Appendix 1. List of Abbreviations and Symbols

Adgb Androglobin HPNS High-pressure nervous syndrome ADL Aerobic dive limit IAP Internal acoustic pinna atm Air pressure in units of atmo- J Joules spheres. 1 atm = 760 mmHg or kPa Kilopascal 101.3 kPa L Liter ATP Adenosine triphosphate LCT Lower critical temperature BAT Brown adipose tissue LDH Lactate dehydrogenase BMR Basal metabolic rate Mb Myoglobin

CO2 Carbon dioxide MCH Mean corpuscular Hb

Cd Nondimensional drag coefficient MCV Mean corpuscular volume CS Citrate synthase MLDB Monkey lips/dorsal bursae CSF Cerebral spinal fluid mmHg Millimeters of mercury; a unit Cybg Cytoglobin of pressure often used in physi- D Total drag (pressure drag plus ology when referring to the friction drag) pressure or partial pressure of a DCS Decompression sickness gas DPPC Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine MPa Megapascal EEG Electroencephalogram Mya Millions of years ago FFA Free fatty acids Ngb Neuroglobin

FPRs Formyl peptide receptors O2 Oxygen GbE Globin E OML Oxygen minimum layer GbX Globin X OR Odorant Receptors genes GbY Globin Y ρ Density of seawater (~1024 GFR Glomerular filtration rate kg m−3)

Hb Hemoglobin P50 Oxygen partial pressure at 50%

HC Conductive and convective heat saturation of Hb exchange Pa (Pascal) The SI (International System of Hct Hematocrit Units) unit of pressure

HE Evaporative heat loss PCO2 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

HM Metabolic heat production PN2 Partial pressure of nitrogen

HR Radiation heat exchange PO2 Partial pressure of oxygen

HS Heat storage ORs Odorant receptors HOAD β-Hydroxyacyl coenzyme A Re Reynolds number dehydrogenase RMR Resting metabolic rate

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 R. W. Davis, Marine Mammals, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98280-9 279 280 Appendix 1. List of Abbreviations and Symbols

RPF Renal plasma flow V1Rs G-protein-coupled receptors RQ Respiratory quotient (ratio of car- expressed in the vomeronasal bon dioxide produced by tissue organ that are activated by metabolism to oxygen consumed) small, volatile molecules S Wetted surface area V2Rs G-protein-coupled receptors SVR Surface-to-volume ratio expressed in the vomeronasal

Ta Ambient temperature organ are activated by small TAARs Trace amine-associated receptors peptides

Tb Core body temperature VDR Video and data recorder TDR Time-depth recorder VGB Ventral groove blubber TG Triglycerides VLDL Very low density lipoproteins TGFA Triglyceride fatty acids VLDL-TGFA Very low density lipoprotein tri- TNZ Thermal neutral zone glyceride fatty acids TPC Tympanoperiotic complex (audi- VȮ2 Rate of oxygen consumption −1 −1 tory bulla) (ml O2 min kg )

Ts Surface or skin temperature V̇O2max Maximum aerobic capacity U Swimming speed (m s−1) W Watts UCT Upper critical temperature Appendix 2. List of Marine Mammals by Latin and Common Name

Number of species in each family shown in parentheses. Adapted from Wursig B, Thewissen JGM, Kovacs KM (3rd edition) (2018) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.

Order Artiodactyla Infraorder Cetacea Parvorder Mysticeti Family Balaenidae (4) Balaena mysticetus Bowhead whale Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena japonica North Pacific right whale Eubalaena australis Southern right whale Family Neobalaenidae (1) Caperea marginata Pygmy right whale Family Eschrichtiidae (1) Eschrichtius robustus Grey whale Family Balaenopteridae (8) Balaenoptera acutorostrata acutorostrata North Atlantic minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni North Pacific minke whale Balaenoptera bonaerensis Antarctic minke whale Balaenoptera borealis borealis Northern sei whale Balaenoptera borealis schlegellii Southern sei whale Balaenoptera edeni brydei Offshore Bryde’s whale Balaenoptera edeni edeni Eden’s whale Balaenoptera musculus musculus Northern blue whale Balaenoptera musculus intermedia Antarctic blue whale Balaenoptera musculus indica Northern Indian Ocean blue whale Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda Pygmy blue whale Balaenoptera omurai Omura’s whale Balaenoptera physalus patachonica Pygmy fin whale Balaenoptera physalus physalus Northern fin whale Balaenoptera physalus quoyi Southern fin whale

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 R. W. Davis, Marine Mammals, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98280-9 281 282 Appendix 2. List of Marine Mammals by Latin and Common Name

Megaptera novaeangliae australis Southern humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae kuzira North Pacific humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae novaeangliae North Atlantic humpback whale Parvorder Odontoceti Family Physeteridae (1) Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale Family Kogiidae (2) Kogia breviceps Pygmy sperm whale Kogia sima Dwarf sperm whale Family Ziphiidae (22) Berardius arnuxii Arnoux’s beaked whale Berardius bairdii Baird’s beaked whale Hyperoodon ampullatus Northern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon planifrons Southern bottlenose whale Indopacetus pacificus Longman’s beaked whale Mesoplodon bidens Sowerby’s beaked whale Mesoplodon bowdoini Andrews’ beaked whale Mesoplodon carlhubbsi Hubbs’ beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus Gervais’ beaked whale Mesoplodon ginkgodens Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale Mesoplodon greyi Grey’s beaked whale Mesoplodon hectori Hector’s beaked whale Mesoplodon hotaula Deraniyagala’s beaked whale Mesoplodon layardii Strap-toothed beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus True’s beaked whale Mesoplodon perrini Perrin’s beaked whale Mesoplodon peruvianus Pygmy beaked whale Mesoplodon stejnegeri Stejneger’s beaked whale Mesoplodon traversii Spade-toothed whale Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville’s beaked whale Tasmacetus shepherdi Shepherd’s beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier’s beaked whale Family Platanistidae (1) Platanista gangetica gangetica Ganges River dolphin Platanista gangetica minor Indus River dolphin Family Iniidae (1) Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana Orinoco River dolphin Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis Common boto Family Pontoporiidae (1) Pontoporia blainvillei Franciscana Family Monodontidae (2) Delphinapterus leucas Beluga whale Monodon monoceros Narwhal Family Delphinidae (37) Cephalorhynchus commersonii commersonii Commerson’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii kerguelenensis Kerguelen Islands Commerson’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus eutropia Chilean dolphin Cephalorhynchus heavisidii Heaviside’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori South Island Hector’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori maui North Island Hector’s dolphin Delphinus delphis bairdii Eastern North Pacific long-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis tropicalis Indo-Pacific common dolphin Delphinus delphis delphis Short-beaked common dolphin Appendix 2. List of Marine Mammals by Latin and Common Name 283

