ISSN 1517-6770 Camera traps used on the mastofaunal survey of Araras Biological Reserve, IEF-RJ

Luiz Cláudio Pinto de Sá Alves1 & Artur Andriolo1,2

ABSTRACT: Mammal studies in their natural habitats are generally complicated due to many factors such as difficulties in visually locating and capturing animals. Camera traps have been used in some cases, especially to study forest animals, with many purposes. The present paper reports the utiliza- tion of camera traps to survey mammal species at the Araras Biological Reserve (RBA-IEF), in Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil, from September of 2002 to January of 2003. Industrial and manufactured equipments utilizing food bait to attract the animals were used. Photographs obtained were ana- lyzed to identify the species as well as other studies: mark and recapture model, equipments efficiency, activity period and other behaviors. Ten species of mammals were photographed, besides some other species that were observed, but not photographed. The camera traps proved to be efficient: to survey some mammal species; to study activity period and other behaviors; to evaluate the conservation status of the area.

Key Words: Camera trap, survey, mastofauna, Araras Biological Reserve.

INTRODUCTION Mammal studies in natural environments are generally complicated due to difficulty in visualizing and capturing animals. Faunal inventories requires technology that allows surveying the majority of the species (SANTOS-FILHO & SIL- VA, 2002) in the area of interest. Even with the aid of modern equipment such as radio tags and image amplifiers, field mammalogists still need to improve expertise in detecting and interpreting the signs of where their animals have been (MAR- TIN, 1990). The camera trap is a relatively new alternative to study wild animals and has been extensively applied in fieldwork studies. For example, KARANTH et al. (2003) used this

1 Mestrado em Ciências Biológicas – Comportamento e Biologia Animal. ICB, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, 36036- Rev. bras. 900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. [email protected] Rev.Zoociências bras. 2 Departamento de Zoologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, ZoociênciasJuiz de Fora JuizV. 7 de Nº Fora 2 Campus Universitário, 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. V.Dez/2005 7 Nº 2 [email protected] Dez/2005p. 231-246 231 Camera traps used on the technique on field works with big felids and other animals, to mastofaunal survey of estimate densities and other parameters. Also, MAIN & Araras RICHARDSON (2002) utilized camera traps for monitoring Biological Reserve, wildlife recovery on a pine tree forest at different after-fire IEF-RJ periods, and YASUDA & KAWAKAMI (2002) utilized them on an internet-based wildlife monitoring, automatically photographing animals when detected. Some studies also used these equipments on tigers (Panthera tigris) (Linnaeus, 1758) mark and recapture methodology, where different body stripes patterns were used to individually identify the photographed individual (CARBONE et al., 2001, KARANTH & NICHOLS, 1998). By individually identifying the tigers, they were able to make an estimation of densities of the animals. Similar methodology was also used by GLEDHILL et al. (1996), on a marine life monitoring, using video camera traps that were installed at 9 to 110 meter depths, and recorded small periods of the animals behaviors. PRIEDE et al. (1994) used underwater photographic traps on a demersal fishes survey. Manufactured camera traps were successfully utilized on previous studies; MARQUES & RAMOS (2001) verified the occurrence of rodents, deers and carnivores at the São Francisco de Paula National Forest/IBAMA, RS State, using three of these equipments. VOSS & EMMONS (1996) suggested the use of photography surveys only for median and big size mammals. This technique has been expanded because of its applicability in situations where the observer presence may cause interference in the results. It is possible because it implicates in low stress to the photographed animals. The data obtained can be used to monitor populations, especially because little is actually known about the status of populations at the conservation units in Brazil (CAMARGO et al., 2002). The main objective of this study was to perform a description of the actual situation of the Araras Biological Reserve’s mastofauna, by utilizing camera traps to survey the mammal species that occurs in the area. Secondary objectives were: study the activity period pattern of some species as well

