Paleobiology the Proterozoic Record of Eukaryotes
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Cambrian Phytoplankton of the Brunovistulicum – Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy
MONIKA JACHOWICZ-ZDANOWSKA Cambrian phytoplankton of the Brunovistulicum – taxonomy and biostratigraphy Polish Geological Institute Special Papers,28 WARSZAWA 2013 CONTENTS Introduction...........................................................6 Geological setting and lithostratigraphy.............................................8 Summary of Cambrian chronostratigraphy and acritarch biostratigraphy ...........................13 Review of previous palynological studies ...........................................17 Applied techniques and material studied............................................18 Biostratigraphy ........................................................23 BAMA I – Pulvinosphaeridium antiquum–Pseudotasmanites Assemblage Zone ....................25 BAMA II – Asteridium tornatum–Comasphaeridium velvetum Assemblage Zone ...................27 BAMA III – Ichnosphaera flexuosa–Comasphaeridium molliculum Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone .........30 BAMA IV – Skiagia–Eklundia campanula Assemblage Zone ..............................39 BAMA V – Skiagia–Eklundia varia Assemblage Zone .................................39 BAMA VI – Volkovia dentifera–Liepaina plana Assemblage Zone (Moczyd³owska, 1991) ..............40 BAMA VII – Ammonidium bellulum–Ammonidium notatum Assemblage Zone ....................40 BAMA VIII – Turrisphaeridium semireticulatum Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone...................41 BAMA IX – Adara alea–Multiplicisphaeridium llynense Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone...............42 Regional significance of the biostratigraphic -
Molecular Data and the Evolutionary History of Dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Un
Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 2003 © Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria, 2003 ABSTRACT New sequences of ribosomal and protein genes were combined with available morphological and paleontological data to produce a phylogenetic framework for dinoflagellates. The evolutionary history of some of the major morphological features of the group was then investigated in the light of that framework. Phylogenetic trees of dinoflagellates based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) are generally poorly resolved but include many well- supported clades, and while combined analyses of SSU and LSU (large subunit ribosomal RNA) improve the support for several nodes, they are still generally unsatisfactory. Protein-gene based trees lack the degree of species representation necessary for meaningful in-group phylogenetic analyses, but do provide important insights to the phylogenetic position of dinoflagellates as a whole and on the identity of their close relatives. Molecular data agree with paleontology in suggesting an early evolutionary radiation of the group, but whereas paleontological data include only taxa with fossilizable cysts, the new data examined here establish that this radiation event included all dinokaryotic lineages, including athecate forms. Plastids were lost and replaced many times in dinoflagellates, a situation entirely unique for this group. Histones could well have been lost earlier in the lineage than previously assumed. -
Reconciling Proxy Records and Models of Earth's Oxygenation During the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic
This is a repository copy of Reconciling proxy records and models of Earth's oxygenation during the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/165529/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Tostevin, R and Mills, BJW orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-0931 (2020) Reconciling proxy records and models of Earth's oxygenation during the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic. Interface Focus, 10 (4). 20190137. ISSN 2042-8901 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0137 © 2020 The Author(s). This is an author produced version of an article published in Interface Focus. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 Reconciling proxy records and models of E oxygenation during 2 the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic 3 Rosalie Tostevin1 and Benjamin J. W. Mills2 4 1Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 5 South Africa. -
Timeline of Natural History
