but steady. The home range, at-sea movements, and diving behavior of females at the breeding colony along the Catlins Coast of South Island have not been studied since its inception in 2006. The goal of the study was to: 1) evaluate the performance of home range models to identify the most accurate model(s) for a semi- aquatic distribution, 2) track movements to identify home ranges, and 3) record diving behavior of females to characterize foraging behavior and estimate energy expenditure. To accomplish this study, we attached satellite telemeters and video and data recorders to females along the Catlins Coast during austral winter of 2019. Home ranges were most accurately modeled by separating inshore and offshore habitats and applying adaptive local convex hulls (LOCOH) and fixed kernel density with plug-in bandwidth selection (PKDE), respectively. This method minimized the ranges outside of used habitat, handled boundaries to movement, and performed accurately in cross-validation evaluation. The results showed the importance of home range model selection. Total home ranges were small and restricted to coastal areas. Foraging cycles were frequent, with short times at sea and onshore. Dives were shallow, short in ii duration, and divided into three types based on variables derived from three-dimensional dive analysis. Dive characteristics indicated a benthic foraging strategy with transit periods between foraging patches. At-sea estimated metabolic rate varied by activity, with an estimated field metabolic rate lower than that of females at the Auckland Islands, possibly indicating differences in energetic expenditure among populations. It appears that females along the Catlins Coast consume nearshore, abundant prey and require less time and smaller home ranges for foraging compared to that for females in the Auckland Islands. Although reoccupation of their historic range on South Island will take decades, suitable habitat for breeding and prey availability along the southeast coast are encouraging. iii DEDICATION To the teachers, mentors, family, and friends who inspired me to ask questions and search for answers. This is for you all. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Randall Davis, for the research opportunities throughout the years. My involvement in numerous projects helped to shape me as a researcher. Thank you for the support and guidance throughout my graduate career. Thank you also to my committee members, Dr. Seitz, Dr. Sterba-Boatwright, and Dr. Würsig, for your guidance and contributions to the project over the years. Your help improved the work greatly. Numerous people contributed to the research efforts of the project, but a special thank you to my fieldwork team in the Catlins: Charles Barnett, John Burke, Tom Burns, Simon Childerhouse, Alison Clarke, Micah Jensen, and Mikaylie Wilson. Without your time and resources, the data collection and project would never have happened. Also, thank you to Amélie Augé and Bruce Robertson for your expertise and contributions to the work. A big thank you to the scientific mentors who helped shape my passions, Dr. Jacobsen and Dr. Gathany. Your examples as godly scientists inspired me to pursue my interests and contribute to this world. Thank you to the TAMUG graduate community, who constantly challenged me to keep learning and working. Your encouragement motivated me to be a better scientist, student, and friend. v Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their unwavering support over the years. Your interests in my work and encouragement throughout my education have meant more to me than you will ever know. Thank you to my wife, Lauren, for your love and support and for not letting me quit. You inspire me to be my best. vi CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES Contributors This work was supervised by a dissertation committee consisting of Professors Randall Davis (advisor) and Bernd Würsig of the Department of Marine Biology, Professor William Seitz of the Department of Marine Sciences, and Professor Blair Sterba-Boatwright of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Texas A&M University Corpus Christi. The analyses depicted for Chapter 2 were conducted in part by Professor Sterba- Boatwright. All other work conducted for the dissertation was completed by the student independently. Funding Sources Graduate study was supported by a graduate assistantship-teaching from Texas A&M University at Galveston. This work was also made possible by Texas A&M University at Galveston Comprehensive Research Funds, Erma Lee and Luke Mooney Marine Research Endowment Student Travel Award, and Texas A&M University at Galveston Marine Biology Department Travel and Match Funds. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of Texas A&M University. