Johanna Dehlinger and Hans Dehlinger (eds.) Architecture - Design Methods - Inca Structures Festschrift for Jean-Pierre Protzen Bibliographic information published by Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de ISBN 978-3-89958-668-8 (Printversion) ISBN 978-3-89958-669-5 (Onlineversion) URN urn:nbn:de:0002-6693 2009, kassel university press GmbH, Kassel www.upress.uni-kassel.de Design: Homann/Güner/Blum Visuelle Kommunikation Printed by: docupoint, Magdeburg Jean-Pierre Protzen Table of Content 9 Preface Domingo Acosta 10 Development of a Confined Masonry Structural Wall Technique for Low-Cost Housing in Venezuela Nezar AlSayyad 18 Planning Lessons of the American Dream: Historical Limitations and Democratizing Potential Leslie Becker 20 Ethics and the Graphic Problems of Hypermodernity Humberto Cavallin 40 Caliphs, Intentionalities, and the Design Process Mary C. Comerio 50 Hog Fat and Other Theories: A Refutation of Magical Thinking C. Greig Crysler 58 On the Ends and Intentions of Design Dana Cuff 64 Deliberations about Privacy and Publicity in the Security City Hans Dehlinger 76 Algorist’s Delight: Experiments with Pen-Plotters J. Michael Gerzso 86 Tangled Rules and the Limits of Discourse David J. Harris 94 Design Theories and Cognitive Science: The Embodied Mind and Design Catherine Julien 104 The Embryonic Inca Empire, with Particular Reference to Chinchaysuyo Stella E. Nair 114 Inca Architecture and the Conquest of the Countryside Douglas Noble 126 Directions for Doctoral Education in Architecture in North America Donald E. Olsen 132 On The Occasion Joe Akinori Ouye 134 The Wickedness of Work-Systems Problems Wolf Reuter 144 Wunden Narben Krisen – Das Argumentative Modell in der Zeit Vimalin Rujivacharakul 158 On Wu and Things Anne Toxey 166 Under Glass and In the Looking Glass Perspectives on the Preservation and Display of Cultural History Dell Upton 174 Grid as Design Method: The Spatial Imagination in Early New Orleans 182 Academic Curriculum Vitae of Jean-Pierre Protzen 7 Preface This Festschrift is a collection of essays in honor of Jean-Pierre Protzen on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Born in 1934 in Switzerland, J.P. Protzen served as a Professor at the Department of Architecture at the University of California, Berkeley for more than 40 years. He was initially trained as an Architect and worked on several major architectural projects. His interest to explore the fundamental questions of design eventually led him to become an internationally well-known expert in the field of Design Theories and Methods. In addition, he resolved the major questions surrounding Inca stonemasonry through thorough studies and experiments. As a Professor, J.P. Protzen was known for his wit and humor, and for his sharp eye and probing questions. He was an excellent teacher, an influential advisor to numerous students, and a respected researcher. We heartily congratulate J.P. Protzen on this anniversary! For this Festschrift we have asked academic friends, close collaborators, and colleagues of J.P. Protzen – many of them are his former doctoral students – for a scholarly paper on a subject of their choice. All essays are contributions to one of the three fields that constitute J.P. Protzen’s lifelong interest, viz., Architecture, Design Theories and Methods, and Inca Structures. Some authors have chosen to link their contribution directly to academic collaboration with J.P. Protzen, while others have chosen their contribution to closely mirror the work they are currently engaged in. We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the authors who have contributed. We apologize to all potential authors who we could not reach and who may have been as willing and as enthusiastic to contribute. We especially like to thank Lois H. Ito Koch from the College of Environmental Design, Berkeley, and Elsbeth Protzen, wife of J.P. Protzen, for their invaluable help in tracking down the addresses of the authors. Elsbeth Protzen also provided the photograph of J.P. Protzen. We also express our gratitude to Homann, Güner and Blum – Graphic Designers in Hannover, Germany who designed the visual appearance of the Festschrift. All three founders are former students of Hans Dehlinger at the University of Kassel, and indirect beneficiaries of the teachings of J.P. Protzen. Our publisher, University Press Kassel, has been very helpful and accomodating of our tight deadline. The Festschrift will be published both as hard-copy and as a permanent open-access online version. The publication of a Festschrift is also a great honor for us. We have tried our best, and hope that not too many errors have crept in. Alameda, California / Kassel, Germany June 2009 Johanna Dehlinger Hans Dehlinger 9 Development of a Confined Masonry Structural Wall Technique for Low-Cost Housing in Venezuela Domingo Acosta Fig.1 Abstract In this paper we present an experimental development of a confined masonry structural wall technique for the mass construction of low-cost