Precambrian Petroleum Systems

exploration & production

Global Climate, the Dawn of Life and the Earth’s Oldest Petroleum Systems

Jonathan Craig Eni Upstream & Technical Services Milan, Italy

Societe Geologique de France, Paris www.eni.it Thursday 26th November 2015 Global Climate, Glaciations and Source Rocks in North Africa

PRECAMBIAN PETROLEUM SYSTEM PALEOZOIC PETROLEUM SYSTEM MESOZOIC PETROLEUM SYSTEM Gas/Cond . Triassic Oil Illizi/Oued Mya Sirte 60 Ice extent data ? Ahnet/Murzuq Suez Pelagian in part after 0 50 Crowell, 1999 Hassi ‘R Mel 10 40 Total Mesozoic Sirte 20 30 and Tertiary- Hassi (south) Suez sourced reserves = 57 700 Ma

635 Ma Messaoud Lat.) - - Pelagian ° 30 Illizi/Ghadames 20 BBOE Abu Ahnet Total Paleozoic- Gharadiq 40 Illizi BBOE reservesned to sourceage sourced reserves = 50 BBOE 10 C Ord S Dev. Carb P Tr. Jur. Cret. Tert. Ice ExtentIce ( 50 . Total Precambian- sourced reserves = ? 60

- Carbo Source rock data Global climate change based Marinoan Glaciation 665 Glaciation Marinoan Sturtian 7040 Sturtian Glaciation Modified from On geological data as

Permo Glaciations Macgregor, 1996 Tertiary Glaciation Gaskiers Event Summarized by Coppold and Powell (2000)

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic Timescale and Key Events

Ice Extent (°Lat ) 90° 60° 30° 0° 400 443.7 Ma

ORDOVICIAN More organicburial Less organicburial 488.3 Ma GONDWANA 500 CAMBRIAN Gondwana Formed 542 Ma 542 Ma Ediacaran Radiation° by 540 - 530 Ma EDIACARAN Gaskiers Event (c. 580 Ma) West Gondwana 600 Acraman impact, assembled by 600 Ma 630 Ma VENDIAN Australia( c. 610 Ma) Marinoan Glaciat ion 665 – 635 Ma SNOWBALL EARTH 700 700 Ma PERIOD St ur t ian Glaciat ion 740 – 700 Ma CRYOGEN IAN 740 Ma740 Ma Break - up of RODINIA 800 (Superplume Event ?) LAT E 830 Ma 850 Ma RIPH EAN

900 900 Ma NEOPROTEROZOIC NEOPROTEROZOICTONIAN TONIAN Formation of 10 5 0 - 5 - 10 RODINIA δ 13 (C % VPDB) 1000 1000 Ma 1000 Ma First multicellular Glaciation organisms EA RLY ( c. 1000 Ma) MESOPROT EROZ OIC Negative d13C excursion RIPH EAN In part after knoll, 1996, Etienne et at., 2006 Gradstein et at, 2004 Harland et at, 1987 exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Global Precambrian Petroleum Systems

RUSSIA VOLGA - URAL PROVINCE

POTWAR BASIN and MIJALAR BASIN, PAKISTAN SIBERIA LENA-TUNGUSKA PROVINCE U.S.A. NONESUCH, MICHIGAN

SIRTE/CYRENAICA RAJASTHAN, INDIA LIBYA

NORTH AFRICA CHINA TINDOUF BASIN, MOROCCO AND ALGERIA VINDHYAN BASINS NORTH AFRICA CHAMBAL VALLEY, INDIA TAOUDENNI, MALI,MAURITANIA AND ALGERIA MIDDLE EAST MIDDLE EAST SAUDI ARABIA OMAN

KUFRA BASIN LIBYA ARGENTINA, BOLIVIA and PARAGUAY BRAZIL Potential SAO FRANCISCO BASIN Proven AUSTRALIA AMADEUS, OFFICER AND MCARTHUR BASINS

after Craig et al., 2009. Global Neoproterozoic Petroleum Systems: The Emerging Potential in North Africa. Geological Society Special Publication 326 exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Archaean (pre - 2500 Ma) The ‘Dawn of Life’

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Archaean: Filamentous hyperthermophile cyanobacteria? 3465Ma Apex Chert, Pilbara Supergroup, Western Australia