Timeline of natural history This timeline of natural history summarizes significant geological and Life timeline Ice Ages biological events from the formation of the 0 — Primates Quater nary Flowers ←Earliest apes Earth to the arrival of modern humans. P Birds h Mammals – Plants Dinosaurs Times are listed in millions of years, or Karo o a n ← Andean Tetrapoda megaanni (Ma). -50 0 — e Arthropods Molluscs r ←Cambrian explosion o ← Cryoge nian Ediacara biota – z ←Earliest animals o ←Earliest plants i Multicellular -1000 — c Contents life ←Sexual reproduction Dating of the Geologic record – P r The earliest Solar System -1500 — o t Precambrian Supereon – e r Eukaryotes Hadean Eon o -2000 — z o Archean Eon i Huron ian – c Eoarchean Era ←Oxygen crisis Paleoarchean Era -2500 — ←Atmospheric oxygen Mesoarchean Era – Photosynthesis Neoarchean Era Pong ola Proterozoic Eon -3000 — A r Paleoproterozoic Era c – h Siderian Period e a Rhyacian Period -3500 — n ←Earliest oxygen Orosirian Period Single-celled – life Statherian Period -4000 — ←Earliest life Mesoproterozoic Era H Calymmian Period a water – d e Ectasian Period a ←Earliest water Stenian Period -4500 — n ←Earth (−4540) (million years ago) Clickable Neoproterozoic Era ( Tonian Period Cryogenian Period Ediacaran Period Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period Devonian Period Carboniferous Period Permian Period Mesozoic Era Triassic Period Jurassic Period Cretaceous Period Cenozoic Era Paleogene Period Neogene Period Quaternary Period Etymology of period names References See also External links Dating of the Geologic record The Geologic record is the strata (layers) of rock in the planet's crust and the science of geology is much concerned with the age and origin of all rocks to determine the history and formation of Earth and to understand the forces that have acted upon it. -
Ediacaran) of Earth – Nature’S Experiments
The Early Animals (Ediacaran) of Earth – Nature’s Experiments Donald Baumgartner Medical Entomologist, Biologist, and Fossil Enthusiast Presentation before Chicago Rocks and Mineral Society May 10, 2014 Illinois Famous for Pennsylvanian Fossils 3 In the Beginning: The Big Bang . Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago Fossil Record Order 95% of higher taxa: Random plant divisions domains & kingdoms Cambrian Atdabanian Fauna Vendian Tommotian Fauna Ediacaran Fauna protists Proterozoic algae McConnell (Baptist)College Pre C - Fossil Order Archaean bacteria Source: Truett Kurt Wise The First Cells . 3.8 billion years ago, oxygen levels in atmosphere and seas were low • Early prokaryotic cells probably were anaerobic • Stromatolites . Divergence separated bacteria from ancestors of archaeans and eukaryotes Stromatolites Dominated the Earth Stromatolites of cyanobacteria ruled the Earth from 3.8 b.y. to 600 m. [2.5 b.y.]. Believed that Earth glaciations are correlated with great demise of stromatolites world-wide. 8 The Oxygen Atmosphere . Cyanobacteria evolved an oxygen-releasing, noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis • Changed Earth’s atmosphere . Increased oxygen favored aerobic respiration Early Multi-Cellular Life Was Born Eosphaera & Kakabekia at 2 b.y in Canada Gunflint Chert 11 Earliest Multi-Cellular Metazoan Life (1) Alga Eukaryote Grypania of MI at 1.85 b.y. MI fossil outcrop 12 Earliest Multi-Cellular Metazoan Life (2) Beads Horodyskia of MT and Aust. at 1.5 b.y. thought to be algae 13 Source: Fedonkin et al. 2007 Rise of Animals Tappania Fungus at 1.5 b.y Described now from China, Russia, Canada, India, & Australia 14 Earliest Multi-Cellular Metazoan Animals (3) Worm-like Parmia of N.E. -
Soils in the Geologic Record
in the Geologic Record 2021 Soils Planner Natural Resources Conservation Service Words From the Deputy Chief Soils are essential for life on Earth. They are the source of nutrients for plants, the medium that stores and releases water to plants, and the material in which plants anchor to the Earth’s surface. Soils filter pollutants and thereby purify water, store atmospheric carbon and thereby reduce greenhouse gasses, and support structures and thereby provide the foundation on which civilization erects buildings and constructs roads. Given the vast On February 2, 2020, the USDA, Natural importance of soil, it’s no wonder that the U.S. Government has Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) an agency, NRCS, devoted to preserving this essential resource. welcomed Dr. Luis “Louie” Tupas as the NRCS Deputy Chief for Soil Science and Resource Less widely recognized than the value of soil in maintaining Assessment. Dr. Tupas brings knowledge and experience of global change and climate impacts life is the importance of the knowledge gained from soils in the on agriculture, forestry, and other landscapes to the geologic record. Fossil soils, or “paleosols,” help us understand NRCS. He has been with USDA since 2004. the history of the Earth. This planner focuses on these soils in the geologic record. It provides examples of how paleosols can retain Dr. Tupas, a career member of the Senior Executive Service since 2014, served as the Deputy Director information about climates and ecosystems of the prehistoric for Bioenergy, Climate, and Environment, the Acting past. By understanding this deep history, we can obtain a better Deputy Director for Food Science and Nutrition, and understanding of modern climate, current biodiversity, and the Director for International Programs at USDA, ongoing soil formation and destruction. -
Precambrian Petroleum Systems
