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Human Rights and Press Freedom in Nigeria

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Human Rights and Press Freedom in Nigeria University of Nigeria Research Publications OWO, Ifeanyichukwu Author PG /MA /98/24910 Human Rights and Press Freedom in Title Nigeria Under the Sani Abacha Regime Arts Faculty Mass Communication Department December, 2000 Date Signature HUMAN RIGHTS AD PRESS FREEDOM IN NIGERIA UNDER THE SANI ABACHA REGIME A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEFARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGRZE OF MASTER OF ARTS (M.A.) IN MASS COMMUNICATION . owo, ~FEA~Y!~CHUKWU ( PG/MA/98/24310) DECEMRER, 2000 2 Z A-• CERTIFICATION Owo, Ifeanyichukwu, a postgraduate student of the Department of Mass Communication, University of Niaeria, Nsukka, with the registration number PG/MA/98/24910, has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the course and research work for the deqree of Master of Arts (M.A.) in Mass Cormunica tion, The work embodied in this report is original and has not, to the best of my knowledge, been submitted in part or in full for any other diploma or degree of this or any other University. .*.,..m..o..m..*~om*o~*.* External Examiner iii, DEDICATION TO: My granny, Mrs. Amuche Nnaji for her exemplary life and dedication to the service of the Lord, To my father, Mr. ~atri'ckOwo and mother, Mrs. Onyemaechi Owo, for their love and understanding. iv, ABSTRACT General Sani Abacha came into power in the heat of the struqgle for the enthronement of democracy in Nigeria. Human rights activists and journalists who were in the forefront of the struqgle were viewed as. opponents of the military government of Abacha, The activists and the pressmen were therefore, being hunted down by Abacha. Consequently, they practised under pressure through- out the tenure of the dictator. The historical research and case study methods were used in this work, because of the nature and requirements of the topic, Some legal and media practitioners were also interviewed concerning the records of human rights and press freedom in the country during the era of Abacha. The aims and objectives of this study are to: ! i," review the appalling records of fundamental human rights and press freedom in Niqeria under the Abacha regime, (ii) point out a few of the victims of the human rights and press freedom violations under the dictetor,(iii) review the impact of the violations on the country, (iv) contribute to the V, promotion of and respect for human rights and press freedom in the country, Iv) recommend ways of maintaining a cordial rela tionship between the govern- ment and the press in order to build a durable and virile democratf c society, There is no doubt that this work will contribute immensely to the prevention of the abuses of human rights and press freedom in Nigeria by the government, discourage the return of the military into the nation's polity, create awareness among the people with regard to their basic riqhts and freedoms and also serve as a guide to future researchers on the same or similar topics. The research questions were focused on the meaning of the human rights and press freedom in Nigeria, the condition of the rights and freedom under the Abacha administration, the need for the respect and protection of the basic rights and freedom, and relationship between Nigeria and t5e international community under Abacha with regard to the respect for human rights and press freedom, the relationship hetween the human riqhts activists on one hand and vi. the press on the other with the Abacha government and how the military vis-a-vis the civilian ~overnmentsrespect human rights and press freedom. This work discovered that, (i)Abacha regime made the worst record of violatians of human rights and press freedom in Nigeria than a11 his predecessors put together; ( ii) many productive Nigerians fled the country and went into self exile abroad because of the rate of the violations during the Abacha regime; iii) there were a lot of economic, political, etc. sanctions placed on the country by the international comqunity due to the abuses of human rights and press freedom;( iv) the relationship between the human rights activists Qn one hand and the pressmen on the other with the Abacha regime was frosty or unfriendly throughout the most part of the administration. Consequent upon these findings, the research recommends that, (a) genuine human rights organisations and the press s5ould not relent in enlightening the public on their rights and freedoms; (b) the National Human Rigyts f nvestigation Commission should be fully empowered to proscute any public officer who is found to Se involved in the abuse of human rights and press vii. freedom while in office; (c) the human rights organisations and members of the press deserve financial and moral support and encouragement from Nigerians; (d) the hardwon democracy In the country should be sustained; (el there should be a cordial relationship among