A PORT HEDLAND C 1 2 3

W.A. Towers Fm. 20°30’S and Apex Basalt

FOSSILIFEROUS BEDDED CHERTS, EARLY ARCHEAN APEX BASALT 4 6 0 20 40 km

22°00’ Show MARBLE BAR

119°00’E 119°30’ 9 10 11

STROMATOLITE 5 B Pilbara MICROFOSSILS AGE 13 Supergroup (Ca) δ C (per mil) WHIM CREEK 30 -3.0 GROUP -30 -20 -10 0 = Organic carbon 25 = Carbonate carbon 7 GORGE 12 13 14 CREEK H/C=0.09 (N=1) GROUP 20

15 WYMAN FM -3.35 EURO BASALT PANORAMA FM -3.40

Thickness (km) Thickness APEX BASALT 10 TOWEAS FM 8 DUFTER FORMATION -3.47 TOWERS H/C=0.25 5 (0.30 to 0.16, N=3) 15 MOUNT ADA BASALT MEPHEE FM -3.50 WARRAWOONA GROUP NORTH STAR -30 -20 -10 0 0 BASALT

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Oscillatoria – a modern cyanobacteria

Oscillatoria is able to move by sliding over surfaces.

These three images were taken over a period of two minutes and show two filaments moving towards each other.

(from Sheehan et al., 2005).

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Palaeoproterozoic (2500-1600 Ma): The world’s oldest petroleum source rocks

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Palaeoproterozoic ‘Shungite’, Lake Onega, N.W. Russia (c. 2000 Ma)

A B C D

E F

G H

after Melezhik et al., 2004. exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Palaeoproterozoic Succession, Lake Onega Area, North West Russia

B Members A & B C LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT Thickness, m m 0 40 Layer 9

Kondopozhskaya Layer 8 & Vashezerskaya, 700 100

Kalevi Layer 7 30 Layer 6 Suisarskaya, 400 200

M e m b e r B be m e r M Layer 5

20 Layer 4 300 upper Zaonezhskaya,

Ludikovi 650 10 400 Layer 3

lower Zaonezhskaya, m 0 200 500

M e m b e r A be m e r M Layer 2 Layer 1

Legend Tulomozerskaya, 800 Legend for Members A & B Shungite-bearing chert

Jatuli Dolostone Shungite-bearing dolostone

Chert Semilustrous and semimat shungite-rich rock

Medvezh., 70 Siltstone Layer-shungite (97 to 99 wt. % C Jangozers., 50 Basaltic tuff & tuffite Shungite-bearing volcanoclastic greywacke Palozerskaya, 400 Layers of shungite Carbonate megaconcretions and concretionary beds rock (numbered)

Sarioli Archaean basement after Melezhik et al., 2004. exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Mesoproterozoic (1600-1000 Ma): The world’s oldest live oil, the world’s oldest commercial oil and gas fields - and ‘the dullest time in Earth history’

PESGB Lecture, Burlington House, London Tuesday 8th October 2013 exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ The Great Oxygenation Event: 2450 – 2200 Ma

These three images taken over a period of five minutes show the formation of an oxygen bubble produced as a result of photosynthesis by cyanobacteria (from Sheehan et al., 2005)

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Mesoproterozoic Geology, McArthur Basin, Northern Australia: Velkerri Formation c. 1417/1361Ma

14°00’’ A BMR Phanerozoic cover B URAPUNGA Roper Chambers River Fm 1 Group Maiwok Subgroup (dolerites Not Iower Roper Group Shown) McMinn Fm 1429my McArthur and Nathan Groups and equivalents Fe Moroak Sst Mbr. M 3 Tawallah Group GROUPROPER Bmr Urapunga Velkerri Fm M Wells S Friendship 1 Bessie Cr Sst 4 5 6 Corcoran Fm Bmr Urapunga Bmr Urapunga 2000m Fe Lady Penrhyn 1 Scarborough 1 GULF 2 Shea 1 Abner Sst Mataranka OF 1100 - 1280my Borrowdale 2 Crawford Fm CARPENTARIA Mainoru Fm

Limmen Sst

Dungaminnie Fm NATHAN GROUP

Balbirini Dolomite Altree 2 4000m

Walton 2 Looking Glass and Amos Fms M McManus 1 BATTEN Stretton Sst Yalco Fm S

Borrologia McARTHUR GROUP AMOCO Lynott Fm Caranbirini Mbr S Broadmere 1 Reward Dolomite HYC Rb/Zn deposit