Delphinus delphis ponticus Black Sea common dolphin Feresa attenuata Pygmy killer whale Globicephala macrorhynchus Short-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas edwardii Southern long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas melas North Atlantic long-finned pilot whale Grampus griseus Risso’s dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser’s dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis Peale’s dolphin Lagenorhynchus cruciger Hourglass dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus fitzroyi Fitzroy’s dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus obscurus African dusky dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus posidonia Peruvian/Chilean dusky dolphin Lissodelphis borealis Northern right whale dolphin Lissodelphis peronii Southern right whale dolphin Orcaella brevirostris Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella heinsohni Australian snubfin dolphin Orcinus orca Killer whale Peponocephala electra Melon-headed whale Pseudorca crassidens False killer whale Sousa teuszii Atlantic humpback dolphin Sousa chinensis chinensis Chinese humpback dolphin Sousa chinensis taiwanensis Taiwanese humpback dolphin Sousa plumbea Indian Ocean humpback dolphin Sousa sahulensis Australian humpback dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis Tucuxi Sotalia guianensis Guiana dolphin Stenella attenuata attenuata Offshore pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata graffmani Coastal pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella clymene Clymene dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba Striped dolphin Stenella frontalis Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella longirostris centroamericana Central American spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris longirostris Grey’s spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris orientalis Eastern spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris roseiventris Dwarf spinner dolphin Steno bredanensis Rough-toothed dolphin Tursiops aduncus Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus ponticus Black Sea bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus truncatus Common bottlenose dolphin Family Phocoenidae (7) Neophocaena phocaenoides Indo-Pacific finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis Yangtze finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri East Asian finless porpoise Phocoena dioptrica Spectacled porpoise Phocoena phocoena phocoena Atlantic harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena vomerina Eastern Pacific harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena relicta Black Sea harbor porpoise Phocoena sinus Vaquita Phocoena spinipinnis Burmeister’s porpoise Phocoenoides dalli dalli Dalli-type Dall’s porpoise 284 Appendix 2. List of Marine Mammals by Latin and Common Name

Phocoenoides dalli truei Truei-type Dall’s porpoise Order Sirenia Family Trichechidae (3) Trichechus inunguis Amazon manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris Florida manatee Trichechus manatus manatus Antillean manatee Trichechus senegalensis African manatee Family Dugongidae (1) Dugong dugon Dugong Order Carnivora Clade Pinnipedia Family Otariidae (14) Arctocephalus australis South American fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus galapagoensis Galápagos fur seal Arctocephalus gazella Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus philippii philippii Juan Fernández fur seal Arctocephalus philippii townsendi Guadalupe fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus Australian fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis Subantarctic fur seal Callorhinus ursinus Northern fur seal Eumetopias jubatus jubatus Western Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus monteriensis Loughlin’s Steller sea lion Neophoca cinerea Australian sea lion Otaria byronia Southern sea lion/South American sea lion Phocarctos hookeri New Zealand sea lion Zalophus californianus California sea lion Zalophus wollebaeki Galápagos sea lion Family Phocidae (18) Cystophora cristata Hooded seal Erignathus barbatus barbatus Atlantic bearded seal Erignathus barbatus nauticus Pacific bearded seal Halichoerus grypus grypus Western Atlantic grey seal Halichoerus grypus macrorhynchus Eastern Atlantic grey seal Histriophoca fasciata Ribbon seal Hydrurga leptonyx Leopard seal Leptonychotes weddellii Weddell seal Lobodon carcinophaga Crabeater seal Mirounga leonina Southern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris Northern elephant seal Monachus monachus Mediterranean monk seal Neomonachus schauinslandi Hawaiian monk seal Ommatophoca rossii Ross seal Pagophilus groenlandicus Harp seal Phoca vitulina vitulina Atlantic harbor seal Phoca vitulina mellonae Ungava harbor seal Phoca vitulina richardii Pacific harbor seal Phoca largha Spotted seal Pusa hispida hispida Arctic ringed seal Pusa hispida botnica Baltic ringed seal Pusa hispida ochotensis Okhotsk ringed seal Appendix 2. List of Marine Mammals by Latin and Common Name 285

Pusa hispida ladogensis Ladoga seal Pusa hispida saimensis Saimaa seal Pusa caspica Caspian seal Pusa sibirica Baikal seal Family Odobenidae (1) Odobenus rosmarus divergens Pacific walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus Atlantic walrus Superfamily Musteloidea Family Mustelidae (1) Enhydra lutris kenyoni Eastern sea otter Enhydra lutris lutris Western sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis Southern sea otter Appendix 3. Maximum Recorded Dive Depths and Durations for Marine Mammals

