Histology Review Summary © Medical Board Review Services

A. Tissues 1. Epithelial a. Simple Epithelium (1) Simple Squamous (a) (b) Pulmonary Alveoli (2) Simple Cuboidal (a) Ovarian Surface Covering (b) Gland Ducts (3) Simple Columnar (a) Absorptive Lining of Digestive Tract (b) Larger Ducts (c) May be Ciliated or Non Ciliated b. Pseudostratified Epithelium (1) Several Cell Types (2) All contact Basal Lamina (3) Not all reach Lumen (4) Locations (a) Male (b) Larger Respiratory Passages c. Stratified Epithelium (1) Trauma Resistant (2) Lower Absorption (3) May be Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar or Transitional types (4) Locations (a) Vagina (Nonkeratinized) (b) Esophagus (Nonkeratinized) (c) Skin (Keratinized) 2. Connective Tissue Cells a. Mesenchymal Cells (1) Perivascular Locations (2) Embryonic Leftover Cells (3) Possibly Precursors to Adipose Cells b. Reticular Cells (1) Framework for (a) Lymphoid Tissue (b) Bone Marrow (c) Liver (2) Primitave Tissues like Mesenchyme c. Fibroblasts (1) Synthesize Glycosaminoglycans (2) Synthesize Amorphous Ground Substance (3) Collagenous, Reticular, Elastic Fiber formation d. Macrophages "Histiocytes" (1) Fixed and Free (Wandering) types (2) When stimulated, move via pseudopods (3) Phagocytosis (4) Together form Foreign Body Giant Cells (5) Secrete Enzymes e. Plasma Cells (1) Larger than Lymphocytes (2) Rare in Connective Tissue (3) Common in (a) Lymphoid Tissue (b) G.I. Lamina Propria (c) Sites of Chronic Inflammation f. Mast Cells (1) Common in C.T. in groups (2) Contain Granules (a) Heparin (Anticoagulant) (b) Histamine (Bronchiole Smooth Muscle contraction, Capillary Dilation, increased Capillary Permeability) (c) Serotonin (Vasoconstrictive) (d) ECF-A (Attracts Eosinophils) (e) SRS-A (Increased Vascular Perm.) (f) Ag + IgE = Degranulation g. Leukocytes (1) Transported via Blood (2) Major actions in Extravascular Spaces (3) Lymphocytes & Eosinophils most common Leukocytes in C.T. h. Fat Cells (Adipose) (1) White and Brown Types (2) Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Organelles all pushed to Edge by Lipid Droplets 3. Connective Tissue Fibers a. Collagen Fibers (1) In all C.T. types (2) Formed of the Protein Collagen (3) White and Tough (i.e. Tendon) (4) 5 Sub-types b. Elastic Fibers (1) In Loose Fibrous C.T. (2) Formed of the Albuminoid Elastin (3) Many in Major Blood Vessel Walls c. Reticular Fibers (1) Support Network Fibers (2) Formed primarily of Type III Collagen 4. Loose Connective Tissue a. Reticular (1) Primative C.T. Type (2) Lots of Reticular Fibers (3) Locations (a) Lymphoid Tissue (b) Bone Marrow (c) Liver b. Areolar Tissue (Loose C.T.) (1) Loose Fibroelastic C.T. (2) Everywhere c. Adipose Tissue (1) Brown Adipose (a) Heat Generation (b) More common in children and Hibernating animals (c) Adults Retain some in Neck, around Abdominal Aorta and (d) Mobilized by Direct Sympathetic Adrenergic Innervation (2) White Adipose (a) Rich Vascular Supply (b) Most commonly in Subcutaneous Tissue (c) May accumulate anywhere (d) Deposits received from 3 sources -- Fat Cell + Insulin + CHO = More Fat -- Fat Cell + Dietary Fatty = More Fat -- Glucose in Liver == Triglycerides (VLDL's) taken to the Fat Cells = more Fat (e) Withdrawls (Loss) -- High Blood Glucose = Low Withdrawls -- Norepinephrine Stimulates Lipases