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................ii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... v CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES ............................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 Taxonomy....................................................................................................................... 1 Evolution ........................................................................................................................ 1 Abundance and Distribution........................................................................................... 2 Reproduction .................................................................................................................. 5 Foraging ......................................................................................................................... 7 Management ................................................................................................................... 9 Research ....................................................................................................................... 11 References .................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER II CROSS-VALIDATION HOME RANGE MODEL SELECTION FOR A SEMI-AQUATIC SPECIES ......................................................................................... 22 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 22 Methods ........................................................................................................................ 25 Animals and Instrumentation ................................................................................... 25 Location Filters ......................................................................................................... 27 Home Range Models ................................................................................................ 28 Cross-Validation Comparisons ................................................................................. 29 Results .......................................................................................................................... 30 Location Filters ......................................................................................................... 30 Total Home Range .................................................................................................... 30 Inshore and Offshore Home Ranges ........................................................................ 34 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 36 References .................................................................................................................... 48 viii CHAPTER III HOME RANGES, FORAGING BEHAVIOR, AND ENERGETICS OF NEW ZEALAND SEA LIONS ALONG THE CATLINS COAST .......................... 57 Introduction .................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dental Anomalies in the Atlantic Population of South American Sea Lion, Otaria Byronia (Pinnipedia, Otariidae): Evolutionary Implications and Ecological Approach
    e-ISSN 2236-1057 - doi:10.5597/lajam00044 http://dx.doi.org/10.5597/lajam00044 LAJAM 3(1): 7-18, January/June 2004 ISSN 1676-7497 DENTAL ANOMALIES IN THE ATLANTIC POPULATION OF SOUTH AMERICAN SEA LION, OTARIA BYRONIA (PINNIPEDIA, OTARIIDAE): EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS AND ECOLOGICAL APPROACH César Jaeger Drehmer 1, 2 , Marta Elena Fabián 2, 3 and João Oldair Menegheti 3 Abstract – We analyzed 63 cases of dental anomalies from 62 specimens of a total sample of 516 specimens of the Atlantic population of South American sea lions, Otaria byronia de Blainville, 1820. The anomalies were represented by 53 cases of missing upper post-canine 6 (second molars), seven cases of maxillary or mandibular extra teeth, two cases of “dentes geminati” and one case of reduced teeth. Considering a phylogenetic framework where all otariid species and basal Pinnipedimorpha are included, missing post-canine 6 could be related to evolutionary trends in Otariidae towards a progressive reduction and loss of teeth (agenesis). The occurrence of the upper post-canine 6 in Otaria Péron, 1816 as in Phocarctos Peters, 1866 is usually regarded as a primitive character. Alternatively, when adopting another cladistic procedure, this could be interpreted as a taxic atavism at the base of Otaria/Phocarctos clade. Extra-mandibular teeth are related to a concrete case of spontaneous atavism in the dentition of Otaria byronia, in retrogression to ancient groups like the Miocene pinnipediform Pteronarctos Barnes, 1989. The other anomalies – maxillary extra teeth, “dentes geminati” and reduced teeth - are caused by some disturbance on the epigenetic system underlying dental morphogenesis leading to duplication, coalescence or duplication and reduction