REFUGE NARRATIVE REPORT

May 6, 1959 through September 12, 1959

ALEUTIAN ISLANDS NATIONAL \HLDLIFE REFUGE

Cold Bay, Alaska

NARR AI/INWR May-Sep 1959 \

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I.EPUGE IWUtATIVE REPOB.T

Table of Contnt:a Pag-e

I. GENEitAL 1

It. WII.DLIFE 2

A. Waterfowl 2 a. Bock PtU'IDtaaa 2 t. Other Jirda 3 D. -la 5 E. rteh 7 F. IR.eet:s 10'

�.· tiL EPUGE DEY.ELOPMEIIT MADITEIWICE 12

1Y. jt'UIUC REIATit'lBS 13

V• ECOIDilC USE 14

! YI. FIELD INYESTIGATIOIIS 01. APPLIEDJtES£AllCH 15

Caribou .lfttrochtctt• to Mall lalanct lS S.ea Otter Forage StucUea lR Kuluk Bay 41

8749 9 ooo 7 " 3 3755 ., REFUGE NARRATIVE REPORT

May 6. 1959 through September 12. 1959

ALEUTIAN ISlANDS NATIONAL WIWLIFE REFU:;E

Cold Bay. Alaska

I. GENERAL

A. Weather conditions have been remarkably warm, calm. and dry for the Aleutian Islands. So favorable for outdoor operations has t t been that fr0111 the middle of June to the corres poncUng time in Aqgust we laid our plans involving day to day use of the dory and on only a single occasion was it necessary to delay a run of 14 miles until the next morning. And this was the only occasion in a months field work, during which the dory was in operation 90 hours, that it: was necessary to run her in rough water.

B.. As a consequence of the weather reported above all the streams were at a very low level. c. No fires observed or reported.

D. Duri� mid-summer Garelol Volcano was reported by Navy pilots to be in a minor eruption. Page 2

II. WILDLIFE

A. Waterfowl.

1. No geese were observed during the period.

2. -Ducks.

(a) Common eiders were observed in the areas about Adak Islancl visited during the period. This Includes about 40 in Finger Bay, an unde�ermlned but somewhat larger number ln the small lsla·nds off Zeto Point, 40 to 50 lying off the Andrews Lake spit, well over· 100 drakes observed in Shagak Bay July 5, late in July several broods of fledglings in Sbagak Bay, between 40 and 50 laying and incubating hens on North Rocks and North Island in the Bay of Islands on July 11, an undetermined number of moulting and flying drakes tn the Bay of Islands, and about 100 of both sexes in Claa1 Lagoon.

(b) One brood of Aleutian teal was noted tn the meander­ ing creek flowing into Adak Strait from the Caribou Peninsula just nor th of Argonne Pt.

(e) Oni.June 23 while bandtna gulls on an island in Lake Betty at the head of Finger Bay, S nes ts of American �rgansers were noted, each containing 8 eggs . The hens were incuba�iag at the tlme.

3. Throughout the period after May 26, commcm lo� �ere ob. served in all the s�lt water areas visited about Adak and tn Lake Betty. In this lake 5 were notec1 June 23rd. They regularly feed in Finger Bay, Sweeper's Cove, Shagak Bay, and the Bay of Islands. Rarely a day passed when the famed laughing call of these birds was not heard.

B. Rock ptarmigan. Judging from our constant contaet with these birds both in the Finger Bay area and the area adjoining Three Arm Bay and the Bay of Islands, there is a large population on Adak.

These Mrds appear much more elusive with their broods than does the willow ptarmtaan at Cold Bay. for only once did we see chicks in all the many milea we traveled. On this occasion !.n wrl two early August,. the ter observed chicks barely able to fly.

Following open ing of the hunting seasot\ ht August, hunters obtained satisfactory bags though hunting these birds on Adak Page 3

is a clecid.edly sporuna p�oposl tton. c. O ther btrcla.