exploration & production Global Climate, the Dawn of Life and the Earth’s Oldest Petroleum Systems Jonathan Craig Eni Upstream & Technical Services Milan, Italy Societe Geologique de France, Paris www.eni.it Thursday 26th November 2015 Global Climate, Glaciations and Source Rocks in North Africa PRECAMBIAN PETROLEUM SYSTEM PALEOZOIC PETROLEUM SYSTEM MESOZOIC PETROLEUM SYSTEM Gas/Cond . Triassic Oil Illizi/Oued Mya Sirte 60 Ice extent data ? Ahnet/Murzuq Suez Pelagian in part after 0 50 Crowell, 1999 Hassi ‘R Mel 10 40 Total Mesozoic Sirte 20 30 and Tertiary- Hassi (south) Suez sourced reserves = 57 700 Ma 635 Ma Messaoud Lat.) - - Pelagian ° 30 Illizi/Ghadames 20 BBOE Abu Ahnet Total Paleozoic- Gharadiq 40 Illizi BBOE reservesned to sourceage sourced reserves = 50 BBOE 10 C Ord S Dev. Carb P Tr. Jur. Cret. Tert. Ice ExtentIce ( 50 . Total Precambian- sourced reserves = ? 60 Carbo - Source rock data Global climate change based Marinoan Glaciation 665 Glaciation Marinoan Sturtian 7040 Sturtian Glaciation Modified from On geological data as Permo Glaciations Macgregor, 1996 Tertiary Glaciation Gaskiers Event Summarized by Coppold and Powell (2000) exploration & production 2 //Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic Timescale and Key Events Ice Extent (°Lat ) 90° 60° 30° 0° 400 443.7 Ma ORDOVICIAN More organicburial Less organicburial 488.3 Ma GONDWANA 500 CAMBRIAN Gondwana Formed 542 Ma 542 Ma Ediacaran Radiation° by 540 - 530 Ma EDIACARAN Gaskiers Event (c. 580 Ma) West Gondwana 600 Acraman impact, assembled by 600 Ma 630 Ma VENDIAN Australia( c. 610 Ma) Marinoan Glaciat ion 665 – 635 Ma SNOWBALL EARTH 700 700 Ma PERIOD St ur t ian Glaciat ion 740 – 700 Ma CRYOGEN IAN 740 Ma740 Ma Break - up of RODINIA 800 (Superplume Event ?) LAT E 830 Ma 850 Ma RIPH EAN 900 900 Ma NEOPROTEROZOIC NEOPROTEROZOICTONIAN TONIAN Formation of 10 5 0 - 5 - 10 RODINIA δ 13 (C % VPDB) 1000 1000 Ma 1000 Ma First multicellular Glaciation organisms EA RLY ( c. -
A Template for an Improved Rock-Based Subdivision of the Pre-Cryogenian Timescale
Downloaded from http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 28, 2021 Perspective Journal of the Geological Society Published Online First https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-222 A template for an improved rock-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian timescale Graham A. Shields1*, Robin A. Strachan2, Susannah M. Porter3, Galen P. Halverson4, Francis A. Macdonald3, Kenneth A. Plumb5, Carlos J. de Alvarenga6, Dhiraj M. Banerjee7, Andrey Bekker8, Wouter Bleeker9, Alexander Brasier10, Partha P. Chakraborty7, Alan S. Collins11, Kent Condie12, Kaushik Das13, David A. D. Evans14, Richard Ernst15,16, Anthony E. Fallick17, Hartwig Frimmel18, Reinhardt Fuck6, Paul F. Hoffman19,20, Balz S. Kamber21, Anton B. Kuznetsov22, Ross N. Mitchell23, Daniel G. Poiré24, Simon W. Poulton25, Robert Riding26, Mukund Sharma27, Craig Storey2, Eva Stueeken28, Rosalie Tostevin29, Elizabeth Turner30, Shuhai Xiao31, Shuanhong Zhang32, Ying Zhou1 and Maoyan Zhu33 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK 2 School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK 3 Department of Earth Science, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA 4 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 5 Geoscience Australia (retired), Canberra, Australia 6 Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil 7 Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 8 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, -
Sponges Cnidarians Chordates Brachiopods Annelids Molluscs Ediacaran Arthropods 635 Cambrian PALEOZOIC PROTEROZOIC 605 Time (Mil
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Sponges Cnidarians Echinoderms Chordates Brachiopods Annelids Molluscs Arthropods PROTEROZOIC PALEOZOIC Ediacaran Cambrian 635 605 575 545 515 485 0 Time (millions of years age) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Food particles in mucus Choanocyte Collar Flagellum Choanocyte Phagocytosis of Amoebocyte food particles Pores Spicules Water flow Amoebocytes Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 15 µm 75 µm (a) Valeria (800 mya): (b) Spiny acritarch roughly spherical, no (575 mya): about five structural defenses, times larger than soft-bodied Valeria and covered in hard spines © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 (a) Radial symmetry (b) Bilateral symmetry © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Body cavity Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining body cavity and suspending Digestive tract internal organs (from endoderm) (from mesoderm) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Porifera Metazoa Ctenophora ANCESTRAL Eumetazoa PROTIST Cnidaria Deuterostomia Hemichordata 770 million Echinodermata years ago 680 million Chordata years ago Lophotrochozoa Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Bilateria Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda 670 million years ago Mollusca Ecdysozoa Annelida Nematoda Arthropoda © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Muscle segments Mouth Anus Post-anal tail Pharyngeal slits or clefts © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 (a) Lancelet (b) Tunicate -