of the dental germ, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    UNDERSTANDING CARNIVORAN ECOMORPHOLOGY THROUGH DEEP TIME, WITH A CASE STUDY DURING THE CAT-GAP OF FLORIDA By SHARON ELIZABETH HOLTE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Sharon Elizabeth Holte To Dr. Larry, thank you ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my family for encouraging me to pursue my interests. They have always believed in me and never doubted that I would reach my goals. I am eternally grateful to my mentors, Dr. Jim Mead and the late Dr. Larry Agenbroad, who have shaped me as a paleontologist and have provided me to the strength and knowledge to continue to grow as a scientist. I would like to thank my colleagues from the Florida Museum of Natural History who provided insight and open discussion on my research. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Aldo Rincon for his help in researching procyonids. I am so grateful to Dr. Anne-Claire Fabre; without her understanding of R and knowledge of 3D morphometrics this project would have been an immense struggle. I would also to thank Rachel Short for the late-night work sessions and discussions. I am extremely grateful to my advisor Dr. David Steadman for his comments, feedback, and guidance through my time here at the University of Florida. I also thank my committee, Dr. Bruce MacFadden, Dr. Jon Bloch, Dr. Elizabeth Screaton, for their feedback and encouragement. I am grateful to the geosciences department at East Tennessee State University, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard for the loans of specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) Inferred
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.05.326090; this version posted October 5, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. This article is a US Government work. It is not subject to copyright under 17 USC 105 and is also made available for use under a CC0 license. 1 Manuscript for review in PLOS One 2 3 Evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) inferred 4 from mitochondrial genomes 5 6 Alexandre Hassanin1*, Géraldine Véron1, Anne Ropiquet2, Bettine Jansen van Vuuren3, 7 Alexis Lécu4, Steven M. Goodman5, Jibran Haider1,6,7, Trung Thanh Nguyen1 8 9 1 Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, 10 MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, UA, Paris. 11 12 2 Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, 13 United Kingdom. 14 15 3 Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, 16 University of Johannesburg, South Africa. 17 18 4 Parc zoologique de Paris, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. 19 20 5 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA. 21 22 6 Department of Wildlife Management, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University 23 Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 24 25 7 Forest Parks & Wildlife Department Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. 26 27 28 * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.05.326090; this version posted October 5, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. This article is a US Government work.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): Molecules, Morphology and the Great American Interchange
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43 (2007) 1076–1095 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange a, b c a Klaus-Peter KoepXi ¤, Matthew E. Gompper , Eduardo Eizirik , Cheuk-Chung Ho , Leif Linden a, Jesus E. Maldonado d, Robert K. Wayne a a Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA b Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, University of Missouri, Colombia, MO 65211, USA c Faculdade de Biociencias, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Predio 12, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil d Smithsonian Institution, NMNH/NZP—Genetic Program, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA Received 10 June 2006; revised 22 September 2006; accepted 2 October 2006 Available online 11 October 2006 Abstract The Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) have played a central role in resolving the controversial systematics of the giant and red pandas, but phylogenetic relationships of species within the family itself have received much less attention. Cladistic analyses of morpho- logical characters conducted during the last two decades have resulted in topologies that group ecologically and morphologically similar taxa together. SpeciWcally, the highly arboreal and frugivorous kinkajou (Potos Xavus) and olingos (Bassaricyon) deWne one clade, whereas the more terrestrial and omnivorous coatis (Nasua), raccoons (Procyon), and ringtails (Bassariscus) deWne another clade, with the similar-sized Nasua and Procyon joined as sister taxa in this latter group. These relationships, however, have not been tested with molecu- lar sequence data. We examined procyonid phylogenetics based on combined data from nine nuclear and two mitochondrial gene seg- ments totaling 6534 bp.
