DOCSLIB.ORG

Supporting Information

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Supporting Information Supporting Information Finarelli and Flynn 10.1073/pnas.0901780106 SI Text comparisons to extant taxa appreciably lower the power of Phylogeny of the Carnivora. Valid statistical analysis of compara- statistical analyses. tive data in biological systems always requires information on the The still imprecise understanding of the evolutionary rela- phylogenetic relationships of the organisms being analyzed to tionships among fossil and extant musteloid taxa (7–11) presents account for the statistical nonindependence of observed char- further challenges in reconstructing character transformations acter values for closely related taxa (1, 2). We constructed a across this clade. We partitioned both nonfelid feliforms and composite cladogram of the Carnivora based on frameworks musteloids into ‘‘archaic’’ and ‘‘modern’’ groups based on first provided by several recent molecular phylogenies of the Car- appearances of taxa in the fossil record. It should be noted that nivora and further augmented by clade-specific phylogenies both of these cutoffs are necessarily arbitrary, and the groupings derived from DNA and morphological data. Recent phyloge- they produce are both highly paraphyletic. Therefore, in contrast netic analyses of the Carnivora using DNA sequence data have to the preceding use of paraphyletic groups, for which observed greatly improved our understanding of the interrelationships change in the allometries can be mapped to a single branch of the among the traditional family-level clades within this clade. In phylogeny, changes between archaic and modern feliforms or addition, morphological and ‘‘total evidence’’ phylogenies, in- musteloids only represent differences between early and late cluding fossil taxa, provide the means to incorporate extinct appearing members of each group. This approach is similar to carnivoran lineages within a molecular framework encompassing previous attempts to document change in relative brain size modern clades. All phylogenetic hypotheses used in this analysis, within a group through time, by partitioning taxa into early/late and references to supporting analyses, are given in Fig. S3. or extant/fossil partitions, and then assessing change in the We identify 2 paraphyletic groups (‘‘Stem Canidae’’ and residual values across these partitions (see, for example, refs. 12, ‘‘Nandinia/Basal Feliforms’’; Fig. S3) that are incorporated as 13, and 14). Although it is always preferable to map evolutionary stem outgroups to 2 monophyletic clades to facilitate the recon- transformations directly onto branches of a phylogeny, given struction of evolutionary transformations between these clades both ambiguity in the fossil record and the phylogeny for these and inferred plesiomorphic conditions of the stem outgroups. groups, the approach presented here represents a conservative Using this approach, a previous analysis of caniforms found analysis and the best potential hypothesis given the presently evidence for a change in the encephalization allometry between available data. a paraphyletic stem canid group and the crown radiation of To determine the cutoffs between archaic and modern taxon Canidae (wolves, foxes, jackals, etc.) (3). In a similar manner, in partitions within Musteloidea and nonfelid Feliformia, we as- this analysis several fossil taxa comprising a paraphyletic stem sessed the residuals for fossil taxa in each clade relative to the group lying just outside crown-clade Feliformia (e.g., Stenogale) brain volume/body mass regression for the extant taxa in each (4–6) were clustered with Nandinia (Asian palm civet) into a respective clade. If a transformation in the encephalization group of stem feliforms. Due to low sample size, this group was allometry between archaic and modern sets of taxa for either further combined with the extinct clade Nimravidae (‘‘false group is to be preferred over a hypothesis proposing one sabretooths’’) into a paraphyletic stem group, ‘‘Basal Feli- allometry for all taxa within the group, then it is most likely to formia’’ (see Fig. S3) (4, 5). be supported if the partition corresponds to a dramatic change Two additional paraphyletic groups were also considered (Fig. in the distribution of observed residuals. Plotting the distribution S3). With the exception of Felidae (cats) and Nimravidae, of residuals against time (12) for each group reveals sharp sample sizes of brain volume estimates for fossil feliforms are increases in both maximum and median residual values for both small, and within the caniforms a similar situation is encountered groups (at 12 Ma for feliforms and 10 Ma for musteloids). We for the Musteloidea (skunks, red panda, weasels, raccoons, and therefore used these values as temporal cutoffs for archaic and allied taxa). The limited sample sizes of fossil taxa available for modern taxon partitions for the 2 groups. 