Max depth Max duration Common name Species name (m) (min) Method References Fin whale Balaenoptera 500 30 Observation Scholander (1940) physalus Blue whale Balaenoptera 280 18 VDR Calambokidis et al. musculus (2007) Sei whale Balaenoptera <200 15 Radio tag Lagerquist et al. borealis Estimation (2000) Bannister (2008) Bryde’s whale Balaenoptera edeni 292 9.4 Observation Gambell (1985) TDR Alves et al. (2010) Common minke Balaenoptera 220 17 Entanglement Song et al. (2010) whale acutorostrata Antarctic minke Balaenoptera 105 ~10.5 Archival tag Katona et al. (1993) whale bonaerensis Friedlaender et al. (2014) Omura’s whale Balaenoptera omurai 202 Estimation Cerchio et al. (2015) North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis 272 ~23 Satellite tag Mate et al. (1992) whale Bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus 487 48 Radio tag Winn et al. (1995) Satellite tag Laidre et al. (2007) Grey whale Eschrichtius robustus 170 26 Radio tag Evans (1974) Humpback whale Megaptera 240 21.1 Radio tag Hamilton et al. (1997) novaeangliae Arnoux’s beaked Berardius arnuxii 70 Observation Hobson and Martin whale (1996) Baird’s beaked whale Berardius bairdii 1777 64.4 TDR Minamikawa et al. (2007) Blainville’s beaked Mesoplodon 1599 60.2 TDR Baird et al. (2008) whale densirostris Cuvier’s beaked Ziphius cavirostris 2992 137.5 Satellite tag Schorr et al. (2014) whale

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 R. W. Davis, Marine Mammals, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98280-9 287 288 Appendix 3. Maximum Recorded Dive Depths and Durations for Marine Mammals

(continued) Max depth Max duration Common name Species name (m) (min) Method References Northern bottlenose Hyperoodon 1453 70.5 TDR Hooker and Baird whale ampullatus (1999) Sperm whale Physeter 2250 138 N/A Ponganis (2011) macrocephalus Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps >200 ~18 Estimation Staudinger et al. (2014) Dwarf sperm whale Kogia sima 300 43 Observation Scott et al. (2001) Estimation Fitch and Brownell (1968) Ganges River Platanista gangetica 8.4 Observation Breese and Tershy dolphin Observation (1993) Bashir et al. (2013) Beluga whale Delphinapterus 872 ~23 Satellite tag Heide-Jorgensen et al. leucas (1998) Narwhal Monodon monoceros 2370 26.2 TDR Martin and Smith (1999) Laidre et al. (2003) Short-beaked Delphinus delphis 260 5 Radio tag Laidre et al. (2002) common dolphin Evans (1971) Short-finned pilot Globicephala 1019 21 Acoustic Ridgway (1986) whale macrorhynchus recorder Aguilar Soto et al. (2008) Long-finned pilot Globicephala melas 828 ~18 TDR Heide-Jorgensen et al. whale (2002) Atlantic white-sided Lagenorhynchus 4 Radio tag Mate et al. (1994) dolphin acutus Fraser’s dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei 600 Estimation Dolar et al. (2003) White-beaked Lagenorhynchus 45 2.1 Acoustic tag Rasmussen et al. dolphin albirostris (2013) Dusky dolphin Lagenorhynchus 156 ~3 Acoustic tag Bernasconi et al. obscurus (2011) Pacific white-sided Lagenorhynchus 214 6 Trained dive Cipriano (1992) dolphin obliquidens Hall (1970) Southern right whale Lissodelphis peronii 300 7 Observation Baker (1981) dolphin Northern right whale Lissodelphis borealis 250 6 Observation Fitch and Brownell dolphin (1968) Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris 12 Observation Marsh et al. (1989) Killer whale Orcinus orca 1029 17 Ensnared Heezen and Johnson (1969) False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens 500 12 Estimation Dahlheim and Heyning (1999) Cummings and Fish (1971) Tucuxi Sotalia fluviatilis 1.5 TDR Ligon and Baird Observation (2001) Edwards and Schnell (2001) Pantropical spotted Stenella attenuata 213 5 TDR Baird et al. (2001) dolphin Atlantic spotted Stenella frontalis 60 4-5 TDR Davis et al. (1996) dolphin Spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris 250 3 Observation Fitch and Brownell (1968) Appendix 3. Maximum Recorded Dive Depths and Durations for Marine Mammals 289

(continued) Max depth Max duration Common name Species name (m) (min) Method References Rough-toothed Steno bredanensis 70 15 Observation Watkins et al. (1987) dolphin Bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus 535 12 Trained dive Miyazaki and Perrin (1994) Ridgway (1986) Vaquita Phocoena sinus 30 Estimation Harrison and Kooyman (1971) Fitch and Brownell (1968) Harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena 226 5.35 TDR Westgate et al. (1995) Dall's porpoise Phocoenoides dalli ~610 Estimation US Department of Defense (1995) Indo-Pacific finless Neophocaena 20 2.5 TDR Akamatsu et al. (2002) porpoise phocaenoides South American fur Arctocephalus 170 7 TDR Trillmich et al. (1986) seal australis New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus >380 14.8 TDR Page et al. (2005) forsteri Galápagos fur seal Arctocephalus 115 8 TDR Kooyman and galapagoensis Trillmich (1986) Juan Fernández fur Arctocephalus 94 3.7 TDR Francis et al. (1998) seal philippii Cape fur seal Arctocephalus 204 8 TDR Kooyman and Gentry pusillus (1986) Subantarctic fur seal Arctocephalus 208 3.3 TDR Georges et al. (2000) tropicalis Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus 354 9.2 TDR Staniland and gazella Robinson (2008) Northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus 256 6 TDR Ponganis et al. (1992) Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus 452 6.4 Satellite tag Pitcher et al. (2005) Australian sea lion Neophoca cinerea 137.5 9 Satellite tag Lowther et al. (2013) Southern sea lion Otaria flavescens 243 7.15 TDR Fowler et al. (2006) Satellite tag Thompson et al. (1998) Galápagos sea lion Zalophus wollebaeki 584 10.3 TDR Jeglinski et al. (2013) New Zealand sea Phocartos hookeri 597 14.5 TDR Chilvers et al. (2006) lion California sea lion Zalophus 482 15 TDR Melin et al. (1993) californianus Northern elephant Mirounga 1735 109 TDR Robinson et al. (2012) seal angustirostris Southern elephant Mirounga leonina 2389 94.4 Satellite tag Hindell et al. (2016) seal Hooded seal Cystophora cristata 1016 >52 Satellite tag Folkow and Blix (1999) Bearded seal Erignathus barbatus 480 25 Satellite tag Gjertz et al. (2000) Grey seal Halichoerus grypus 412 ~23 TDR Schreer and Kovacs (1997) Beck et al. (2003) Leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx 425 9.35 Satellite tag Kuhn et al. (2006) Weddell seal Leptonychotes 741 82 TDR Testa (1994) weddellii (continued) 290 Appendix 3. Maximum Recorded Dive Depths and Durations for Marine Mammals