    [Show full text]
  • Determining the Diet of New Zealand King Shag Using DNA Metabarcoding
    Determining the diet of New Zealand king shag using DNA metabarcoding New Zealand King Shag, (Leucocarbo carunculatus) on Blumine Island, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand in 2016 (Wikipedia commons). Aimee van der Reis & Andrew Jeffs Report Prepared For: Department of Conservation, Conservation Services Programme, Project BCBC2019-05. DOC MarineDRAFT Science Advisors Graeme Taylor and Dr Karen Middlemiss. November 2020 Reports from Auckland UniServices Limited should only be used for the purposes for which they were commissioned. If it is proposed to use a report prepared by Auckland UniServices Limited for a different purpose or in a different context from that intended at the time of commissioning the work, then UniServices should be consulted to verify whether the report is being correctly interpreted. In particular it is requested that, where quoted, conclusions given in Auckland UniServices reports should be stated in full. INTRODUCTION The New Zealand king shag (Leucocarbo carunculatus) is an endemic seabird that is classed as nationally endangered (Miskelly et al., 2008). The population is confined to a small number of colonies located around the coastal margins of the outer Marlborough Sounds (South Island, New Zealand); with surveys suggesting the population is currently stable (~800 individuals surveyed in 2020; Aquaculture New Zealand, 2020; Schuckard et al., 2015). Monitoring the colonies has become a priority and research is being conducted to better understand their population dynamics and basic ecology to improve the management of the population, particularly in relation to human activities such as fishing, aquaculture and land use (Fisher & Boren, 2012). The diet of the New Zealand king shag is strongly linked to the waters surrounding their colonies and it has been suggested that anthropogenic activities, such as marine farm structures, may displace foraging habitat that could affect the population of New Zealand king shag (Fisher & Boren, 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins
    Vestnik zoologii, 50(4): 327–354, 2016 Evolution and Phylogeny DOI 10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040 UDC 569.5:575.86 RE-EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS QUESTIONS CURRENT VIEWS OF PINNIPED ORIGINS I. A. Koretsky¹, L. G. Barnes², S. J. Rahmat¹ ¹Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W. St. NW, Washington, DC 20059 E-mail: [email protected] ²Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007 Re-evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins. Koretsky, I. A., Barnes, L. G., Rahmat, S. J. — Th e origin of pinnipeds has been a contentious issue, with opposite sides debating monophyly or diphyly. Th is review uses evidence from the fossil record, combined with comparative morphology, molecular and cytogenetic investigations to evaluate the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of living and fossil otarioid and phocoid pinnipeds. Molecular investigations support a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds, but disregard vital morphological data. Likewise, morphological studies support diphyly, but overlook molecular analyses. Th is review will demonstrate that a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds should not be completely accepted, as is the current ideology, and a diphyletic origin remains viable due to morphological and paleobiological analyses. Critical examination of certain characters, used by supporters of pinniped monophyly, reveals diff erent polarities, variability, or simply convergence. Th e paleontological record and our morphological analysis of important characters supports a diphyletic origin of pinnipeds, with otarioids likely arising in the North Pacifi c from large, bear-like animals and phocids arising in the North Atlantic from smaller, otter-like ancestors.
    [Show full text]
  • ASFIS ISSCAAP Fish List February 2007 Sorted on Scientific Name