Rev. bras. as other behaviors; compare efficiency of the equipments used. Zoociências Juiz de Fora V. 7 Nº 2 Dez/2005 p. 231-246 232232 Luiz Cláudio MATERIAL AND METHODS Pinto de Sá Alves, Artur Study Area Andriolo The Araras Biological Reserve (Reserva Biológica de Araras-RBA)-IEF/RJ, located in Petrópolis and Miguel Pereira districts, is restricted in use due to its conservation status. It is a 2,048 ha area, and it is covered by Atlantic Forest stretches in different degrees of recovery, being some of them represented by climax species that composes areas of primary vegetation (GOVERNO DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2001). The RBA is located in the Serra do Mar and forms an ecological corridor, along with another eight conservation areas.

Camera traps Two kinds of camera trap were utilized between September of 2002 and January of 2003: two Buckshot equipments, model 35-A and two similar manufactured equipment; both digitally mark the day and time when the respective photographs were taken. In September two manufactured equipment were used, and in the following months two Buckshot and two manufactured traps were used. The study was interrupted for 30 days in October due to a major forest fire that occurred in the period. The total sampling effort equaled 5,304h. The Buckshot equipment is composed by an acrylic box with removable posterior cover and front glass openings for the photographic lens and inlaid flash, beyond a heat sensor exit opening. This system carries out automatic photographic registers, set in motion by interrupting a beam of infrared rays (due to the bodies heat). The passive infrared sensor is connected to a timer circuit through a tripolar cable. The time between a photo and another one is at least of one minute, which allows the recharge of flash between photos. The entire system uses two 9-volts batteries plus two AA batteries for the flash. The equipment was fixed on trees of different diameters by an elastic band, approximately 30cm off the ground. This allows sampling of animals of a variety of sizes. The manufactured equipment functions similarly to the Buckshot equipment, but the camera is located externally to the rest of the system. A small acrylic Rev. bras. Zoociências box, with only one front exit (for the heat sensor), contains the Juiz de Fora V. 7 Nº 2 timer circuit hardwired to a presence sensor. A galvanized brass Dez/2005 box protects the camera. The passive infrared sensor, when p. 231-246 233233 Camera traps used on the registering an increase of temperature, stimulates the internal mastofaunal survey of circuit, which orders an electric stimulation to the camera, from Araras an adapted cable, activating the photographic device. This Biological Reserve, system utilizes a 9 volts battery and 5 AA batteries. Both cameras IEF-RJ uses 35mm lens, inlaid flash, automatic focus and a motor drive. ASA 100 to 400, 35mm, 36 exposure films were used.

Sampling Locations Eight sampling locations of the RBA were established, with distances from the central office varying from 20m to 2.249km. Different niches were chosen as sampling locations, with the aim of registering the largest number of species as possible: close to rivers or far from it, close to human habitations (central office) or far from it and inside rocky caves. All the selected sampling locations geographic’s positions were determined using a Global Positioning System (GPS). Animals were attracted by food bait composed by vegetables, meat, peanut cream and sardine. This bait was placed on the ground, 2 meters away from the camera. The systems were permanently functional and were inspected twice a week.

Data Analysis The photographs were used to identify species, correlating them to the timetable and place where they had occurred, amongst other informations. The permanence of the traps in each place varied from 4 to 55 days. Recaptures for the individually identifiable animals were evaluated, excluding additional registers of the same individu- al that occurred in the same occasion (same hour, same day and same place). For some species, a study of the activity period was performed using the timetable of registers of each one. Twenty four-hour temporal series were built with values of discriminative frequency (presence and absence of the species in the hour of the day) for each species. The relative frequency of occurrence was calculated for each species in the eight selected points by dividing the Rev. bras. number of records for each species in different days by the Zoociências Juiz de Fora number of effort days. The frequency of occurrence was used V. 7 Nº 2 Dez/2005 to compose the plexogram. The photographic occurrences were p. 231-246 classified as diurnal, when occurred between 06:00 and 17:59, 234234 Luiz Cláudio and nocturnal, when occurred between 18:00 and 05:59. The Pinto de Sá Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare the frequencies of Alves, Artur Andriolo occurrence of the species in the total sampling period. For both photographic systems, the functioning efficiency was calculated dividing the useful photos (photos containing photographic record of an animal) by the amount of photographs taken off, obtaining then the frequency of effectiveness of each system. The efficiency index was compared using an F test.