which increases Fat mobilization -- Insulin converts Glucose to TAG's + into Fat Cells 5. Dense Connective Tissue a. Collagen and some Elastin b. Dense Irregular C.T. (1) Fascia (2) Capsules (a) Testes (b) Liver (c) Lymph Nodes (d) Periosteum (Bone) (e) Perichondrium (Cartilage) c. Dense Regular C.T. (1) Tendons (2) Ligaments (3) Aponeuroses B. Blood (Specialized C.T.) 1. Erythrocytes (RBCs) a. O2 - CO2 Transportation b. No Nucleus c. Biconcave to increase Surface Area d. Formed from Reticulocytes e. Average 33% Hemoglobin 2. Leukocytes (WBC's) a. More active in C.T. than in Serum b. Cellular and Humoral Immunity c. Agranular Types (Clear Cytoplasm) (1) Lymphocytes (2) Monocytes d. Granular Types (1) Neutrophil (Granular Cytoplasm) (2) Eosinophil (Acidophile) (3) Basophil 3. Platelets a. Dense - core granules (1) Serotonin (2) ADP (3) ATP (4) Calcium b. Alpha granules (1) Blood Clotting Factors (2) Neutrophil Attracting Factors C. Cartilage (Specialized C.T.) 1. Hyaline a. Covers Articular Surface of most joints b. Costal Cartilages c. Nasal Cartilages d. Most of the Fetal Skeleton 2. Elastic a. Like Hyaline with more Elastic Fibers b. Areas which need support with flexibility (1) Arytenoid Cartilages (2) External Ear (3) Auditory Tube (4) Epiglottis 3. Fibrous a. Tough Supportive Cartilage b. Never occurs alone, always merges with Hyaline c. Locations (1) Glenoid Labrum (2) Acetabular Labrum (3) S.C. and A.C. Joints (4) T.M.J. (5) Pubic Symphysis (6) Intervertebral Discs D. Bone (Specialized C.T.) 1. Composition of Bone a. Inorganic Salts (Rigidity) (1) Calcium Phosphate (85%) (2) Calcium Carbonate (10%) (3) Calcium Flouride (4) Magnesium Flouride b. Organic Portion (Strength & Resilience) (1) Collagen Fibers 2. Periosteum a. Outer Surface of Compact Bone (except Articular Surfaces) b. Type of C.T. c. Collagen and Elastic Fibers d. Sharpey's Fibers anchor Periosteum to Bone 3. Compact bone a. Haversian System (Osteons) (1) 5 - 20 Lamellae surround each Haversian Canal (2) Blood Vessels and Nerves run through each Canal (3) Haversian Canal = Longitudinal (4) Volkmann Canal = Lateral b. Interstitial Lamellae (1) Laminar Rings around each Haversian Canal (2) Held together by Canaliculi 4. Spongy Bone (Cancellous Bone) a. Contained inside Compact Bone (Dipole) b. Trabecular Meshwork 5. Bone Marrow a. Red Marrow (Epiphyseal Area) (1) Hematopoiesis (2) Fat, Macrophages, Immature Blood Cells (3) In adult = Humerus, Femur, Ribs, Sternum, Vertebrae and Pelvis b. Yellow Marrow (Diaphyseal Area) (1) "Fatty Marrow" (2) Fat and very few Blood Cells 6. Growth of Bone a. Osteoclast (1) Erode Bone Matrix (2) Produce Collagen (3) Secrete Alkaline Phosphatase to increase Calcification b. Osteoblasts: Bone building cells E. Muscle Tissue 1. Smooth Muscle - "Involuntary" a. Locations (1) Much of the G.I. Tract (2) Respiratory, Urinary, Genital Systems (3) Arteries, Veins, Lymphatics (4) Iris and Ciliary Body of the Eye b. Autonomic Innervation c. Contraction (1) Slow, Rhythmic, Involuntary (2) Low Fatigability 2. Skeletal Muscle a. Location (1) Skeletal Attachments (2) Limbs, Trunk b. Somatic Innervation c. Contraction (1) Powerful, Voluntary (2) Variable fatigue between White and Red Fibers 3. Cardiac Muscle a. Location (1) Myocardium (2) Major Blood Vessels b. Autonomic Innervation c. Contraction (1) Powerful, Constant, Involuntary (2) Low Fatigability d. Intercalated discs F. Blood Vessels 1. General Structural Plan a. Tunica Intima (1) Innermost Coat (2) Endothelium, Basal Lamina, C.T. Layer, Int. Elastic Membrane b. Tunica Media (1) Middle Coat (2) Muscle Cells, C.T. c. Tunica (1) Outermost Coat (2) Fibroelastic C.T., Vasa Vasorum 2. Capillaries a. Simple Endothelial Lined Tubes b. Types (1) Continuous (Type I) (a) Lung, Muscle, Skin, C.N.S (b) "Large Pore" Vesicular Permeability (2) Fenestrated (Type II) (a) Intestinal Mucosa, , Endocrine Glands (b) Macromolecule Transport (3) Sinusoidal (Type III) (a) Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow (b) Largest Capillaries, wide gaps between Endothelial Cells only covered by Reticular Fibers c. Control by Precapillary Sphincters 3. Arterioles a. 3 Tunica layers with Lower volume of contents b. Primary Controllers of Systemic B.P. 4. Arteries a. Large Elastic Arteries (1) Aorta and Major Branches (2) Thin wall with high Elastin content b. Muscular Arteries (1) All Medium to Small Arteries (2) Thick Muscular Walls (3) Distribute Blood via Contraction or Relaxtion 5. Venules a. Smallest Venous Branches b. Thin Walls 6. Veins a. Less Muscle than comparably sized Artery b. More Distendable c. Most have Valves to prevent Retrograde Flow G. Splanchnology 1. Spleen a. White Pulp (1) Typical Lymphatic Tissue, follows the Arteries (2) Aggregations of Lymphocytes (3) Splenic Nodules (Thick Ares of White Pulp) (4) Decreases with age (5) T & B Cells Present (6) Lymphocyte formation b. Red Pulp (1) More Abundant (2) Associated with Erythrocytes (3) Monitoring RBCs (4) Phagocytosis of RBCs (5) Platelet Storage c. Immunity (1) Detains Antigens for Identification (2) Eosinophile Maturation (3) Secretion of Monocyte Induction Factor - Stimulates Marrow to Produce Monocytes 2. Thymus a. Maximum size reached at Puberty then decreases b. Lymphopoiesis (Cortical Portion) (1) Pre and Early Postnatal Life (2) T-Cell Production (3) Adults still receive small Lymphocytes from the Thymus (4) No Anitbody Production 3. Thyroid Gland a. Cell Types (1) Follicular Cells (2) Parafollicular Cells b. Function (Follicular) (1) Synthesis of Thyroglobulin (2) Release and Iodination of Thyroglobulin (3) Storage and Hydrolysis of Thyroglobulin (4) Release of T-3, T-4 (5) Metabolic Rate Maintenance c. Function (Parafollicular) (1) Produce Thyrocalcitonin (Calcitonin) (2) Blocks Bone Resorption of Calcium (3) Lowers Plasma Calcium (4) Inhibits Parathyroid 4. Parathyroid Glands a. Two pair b. Location at Lower Poles of the Thyroid Gland c. Principal (chief) Cells (1) Parathormone (2) Withdrawl of Bone Calcium (3) Decreases Kidney clearance of Calcium (4) Increases Kidney excretion of Phosphate, and d. Oxyphil Cells (1) Possibly altered Chief Cells (2) Will secrete Parathormone in Disease States 5. Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland) a. Most Complex of the Endocrine Glands b. Two Major Divisions (1) Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary) (a) Glandular Portion (b) Derived from Oral Ectoderm (c) C-Cells (Chromophobes) Reserve Cells (d) Alpha Cells -- Somatotropes - G.H. (Somatotropin) -- Mammotropes - Prolactin (e) Beta Cells -- Thyrotropes - T.S.H. -- Gonadotropes - F.S.H. & L.H. -- Corticotropes - ACTH & L.P.H. (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Lipotropic Hormone) -- M.S.H. (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone) (2) Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary) (a) Neural Portion (b) Derived from Forebrain (c) Pituicytes (Neuroglial type Cells) -- "Non Secreting" Cells -- Passage & Stoarge of -- Oxytocin (Primarily Secreted by Nerve Cell Bodies of the Paraventricular Nucleus) -- (A.D.H.) (Primarily Secreted by Cell Bodies of the ) 6. Adrenal Glands a. Cortex (Outer Zone) (Zona Glomerulosa, Fasciculata, Reticularis) (1) ( and Balance (2) Glucocorticoids (CHO Metabolism) (3) Gonadocorticoids (Small Production) b. Medulla (Inner Zone) (1) Chromaffin Cells (2) Catecholamine Production (a) Epinephrine (b) Norepinephrine (3) Release controlled by Sympathetic Nervous System 7. The Digestive System a. Oral Cavity (1) Major Salivary Glands (a) Parotid (b) Submandibular (Submaxillary) (c) Sublingual (d) All Compound Tubuloalveolar (e) Multiple Secretion (2) Tonsils (a) Palatine (b) Adenoids (Nasopharyngeal) (c) Tubal (d) Lingual (e) All Lymphoid Tissue b. Tubular Digestive Tract (1) Esophagus (a) Friction Area (b) Skelital Muscle transitioning to Smooth Muscle (c) Stratified Squamous Nonkeritinizing Epithelium (d) Transition to Simple Columnar at Lower End (2) General Digestive Tube (a) Mucosa (Internal Layer) -- Epithelium (Columnar) -- Lamina Popria (Loose C.T.) -- Muscularis Mucosa (Inner Circular, Outer Longitudinal) (Villi motion) (b) (Middle Layer) -- Coarse Aerolar C.T. -- High Elastin -- Lymphatic Tissue -- Blood Vessel Plexi -- Meissners Plexus (Parasympathetic Ganglia, Sympathetic NN. Vagus N. Fibers) -- May be Submucosal Glands (c) Muscularis Externa -- Inner Circular Smooth Muscle -- Outer Longitudinal -- Striated Muscle in Esophagus and Anus -- Auerbachs Myenteric Plexus (Nerve Fibers and Ganglia) -- Provides Peristalsis (d) Serosa (Adventitia) -- Dense Elastic C.T. -- Outer Layer (Peritoneum) are Squamous Mesothelial Cells c. Exceptions/Additions to the "Tube" (1) Stomach (a) Third - Oblique (b) Thick, Simple Columnar Mucosa -- Gastric Pits (Mucus) (c) Chief Cells (Zymogen) -- Pepsinogen - to - Pepsin (d) Parietal Cells (HCL and IF) (e) Mucus Neck Cells ( Mucus) (f) Enteroendocrine Cells Regulatory Secretions (C.C.K, Secretin, Gastrin) passed into circulation (2) Small Intestine (a) Villi (b) Crypts of Lieberkuhn -- Open between Villi -- Present into the Lg. Int. -- Absorptive, Undifferentiated, Paneth's, Mucus, Enteroendocrine Cells (c) Microvilli (Brush Border) (d) Brunner's Glands (Duodenum) (e) Columnar Absorptive Cells (f) Undifferentiated (Stem) Cells (g) Paneth's Cells (Lysozyme) (h) Mucus (Goblet) Cells (i) Enteroendocrine Cells (j) Migrating Cells (G.A.L.T.) (3) Large Intestine (a) No Plicae or Villi (b) Fewer Crypts (c) Glands Deeper (d) Taeniae Coli (3 Muscular Bands replace the Outer Longitudinal Muscular Layer) (4) Recotoanal Junction (a) Glands (Intestinal) Disappear (b) Columnar Epithelium abruptly reverts to Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Valve of Hilton) (c) Striated Muscle Increases d. Associated Glands (1) Pancreas (Exocrine) (a) Large, Lobulated, Tubuloacinar Gland (b) Acinar Cells (Zymogen Granules) (c) Pancreatic Juice (Secretions) -- -- Trypsin/Chymotrypsin -- Carboxypeptidase -- "RNase" (-RNP) -- "DNase" (-DNP) -- Amylase -- Lipase -- Cholesterol Esterase (2) Pancreas (Endocrine) (a) "Islets of Langerhans" (b) Cell Types -- B Cells = Insulin -- A Cells = Glucagon (Also ACTH) -- D Cells = Somatostatin -- D1 Cells = Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide -- PP Cells = Pancreatic Polypeptide (3) Liver (a) Incoming blood from Celiac Artery and Portal Vein (b) Receives all digested material except most Lipids (c) Hepatic Lobule Structure -- Hepatocytes (Glycogen, Lipid Storage) -- Sinusoids (Vessel Passages) -- Portal Canals (Mix : Portal Venous Blood, Arterial Blood) (Passage for Artery, Vein, Bile Ductule, Lymphatic Channel) -- Bile Canaliculi (Passage between Hepatocytes for Bile to drain to Bile Ductule) 8. Respiratory System (1) Conducting Portion (a) Nasopharynx -- "Respiratory" Stratified Squamous Epith. -- Straited Muscle -- Lymphatics (b) Trachea and Extrapulmonary Bronchi -- Respiratory Epithelium -- "C" Shaped Cartilage with Smooth Muscle (c) Intrapulmonary Bronchi, Large and Small Bronchioles -- Transition to No Cartilage -- Transition from Respiratory to Ciliated Columnar Epithelium -- Prominent Smooth Muscle -- "Clara" Cells (Bronchiolar Surfactant) (d) Terminal Bronchioles -- Cuboidal Epithelium -- No Cartilage -- Patches of Cilia -- Some Clara Cells (2) Respiratory Portion (a) Respiratory Bronchiole -- Cuboidal, Transitioning to Squamous Epithelium -- Clara Cells -- Sufactant Present (b) Alveolar Ducts -- Porous Squamous Epithelium -- Smooth Muscle at Orifices -- Surfactant Present (c) Alveolar Sacs, Alveoli -- Porous Squamous Epithelium -- Type I Pneumocytes -- Smooth Muscle at Orifices (d) Interalveolar Septum -- Capillary (I) (in Zona Diffusa) -- Alveolar Phagocytes (Dust Cells) -- Type II Pneumocytes (Septal Cells) Secrete Surfactin 9. a. Kidney ( - Functional Unit) (1) (a) Vascular & Urinary Poles (b) Bowmans Capsule Surrounds Glomerulus (2) Proximal (3) Distal Tubule (4) (a) Arched Collecting Tubule (b) Straight Collecting Tubule (c) Papillary Duct (d) Area Cribrosa (e) Minor Calyx b. Excretory Passages (1) Pelvis and (a) Adventitia (b) Muscularis (c) Mucosa - (2) Bladder (a) Thick Epithelium (Transitional) (b) Thick Random Muscularis Layer (3) Urethra (a) Male (Prostatic Portion) Transitional (b) Male (Membranous and Spongy Portions Stratified or Pseudostratified Columnar, with patches of Stratified Squamous Epithelium) (c) Female - Stratified Squamous; some Stratified Columnar also (d) Glands of Littre in both Male & Female 10. Male Reproductive System a. Testis (Exocrine and Endocrine like Ovaries) (1) Capsule (a) Tunica Vaginalis (Outer) (b) Tunica Albuginea (Middle) (c) Tunica Vasculosa (Inner) -- Capsule is semipermeable, and acts to increase and decrease pressure on the Testis (2) Seminiferous (a) Germinal Epithelium (Strat. Cuboidal) (b) Sertoli's Cells -- Supportive "Nurse Cells" for deveoloping Spermatids (c) Spermatogenic "Germ" Cells -- Spermatogenesis = 64 days -- First: Spermatogonia -- Second: Primary Spermatocytes -- Third: Secondary Spermatocytes -- Fourth: Spermatids -- Fifth: Spermatozoon (3) Interstitium: Leydig Cells (a) Synthesis of Steroid Hormones (Testosterone, Some Inhibin.) b. Ducts (1) Tubuli Recti (2) Rete Testis (3) Ductuli Efferentes (Start of Epididymus) (4) Ductus Epididymus (Where sperm mature) (a) Spermatozoa pass through and gain