    ASFIS ISSCAAP Fish List Sorted on Scientific Name February 2007 Scientific name English Name French name Spanish Name Code Abalistes stellaris (Bloch & Schneider 1801) Starry triggerfish AJS Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky 1855) Chinese false gudgeon ABB Ablabys binotatus (Peters 1855) Redskinfish ABW Ablennes hians (Valenciennes 1846) Flat needlefish Orphie plate Agujón sable BAF Aborichthys elongatus Hora 1921 ABE Abralia andamanika Goodrich 1898 BLK Abralia veranyi (Rüppell 1844) Verany's enope squid Encornet de Verany Enoploluria de Verany BLJ Abraliopsis pfefferi (Verany 1837) Pfeffer's enope squid Encornet de Pfeffer Enoploluria de Pfeffer BJF Abramis brama (Linnaeus 1758) Freshwater bream Brème d'eau douce Brema común FBM Abramis spp Freshwater breams nei Brèmes d'eau douce nca Bremas nep FBR Abramites eques (Steindachner 1878) ABQ Abudefduf luridus (Cuvier 1830) Canary damsel AUU Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus 1758) Sergeant-major ABU Abyssobrotula galatheae Nielsen 1977 OAG Abyssocottus elochini Taliev 1955 AEZ Abythites lepidogenys (Smith & Radcliffe 1913) AHD Acanella spp Branched bamboo coral KQL Acanthacaris caeca (A. Milne Edwards 1881) Atlantic deep-sea lobster Langoustine arganelle Cigala de fondo NTK Acanthacaris tenuimana Bate 1888 Prickly deep-sea lobster Langoustine spinuleuse Cigala raspa NHI Acanthalburnus microlepis (De Filippi 1861) Blackbrow bleak AHL Acanthaphritis barbata (Okamura & Kishida 1963) NHT Acantharchus pomotis (Baird 1855) Mud sunfish AKP Acanthaxius caespitosa (Squires 1979) Deepwater mud lobster Langouste
    [Show full text]
  • An Arctomorph Carnivoran Skull from the Phosphorites Du Quercy and the Origin of Procyonids
    An arctomorph carnivoran skull from the Phosphorites du Quercy and the origin of procyonids MIECZYSEAW WOLSAN and BRIGI'ITE LANGE-BAD& Wolsan, M. & Lange-BadrC, B. 1996. An arctomorph carnivoran skull from the Phosphorites du Quercy and the origin of procyonids. Acta Palaeontologica Poloni- ca 41, 3, 277-298. The size and morphological characteristics of a skull of an arctomorph carnivoran mammal from Mouillac (old collection of the Phosphorites du Quercy, of unknown age) in France closely match those of the holotype of the earliest known procyonid Pseudobassaris riggsi and another skull referred to this species, both from old collections of the Phosphorites du Quercy (Caylus and Mouillac), probably earliest Late Oligocene in age. The skull is more primitive in morphology than those of ~seudobassarisrig&i and every other known procyonid, approaching a hypothetical primitive procyonid morphotype. The only, but methodologically fundamental, departure from this morphotype is the lack of the procyonid supra- meatal fossa, which is the crucial synapomorphy of the family Procyonidae. To explain the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of the arctomorph represented by the skull, three competing hypotheses are put forward. Hypothesis A, which considers the arctomorph as an individual of Pseudobassaris riggsi, assumes that the procyonid suprameatal fossa first appeared in a common ancestor of Pseudo- bassaris and other procyonids but was still of variable occurence within Pseudo- bassaris riggsi. Hypothesis B, which proposes the arctomorph as a member of a new Pseudobassaris species ancestral to Pseudobassaris riggsi, concludes that the procyonid suprameatal fossa arose in Pseudobassaris riggsi and in the Procyonidae independently, excluding Pseudobassaris from the procyonids.
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Information
    Supporting Information Finarelli and Flynn 10.1073/pnas.0901780106 SI Text comparisons to extant taxa appreciably lower the power of Phylogeny of the Carnivora. Valid statistical analysis of compara- statistical analyses. tive data in biological systems always requires information on the The still imprecise understanding of the evolutionary rela- phylogenetic relationships of the organisms being analyzed to tionships among fossil and extant musteloid taxa (7–11) presents account for the statistical nonindependence of observed char- further challenges in reconstructing character transformations acter values for closely related taxa (1, 2). We constructed a across this clade. We partitioned both nonfelid feliforms and composite cladogram of the Carnivora based on frameworks musteloids into ‘‘archaic’’ and ‘‘modern’’ groups based on first provided by several recent molecular phylogenies of the Car- appearances of taxa in the fossil record. It should be noted that nivora and further augmented by clade-specific phylogenies both of these cutoffs are necessarily arbitrary, and the groupings derived from DNA and morphological data. Recent phyloge- they produce are both highly paraphyletic. Therefore, in contrast netic analyses of the Carnivora using DNA sequence data have to the preceding use of paraphyletic groups, for which observed greatly improved our understanding of the interrelationships change in the allometries can be mapped to a single branch of the among the traditional family-level clades within this clade. In phylogeny, changes between archaic and modern feliforms or addition, morphological and ‘‘total evidence’’ phylogenies, in- musteloids only represent differences between early and late cluding fossil taxa, provide the means to incorporate extinct appearing members of each group.