RESULTS Photographed animals A total of 235 animal photos were registered, called here of useful photos, being 190 photos took out by manufactured equipment and 45 by the Buckshot equipment. The photographic efficiency of the handmade artisan equipment was 58,01%, while Buckshot equipment demonstrated 46,05% of efficiency. This difference in proportion was not significant (p = 0.3414, F- test). There were no significant differences among the average frequency of the occurrences of the most photographed animals [Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826), Philander frenata (Olfers, 1818) and Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1758); H=0.7201, p=0.6976]. Diverse taxonomic groups were registered: 10 species and more than 6 families (Tab. 1).

Table 1. Photographic mammal occurrences. Photographed animals, number of each species records (# photos), number of days that each species were recorded (# days), maximum and minimum individual numbers in a same photo (Max- min), total percentage for each species total records and common names.

Family Scientific names # photos # days Max-min % Common names

Didelphidae Didelphis aurita 51 7 1 – 1 21,70% Southeastern common opossum Didelphidae Philander frenata 56 15 1 - 1 23,83% Four-eyed opossum Didelphidae Micoureus sp. 1 1 1 - 1 0,42% Woolly mouse opossum Canidae Canis familiaris 72 12 1 - 3 30,64% Domestic dog Procyonidae Nasua nasua 30 10 1 - 11 12,76% South American coati Agoutidae Agouti paca 4 1 1 - 2 1,70% Paca Wild rat sp. 1 4 2 1 - 1 1,70% Rat Wild rat sp. 2 2 1 1 - 1 0,85% Rat Mustelidae Eyra barbara 5 2 1 - 1 2,13% Tayra Dasypodidae Dasypus sp. 3 2 1 - 1 1,28% Armadillo Rev. bras. The marsupials were the most photographed group, totalizing Zoociências Juiz de Fora 108 photographs. Domestic dogs appeared in 72 photos, and coatis in V. 7 Nº 2 Dez/2005 30 photos. Rodents were registered in 10 photos, tayras in 5 and p. 231-246 235235 Camera traps used on the armadillos in 3. Some birds were also photographed. Penelope mastofaunal survey of osbscura (Temminck, 1815) appeared in 5 photographs, including Araras two photos of a pair, in addition to two unidentified birds (Tab.2). Biological Reserve, IEF-RJ Table 2- List of occurring mammals in the area of Araras Biological Reserve (as presented in the Managing Plan 2), and mammals registered during the period of study that are not include on it, with its respective forms of record: NR - Not registered; P-photographed; O-observed; A-acquittal (animals that were released by the IEF staff in the area of the Unit); ?- possible photographic register; NI - not included in the list. Note that some species that were not included in the list presented in the Managing Plan 2 were registered during the study: NI (P), NI (O) and NI (P-O). Common name Scientific name Kind of register Water opossum Chironectes sp. (Illiger, 1811) NR Wooly opossum Caluromys philander (Linnaeus, 1758) NR Black-eared opossum Didelphis marsupialis (Linnaeus, 1758) NR Buffy-tufted-ear marmoset Callithrix aurita (E. Geoffroy, 1812) O Howler monkey Alouatta fusca (E. Geoffroy, 1812) NR Brown capuchin Cebus apella ( Linnaeus, 1758) NR Titi monkey Callicebus personatus (E. Geoffroy, 1812) NR Southern tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) NR Brown-throated sloth Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825) NR Pale-throated sloth Bradypus tridactylus (Linnaeus, 1758) NR Nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) ? Southern lesser long-nosed armadillo Dasypus hybridus (Desmarest, 1804) ? Crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) A Coati Nasua nasua (Storr, 1780) P-O Crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus (F. Cuvier, 1798) NR Tayra Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) P Grison Galictis vittata (Schreber, 1776) NR Freshwater otter Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) NR Margay Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821) NR