housing in Venezuela. Emphasis is placed on key aspects such as construction efficiency, the system’s earthquake proficiency and its response to environmental factors. Eight walls were tested at natural scale, and were subjected to incremental lateral and alternating loads. It was concluded that the proposed technique showed an adequate earthquake-resistant response. A prototype was built which showed the constructive viability of the system. The technique is widely applied today by construction companies in Venezuela. Introduction In areas of important seismic risks, masonry is the most widely-spread housing construction technique in Venezuela and Latin America. However, there is great concern in Venezuela with respect to the earthquake- Fig.2 resistant capacity of masonry buildings due to the absence of a structural masonry code and to bad construction practices. These factors are known Fig.3a to affect the vulnerability of large urban settlements. In Venezuela, the conventional masonry practice consists in building walls with hollow blocks of clay or concrete, bounded by a reinforced concrete frame made of slender horizontal and vertical elements, called the confining frame (Fig. 1). The resistant Fig.3b system depends to a great degree on such a frame. Moreover, 10 it is difficult to build them correctly due to their small sections (10 x 10 cm to 15 x 15 cm). Since the reinforcing bars occupy much of the available space, a “0” aggregate concrete should be used, however, this is difficult to produce adequately. In fact, the great majority of informal constructions (Fig. 2) use a conventional concrete mix, which results in non-homogeneous pours for such small sections. In addition, the technique is not suitable for mass production due to its slow execution time line: walls are built in the first place in open skies, and later on the confining frame is poured (Fig. 3). The absence of a masonry code in Venezuela, as well as the difficulties for executing this technique adequately, prompted us to ask ourselves the following question: How can we produce at a big scale a safe masonry structure with better quality and an efficient production system? To answer this question, we conducted a technical Fig.4a Fig.4b experimental study [1] in order to develop a steel section confined masonry structure wall system that responded appropriately to building earthquake resistance norms and with improved efficiency and sustainability [2]. The Proposed Technique: Key Aspects in the Development of the System The first aspect considered in this research was the increase of the building efficiency of the masonry construction [3]. For this purpose, a steel section frame then replaced the conventional reinforced concrete confining frame [4]. This allowed for the installing of the roof and the intermediate storey in advance so Fig.1 that the construction of walls can be carried out under the roof, Confined structural masonry wall. increasing, in this manner, building work’s productivity (Fig. 4). Fig.2 Masonry in informal construction. The second aspect was the most central for this study: the Fig.3a, Fig.3b structural capacity of the system. Considering that the main Conventional construction process. factor of seismic reserve of the conventional technique is the Fig.4a, Fig.4b reinforced concrete confining frame, the proposal to build the Proposed technique for construction. 11 confining frame out of steel sections provide additional safety to masonry due to the reliability of the quality control of these elements. We proposed a technique according to which the walls will work along with the steel frames, thus generating an integrated structural set. The objective then was to develop a wall masonry system confined with steel sections that, through a technical experimental qualification test, Fig.5 complies with earthquake-resistant safety criteria for buildings. With this purpose, Fig.6a eight steel-section-confined masonry walls were lab- tested at natural scale [5]. The proposed technique proved to be as reliable or even more reliable than previously tested walls [6] built with strict quality control within the conventional techniques. A third aspect considered was the system’s response to environmental factors in order to favor a sustainable construction [7]. Among such factors are: the saving of resources by reducing material employed per square meter built; the reduction of energy consumption by incorporating passive environmental control systems and low energy production and maintenance methods; the building using correct procedures from the beginning for a long Fig.6b life cycle and in a progressive manner, and the reutilization of materials and components; the building procedure aiming at “zero waste” avoiding by all means to generate wastes during the life cycle of a masonry building; and finally, the encouraging of flexible and local scale constructions, allowing mass production through multiple small interventions, promoting employment and the use of local resources.