Motility (b) Resorbes Testicular Fluid (5) Ductus Deferens (a) Lies in Spermatic Cord (b) Thick Muscular Wall (6) Ejaculatory Duct (a) 1 cm long (b) Opens into Prostate Gland c. Auxillary Glands (1) Seminal Vesicles (glands) (a) Off Ductus Deferens (b) Secretes (via Columnar Cells) -- Viscous Yellow fluid -- Globulin -- Ascorbic Acid -- Fructose -- Prostaglandins (c) Supported by Testosterone (2) Prostate (a) Surrounds (b) Tubuloalveolar Glands Secrete -- Thin Milky Fluid -- Acidic -- Proteolytic Enzymes (Fibrinolysins to Liquify Semen) -- Acid Posphatase (3) Bulbourethral (Cowper's) Glands (a) Tubuloalveolar Glands (2) (b) Drain to Penile Urethra (c) Secretions -- Clear, Viscous -- Sialoproteins -- Amino Sugars (d) Secretion stimulated by Erotic Stimuli prior to Ejaculation 11. Female Reproductive System a. Ovaries (1) Exocrine and Endocrine (like Testis) (2) "Germinal" Cuboidal Epithelium (3) Tunica Albuginea (4) Cortex (Outer) (a) Contains Follicles (b) Follicular Stages -- Primordial (400,000 to start) -- Growing Follicles -- Development of: Granulosa Cells, Liquor Folliculi, Cumulus Oophorus, Zona Pellucida -- Graafian (Mature) Follicles -- 10 mm in size -- Adheres to Free Ovarian Surface (5) Ovulation (a) Secretion of Fluids (Ovulatory Cramps) (b) Swelling of Follicle (c) Rupture of Cortex (d) Discharge of Ovum (e) Directed by Fimbriae into the Infundibulum of the Uterine Tube (f) Normally only viable for 24 hours (6) Oogenesis (Maturation) (a) Ovum released is Secondary Oocyte (b) Chromosomes divide to Haploid number prior to Ovulation (c) After Ovulation, the Oocyte begins Secondary Maturation Division stopping at Metaphase, where it remains unti Fertilization (d) Only after Penetration by the Sperm does the Oocyte complete the Second Maturation Division (7) Corpus Luteum (a) Involution of Follicle (b) Without Fertilization of Ovum -- C.L. declines to a Scar (Corpus Albicans) (c) With Fertiliation -- C.L. Enlarges -- Secretes Progesterone (8) Interstitial Cells Secrete Estrogen b. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes (1) Infundibulum (a) Fimbrae (b) Entry Point for Ovum (2) Ampulla (a) Primary Site of Fertilization (b) 2/3 of Tube following Infindibulum (3) Isthmus (Medial Third) (4) Intramural Portion (Through Uterine Wall) (5) Three Layers to the Uterine Tube (a) Mucus Membrane -- Simple Columnar, Ciliated -- Simple Columnar, Non Ciliated (b) Muscularis -- Inner Circular -- Outer Longitudinal (c) Serosa c. Uterus (1) Perimetrium (Serosa) (a) Thin C.T. (b) Mesothelia Cells (2) Myometrium (a) 12 - 15 mm Thick Smooth Muscle (b) "Three" Layer Structure - Actually random ball like Fiber arrangement like the Bladder (3) Endometrium (a) Surface Epithelium -- Simple Columnar -- Some Ciliated -- Uterine Glands (Invaginations) (b) Lamina Propria (Endometrial Stroma) -- Vascular -- Lymphatic -- Reticular Fibers (4) Endometrial Cyclic Changes (a) Menstrual Stage (Day 1 to 5,6,7) -- External Discharge -- Loss of Endometrial Tissue down to Basal Layer (Below Stroma) -- Spiral Arteries Sever -- Veins Sever -- Stromal and Epithelial Cells lost -- Glands torn away (b) Proliferative Stage (Follicular) (Day 7 - 14) -- Menses Ends -- Epithelium Regenerates from Torn Glands -- Spiral Arteries Regrow (c) Progestational Stage (Luteal) (Day 14 - 21) -- Response to Corpus Luteum