Puma Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) NR Jaguarundi Herpailurus yaguarondi (E. Geoffroy, 1803) NR Little spotted cat Leopardus tigrina (Schreber, 1775) NR Ocelot Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) NR Collared peccary Tayassy tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758) O White-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari (Link, 1795) NR Red brocket Mazama americana (Erxleben, 1777) NR Brazilian cottontail Sylvilagus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758) NR Brazilian squirrel Sciurus aestuans (Linnaeus, 1776) ? Neotropical water rat Nectomys sqamipes (Brants, 1827) ? Grass mice Akodon cursor (Winge, 1887) ? Porcupine Coendou prehensilis (Linnaeus, 1758) A-O Cavy Cavia aperea (Erxleben, 1777) NR Capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) NR Paca Agouti paca (Linnaeus, 1766) P Agouti Dasyprocta leporina (Linnaeus, 1758) NR Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826) NI (P) Rev. bras. Southeastern common opossum Zoociências Black-tufted-ear marmoset Callithrix penicillata (E. Geoffroy, 1812) NI (O) Juiz de Fora Wooly mouse opossum Micoureus sp. (Lesson, 1842) NI (P) V. 7 Nº 2 Philander frenata (Olfers, 1818) NI (O) Dez/2005 Four-eyed opossum p. 231-246 Domestic dog Canis familiaris (Linnaeus, 1758) NI (P-O) 236236 Luiz Cláudio The identification of two different P. frenata individuals Pinto de Sá was possible through individual marks. These animals were Alves, Artur Andriolo subsequently re-sighted. Animals 1 and 2 were recaptured, respectively, in 9 and 5 other non-consecutive days. Individu- al 1 appeared only in one of the sampling locations (Caverna) from November 22nd to December 24th 2002. Individual 2 was only registered in another sampling occasion (Gruta), from January 3rd to 12th 2003. Domestic dogs could also been individually recognized in photographic recaptures. A total of four individuals were registered. A black female appeared in a total of 55 photos and was the most frequently individual seen. It was recaptured during 8 non-consecutive days, in different sampling points of the Reserve. This animal was captured with a trap and removed from the Reserve. Dog number 2, a spotted male, was photographed alone in September, and reappeared in three non- consecutive days in December together with other two dogs, numbers 3 and 4, in the place called Catetos.

Activity period studies The southeastern common opossum D. aurita was observed 12 times and presented exclusively nocturnal habits, being recorded between 18:33 and 03:15 (Fig. 1). Some individuals (at least two individuals) possibly presented pregnancy during the months of December and January. The four-eyed opossum P. frenata was recorded 32 ti- mes and also presented nocturnal behavior, with activity registered between 19:11 and 03:42 (Fig. 2). The two P. frenata marked individuals were observed returning frequently to the rocky sockets, sometimes twice or more in the same night throughout the study period, characterizing territorial habits. Two individuals (possibly the same from above), possibly pregnant, were registered during the months of December and January. The coatis demonstrated a predominant diurnal habit, with activities between the period of 07:08 to the 18:02 (only one nocturnal occurrence, out of a total of 17), with peaks of Rev. bras. Zoociências activity in the morning, between 08:00h and 09:00h, and in the Juiz de Fora V. 7 Nº 2 afternoon at 15:00h (Fig. 3). Solitary individuals and groups of Dez/2005 coatis were registered. Groups contained both adults and young p. 231-246 237237 Camera traps used on the individuals, and, sometimes, at least 11 individuals. Very young mastofaunal survey of individuals were photographed in December. Araras Biological Reserve, IEF-RJ

Figure 1. Activity periods plexogram recorded during the study for Didelphis aurita, demonstrating a strictly nocturnal activity pattern.