    [Show full text]
  • Hall of North American Mammals Educator's Guide
    Educator’s Guide THE JILL AND LEWIS BERNARD FAMILY HALL OF NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS Featuring Carnivorans INSIDE: • Suggestions to Help You Come Prepared • Essential Questions for Student Inquiry • Strategies for Teaching in the Exhibition • Map of the Exhibition • Online Resources for the Classroom • Correlation to Standards • Glossary amnh.org/namammals Essential QUESTIONS More than 25 Museum expeditions across this continent produced the specimens displayed in this hall’s magnificent dioramas. Many belong to the order of mammals called Carnivora (carnivorans), one of the most diverse orders within the mammal group. Use the Essential Questions below to connect the dioramas to your curriculum. What is a mammal? How have traits of the Carnivora helped You might have grown up thinking that all mammals share the order survive and diversify? certain traits, like fur and giving birth to live young, and As environments change over time, living things must most living mammals do. But what defines this diverse respond by migrating, adapting, or sometimes going group of animals is that they all are descended from a com- extinct. Different traits are favored in different habitats mon ancestor shared with no other living animals. Because and are passed on to future generations. For example, of this common ancestor (and unlike other vertebrates), carnivorans take care of their young until they are old all mammals have three middle ear bones. The group is enough to hunt, which helps them live to adulthood. divided into over 20 orders, which include Primates (e.g. Also, the diversity of their teeth has helped carnivorans humans), Rodentia (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Mcmillan NZ Fishes Vol 2
    New Zealand Fishes Volume 2 A field guide to less common species caught by bottom and midwater fishing New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 78 ISSN 1176-9440 2011 Cover photos: Top – Naked snout rattail (Haplomacrourus nudirostris), Peter Marriott (NIWA) Centre – Red pigfish (Bodianus unimaculatus), Malcolm Francis. Bottom – Pink maomao (Caprodon longimanus), Malcolm Francis. New Zealand fishes. Volume 2: A field guide to less common species caught by bottom and midwater fishing P. J McMillan M. P. Francis L. J. Paul P. J. Marriott E. Mackay S.-J. Baird L. H. Griggs H. Sui F. Wei NIWA Private Bag 14901 Wellington 6241 New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 78 2011 Published by Ministry of Fisheries Wellington 2011 ISSN 1176-9440 © Ministry of Fisheries 2011 McMillan, P.J.; Francis, M.P.; Paul, L.J.; Marriott, P.J; Mackay, E.; Baird, S.-J.; Griggs, L.H.; Sui, H.; Wei, F. (2011). New Zealand fishes. Volume 2: A field guide to less common species caught by bottom and midwater fishing New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No.78. This series continues the Marine Biodiversity Biosecurity Report series which ended with MBBR No. 7 in February 2005. CONTENTS PAGE Purpose of the guide 4 Organisation of the guide 4 Methods used for the family and species guides 5 Data storage and retrieval 7 Acknowledgments 7 Section 1: External features of fishes and glossary 9 Section 2: Guide to families 15 Section 3: Guide to species 31 Section 4: References 155 Index 1 – Alphabetical list of family
    [Show full text]
  • Liste Espèces
    CODE Nom Français Nom scientifique Nom Anglais Famille Ordre ODQ Anomie cascabelle Pododesmus cepio Abalone jingle shell Anomiidae BIVALVIA ABX Ormeaux nca Haliotis spp Abalones nei Haliotidae GASTROPODA REN Sébaste rose Sebastes fasciatus Acadian redfish Scorpaenidae SCORPAENIFORMES YNA Acoupa toeroe Cynoscion acoupa Acoupa weakfish Sciaenidae PERCOIDEI HSV Pourpre aiguillonnee Thais aculeata Aculeate rock shell Muricidae GASTROPODA GBQ Troque d'Adanson Gibbula adansoni Adanson's gibbula Trochidae GASTROPODA NKA Natice d'Adanson Natica adansoni Adanson's moon snail Naticidae GASTROPODA GLW Tagal d'Adanson Tagelus adansonii Adanson's tagelus Solecurtidae BIVALVIA PYD Manchot d'Adélie Pygoscelis adeliae Adelie penguin Spheniscidae SPHENISCIFORMES QFT Maconde aden Synagrops adeni Aden splitfin Acropomatidae PERCOIDEI NIV Crevette adonis Parapenaeopsis venusta Adonis shrimp Penaeidae NATANTIA DJD Modiole adriatique Modiolus adriaticus Adriatic horse mussel Mytilidae BIVALVIA AAA Esturgeon de l'Adriatique Acipenser naccarii Adriatic sturgeon Acipenseridae ACIPENSERIFORMES FCV Fucus d'Adriatique Fucus virsoides Adriatic wrack Fucaceae PHAEOPHYCEAE IRR Mitre brûlée Mitra eremitarum Adusta miter Mitridae GASTROPODA KCE Murex bruni Chicoreus brunneus Adusta murex Muricidae GASTROPODA AES Crevette ésope Pandalus montagui Aesop shrimp Pandalidae NATANTIA CGM Poisson-chat, hybride Clarias gariepinus x C. macrocephalus Africa-bighead catfish, hybrid Clariidae SILURIFORMES SUF Ange de mer africain Squatina africana African angelshark Squatinidae SQUALIFORMES
    [Show full text]