(continued) Max depth Max duration Common name Species name (m) (min) Method References Crabeater seal Lobodon 776 23.6 Satellite tag Burns et al. (2004) carcinophaga Nachtsheim et al. (2017) Mediterranean monk Monachus monachus 123 6.7 Satellite tag Dendrinos et al. seal (2007) Hawaiian monk seal Monachus >500 ~25 TDR Parrish et al. (2002) schauinslandi Ross seal Ommatophoca rossii 792 30 Satellite tag Blix and Nordoy (2007) Harp seal Pagophilus 370 16 TDR Lavigne and Kovacs groenlandicus (1988) Ringed seal Pusa hispida >500 26.4 Satellite tag Born et al. (2004) Caspian seal Pusa caspica >200 >10 Radio tag Kelly and Wartzok Satellite tag (1996) Dmitrieva et al. (2016) Baikal seal Pusa sibirica >300 >40 Satellite tag Stewart et al. (1996) Spotted seal Phoca largha 100 10 TDR Schreer and Kovacs (1997) Harbor seal Phoca vitulina 600 28 Ensnared Kolb and Norris (1982) Experimental Scholander (1940) Walrus Odobenus rosmarus 192 ~7.7 TDR Acquarone et al. (2006) Dugong Dugong dugon 35 11 TDR Sheppard et al. (2006) Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis >10 Observation Gallivan et al. (1986) West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus 16.3 Observation Parker (1922) Sea otter Enhydra lutris 100 4 TDR Bodkin et al. (2004) Observation Davis unpub. obs. Marine otter Lontra felina 30-40 ~1 Observation Castilla and Bahamondes (1979) Medina-Vogel et al. (2007)

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Harrison SR (eds) Handbook of marine mammals. Sheppard JK, Preen AR, Marsh H, Lawler IR, Whiting Vol. 5. The first book of dolphins. Academic Press, SD, Jones RE (2006) Movement heterogeneity of London, pp 1–21 dugongs, Dugong dugon (Müller), over large spatial Nachtsheim DA, Jerosch K, Hagen W, Plötz J, Bornemann scales. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 334:64–83 H (2017) Habitat modelling of crabeater seals Song KJ, Kim ZG, Zhang CI, Kim YH (2010) Fishing (Lobodon carcinophaga) in the Weddell sea using the gears involved in entanglements of minke whales multivariate approach Maxent. Polar Biol 40:961–976 (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the East sea of Korea. Page B, McKenzie J, Goldsworthy SD (2005) Inter-sexual Mar Mamm Sci 26:282–295 differences in New Zealand fur seal diving behaviour. Staniland IJ, Robinson SL (2008) Segregation between Mar Ecol Prog Ser 304:249–264 the sexes: Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, Parker GH (1922) The breathing of the Florida manatee foraging at South Georgia. Anim Behav 75:1581–1590 (Trichechus latirostris). J Mammal 3:127–135 Staudinger MD, McAlarney RJ, McLellan WA, Ann Parrish FA, Abernathy K, Marshall GJ, Buhleier BM Pabst D (2014) Foraging ecology and niche overlap (2002) Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauin- in pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (Kogia sima) slandi) foraging in deep-water coral beds. Mar Mamm sperm whales from waters of the US mid-Atlantic Sci 18:244–258 coast. Mar Mamm Sci 30:626–655 Pitcher KW, Rehberg MJ, Pendleton GW, Raum-Suryan­ Stewart BS, Petrov EA, Baranov EA, Ivanov ATM (1996) KL, Gelatt TS, Swain UG, Sigler MF (2005) Ontogeny Seasonal movements and dive patterns of juve- of dive performance in pup and juvenile Steller sea nile Baikal seals, Phoca sibirica. Mar Mamm Sci lions in Alaska. Can J Zool 83:1214–1231 12:528–542 Ponganis PJ (2011) Diving mammals. Compr Physiol Testa JW (1994) Over-winter movements and diving behav- 1:517–535 ior of female Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) Ponganis PJ, Gentry RL, Ponganis EP, Ponganis KV in the southwestern Ross sea, Antarctica. Can J Zool (1992) Analysis of swim velocities during deep and 72:1700–1710 shallow dives of two northern fur seals, Callorhinus Thompson D, Duck CD, McConnell BJ, Garrett J (1998) ursinus. Mar Mamm Sci 8:69–75 Foraging behaviour and diet of lactating female Rasmussen MH, Akamatsu T, Teilmann J, Vikingsson G, southern sea lions (Otaria flavescens) in the Falkland Miller LA (2013) Biosonar, diving and movements of Islands. J Zool 246:135–146 two tagged white-beaked­ dolphin in Icelandic waters. Trillmich F, Kooyman GL, Majluf P, Sanchez-Grinan­ Deep Sea Res II Top Stud Oceanogr 88:97–105 M (1986) Attendance and diving behavior of South Ridgway SH (1986) Diving by cetaceans. In: Brubakk American fur seals during El Niño in 1983. In: Gentry AC, Kanwisher JW, Sundness G (eds) Diving in RL, Kooyman GL (eds) Fur seals: maternal strate- animals and man. The Royal Norwegian Society of gies on land and at sea. Princeton University Press, Science and Letters, Trondheim, pp 33–62 Princeton, pp 153–167 Robinson PW, Costa DP, Crocker DE, Gallo-Reynoso­ JP, United States Department of Defense (1995) California Champagne CD et al (2012) Foraging behavior and Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) success of a mesopelagic predator in the Northeast Program and Marine Mammal Research (MMRP) Pacific ocean: insights from a data-rich species, the program, Monterey County: environmental impact northern elephant seal. PLoS One 7(5):e36728. https:// statement, volume 1. Advanced Research Projects doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036728 Agency, Arlington, pp 3–23 Scholander PF (1940) Experimental investigations on the Watkins WA, Tyack P, Moore KE, Notarbartolo-­ respiratory function in diving mammals and birds. di-­Sciara G (1987) Steno bredanensis in the Hval Skrif, Norske Videnskamp-Akad, Oslo 22: Mediterranean sea. Mar Mamm Sci 3(1): 1–131 78–82 Schorr GS, Falcone EA, Moretti DJ, Andrews RD (2014) Westgate AJ, Head AJ, Berggren P, Koopman HN, First long-term behavioral records from Cuvier’s Gaskin DE (1995) Diving behaviour of harbour por- beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) reveal record- poises, Phocoena phocoena. Can J Fish Aquat Sci breaking dives. PLoS One 9:e92633. https://doi. 52:1064–1073 org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092633 Winn HE, Goodyear JD, Kenney RD, Petricig RO (1995) Schreer JF, Kovacs KM (1997) Allometry of diving Dive patterns of tagged right whales in the Great capacity in air-breathing vertebrates. Can J Zool South Channel. Cont Shelf Res 15:593–611 75:339–358 Scott MD, Hohn AA, Westgate AJ, Nicolas JR, Whitaker BR, Campbell WB (2001) A note on the release and tracking of a rehabilitated pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). J Cetacean Res Manag 3:87–94 Appendix 4. Estimated Energy Efficiency of an Average Mid-water Foraging Dive for a Weddell Seal in McMurdo Sound During the Austral Spring