Figure 2. Activity periods plexogram recorded during the study for Philander frenata, also demonstrating a strictly nocturnal activity pattern.

Rev. bras. Zoociências Juiz de Fora V. 7 Nº 2 Figure 3. Activity periods plexogram recorded during the study for Nasua Dez/2005 p. 231-246 nasua, demonstrating a diurnal activity pattern. 238238 Luiz Cláudio For other animals it was not possible to make significant Pinto de Sá activity period studies, nevertheless it was possible to register Alves, Artur Andriolo some activity behaviors. The rodents showed exclusively nocturnal habits, being active between 19:04 and 03:54, and tayras presented both diurnal and nocturnal habits, with activities between 13:37 and 18:58. On November 10th, 01:55, a paca individual was photographed together with a youngling, at the Caverna point. Dogs were always registered during the day.

Other registered species During the study period 5 species were not registered by the photographic traps but were observed by visual registers. Callithrix aurita (E. Geoffroy, 1812), Callithrix penicillata (E. Geoffroy, 1812), Sciurus sp. squirrels and the porcupine (Coendou prehensilis) (Linnaeus, 1758) were frequently seen in the surroundings of the central office. Another species sighted, which was visually observed only once, was Tayassu tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758) (Collared peccary). Some mammals were also freed in the area during the study period: a crab eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) (Linnaeus, 1766) and a porcupine.

DISCUSSION All mammals have their lives divided into rest and activity periods, and daylight period is the environmental variable that influences their behavior. Dawn and dusk provides cues to time of day that can be used to reset circadian rhythms. At most latitudes, day and night length changes precisely and systematically throughout the year. Thus, the changing times of dawn and dusk – which methodically alter daylenght (photoperiod) and nightlenght (scotoperiod) – contain seasonal information as well as time of day information. Organisms can use this information as a calendar to time seasonal events in their physiology (BINKLEY, 1990). Despite being so difficult to characterize an animal as diurnal or nocturnal, a simple definition is given by MARTIN (1990): a strictly nocturnal ani- mal is one which habitually completes all waking activities of Rev. bras. Zoociências its life cycle when ambient light levels are below those produced Juiz de Fora V. 7 Nº 2 in open habitats at sunset or sunrise. Dez/2005 p. 231-246 239239 Camera traps used on the Electronic equipments have been used as important tool mastofaunal survey of in the description of periods of activity and rest of animals, Araras especially those that lives in environments of difficult access to Biological Reserve, humans. Some works applied radio and satelital telemetry to IEF-RJ study creabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1842), in Antarctic (ANDRIOLO, 2000), and marsh deers Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1815) (ANDRIOLO et al., 2003). The use of camera traps proved to be of great utility for establishing management strategies of Biological Reserves, providing trustworthy information in the understanding of habits of the resident fauna and occurrence of possibly occurrence of domestic animals. If one of the objectives of the Biological Re- serve is to remove alien species, this study has shown that the use of photographic cameras can assist in meeting such objective. One domestic dog photographed within the RBA area was captured and removed from the Reserve. According to DUCKWORTH (1998), many nocturnal mammals of small to medium sizes can be studied only by direct visualization or listening to their individual vocalizations. Great number of species presents nocturnal habits and shy behavior. The photographic trap systems used in this study had shown to be efficient in these cases, making it possible the detailed study of such animals. Behavioral, activity and habitat use studies, mainly, tend to be problematic (because mammals are difficult to study in their natural habitats), and the cameras can be considered as an efficient alternative when compared with techniques as radiotelemetry (TOMAS & MIRANDA, 2003). They could actually be complementary methodologies to achieve better results and obtain more complete information. According to MARQUES & RAMOS (2001) and SAN- TOS-FILHO & SILVA (2002), the use of cameras to evaluate the composition and richness of medium and large sized mammal species revealed to be efficient. In our study, this type of equipment also showed to be useful for surveying small species. This must be due to the fact that the traps were situated very close to the ground.