t5e human rights activists and journalists in the struggle to enthrone gocd governance and the respect for the dignity of man in Nigeria. viii- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude goes to all those who contributed in one way or the other to the feasibilitly and success of this research work, First on the list is my dynamic and resourceful supervisor, Dr. S.0, Idemili, for his assiduous supervision. My profound gratitude also goes to the entire academic staff of the department particularly, Dr, R.A. Udeajah and Miss E.U. Ohaja, for their concrete criticisms of the research proposal, I also want to use this medium to acknowledge the moral sup~ortand understandinq of my parents, Vr. and Mrs. Patrick Owo, throughout my studies, My appreciation also goes to ~y elder brothers, Sunday, Clement and Alexander for their encouragement, Furthermore, I am very grateful to Mr, Ndubuisi Nnaji, my brother and predecessor in the department for his invaluable assistance and inspiration through- out the programme, Others are, Messrs Alexander Ugwuezuonu and Chidiebere Ohuawunwa, my course mates, for their assistance. The staff and management of tie Nnarndi Azik iwe and departrnental li5raries must never ix. be forgotten for their co-operation in providing me with sufficient and relevant books, journals, magazines and newspapers during my library work. Similarly, 1 express my qratitude to all my interviewees for their co-operation and patience during the interview. I am equally grateful to the typist,Mrs. Mabel C. Okonkwo for a job well. done, Above all, I am highly indebted to God Almighty for His guidance and protections throughout my studies in the university.'lbl-lim be the glory. UNIVERSITY OF PJIGEQIA, OMO, IFEP,NYICHUK1:IU PTSUKKA. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE: TITLE PAGE o-o --* CERTIFICATION 0.. om. DEDICATION 0 0 0 iii ABSTRACT 0.- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 0.. -0- viii TABLE OF CONTENTS .a. ..a CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION * 1.2 Background of the Study: Human Riqhts in the Society ... 3.,1.1 The Role of Free Press .. 2.1.2 Link Between Human Riqhts and Press Freedom ... .. 1.1-3 A Profile of General Sani Abacha 1.2 Statement of the Problem ..* 1.3 Objective of the Study *.. 1.4 Theoretics 1 Framework ... 1.5 Significance of the S Wd ..* 1.6 Scope of the Study ... 1.7 Research Questions ... 1.8 Operational Definitions .. REFERENCES 0.. c HA FTE R TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .. 2.2 Human Rights ... ... 2-2 Press Freedom ... ... 2.3 The Libertarian theory - - . REFERENCES mom xi. PAGE CHAPTER THQEE METHODOLCGY 44 3.1 The Method of Research ... 44 3.2 Soxrces of Data .. .. 45 CHAFTER FOUR: HUMAN RIGHTS AND PPESS FREEDOP IN NIGERIA UND59 THE ABACHA REGIME ,.. 50 4.2 Comparative Analysis of the Military and Civilian Regimes .,. 50 4.2 Human Rights and Press Freedom in Nigeria Before the Rbacha Regime 5 3 4.3 Records of Human Rights and Fress Freedom in Nigeria under the Abacha Regime .me .-* 59 4.4 Factors Responsible for Abacha' s Success in Human Rights and Fress Freedom Violations .rn . 71 4.5 Effects of the Eurnan Rights and Press Freedom Violations OF PTiqeria 75 REFEREVCES om. 80 CHAPTER FIVE : SUMMARY, COMCLUSIO?! AVD RECCVMENDATIOP'S 5.1 Summary ... 5.2 Conclusion .rn . 5.3 Recommendations .. BIBLIOG!?AFHY 0.. 97 LIST OF IP!T~WISf:!F,ES .. .. 10 1 CHAPTER ONE- INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backpround of the Study: Human Riqhts in the Society: Human riqht is inherent in our nature. It is an in-barn and inseparable characteristic withoat which we cannot carry oat our basic fonctfans as human beings in the society (Chukwudozie, 1999:7), These basic riqhts are not negotiable. Every Nigerian citizen has equal entitlement to an exercise of the rights irrespective of his status, religious or tribal background. The fundamental hmrm rights qride man la bin day to day activigies. They ensure the safety, survival and liberty of man in the society, Similarly, they serve as a guideline to the qovernment in the discharge of its functions to the people, In other words, the rights ensure that government adheres to certain laid-down rules and regulations in the performance of its leadership responsibilities, There are certain limitations in the exercise of the human rights, Constitutionally, nobody no matter his class, is justified to exercise the basic rights beyond these limits, And no civilized qovernment OR its part is justified to infringe on the fundamental rights of man unless as provided by 2. the law. For clarity purpose, Chapter XV of the 1999 Constitution deals solely with the fundamental human rights; lh consists of fourteen sections - Sections 33-46. Section 33(1) stipulates that, cvery person has a right to life and no one shall be deprived intentionally of his life, save in the execution of the sentence of a court in respect ef a criminal affence of which ht haa been found guilty in Nigeria.
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