−1 Assumptions. 2. 32.0 L O2 × 18.6 kJ L O2 = 595 kJ (1.38 kJ. kg−1) 1. Body mass = 430 kg (Davis et al. 2013) –– Energy ingested as silverfish during a dive: 2. Submerged resting metabolic rate is 2.47 ml –– 15.7 fish × 325 kJ fish−1 = 5103 kJ −1 −1 O2 min kg (Williams et al. 2004) –– Mean net energy gain per successful dive 3. The metabolic cost of a flipper stroke (com- (energy ingested - energy expended): −1 −1 plete stroke cycle) is 0.08 ml O2 kg . stroke –– 5103 kJ−595 kJ = 4508 kJ (Williams et al. 2004) –– Overall energy efficiency: 4. Energy equivalence of oxygen is 18.6 kJ L –– (5103 kJ × 0.96) ÷ 595 kJ × 100 = 823% −1 O2 assuming a protein diet with a respiratory quotient of 0.81 (Schmidt-Nielsen 1997) 5. Mean energy content of an Antarctic silverfish References is 325 kJ (Davis, unpub. obs.) 6. Mean duration of a mid-water foraging dive is Davis RW, Madden K, Fuiman LA, Williams TM 16.8 min (Davis et al. 2013) (2013) Classification and behavior of free-­ 7. Mean number of silverfish consumed per dive ranging Weddell seal dives based on three-­ is 15.7 fish (Davis et al. 2013) dimensional movements and video-recorded 8. Mean total number of strokes during a mid- observations. Deep-Sea Res II 88:65–77 water foraging dive is 411 full strokes Williams TM, Fuiman LA, Horning M, Davis (Williams et al. 2004) RW (2004) The cost of foraging by a marine 9. Foraging efficiency (% successful) is 96% predator, the Weddell seal Leptonychotes wed- (Davis et al. 2013) dellii: pricing by the stroke. J Exp Biol 207:973–982 Calculated energy efficiency of a mid-water Schmidt-Nielsen K (1997) Animal physiology. foraging dive Cambridge University Press, pp 617

–– Energy expenditure during a dive: −1 −1 1. [(16.8 min × 2.47 ml O2 min kg × −1 430 kg) + (411 strokes × 0.08 ml O2 kg . −1 stroke × 430 kg)] ÷ 1000 = 32.0 L O2 −1 (74 ml O2. kg )

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 R. W. Davis, Marine Mammals, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98280-9 295 Glossary

Aberration The failure of rays of light to con- (breath-holding in which the nostrils or blow- verge at one focal point because of limitations hole closes after inspiration), the duration of or defects in a lens; a characteristic that devi- which depends on the species, body mass, and ates from the normal type body oxygen stores. Aerobic dive limit (ADL) The duration of a Archaeoceti A parvorder of extinct mammals dive in which a marine mammal can maintain in the infraorder of Cetacea; the ancestors of aerobic metabolism (i.e., there is no switch Mysticeti and Odontoceti to anaerobic metabolism resulting in the pro- Arctoidea An infraorder of mostly carnivorous duction of lactate). The ADL depends on the mammals, which includes the Pinnipedia and amount of oxygen stored primarily in the sea otters blood and muscle, but in some species, the Artiodactyla A taxonomic order of even-toed lungs also contribute to body oxygen stores. ungulates (hoofed animals), which includes The ADL will also depend on the rate of oxy- the infraorder of Cetacea gen consumption, so it will decrease as a func- Astragalus (talus) The large bone in the ankle tion of exertion. that articulates with the tibia of the leg and the Aliphatic Referring to or denoting organic com- calcaneum and navicular bone of the foot. pounds in which carbon atoms form open Atelectasis Partial or complete collapse of a chains, not aromatic rings lung Allometry Changes in the anatomy, metabo- Auditory bulla A hollow bony structure on the lism, or physiology of animals in relation ventral, posterior portion of the skull consist- to changes in body size. Allometric scaling ing of the tympanic and periotic bones, which exhibits the general relationship of Y = a Mb enclose the middle and inner ear including the where a is the proportionality constant and b ossicles is the mass exponent. Variables that scale iso- Balaenidae An extant family of Mysticeti that metrically have a mass exponent b of 1. includes four species (see Appendix 2) Alveoli Any of the many tiny air sacs of the Balaenopteridae An extant family of Mysticeti lungs, which allow for rapid gas exchange that includes eight species (see Appendix 2); with the blood also referred to as rorquals Ambulocetidae A family of amphibious Baleen Keratinous plates in Mysticeti that Archaeoceti that was a transitional phase of are arranged in transverse oriented racks cetacean evolution (48.6–40.4 Mya) and hang from the upper jaw between the Anion A negatively charged ion such as chloride tongue and the lips of the lower jaw when (Cl−) the mouth in closed. Filaments on the lin- Anosmia No olfactory ability gual surfaces form a dense mat that retains Apneusis (apneustic) In marine mammals, it prey while water is expelled through the refers to arrhythmical patterns of breathing lateral sides of the mouth similar to a cross-­ in which inspiration is followed by apnea flow filter.