Barney Creek Fm S TROUGH 1690my 6000m Jamison 1 GLYDE Teena Dolomite M 0 100km REGION Emmerugga Dolomite

17°00’’ 133°00’ 136°00’’ exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Precambrian Stratigraphy & Petroleum Systems of East Siberia

International Russian/Siberian Baykit Anticlise 80° 100° 120° 140° Irkineeva Katanga Stratigraphic Chart Stratigraphic Chart Uplift Tokhomo- Yurubchen- Turukhan- Saddle Series Stage Series Stage Olenchima Tayga Kuyumba LAPTEV Batyrbayan Stage 10492 Aksayan SEA Stage 9 Furongian 496 Late Saskian Evenkiya Fm Paibian501 Ayusokkanian Guzhangian 503 Mayan 70° Series 3 Durmian 507 Middle Amgan Zaledeevo Fm Stage 5 510 C A M B R I A A N B R I C A M

C A M B R I A A N B R I C A M Stage 4 Toyonian Series 2 517 Agalevo Fm SIBERIAN Botomian ? Stage 3 521 Klimino Fm Early Atdabanian ? PLATFORM Stage 2 Usol’e Irkineeva Fm Usol’e Fm Usol’e Fm Terre- 535 Tommotian neuvian Nemakit- Ostrovnov Fm Tetere Fm Tetere Fm Fortunian Dstrovnoy ? Soba Fm Soba Fm 542 Daldynian Moshakov Fm Tokhoma Fm Katanga Fm Katanga Fm 542 Ma 617+17

L a t e Ediacarian Chistyakov Fm Oskoba Fm 620 Oskoba Fm ? 643+7 Ediacaran Vanavara Fm Vanavara Fm V V e d a i n n Aleshino Fm E ay r l Ta s e e vo 646+14 630 650 630 Ma 650 Ma ? Nepa- Botuobuya Cryogenian Baykalian 60° Baykit Anteclise

850 850 Oslyanka YR 850 Ma Anteclise Dashkino Fm Iremakan Fm N. Angara Fm Tokura Fm L a t e C A M B R I A A N B R I C A M N E O P R O T E R O Z O I I C O Z O R E T O R P O E N Dadykta Fm Vongol’dinskaya Fm Sery Klyuch Fm Rassolka Fm Lakhanidian Tonian Yukten Fm Shuntara Fm Oil/gas field Kopchera Fm R R pi h e a n Kuyumba Fm Potoskuy Fm

1000 1000 Tu n i k g u s ? Dolgokta Fm Margin of 1000 Ma Alad’in Fm Yuribchen Fm Siberian Kartochka Fm Madra/Vedreshe Fm Platform Stenian Kerpulian Pogoryuy Fm Delingdeken (Zelendukon) Fm 1100 1200 Distribution of M M i d d l e

Aimchanian Pit Uderey Fm Sukhoy MESOPROTEROZOIC 1350 500 km Cambrian salt Lake Baykal after Mel’nikov, 2005, and Timoshina, 2005. Irkutsk correlation accepted by authors proven oil and gas deposits YR = Yenisey Ridge correlation suggested by authors small gas deposits unconformity TOC up to 15% (Timoshina, 2005) hiatus exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Geological Section across the Yenisey Ridge and the Baykit Anticlise, East Siberia

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Late Mesoproterozic to Early Neoproterozoic (c. 1150-800 Ma) The Rise and Fall of Stromatolites . . . and their role in the world’s oldest commercial oil and gas fields

Atar Group, Taoudenni Basin, West Africa (c. 1100 Ma ?)

Archaeozoon Saint John New Brunswich Canada exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Geology of the northeast part of the Taoudenni Basin in northwest Africa

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Mesoproterozoic- Neoproterozoic Succession , Abolag-1 Well, Taoudenni Basin, Mali

Dolerite ( Trias Jurassique ) • Max TOC. In well : 0.8% CAMBRIAN 0 TOC. 0.5 CEMENTED FRACTURES IN CORE, ABOLAG-T (832214) • High thermal maturity ?

- but inconsistent with well preserved light-coloured acritarchs?

- local effect of intrusions?

• Gas and condensate produced on test from fractured Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic stramatolotic limestone..

BITUMEN IN DOLOMICROSPARITE, ATAR GROUP STROMATOLITE

Dolerite C1–C2–C3 CRYOGENIAN

- …..fractured reservoir?