1. Felsenstein J (1985) Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am Nat 125:1–15. 12. Finarelli JA, Flynn JJ (2007) The evolution of encephalization in caniform carnivorans. 2. Garland T, Ives AR (2000) Using the past to predict the present: Confidence intervals for Evolution 61:1758–1772. regression equations in phylogenetic comparative methods. Am Nat 155:346–364. 13. Radinsky L (1978) Evolution of brain size in carnivores and ungulates. Am Nat 112:815– 3. Finarelli JA (2008) Testing hypotheses of the evolution of brain-body size scaling in the 831. Canidae (Carnivora, Mammalia). Paleobiology 34:35–45. 14. Jerison H (1973) Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence (Academic, New York). 4. Wesley-Hunt GD, Flynn JJ (2005) Phylogeny of the Carnivora: Basal relationships 15. Finarelli JA (2006) Estimation of endocranial volume through the use of external skull among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of ‘‘Miacoidea’’ rela- measures in the Carnivora (Mammalia). J Mammal 87:1027–1036. tive to crown-clade Carnivora. J Syst Palaeo 3:1–28. 16. Smith FA, et al. (2003) Body mass of late Quaternary mammals. Ecology 84:3403. 5. Wesley-Hunt GD, Werdelin L (2005) Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position 17. Gittleman JL (1986) Carnivore brain size, behavioral ecology, and phylogeny. J Mam- of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale. Acta Palaeontol Pol 50:837–846. mal 67:23–36. 6. Polly PD, Wesley-Hunt GD, Heinrich RE, Davis G, Houde P (2006) Earliest known 18. Hunt RM (1998) in Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, eds Janis CM, carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-group Carnivora Scott KM, Jacobs LL (Cambridge Univ Press, New York), pp 196–227. (Eutheria, Mammalia). Palaeontology 49:1019–1027. 19. Alroy J (2002) North American fossil mammal systematics database. Available at: 7. Wolsan M (1993) Phylogeny and classification of early European Mustelida (Mammalia, www.nceas.ucsb.edu/ϳalroy/nafmsd.html. Carnivora). Acta Theriol 38:345–384. 20. Hunt RM (1972) Miocene Amphicyonids (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Agate 8. Wang XM, Qiu ZX, Wang BY (2004) A new leptarctine (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the Springs Quarries, Sioux County, Nebraska. Am Mus Nov 2506:1–39. early Miocene of the northern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the phylogeny and 21. Berta A, Galiano H (1984) A Miocene amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the zoogeography of basal mustelids. Zool J Linn Soc 142:405–421. Bone Valley Formation of Florida. J Vert Paleo 57:122–125. 9. Wang XM, McKenna M, Dashzeveg D (2005) Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arc- 22. Radinsky L (1980) Endocasts of amphicyonid carnivorans. Am Mus Nov 2694:1–11. toidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, Central Mongolia and Phylogeny of 23. Gustafson EP (1986) Carnivorous mammals of the late Eocene and early Oligocene of Basal Arctoids with Comments on Zoogeography. Am Mus Nov 3483:1–57. Trans-Pecos Texas USA. Bull Tex Mem Mus 33:1–66. 10. Wang XM, Whistler DP, Takeuchi GT (2005) A new basal skunk Martinogale (Carnivora, 24. Ginsburg L (1966) Amphicyonids from the Quercy Phosphorites. Ann Pale´ ontol (Vert) Mephitinae) from late Miocene Dove Spring Formation, California, and origin of New 52:21–64 (in French). World mephitines. J Vert Paleo 25:936–949. 25. Radinsky L (1977) Brains of early carnivores. Paleobiology 3:333–349. 11. Finarelli JA (2008) A total evidence phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora: Mammalia): 26. Hunt RM (2002) New Amphicyonid carnivorans (Mammalia, Daphoeninae) from the Relationships among basal taxa. J Mamm Evol 15:231–259. early Miocene of southeastern Wyoming. Am Mus Nov 3385:1–41. Finarelli and Flynn www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0901780106 1of5 27. Wang XM, Tedford RH, Taylor BE (1999) Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae 57. Werdelin L (1988) Studies of fossil Hyaenas—The genera Thalassictis (Gervais ex (Carnivora: Canidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 243:1–391. Nordmann), Palhyaena (Gervais), Hyaenictitherium (Kretzoi), Lycyaena (Hensel) and 28. Gittleman JL (1991) Carnivore olfactory bulb size: Allometry, phylogeny and ecology. Palinhyaena (Qiu, Huang and Guo). Zool J Linn Soc 92:211–265. J Zool 225:253–272. 