Rev. bras. These equipments can be useful for estimating Zoociências Juiz de Fora population size using mark and recapture models. For example, V. 7 Nº 2 this techniques were used to estimate density of threatened and Dez/2005 p. 231-246 difficult-to-study animals, such as tigers (KARANTH, 1995, 240240 Luiz Cláudio KARANTH & NICHOLS, 1998), and tapirs (Tapirus pinchaque) Pinto de Sá (Link, 1758) (LIZCANO & CAVELIER, 1997). Individual Alves, Artur Andriolo identification of the animals is required to perform such studies. In our study, we used natural marks to perform such study. A total of 35 non-flying mammal species were listed as present or possibly occurring in the Araras Biological Reserve (MENEZES et al., unpublished). In our study at least 03 of these animals were registered, and 03 were not cited in the list (Table 2). The camera traps also revealed to be efficient for the study of activity rhythm. VOGLIOTTI et al. (1999) used them to characterize the nocturnal habit for Mazama americana (Erxleben, 1777) in the Atlantic Forest, between 18:44 and 05:39. The nocturnal habit was confirmed for Agouti paca and the small rodents. BECKER & DALPONTE (1999) described A. paca as terrestrial and nocturnal animals, inhabitants of burrows near water. The pacas had been photographed in a cave (the Caverna point), situated a few meters of a river. The tayras had appeared in diurnal schedules. In accordance with BECKER & DALPONTE (1999), tayras are nocturnal animals, but can be observed at day light on undisturbed places. They are, as well as the pacas, considered bioindicators, because they are generally found in preserved environments, due to their shyness and human presence fear behaviors. The coatis predominantly presented diurnal habits, in accordance with BECKER & DALPONTE (1999), EISENBERG & REDFORD (1999) and EMMONS (1997), which was also observed by us. The only occurrence at 18:02 does not necessarily reflect a nocturnal behavior. The very young individuals photographed in December corroborate BEISIEGEL (2001) observations that births of this species occur between October and November. In our study, it was observed that the coatis used rocky caves. BEISIEGEL (2001) observed in her study of N. nasua that these animals used dens on the ground probably to search for invertebrates and little vertebrates, also by using camera traps.

According to EISENBERG & REDFORD (1999), of all Rev. bras. Zoociências the Didelphidae, only some species of the Monodelphis Juiz de Fora (Burnett, 1830) genus presents diurnal or crepuscular habits. V. 7 Nº 2 Dez/2005 BECKER & DALPONTE (1999) and EMMONS (1997) also p. 231-246 241241 Camera traps used on the describe the didelphids in general as nocturnal habits animals. mastofaunal survey of In our study, the two species of didelphids were registered as Araras animals of nocturnal habits. Two P. frenata individuals were Biological Reserve, pregnant during December and January. This is similar to the IEF-RJ results observed with Micoureus demerarae (Thomas, 1905) by QUENTAL et al. (2000), observing pregnant females in the period from October to March during three consecutive years, concluding that this species present seasonality in reproductive behavior. D. aurita was also registered pregnant at the end of December. PIRES et al. (1999) mentioned that, in M. demerarae, only the females are territorial and possess a small use area. It is important for these animals to reproduce in this time of year, so they can give birth to their newborn on summer. Hunting occurred in the RBA region in large scale, until a few decades ago, which probably exterminated some medium and big size species. In Paraná State, KRUGER (1999) identified pacas, armadillos, swines, deers, coatis, tapirs and P. obscura as the most wanted for the local population feeding habits. LAMEIRA (2000) affirmed that paca is one of the most preferred species among the local colonists. Our study confirmed the occurrence of some of these species in the area. There were some differences about the efficiency index of the equipments utilized, but we propose a specific study focusing the different equipments and a bigger sampling period. In our study the manufactured equipment showed a better efficiency index, but it occurred perhaps due to the fact that all the industrial systems had remained in inhospitable conditions during all the experiment period, under frequent rain and hot sun, although evidenced that the incident sun provokes the triggering of the sensor and consequent shot of the photographic machine. SANTOS-FILHO & SILVA (2002) also concluded that the heat produced by solar rays activated the infra-red sensor, and started to use camera trap systems with a stumble lace when in open environments. The artisan systems revealed to be useful in conditions as the rocky sockets interiors, as well as in rainy conditions, although presented some functioning failures