Gaz and Condensate 0.4 MMscF/d TONIAN NEOPROTEROZOIC (‘INFRACAMBRIAN’) 8770’ Tonian – Cryogenian (Late Riphean) c,. 750 – 1000 Ma Based on Acritarchs and Cynophytic Filaments …..early oil charge?

ATAR GROUP ? 9280’ Late Mesoproterozoic c. 1150 Ma Based on Re-Os dating of black shales exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic Stratigraphy, Events and Petroleum Systems

Ice Extent (°Lat ) Key Geological Events Petroleum Systems 90° 60° 30° 0° 400 . Baghewala, India and Potwar, Pakistan oil plays 443.7 Ma . Vendian-Cambrian, Siberia ORDOVICIAN Moreorganic burial Lessorganic burial 500 488.3 Ma GONDWANA . Hugf Group (Ara Salt e Glacial/Post Snowball Glacial/Post CAMBRIAN Buah Carbonate) oil and - Gondwana Formed 542 Ma 542 Ma gas plays. Ediacaran Radiation° by 540 - 530 Ma Post EDIACARAN Gaskiers Event (c. 580 Ma) 600 West Gondwana Acraman impact, assembled by 600 Ma 630 Ma VENDIAN Australia( c. 610 Ma) . Vendian Petroleum System, C

I Siberian Craton Marinoan Glaciation 665 –635 Ma O SNOWBALL EARTH . Sinian Dengying Fm, China

700 Z 700 Ma PERIOD “Snowball” O SturtianSturtianGlaciationGlaciation740740 –700 Ma

R CRYOGENIAN 740 Ma E Break - up of

T RODINIA (Superplume Event ?) . Atar Group Petroleum 800 O System Mauritania. Gas in R LATE Greenhouse Climate 830 Ma P Abalog-1. 850 Ma RIPHEAN O

E . 900 900 Ma Nonesuch Petroleum N TONIAN System, Lake Superior, TONIAN Formation of 10 5 0 - 5 - 10 RODINIA U.S.A. (105Ga) Rich oil δ 13(C % VPDB) source rocks e seeps. 1000 1000 Ma 1000 Ma First multicellular . Source of E. Siberian oils Glaciation organisms ( c. 1000 Ma) (Riphean)

MESOPROTEROZOIC EARLY Snowball Glacial/Pre

Negative d13C excursion - RIPHEAN In part after knoll, 1996, Etienne et at., 2006 . World’s oldest live oil

1100 Pre McArthur Basin, Australia (1 2 - 1 28 Ga) Gradsteinetat, 2004 Harlandetat, 1987 1200 exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Neoproterozoic ( Cryogenian c. 700 Ma) Source Rock Deposition Vazante Basin, southeast Brazil

759  'Sturtian' glaciation.

 Up to 3% TOC in black shales with

783 carbonate 'dropstones' interbedded with glacial diamictites.

805  Organic matter is primary and not re- sedimented from a pre-exsisting terrain. 810

2x 812  Sediments contain extractable biomarkers (not contamination by younger oil!) which 2x 816 indicate a complex productive aerobic and anaerobic syn-glacial ecosystem.

817  Ocean was strongly stratified with euxinia extending into the photic zone. 858

after Olcott et al., 2006 exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Late Neoproterozoic Carbon Isotope Curve and Glacial Events - Original S 2 0

10°

20°

GHAUB FORMATION 30° NAMIBIA 635·51 ± 0·54 Ma RICH RICH DEEP OCEAN WATER Lat) INTENSE UPWELLING OF OF H UPWELLING INTENSE ° 40° BASAL SULPHUR BED, NIUTITANG 7 0 0 M a ) a M 0 7 0 6 3 5 M a ) a M 5 6 3 FORMATION BLACK SHALE, 50° DOUSHANTUO Fm. YANGSE PLATFORM, CHINA IceExtent ( Cap Carbonate 541 Ma ± 16 Ma (Re-Os) ( 7 4 0 - ( 60° 6 5 - ( CHINA 635·23 ± 0·57 Ma 70° S T U R T I A N G L A C I A IIN A T OA C G L T A N IS U R T MA RI NO A N G LA C IA T IO N

80° GASKIERS (c.580Ma) EVENT GASKIERS (542.0 ± 0·3 Ma) A4 CARBONATE, ARA GROUP, OMAN 90° 720 700 680 660 640 620 600 580 560 540 520 500 ADELAIDE RIFT COMPLEX Tindelpina Shale EDIACARAN (630-542 Ma) Re/Os 643 ± 2 Ma