58. Colbert EH (1935) Siwalik mammals in the American Museum of Natural History. Trans 29. Fortelius M (2003) Neogene of the Old World Database of Fossil Mammals (NOW). Am Phil Soc 26:1–401. (University of Helsinki), Version 4.0. Available at www.helsinki.fi/science/now/. Ac- 59. Hunt RM, Solounias N (1991) Evolution of the aeluroid Carnivora. Hyaenid affinities of cessed July, 2003. the Miocene carnivoran Tungurictis spocki from Inner Mongolia. Am Mus Nov 3030:1– 30. Gittleman JL (1986) Carnivore
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oligocene - Early Miocene Ruminants from the Valley of Lakes (Central Mongolia) 213-235 ©Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Download Unter
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Jahr/Year: 2002 Band/Volume: 103A Autor(en)/Author(s): Vislobokova Inesa, Daxner-Höck [Daxner] Gudrun Artikel/Article: Oligocene - Early Miocene Ruminants from the Valley of Lakes (Central Mongolia) 213-235 ©Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 103 A 213–235 Wien, März 2002 Oligocene - Early Miocene Ruminants from the Valley of Lakes (Central Mongolia) 1 2 by Inesa VISLOBOKOVA & Gudrun DAXNER-HÖCK (With 9 text-figures, 1 table and 1 plate) Manuscript submitted on July 30th 2001, the revised manuscript on November 20th 2001 Abstract Fossil ruminants from Oligocene and Lower Miocene deposits in Mongolia are referred to six families and 17 genera. New data support the stratigraphic model based on rodent biozonation and 40Ar/39Ar-dating of basalts. The occurrence of the gelocids Paragelocus and Pseudogelocus and diverse bovids are first recor- ded from the Late Oligocene of Asia. Pseudogelocus mongolicus n. sp. is described. Zusammenfassung Aus dem Oligozän und Unter-Miozän der Mongolei wurden Ruminantia beschrieben, die 6 Familien und insgesamt 17 Gattungen angehören. Sie unterstützen das Stratigraphie-Konzept das auf der Biozonierung nach Nagetieren und auf der 40Ar/39Ar-Datierung von Basalten beruht. Es gelang der erste Nachweis der Gelocidae Paragelocus und Pseudogelocus und einer Vielfalt von Boviden des Ober-Oligozäns in Asien. Pseudogelocus mongolicus n. sp. wird neu beschrieben. Introduction The present paper describes ruminant remains collected in the Valley of Lakes in Central Mongolia during the 1995-1997 field seasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammalia, Felidae, Canidae, and Mustelidae) from the Earliest Hemphillian Screw Bean Local Fauna, Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas
    Chapter 9 Carnivora (Mammalia, Felidae, Canidae, and Mustelidae) From the Earliest Hemphillian Screw Bean Local Fauna, Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas MARGARET SKEELS STEVENS1 AND JAMES BOWIE STEVENS2 ABSTRACT The Screw Bean Local Fauna is the earliest Hemphillian fauna of the southwestern United States. The fossil remains occur in all parts of the informal Banta Shut-in formation, nowhere very fossiliferous. The formation is informally subdivided on the basis of stepwise ®ning and slowing deposition into Lower (least fossiliferous), Middle, and Red clay members, succeeded by the valley-®lling, Bench member (most fossiliferous). Identi®ed Carnivora include: cf. Pseudaelurus sp. and cf. Nimravides catocopis, medium and large extinct cats; Epicyon haydeni, large borophagine dog; Vulpes sp., small fox; cf. Eucyon sp., extinct primitive canine; Buisnictis chisoensis, n. sp., extinct skunk; and Martes sp., marten. B. chisoensis may be allied with Spilogale on the basis of mastoid specialization. Some of the Screw Bean taxa are late survivors of the Clarendonian Chronofauna, which extended through most or all of the early Hemphillian. The early early Hemphillian, late Miocene age attributed to the fauna is based on the Screw Bean assemblage postdating or- eodont and predating North American edentate occurrences, on lack of de®ning Hemphillian taxa, and on stage of evolution. INTRODUCTION southwestern North America, and ®ll a pa- leobiogeographic gap. In Trans-Pecos Texas NAMING AND IMPORTANCE OF THE SCREW and adjacent Chihuahua and Coahuila, Mex- BEAN LOCAL FAUNA: The name ``Screw Bean ico, they provide an age determination for Local Fauna,'' Banta Shut-in formation, postvolcanic (,18±20 Ma; Henry et al., Trans-Pecos Texas (®g.