Secretion of Progesterone -- Hypertrophy of Gland Cells -- Increase in Secretions (glycogen) -- Increase in Length of Spiral Arteries (d) Ischemic (Premenstrual) Stage (Day 21 - 28) -- 13 - 14 days after Ovulation -- Corpus Luteum Involutes, Progesterone Drops -- Spiral Arteries Constrict -- Some Layers of Endometrium become Anoxic and Shrink -- Stroma Increases with Lymphocyte Infiltration d. Cervix (1) Lowest Segment of Uterus (2) Mucus secreting Columnar Cells (3) Some ciliated - cilia flow toward Vagina (4) Transition of Cells usually at External OS/Internal OS Junction (5) External are Stratified Squamous Non Keritinizing (6) Irregular bundles of Smooth Muscles e. Vagina (1) Fibromuscular Sheath (2) Mucosa -- Rugae -- Non Kertinizing Strat. Squamous Epith. -- High Glycogen Content -- Metabolized by local Bacteria to Produce Acid Fluid Coating -- Inhibits Bacterial Growth -- Less Glycogen in Luteal Phase due to Lower Estrogen (3) Smooth Muscle in Random Pattern f. External Genitalia (1) Clitoris -- 2 Corpus Cavernosa -- Glans -- Stratified Squamous Epihelium (2) Labia Minora -- Large Sebaceous Glands -- Strat. Squamous Epithelium (3) Labia Majora -- Outer: Keritinized strat. Squam. -- Sebaceous & Sweat Glands -- Hair Follicles -- Adipose & Smooth Muscle Tissue (4) Vestibule -- Stratified Squamous Epithelium -- Like Urethral Glands -- Major Vestibular Glands (Bartholin Glands) -- (Analog to Bulbourethral Glands) -- Mucus Producing Glands (5) Mammary Glands -- Modified Sweat Glands in the Subcutaneous Tissue -- Adipose & other C.T. enlarge at Puberty -- 15 - 20 Lobes each having a duct opening at the apex of the Nipple (Lactiferous Duct) -- Lactiferous Sinus (opening) -- Nipple, Keratinzed Strat. Squamous Epith. -- Areola, Areolar Glands (of Montgomery) Intermediate between Sweat and Mammary Glands 12. Sense Organs a. Free Nerve Endings (1) Naked Ending - Pain (Cornea, Resp. Mucosa) (2) Merkel's Discs - Touch (Epidermis) b. Encapsulated Nerve Endings (1) Lamellated Corpuscles - Pressure (Pacinian, Vater-Pacini) (2) Tactile (Meissner's) Corpuscles - Touch (Dermis) (3) Bulbous Corpuscles (Kraus) - Cold (Mucocutaneous Junctions) (4) Corpuscles of Ruffini (in C.T.) - Mechanoreceptors (5) Neurotendinous Endings (of Golgi) - Proprioception (6) Neuromuscular Spindles - Mechano & Proprioception c. The Eye (1) Nervous Layer (a) Retina (Part of CNS via Optic Tract) (b) Protected by two Outer Coats (2) Vascular - Nutrient Layer (a) Choroid (Sub Retinal Layer) (b) Ciliary Body (c) Iris (3) Fibrous Coat (Part of CNS Dura) (a) Sclera (b) Cornea -- Endothelium -- Descemet's Membrane -- Stroma(Substantia Propria) -- Bowmans Membrane -- Epithelium (Strat. Squam. Non Keritinized)  Forms Conjuctiva  Many Free Nerve Endings (c) Limbus -- 1 mm Transition of Sclera to Cornea -- Well Vascularied (4) Aqueous Humor Drainage (a) Through Transition of Sclera to Cornea (b) Into Schlemm's Canal (c) Into Aqueous Vein d. The Ear (1) External Ear (a) Auricle (Elastic Cartilage) (b) External Auditory Meatus -- Elastic Cartilage -- Ceruminous Glands (Wax) (c) Tympanic Membrane -- Thin Skin Exterior -- Cuboidal Epithelium (d) Auditory Tube -- Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (Some Pseudo Stratified C.C.) -- Elastic Cartilage (e) Inner Ear -- Osseous Labyrinth (Perilymph) -- Membranous Labyrinth (Endolymph)