2·0 WINDERMERE SUPERGROUP CANADA 1·5 Old Fort Point Formation

Re/Os 607·8 ± 4·7 Ma - Mo

AMADEUS BASIN, AUSTRALIA 75 / 1·0 Basal Araka, black shale 78 Re/Os 657 ± 5 Ma δ 100,000 200,000 yrs Tune 0·5 NEOPROTEROZOIC CAMBRIAN CAMBRIAN

0·0 Australia Australia (c.610 Ma) GLOBAL DEPOSITIONALGLOBAL PHOSPHORITE OF Acraman Impact event exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Late Neoproterozoic Carbon Isotope Curve and Glacial Events - Revised S 2 0

10°

20°

GHAUB FORMATION 30° NAMIBIA 635·51 ± 0·54 Ma RICH RICH DEEP OCEAN WATER Lat) INTENSE UPWELLING OF OF H UPWELLING INTENSE ° 40° BASAL SULPHUR BED,

NIUTITANG FORMATION ScaleIsotope 6 3 5 M a ) a M 5 6 3 7 0 0 M a ) a M 0 7 0 BLACK SHALE, YANGSE 50° PLATFORM, CHINA DOUSHANTUO Fm. IceExtent ( 541 Ma ± 16 Ma (Re-Os) Cap Carbonate ( 6 5 - ( 60° 7 4 0 - ( CHINA 635·23 ± 0·57 Ma 70° GASKIERS (c.582Ma) EVENT GASKIERS S T U R T I A N G L A C I A L P H A S E H A I P A L A C G L T A N IS U R T MA RI NO A N G LA C IA LP H A SE 80° (542.0 ± 0·3 Ma) A4 CARBONATE, ARA GROUP, OMAN 90° 720 700 680 660 640 620 600 580 560 540 520 500 CRYOGENIAN EDIACARAN (850 - 630 Ma) (630-542 Ma)

2·0 WINDERMERE SUPERGROUP CANADA ADELAIDE RIFT COMPLEX 1·5 Tindelpina Shale Old Fort Point Formation

Re/Os 643 ± 2 Ma Re/Os 607·8 ± 4·7 Ma - Mo

AMADEUS BASIN, AUSTRALIA 75 / 1·0 Basal Araka, black shale 78 Re/Os 657 ± 5 Ma δ 100,000 200,000 yrs Tune 0·5 NEOPROTEROZOIC CAMBRIAN CAMBRIAN

0·0 Australia Australia (c.610 Ma) GLOBAL DEPOSITIONALGLOBAL PHOSPHORITE OF Acraman Impact event exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Neoproterozoic Geology of East Sindh and West Rajasthan, India-Pakistan

Baghewala Field: 628 Mbbls in place

Neoproterozoic - sourced heavy oil in Bikaner Neoproterozoic and Cambrian reservoirs HANSERAN - LAKHASAR SUB-BASIN

Kishangarh

GANGANAGAR OR BIKANER - NAGAUR BASIN

Marwar Supergroup outcrops BILARA GROUP SHAHGARH Pokaran Jaisalmer SUB - BASIN

JODHPUR GROUP outcrop Miajalar 1

Jodhpur

level Randha & Birmania Formation Bilara Kahra outcrops

MIAJALAR SUB - BASIN 0 50 kms

Khajari 1

Marvi 4 Neoproterozoic Stratigraphy: Bilara Group Jodhpur Group

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Petroleum System, Baghewala Field, Bikaner-Nagaur Basin, India Key Facts • Discovered by Oil India Ltd in 1991 • Estimated 94 million tonnes (628 Mbbls) in place of non-biodegraded, viscous heavy oil • Oil in 4 reservoirs: ①Upper Cambrian Carbonate-dolomitic limestone ②Thin siltstone layers in the Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian Hanseran Evaporite ③Neoproterozoic BILARA FORMATION: • Dolomite, stromatolitic limestone, deposited in supra-tidal to inter-tidal flat environment 1 • Oil source with TOC of 5-6% • Baghewala-1: - Gross 35m, Net 17m (N:G 50%) - Vuggy and moldic porosity 7-15% • Did not flow in Baghewala-2 due to viscous nature of oil ④Neoproterozoic JODHPUR FORMATION sandstone: • Fluvial and shallow marine sandstone 2 • Baghewala-1: - Gross 32m, Net 11m (N:G 34%) - Porosity 16-25% (avc. 22%) with 2-5 Darcy permeability 3 4 - Oil saturation 65-80% - Flowed 130 BOPD on test • 5 development wells drilled + exploration wells incl. Kalrewala-1, 2 and Tovriwala-1 • Estimated 16 million tonnes (c. 107 Mbbls) recoverable of heavy oil + 35 million tonnes of bitumen • Technical collaboration and ‘pilot production’ agreement signed with