    [Show full text]
  • Oldest Mephitine Cranium and Its Implications for the Origin of Skunks
    Oldest mephitine cranium and its implications for the origin of skunks MIECZYSEAW WOLSAN Wolsan, M. 1999. Oldest mephitine cranium and its implications for the origin of skunks. -Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 44,2,223-230. -- Recent molecular studies have recognized the skunks (Mephitinae) to be the sister taxon of a clade comprising the Procyonidae and Mustelidae. These findings are inconsistent with the traditional placement of the skunks among mustelids, which is based on mor- phological evidence from extant taxa. This paper reports on a well-preserved cranium of a young individual, recovered from the middle Miocene deposits (MN 7+8, about 11-12 Ma) of Steinheim am Albuch, Germany. The fossil is the holotype of Palaeo- mephitis steinheimensis Jager, 1839, which is here recognized as a senior subjective syn- onym of Trochotherium cyamoides Fraas, 1870 (consequently, Palaeomephitis Jager, 1839 is a senior subjective synonym of Trochotherium Fraas, 1870). The specimen is identified as the oldest and most primitive mephitine cranium known to date, approach- ing the primitive morphology for the Mephitinae. It exhibits a combination of mephitine (accessory middle-ear chamber, lateral swelling of the squamosal) and mustelid (mus- telid suprameatal fossa) synapomorphies,corroborating the view that skunks are derived from a mustelid ancestor. Its auditory bulla shows a slightly inflated and relatively large caudal entotympanic, which indicates that the uninflated and relatively small caudal entotympanics of adult mephitines, as well as their hypertrophied ectotympanics, are not primitive (as hitherto assumed) but derived, providing a synapomorphy that supports a sister-group relationship between the Mephitinae and Lutrinae. Key words : Palaeomephitis, Trochotherium,Mephitinae, Mustelidae, Carnivora, phy- logeny, taxonomy, morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • (Barbourofelinae, Nimravidae, Carnivora), from the Middle Miocene of China Suggests Barbourofelines Are Nimravids, Not Felids
    UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title A new genus and species of sabretooth, Oriensmilus liupanensis (Barbourofelinae, Nimravidae, Carnivora), from the middle Miocene of China suggests barbourofelines are nimravids, not felids Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0g62362j Journal JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY, 18(9) ISSN 1477-2019 Authors Wang, Xiaoming White, Stuart C Guan, Jian Publication Date 2020-05-02 DOI 10.1080/14772019.2019.1691066 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of Systematic Palaeontology ISSN: 1477-2019 (Print) 1478-0941 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjsp20 A new genus and species of sabretooth, Oriensmilus liupanensis (Barbourofelinae, Nimravidae, Carnivora), from the middle Miocene of China suggests barbourofelines are nimravids, not felids Xiaoming Wang, Stuart C. White & Jian Guan To cite this article: Xiaoming Wang, Stuart C. White & Jian Guan (2020): A new genus and species of sabretooth, Oriensmilusliupanensis (Barbourofelinae, Nimravidae, Carnivora), from the middle Miocene of China suggests barbourofelines are nimravids, not felids , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2019.1691066 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2019.1691066 View supplementary material Published online: 08 Jan 2020. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjsp20 Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2020 Vol. 0, No. 0, 1–21, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2019.1691066 A new genus and species of sabretooth, Oriensmilus liupanensis (Barbourofelinae, Nimravidae, Carnivora), from the middle Miocene of China suggests barbourofelines are nimravids, not felids a,bà c d Xiaoming Wang , Stuart C.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 - Introduction