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 R. W. Davis, Marine Mammals, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98280-9 297 298 Glossary

Barotrauma Injury caused by a change in air extant Neobalaenidae might be the last of the or water pressure that typically affects cranial Cetotheriidae, thereby resurrecting this group sinuses, the middle ear, and the lungs from extinction. Basilosauridae A family Archaeoceti that was Chylomicron Lipoprotein particles consisting contemporaneous with Dorudontidae but lon- of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, ger (up to 16 m). These were the last families and apoproteins that are synthesized in the of Archaeoceti to complete the transition to a small intestine during digestion and transport fully aquatic existence in the middle-to-late dietary lipids in the blood. Chylomicrons are Eocene (38–34 Mya). one of the five major groups of lipoproteins. Bohr effect A decrease in the binding affinity Chyme The pulpy acidic fluid that passes from

of hemoglobin for oxygen (i.e., higher P50) in the stomach to the small intestine, which con- response to a lowered blood pH sists of gastric juices and partly digested food Bradycardia A heart rate less than the normal, Citrate synthase (CS) An important enzyme in resting level the Kreb’s cycle and an indicator of aerobic Brevirostrine Having a short jaw or rostrum capacity Bronchus Either of the two primary divisions Contralateral Relating to or denoting the side of the trachea that lead, respectively, into the of the body opposite to that on which a par- right and the left lung. Smaller divisions are ticular structure or condition occurs called bronchi and bronchioles. Cremaster A thin muscle consisting of loops of Brown adipose tissue A specialized adipose tis- fibers derived from the internal oblique mus- sue important for non-shivering thermogen- cle and descending upon the spermatic cord to esis to maintain body temperature surround and suspend the testicle Buffering capacity The amount of acid or base Crepuscular Relating to twilight during dawn that must be added to a solution to change its and dusk pH. It also refers to ability of a liquid to main- Decompression sickness (DCS) A condition tain a stable pH when small amounts of acid arising from dissolved nitrogen coming out or base are added. of solution and forming bubbles in blood Bulla A rounded bony prominence and tissues during depressurization result- Carnassial Denoting the large upper premolar ing in localized ischemia, hypoxia, and cell and lower molar teeth of a carnivore that are death. Symptoms in humans include nausea, adapted for shearing flesh dizziness, blurred vision, rashes, joint pain, Carnivora A taxonomic order of eutherian paresthesia (burning or prickling sensation), mammals that includes the clade Pinnipedia paresis (muscular weakness), paralysis, and and the sea otter death. It is also called the bends or Caisson Cation A positively charged ion such as sodium disease. (Na+) Delphinidae An extant family of 37 oceanic Cephalopod A taxonomic class in the phylum dolphins (see Appendix 2) of Mollusca that includes the squid, octopus, Deltaic Referring to a river delta and nautilus Denticle A small tooth or toothlike projection Cerebral spinal fluid A colorless fluid pro- Desmatophocidae (desmatophocids) A family duced in ventricles of the brain and found in of Phocoidea that diverged from Enaliarctidae the brain and spinal cord in the early Miocene (~23 Mya) and became Cetacea A taxonomic infraorder of Artiodactyla extinct in early to late Miocene (13–11 Mya) that includes the parvorders of Mysticeti, Digitigrade Walking on the digits with the pos- Odontoceti, and the extinct Archaeoceti terior of the foot more or less raised Cetotheriidae A large, diverse assemblage Dorudontidae A family Archaeoceti that was of archaic Mysticeti dating from the late contemporaneous with Basilosauridae. These Oligocene to the Pliocene (28–5 Mya), which were the last families of Archaeoceti to com- were small- to medium-sized baleen whales. plete the transition to a fully aquatic existence However, a recent study suggested that the in the middle-to-late Eocene (38–34 Mya). Glossary 299