New Dinoflagellate Cyst and Acritarch Taxa from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of the Eastern North Atlantic (DSDP Site 610)
Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6 (1): 101–117 Issued 22 February 2008 doi:10.1017/S1477201907002167 Printed in the United Kingdom C The Natural History Museum New dinoflagellate cyst and acritarch taxa from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of the eastern North Atlantic (DSDP Site 610) Stijn De Schepper∗ Cambridge Quaternary, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, United Kingdom Martin J. Head† Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada SYNOPSIS A palynological study of Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits from DSDP Hole 610A in the eastern North Atlantic has revealed the presence of several new organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst taxa. Impagidinium cantabrigiense sp. nov. first appeared in the latest Pliocene, within an inter- val characterised by a paucity of new dinoflagellate cyst species. Operculodinium? eirikianum var. crebrum var. nov. is mostly restricted to a narrow interval near the Mammoth Subchron within the Plio- cene (Piacenzian Stage) and may be a morphological adaptation to the changing climate at that time. An unusual morphotype of Melitasphaeridium choanophorum (Deflandre & Cookson, 1955) Harland & Hill, 1979 characterised by a perforated cyst wall is also documented. In addition, the stratigraphic utility of small acritarchs in the late Cenozoic of the northern North Atlantic region is emphasised and three stratigraphically restricted acritarchs Cymatiosphaera latisepta sp. nov., Lavradosphaera crista gen. et sp. nov. -
The Biodiversity of Organic-Walled Eukaryotic Microfossils from the Tonian Visingsö Group, Sweden
Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 366 The Biodiversity of Organic-Walled Eukaryotic Microfossils from the Tonian Visingsö Group, Sweden Biodiversiteten av eukaryotiska mikrofossil med organiska cellväggar från Visingsö- gruppen (tonian), Sverige Corentin Loron INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES Examensarbete vid Institutionen för geovetenskaper Degree Project at the Department of Earth Sciences ISSN 1650-6553 Nr 366 The Biodiversity of Organic-Walled Eukaryotic Microfossils from the Tonian Visingsö Group, Sweden Biodiversiteten av eukaryotiska mikrofossil med organiska cellväggar från Visingsö- gruppen (tonian), Sverige Corentin Loron ISSN 1650-6553 Copyright © Corentin Loron Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2016 Abstract The Biodiversity of Organic-Walled Eukaryotic Microfossils from the Tonian Visingsö Group, Sweden Corentin Loron The diversification of unicellular, auto- and heterotrophic protists and the appearance of multicellular microorganisms is recorded in numerous Tonian age successions worldwide, including the Visingsö Group in southern Sweden. The Tonian Period (1000-720 Ma) was a time of changes in the marine environments with increasing oxygenation and a high input of mineral nutrients from the weathering continental margins to shallow shelves, where marine life thrived. This is well documented by the elevated level of biodiversity seen in global microfossil -
Palaeobiology and Diversification of Proterozoic-Cambrian Photosynthetic Eukaryotes
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1308 Palaeobiology and diversification of Proterozoic-Cambrian photosynthetic eukaryotes ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-554-9389-9 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-265229 2015 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Hambergsalen, Geocentrum, Villavägen 16, 752 36, Uppsala, Friday, 11 December 2015 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor Shuhai Xiao (Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University). Abstract Agić, H. 2015. Palaeobiology and diversification of Proterozoic-Cambrian photosynthetic eukaryotes. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1308. 47 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9389-9. One of the most important events in the history of life is the evolution of the complex, eukaryotic cell. The eukaryotes are complex organisms with membrane-bound intracellular structures, and they include a variety of both single-celled and multicellular organisms: plants, animals, fungi and various protists. The evolutionary origin of this group may be studied by direct evidence of past life: fossils. The oldest traces of eukaryotes have appeared by 2.4 billion years ago (Ga), and have additionally diversified in the period around 1.8 Ga. The Mesoproterozoic Era (1.6-1 Ga) is characterised by the first evidence of the appearance complex unicellular microfossils, as well as innovative morphologies, and the evolution of sexual reproduction and multicellularity. For a better understanding of the early eukaryotic evolution and diversification patterns, a part of this thesis has focused on the microfossil records from various time periods and geographic locations.