    EURASIAN MIDDLE AND LATE MIOCENE HOMINOID PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY AND THE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS OF THE HOMININAE by Mariam C. Nargolwalla A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by M. Nargolwalla (2009) Eurasian Middle and Late Miocene Hominoid Paleobiogeography and the Geographic Origins of the Homininae Mariam C. Nargolwalla Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2009 Abstract The origin and diversification of great apes and humans is among the most researched and debated series of events in the evolutionary history of the Primates. A fundamental part of understanding these events involves reconstructing paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic patterns in the Eurasian Miocene; a time period and geographic expanse rich in evidence of lineage origins and dispersals of numerous mammalian lineages, including apes. Traditionally, the geographic origin of the African ape and human lineage is considered to have occurred in Africa, however, an alternative hypothesis favouring a Eurasian origin has been proposed. This hypothesis suggests that that after an initial dispersal from Africa to Eurasia at ~17Ma and subsequent radiation from Spain to China, fossil apes disperse back to Africa at least once and found the African ape and human lineage in the late Miocene. The purpose of this study is to test the Eurasian origin hypothesis through the analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of distribution, in situ evolution, interprovincial and intercontinental dispersals of Eurasian terrestrial mammals in response to environmental factors. Using the NOW and Paleobiology databases, together with data collected through survey and excavation of middle and late Miocene vertebrate localities in Hungary and Romania, taphonomic bias and sampling completeness of Eurasian faunas are assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • First Nimravid Skull from Asia Alexander Averianov1,2, Ekaterina Obraztsova3, Igor Danilov1,2, Pavel Skutschas3 & Jianhua Jin1
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN First nimravid skull from Asia Alexander Averianov1,2, Ekaterina Obraztsova3, Igor Danilov1,2, Pavel Skutschas3 & Jianhua Jin1 Maofelis cantonensis gen. and sp. nov. is described based on a complete cranium from the middle- upper Eocene Youganwo Formation of Maoming Basin, Guangdong Province, China. The new taxon Received: 08 September 2015 has characters diagnostic for Nimravidae such as a short cat-like skull, short palate, ventral surface of petrosal dorsal to that of basioccipital, serrations on the distal carina of canine, reduced anterior Accepted: 21 April 2016 premolars, and absence of posterior molars (M2-3). It is plesiomorphic nimravid taxon similar to Published: 10 May 2016 Nimravidae indet. from Quercy (France) in having the glenoid pedicle and mastoid process without ventral projections, a planar basicranium in which the lateral rim is not ventrally buttressed, and P1 present. The upper canine is less flattened than in other Nimravidae.Maofelis cantonensis gen. and sp. nov. exemplifies the earliest stage of development of sabertooth specialization characteristic of Nimravidae. This taxon, together with other middle-late Eocene nimravid records in South Asia, suggests origin and initial diversification of Nimravidae in Asia. We propose that this group dispersed to North America in the late Eocene and to Europe in the early Oligocene. The subsequent Oligocene diversification of Nimravidae took place in North America and Europe, while in Asia this group declined in the Oligocene, likely because of the earlier development of open habitats on that continent. Nimravids are cat-like hypercarnivores that developed saber-tooth morphology early in the Cenozoic and were top predators in the late Eocene – late Oligocene mammal communities of the Northern Hemisphere1–3.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J.