Drag The resistive force experienced by a onto an epithelium rather than directly into the moving body, especially one that is bluff or bloodstream rounded (i.e., non-hydrodynamic shape) Foramen (foramina) An opening, hole, or Dugongidae A family of extant Sirenia with one passage species, the dugong (see Appendix 2) Formyl peptide receptors G-protein-coupled Durophagy Referring to the consumption of receptors expressed in the vomeronasal organ hard prey (e.g., clams) or the hard parts of that are activated by microbial, antimicrobial, prey (e.g., bones). It is associated with cranial and viral peptides and proteins, which may adaptations for generating a high bite force. indicate unhealthy conspecifics Ectopic In an abnormal place or position Fovea The small area of the retina where cones Edema An abnormal infiltration and excess are concentrated for high visual acuity, espe- accumulation of serous fluid in tissues or in a cially in diurnal terrestrial mammals with serous cavity color vision Edentulous Without teeth Fusiform Tapering at both ends; spindle-shaped Electroencephalography (EEG) A method of Futile cycles Metabolic pathways designed to recording the electrical activity of the brain dissipate energy in the form of heat (i.e., brain waves), typically by attaching elec- Gnathostomata An infraphylum referring to the trodes to the scalp jawed vertebrates Emboli (embolus) A blood clot, air bubble, Gular grooves Distensible external grooves piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has that aid in expansion of the pharynx in some been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a Cetacea vessel and cause an embolism Gustation Sense of taste Emmetropia (emmetropic) The normal refrac- Heat Increment of Feeding (HIF) The tive condition of the eye in which parallel rays increased heat production resulting from of light are accurately focused on the retina digestion and assimilation following con- Endocrine Relating to or denoting glands that sumption of food secrete hormones or other products directly Hematocrit The ratio of the volume of red into the blood blood cells to the total volume of blood and Endothermy A high resting metabolic rate expressed as a percentage that produces sufficient heat to maintain an Hemoglobin (Hb) A heterotetramer composed elevated and stable core body temperature of two types of proteins (globins) each with through physiological thermoregulation; usu- an iron atom (ferrous Fe2+) at the center of a ally associated with mammals and birds porphyrin ring, which forms the functional Ephemeral Lasting for a very short time heme group that reversibly binds a molecule Eschrichtiidae An extant family of Mysticeti of oxygen. Hemoglobin is found in red blood that includes one species, the grey whale (see cells where it transports oxygen in the circu- Appendix 2) lation from gas exchange organs to tissues in Etiology The cause of a disease or abnormal the body. When oxygenated, it is written as condition oxy-Hb. Eupnea (eupneic) Normal, unlabored venti- Hemoptysis Pulmonary hemorrhaging resulting lation of the lungs at rest resulting in a tidal in bloodstained sputum volume that is ~13% of total lung volume in Heterodont Having the teeth differentiated into terrestrial mammals incisors, canines, premolars, and molars Eutherian A mammal of the major group High-pressure nervous syndrome A neuro- Eutheria, which includes all the placen- logical and physiological diving disorder tals and excludes the marsupials and resulting from high pressure probably associ- monotremes ated with the direct effects of pressure on the Exapted A shift in the function of a gene during membrane function of nerves and muscles. evolution Symptoms include tremors and convulsions. Exocrine Relating to or denoting glands that The depth at which HPNS manifests varies secrete their products through ducts opening among terrestrial species, including humans, 300 Glossary

but appears not to occur in marine mammals complex (TPC, auditory bulla) containing the at routine dive depths. auditory ossicles and cochlea. Hippopotamidae A taxonomic family of fresh- Inviscid Having zero viscosity water, semiaquatic mammals in the order of Involucrum A thick covering of bone over the Artiodactyl, which include the common and middle ear space pygmy hippopotamuses of Africa Ischemia Deficient supply of blood to a body Homeostasis The tendency toward a relatively part because of obstruction or vasoconstric- stable equilibrium between interdependent tion of arterial blood flow elements, especially as maintained by physi- Isometric Changes in the anatomy, metabolism, ological processes or physiology of animals that scale linearly Homodonty (homodont) Having teeth of simi- with in relation to changes in body mass lar form or shape Kentriodontidae An extinct family of Cetacea Hydrofoil A winglike member designed to lift similar to small extant dolphins whose fossils the hull of a moving vessel but also used the date from the late Oligocene to the Pliocene describe the high aspect flippers and flukes of (25–5 Mya) Cetacea and Pinnipedia Keratinous Containing or made from keratin Hydrography Of or relating to the characteristic Kogiidae An extant family of Odontoceti that features (such as flow or depth) of bodies of water includes two species (see Appendix 2) β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) A key glyco- (HOAD) An enzyme that catalyzes one reac- lytic enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the tion in the β-oxidation of fatty acids in mito- conversion of pyruvate to lactate and is an chondria and is a measure of the capacity for indicator of anaerobic capacity fatty acid catabolism Lacustrine Relating to or associated with Hyoid bone A horseshoe-shaped bone situated lakes in the anterior midline of the neck between Lanugo Fine, soft hair that covers the body and the chin and the thyroid cartilage that aids in limbs of neonatal mammals tongue movement and swallowing Larynx A hollow, tubular structure of the tra- Hyperventilation An increase in the amount of chea through which air passes on its way to air inhaled and exhaled (i.e., minute volume) and from the lungs and is associated with above resting levels sound production. It also prevents the passage Hypocapnia A deficiency of carbon dioxide in of food and liquids the blood Lingual Adjacent to the tongue Hyposmic Reduced ability to detect odors Lipemia A high concentration of lipids in the Hypothalamus A region of the forebrain below blood, often associated with feeding the thalamus that coordinates both the auto- Longirostrine Having a long jaw or rostrum nomic nervous system and the activity of the Lower critical temperature (LCT) The pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, ambient temperature below which metabo- hunger, and other homeostatic systems and lism must increase for a homeothermic involved in sleep and emotional activity animal to maintain a stable core body tem-

Hypoxia A partial pressure of oxygen in blood perature (Tb) or tissues that is less than normal (typically at Mandibular symphysis The junction between sea level); a reduced availability of oxygen the two lateral halves of the mandible Iniidae An extant family of Odontoceti that Mean corpuscular Hb (MCH) The mean includes one species (see Appendix 2) mass (g) of Hb in a red blood cell Internal acoustic pinna (IAP) Structures in the Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) The mean head of Odontoceti for detecting sound. The volume of a red blood cell IAP consists of the mandible (lower jaw), Meatus A passage or opening leading to mandibular fat body, pterygoid sinus, hyoid the interior of the body, especially the ear bones, peribullary sinus, and tympanoperiotic canal Glossary 301