Rev. bras. in such conditions. These failures happened because the Zoociências Juiz de Fora connection between camera and sensor-box (an adapted cable) V. 7 Nº 2 was situated externally to the remaining portion of the system, Dez/2005 p. 231-246 being thus subjected to electronic failures due to water presence 242242 Luiz Cláudio (rains were very frequent during the study period). The Pinto de Sá manufactured equipment could be better positioned at the study Alves, Artur Andriolo local, because the camera is situated in a separate compartment, which allowed that the system was installed in cracks on the rock and at the ground. The squirrels and porcupines spend great part of their activity timetables on trees, and the marmosets live almost all their lifetimes on trees. This makes it difficult to study these species from next to the ground photographic traps. Callithrix penicillata was the only introduced species (besides the domestic dog) registered in the region among all sighted and photographed animals. In accordance with AURICCHIO (1995), this is the most common and known species of the marmosets group. It regularly inhabits regions of caatinga and cerrado, but was introduced into Atlantic Forests in the southeastern Brazil. A major fieldwork period is necessary to successfully identify all the mammal species that occur in the area. A larger number of equipments is also necessary to the effective area monitoring, including introduced animals. Camera traps can also be used higher on trees in the area to survey and study animals that lives or spent most of their lives in these habitats, like monkeys, sloths and some anteaters. Camera traps proved to be very useful into the study area. Although problems with humidity and constant rains occurred, the results for such a short fieldwork period shows the efficiency of this methodology. Also, there were no problems with theft and damage of the equipments into the Araras Biological Reserve area, and no trespasser was seen in the area during the study period. The occurrence of domestic introduced animals and the identification of bioindicator and/or rare species are adequate motives to use such a methodology in studies aiming conservation and management.

CONCLUSIONS Camera traps revealed to be efficient tools for surveying some mammal species, registering ten species in this study, as Rev. bras. Zoociências well as for studies of activity timetables and also to study Juiz de Fora nocturnal and difficult visualization mammals, including small V. 7 Nº 2 Dez/2005 size animals. They had shown to be useful to establish p. 231-246 243243 Camera traps used on the management strategies of conservation units; with the use of mastofaunal survey of such equipments, a better evaluation of the current situation Araras (presence or absence of endangered, bioindicator and alien Biological Reserve, species) of an area can be done. IEF-RJ Our study describes the activity patterns of some ani- mal species in the area, confirming D. aurita and P. frenata as animals of nocturnal habits of activity, and N. nasua as a diurnal animal. It also contributes by presenting the camera traps as excellent methodology for animal behavior studies in their na- tural environment conditions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge Ricardo Ganem Leal and RBA staff, IEF/RJ for helping in the Reserve; José Maurício Barbanti Duarte and Alexandre Vogliotti for the loan of the cameras; Idálio José Dalcero Jr. for the support with the idea for this study; Golfinho Camisetas for finantial support, Fábio V. M. Carvalho for the identification of Philander frenata and Ronald M. Barros. We also acknowledge Alexandre N. Zerbini for reviewing the manuscript, and the anonymous reviewers of the journal.

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Recebido: 10/09/04 Aceito: 05/07/05

Rev. bras. Zoociências Juiz de Fora V. 7 Nº 2 Dez/2005 p. 231-246 246246