    [Show full text]
  • Dental Anomalies in the Atlantic Population of South American Sea Lion, Otaria Byronia (Pinnipedia, Otariidae): Evolutionary Implications and Ecological Approach
    e-ISSN 2236-1057 - doi:10.5597/lajam00044 http://dx.doi.org/10.5597/lajam00044 LAJAM 3(1): 7-18, January/June 2004 ISSN 1676-7497 DENTAL ANOMALIES IN THE ATLANTIC POPULATION OF SOUTH AMERICAN SEA LION, OTARIA BYRONIA (PINNIPEDIA, OTARIIDAE): EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS AND ECOLOGICAL APPROACH César Jaeger Drehmer 1, 2 , Marta Elena Fabián 2, 3 and João Oldair Menegheti 3 Abstract – We analyzed 63 cases of dental anomalies from 62 specimens of a total sample of 516 specimens of the Atlantic population of South American sea lions, Otaria byronia de Blainville, 1820. The anomalies were represented by 53 cases of missing upper post-canine 6 (second molars), seven cases of maxillary or mandibular extra teeth, two cases of “dentes geminati” and one case of reduced teeth. Considering a phylogenetic framework where all otariid species and basal Pinnipedimorpha are included, missing post-canine 6 could be related to evolutionary trends in Otariidae towards a progressive reduction and loss of teeth (agenesis). The occurrence of the upper post-canine 6 in Otaria Péron, 1816 as in Phocarctos Peters, 1866 is usually regarded as a primitive character. Alternatively, when adopting another cladistic procedure, this could be interpreted as a taxic atavism at the base of Otaria/Phocarctos clade. Extra-mandibular teeth are related to a concrete case of spontaneous atavism in the dentition of Otaria byronia, in retrogression to ancient groups like the Miocene pinnipediform Pteronarctos Barnes, 1989. The other anomalies – maxillary extra teeth, “dentes geminati” and reduced teeth - are caused by some disturbance on the epigenetic system underlying dental morphogenesis leading to duplication, coalescence or duplication and reduction of the dental germ, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Tulane Studies Tn Geology and Paleontology Pliocene
    TULANE STUDIES TN GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY Volu me 22, Number 2 Sepl<'mber 20. l!J8~) PLIOCENE THREE-TOED HORSES FROM LOUISIANA. WITH COMMENTS ON THE CITRONELLE FORMATION EAHL M. MANNING MUSP.UM OF'GEOSCIF:NCE. LOUISJJ\NA STATE UNIVF:RSlTY. JJATO.\I ROI.JG/<. LOL'/S//\;\':1 and llRUCE J. MACFADDlrn DEJ>ARTM/<:NTOF NATUH/\LSCIENCES. F'LORJD/\ MUSf:UM Of<'NJ\TUIV\/, lllSTOUY UNIVERSITY OF FLOH!IJJ\. GJ\/NESVlU.E. Fl.OH/DA CONTENTS Page T. ABSTRACT 3.5 II INTRODUCTION :l5 Ill. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS :rn TV . ABBREVIATIONS :l7 V. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY ;37 VI. AGE OF THE TUNICA HILLS HIPPARIONINES 38 VIL STRATIGRAPHIC PROVENIENCE 38 Vlll. PLIOCENE TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES OF THE GULF AND ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN .JO IX. COMMENTS ON THE CITRONELLE FORMATION .JI X. AGE OF THE CITRONELLE 42 XL TH E CITRONELLE FORMATION IN nm TUNICA HILLS .t:1 XII. LITERATURE CITED l.J January of 1985, the senior author was L ABSTRACT shown a large collection of late Pleistocene Teeth and metacarpals of early Pliocene (Rancholabrean land-mammal agel ver­ (latest Hemphillian land-mammal age) tebrate fossils from the Tunica Hills of three-toed (hipparionine) horses are de­ Louisiana (Fig. I) by Dr. A. Bradley scribed from the Tunica Hills of West McPherson of Centenary College, Feliciana Parish in east-central Louisiana. Shreveport. McPherson and Mr. Bill Lee An upper molar perta ins to Nannippus of Balon Rouge had collected fossils from minor, known from the Hcmphillian of that area since about 1981. Among the Central and North America, and two teeth standard assemblage of Rancholabrean and two distal metacarpals pertain to a re­ taxa (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Musteloidea (Carnivora, Mammalia)