Mesonychia (Mesonychids) An extinct order Osteology The study of the structure and func- of carnivorous ungulates once thought to be tion of the skeleton and bony structures ancestors of Cetacea Osteosclerosis (osteosclerotic) An increase in Mesopelagic (mesopelagic zone) Oceanic bone density depths of 200–1000 m Otariidae A family of extant Pinnipedia with Minute volume The volume of gas inhaled or 14 species of fur seals and sea lions (see exhaled in one minute Appendix 2) Mitochondrial volume density Volume occu- Oxygen minimum layer The oceanic zone pied by mitochondria divided by the volume (200–1500 m) in which oxygen saturation in occupied by the cytoplasm and expressed as seawater in the ocean is at its lowest because a percentage of microbial metabolism of organic matter Molariform Having the form of a molar tooth Pachyosteosclersis (pachyostotic) Thickening Monodontidae An extant family of Odontoceti of bone usually associated with osteosclerosis, with two species (see Appendix 2) which occurs in Sirenia Monogastric Having a stomach with only a sin- Pakicetidae The earliest Eocene (~50 Mya) gle compartment family of Archaeoceti that was primarily ter- Myoglobin (Mb) A monomeric protein (globin) restrial with only a few morphological fea- with an iron atom (ferrous Fe2+) at the center tures that link them to modern Cetacea of a porphyrin ring, which forms the functional Palpebrae (palpebral) Eyelids heme group that reversibly binds a molecule of Papillae A small rounded protuberance on a part oxygen. Myoglobin is found in muscle where of the body is facilitates oxygen diffusion and storage and, Perioral Referring to tissues around the mouth in marine mammals, can be a significant store Perissodactyla A taxonomic order of ungulates of oxygen for breath-hold diving. When oxy- that have an odd number of digits genated, it is written as oxy-Mb. Pharynx Throat Myopia (myopic) Refractive condition of the Phocidae A family of extant Pinnipedia with 18 eye in which parallel rays of light are focused species of seals (see Appendix 2) in front of retina creating a blurred image Phocoenidae An extant family of Odontoceti (near-sighted) that includes seven species (see Appendix Mysticeti A taxonomic parvorder of the 2) infraorder of Cetacea with 14 species, all of Physeteridae An extant family of Odontoceti which have baleen (see Appendix 2) that includes one species (see Appendix 2) Neobalaenidae An extant family of Mysticeti Physiological homeostasis The many processes that includes one species, the pygmy right by which an animal’s body regulates its inter- whale (see Appendix 2). However, a recent nal environment for normal function study suggested that Neobalaenidae might be Pinnipedia (Pinnipeds) A clade of carnivores the last of the Cetotheriidae, thereby resurrect- that includes the Phocidae, Otariidae, and ing this group from extinction. Odobenidae (see Appendix 2) Nitrogen narcosis A state of stupor, drowsiness, Pinnipedimorphs A clade of carnivores that or unconsciousness produced by high partial includes Pinnipedia (see Appendix 2) pressures of nitrogen Platanistidae An extant family of Odontoceti Occlusion Denotes a portion of a tooth that that includes one species (see Appendix 2) comes into contact with a tooth in the other jaw Polydonty (polydont) In mammals, it refers to Odobenidae A family of extant Pinnipedia with having more than 44 teeth, which are usually one species, the walrus (see Appendix 2) homodont Odontoceti A taxonomic parvorder of the Pontoporiidae An extant family of Odontoceti infraorder of Cetacea with 74 species, all of that includes one species (see Appendix 2) which have teeth (see Appendix 2) Prorastomidae A family of amphibious stem Oropharynx The part of the pharynx that lies Sirenia dating from the early Eocene (~50 between the soft palate and the hyoid bone Mya) from Jamaica 302 Glossary

Protocetidae A family of Archaeoceti from the Supernumerary Exceeding the usual number middle Eocene (~46 Mya) that was the first to Tachycardia A rapid heart rate often associated be globally distributed with exercise or rapid breathing Protosirenidae A group of amphibious stem Tastant Molecules that stimulate the sense of Sirenia from the middle Eocene (46 Mya) that taste (gustation) were intercontinental across North America, Thermoneutral zone (TNZ) The ambient tem- Europe, North Africa, and Indo-Pakistan perature range that requires no increase in Psychogenic Having a psychological origin or metabolic heat production or active cooling cause rather than a physical one to maintain normal core body temperature in Remingtonocetidae A short-lived family of endothermic mammals and birds amphibious Archaeoceti from the early-to-­ Tidal volume (TV) The volume of air displaced middle Eocene (48–41 Mya) between normal inhalation and exhalation Reynolds number (Re) The ratio of inertial when extra effort is not applied forces to viscous forces used to characterize Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) different flow regimes around an object Olfactory receptors that can detect volatile Rhodopsin A biological pigment found in the amine odorants (e.g., isoamylamine), meta- rods of the retina and associated with low-­ bolic derivatives of amino acids, and deiodin- light vision ated derivatives of thyroid hormone Rorqual Any baleen whale in the taxonomic Trichechidae An extant family of Sirenia family of Balaenopteridae (see Appendix 2) that includes three species of manatees (see Sarcolemma The membrane enclosing the myo- Appendix 2) fibrils, especially in striated muscle Tympanoperiotic complex (TPC) The auditory Sirenia A taxonomic order of marine mammals bulla consisting of the tympanic and periotic that includes the extant manatees and dugong bones that enclose the middle (including the (see Appendix 2) ossicles) and inner ear Soniferous Conveying or producing sound Upper critical temperature (UCT) The tem- Specific Dynamic Action See Heat Increment perature above which metabolic rate increases of Feeding because of the direct effects of temperature on Splanchnic Relating to the viscera or inter- metabolic processes and because of additional nal organs, especially those of the abdomen metabolic costs associated with thermoregu- including the gastrointestinal system, liver, lation (e.g., increasing the blood flow to the and spleen skin, panting) in endothermic mammals and Spyhop A vertical half-rise out of the water birds performed by a whale in order to view the Vital capacity (VC) The maximum amount of surroundings air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a Squalodontidae A family of extinct Odontoceti maximum inhalation. It is equal to the sum of whose fossils date from the late Oligocene to inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and the Miocene (25–6 Mya) expiratory reserve volume. Stereopsis The perception of depth produced by Weighted average An average resulting from reception in the brain of visual stimuli from the multiplication of each component by a fac- both eyes in combination; binocular vision tor reflecting its importance Stratigraphy (stratigraphic) Geology that Ziphiidae An extant family of Odontoceti that deals with the origin, composition, distribu- includes 22 species (see Appendix 2) tion, and succession of geological strata