Sheikh et al, 2003 PDVSA in October 2003 exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Summary of Precambrian and Phanerozoic Climate, Palaeobiology and Petroleum Systems 90 ° Palaeoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Snowball events Snowball events 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Metazoa PALAEOBIOLOGY Global extent during glaciationpeakof Proterozoic glacial gap Eukarya CLIMATE AND CLIMATE cyanobacteria, Mozaancyanobacteria, FilamentousChert Apex cyanobacteria, Multicellular organisms Multicellular record of metazoan life, life, of record metazoan METAZOAN BIODIVERSITY (Genera) BIODIVERSITY METAZOAN End of heavy meteorite bombardment Beginning Beginning of more complete and Bacteria Earliest geochemicalEarliest 60 ° First land plants plants land First pO > 0.03 bar pO2 > 0.002 bar 2 pO2 > 0.2 bar Oman Ma)(635 oxygenahon event Global biospheric biospheric Global Photosynthesis Filamentous (c.1·3 continuous fossil record fossil continuous (475 Ma)(475 (c.2·9 Ga) (530 Ma)(530 (c.3·0 Ga) Earth(c.4·6 Ga) formed - 1·25 Ga) 1·25 Earliest life forms life Earliest 30 ° (c.2·1 Ga) (c.3·47 Ga) (c.3·9 Ga) (c.3·8 Ga)

Banded Iron Formations S T R O M A T O L I T E S 0° A N A E R O B I C A T M O S P H E R E O X Y G E N A T M O S P H E R E

A R C H A E A N P A L A E O P R O T E R O Z O I C MESOPROTEROZOIC NEOPROTEROZOIC PHANEROZOIC 0 10% 20% 30% 20% 10% 0 GLOBAL HYDROCARBON RESERVES HYDROCARBON GLOBAL

50% - 50% - 60% AGE (Ma) 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 CARBON ISOTOPES CARBON Earliest Earliest terrestrial mats,microbial Pilbara First First steranes from Eukaryotic organisms SYSTEMS AND First volumetrically significant source significant volumetrically First gas accumulations, East Siberia McArthur Basin, northern Australia McArthur Australia Basin, northern PETROLEUM Earliest source of giant oil & oil of giant Earliest source rock, Shungite , Lake Onega rock, , Shungite Lake Oil generation & migration, & generation Oil (c.1·15 δ Source of Omanand Rajasthan 40% - 40% 13 (c.2·75 Ga) (c.2·7 Ga) C per mil pdb giant oil fields (c.542 Ma) fields oil giant (c.1·28 Ga) - (c.2·0 Ga) c.1·0 Ga Ga) 30% - 30% - 20% Oil Gas - 10% - Abolag Karenlian Shungite, Russia Shungite, Karenlian Reef and Camposite Reef Fm Pertataka and Rodda Fms, Pertataka and Rodda Fms, Centralian Kaapvaal Witwatersand, Kimberley Kimberley Witwatersand, Kaapvaal Dengying Fm Dolomite, Sichuan Sichuan Dolomite, Fm Dengying Huqf Fm, Oman Fm, Huqf Pilbara Lalla Rookh Fm Lalla Pilbara Kaapvall Black Reef Fm Reef Black Kaapvall McMinn Fm, McArthur Basin McArthur Fm, McMinn Pilbara Hardey Fm Hardey Pilbara Siberian Craton Siberian Chuar Fm, Grand Canyon Grand Fm, Chuar Bitter Springs, Albinia, Bitter Springs, Albinia, and Brown Fms Superior Matinenda FmSuperior Nonesuch Fm Rinkabeena Fm, Centralian Centralian Fm, Rinkabeena Main Potential Precambrian Precambrian Potential Main uebsn Australia Superbasin, Centralian Superbasin Austrlia Superbasin Centralian source rock intervals rock source 1, 1, AZTaoudenni Basin Superbasin Australia Superbasin Tindouf Basin, Basin, China Basin - 1, 1,

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2013

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/ The End

exploration & production

//Dise/Pedini/Archivio_57/