    e390-11 Montoya.qxd 1/2/12 09:36 Página 193 Estudios Geológicos, 67(2) julio-diciembre 2011, 193-206 ISSN: 0367-0449 doi:10.3989/egeol.40576.183 Musteloidea (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain) Musteloidea (Carnivora, Mammalia) del Mioceno Superior de Venta del Moro (Valencia, España) P.Montoya1, J. Morales2, J. Abella2 ABSTRACT The purpose of the present work is to describe the Musteloidea from the Late Miocene locality of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain). We have identified the following species: Martes ginsburgi nov. sp., Lutra affinis Gervais, 1859, Plesiogulo monspessulanus Viret, 1939 and Promephitis alexejewi Schloss- er, 1924. Besides Plesiogulo monspessulanus which was already described in this locality and in Las Casiones (MN 13, Teruel Basin), we are approaching an unedited Musteloidea assemblage from the Miocene of the Iberian Peninsula. The m1 of Martes ginsburgi nov. sp. is similar in size and morphology to the Asian species of the genus, M. anderssoni and M. zdanskyi, but it differs in having a very wide M1 with a developed lingual platform. The presence of Lutra affinis is the third register of this species in the fossil record, since it was only previously known from the Pliocene of Montpellier (France) and the termi- nal Miocene of Maramena (Greece). Promephitis alexejewi is the first appearance of this species in Europe, which has been only registered until now in several localities of Mongolia and China. It differs from the rest of Promephitis species in the possession of a narrower m1, with a very sectorial trigonid. Keywords: Mammalia, Carnivora, Musteloidea, Martes, Lutra, Plesiogulo, Promephitis, Venta del Moro, Spain, Upper Miocene RESUMEN Se describen los Musteloidea procedentes del Mioceno terminal (MN13) de Venta del Moro (Valencia, España).
    [Show full text]
  • Person, J.J. 2012. Saber Teeth. Geo News 39(2)
    Saber Teeth Jeff J. Person Carnivores of all kinds have always been of interest to me. Arguably Smilodon is only the last iteration of saber-teeth in the fossil it is a much more difficult lifestyle to hunt and kill another animal record. Carnivorous mammals with large sabers have appeared than it is to browse or graze on non-mobile plants. Carnivorous four times across unrelated groups of carnivorous mammals over animals have evolved to stalk and kill their prey in many, many the last 60 million years (or so) of Earth’s history. varied ways. Just think of the speed of a frog’s tongue or the speed of a cheetah, the stealth and camouflage of an octopus, Types of Saber-teeth or the intelligence of some birds. These are only a few examples Not only were there four different groups of mammals that of modern carnivores; the variety of carnivores through time is evolved saber-teeth separately, there are also two different kinds broader and even more fascinating. of saber-teeth. There are the dirk-toothed forms, and the scimitar- toothed forms. The scimitar-toothed animals tended to be more Convergent evolution is the reappearance of the same solution lightly built with coarsely serrated and somewhat elongated to a biological problem across unrelated groups of animals. This canines (fig. 1) (Martin, 1998a). The dirk-toothed animals tended has happened many times throughout Earth’s history. The similar to be more powerfully built with long, finely serrated, dagger-like body shapes of sharks, fish, ichthyosaurs (a group of swimming canines which sometimes included a large flange on the lower jaw reptiles) and dolphins is a great example of unrelated groups of (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    UNDERSTANDING CARNIVORAN ECOMORPHOLOGY THROUGH DEEP TIME, WITH A CASE STUDY DURING THE CAT-GAP OF FLORIDA By SHARON ELIZABETH HOLTE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Sharon Elizabeth Holte To Dr. Larry, thank you ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my family for encouraging me to pursue my interests. They have always believed in me and never doubted that I would reach my goals. I am eternally grateful to my mentors, Dr. Jim Mead and the late Dr. Larry Agenbroad, who have shaped me as a paleontologist and have provided me to the strength and knowledge to continue to grow as a scientist. I would like to thank my colleagues from the Florida Museum of Natural History who provided insight and open discussion on my research. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Aldo Rincon for his help in researching procyonids. I am so grateful to Dr. Anne-Claire Fabre; without her understanding of R and knowledge of 3D morphometrics this project would have been an immense struggle. I would also to thank Rachel Short for the late-night work sessions and discussions. I am extremely grateful to my advisor Dr. David Steadman for his comments, feedback, and guidance through my time here at the University of Florida. I also thank my committee, Dr. Bruce MacFadden, Dr. Jon Bloch, Dr. Elizabeth Screaton, for their feedback and encouragement. I am grateful to the geosciences department at East Tennessee State University, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard for the loans of specimens.
    [Show full text]