1. On June 29 we banded 71 glaacous-win&ed gulls Oft the islands tn Lake Betty , A4ak and oa. .July 11. 29 were b(.tnded em North Rocks and North tsland in the Bay of Islands ,. Adak.

2. Oa Uftl\allled rocke near Cormorant Island in the 8ay of Islands , several nests of Arctic terns were noted.

3. laolated nests of black oystercat�:hers were oi>.served en several rocks in the Bay of Islands.

4. July 23rd two da rk colored petrels bearing a white band at the base of the taU were noted tn the Bay of Islands . This ts presu.ably leal's petrel.

5. July 18 two sanderllns• were obserw«< on the beach of Unalga Bight, Bay of Islands.

6. July 28 a s inale wandering tattler was noted along the creek flowing into Beverley Co�, Bay of Islands. this ts precisely where a single spec·tmen of this species was observed a year ago.

7. On July 28 a large nu.ber of birds were obseJ'ved Ia a dense fog bank lying off the entrance to Shasak Bay. Included were a few fulmars and shearwaters plus kitty• wakes, pufflna, cormorants and glaueous-wlngetl gulls.

8. ArO\U\Cl the c:abla at Unalga Bight we dally observed winter wrens. sons sparrCllWs and longspurs.

9. June la t we observed 7 murreleta in Finger Bay too f ar off for ldentlfieation. These were the first observed thts season.

10. A pair of rosy finches had constructed a nest ln the cari­ bou barn at Finger Bay prior to our reoc:cupaney. Despite the c ommotion caused by both animals and men. they incubated the two eggs in the nest and two nestlings were noted on the fourth of June. Shortly thereafter we noted the adults were no longer ln a ttendanee and we found both nes tllngs dead.

11. One Peale's falcon was noted on the Navy Base at Adak August 25. Two of these birds were noted on Amchltka Page 4

August 29. The latter observation is not particularly remarkable as this falcon is abundant o.n Amchitka but is scarcely so on Adak.

12. The large m!lllber of bald eagles reported in the Bay of Islands last year were not present this year. We attribute this to the very poor showing of salmon.

Two bald eaale nests were observed in the B•y of Islands not far from Unalga Bight. They were about two mlles apart and in each case attended by both adults. One contained a single fledgling almost as· large as the adults, and the other contained two of similar size. These nests were watched throughout the last half of July and the birds were still in the nests at months end. We were able to approach closely the neat containing a single fledgling, though we remained about 10 feet from it for the bird seemed disposed to jump out and would have fallen into the Bay.

As this nest is sited in an area of dense sea otter population and there were many otter pups in evidence on the w�er below the nest, we sought to discover if there were any evidence of predation. No otter remains were observed, all identifiable remains being avian.

13. Cormorants, puffins, and gulls. We are apt to take common­ place events and species for granted and so 0rig1nally did the writer tn preparing this manuscript. A colony of pelagic cormorants nests on the high rocks off the north­ western corner of North Island wh i le the cliffs forming the we stern face of the island are the nesting sites of hundreds of puffins of both species. We tra�lled many times between Unalga Bight and the beach of Shagak Bay. as this was our supply and cOtmtUnications route. and the course eaeh way took us directly to the cormorant colony. On bright, clear days the approach of the dory to North Island was s ignaltzed by a cascade of cormorants and puffins from the cliffs and then we traveled under a vert .. table canopy of wings. When the sea fog' lay dose and we ran on compass courses, quite out of sight of land though we knew it to be near. the smell of whlt�ashed cliffs was a beacon guiding us and a sudden avalanche of birds, bursting out of the murk, pinpointed our location.

North Island is, happily, fox free (though we under­ stand it was not always so) and is now the most important Figure 2. Pel tc eorroorants, North lsland. .�

Page 5 ' - bird ialan4 ln the Bay of tslanda. It Is hi&h• an4 aa noted aboW, precipitous. Just above the eltffs and 011 the many promlnant knobs in the interior of the tii4-rld tall. dense grass clu.pa have developed. This la no doubt the result of fertiUzation by the large numbers of glaucou:s-wi ngecl gulls that rest there. Some of them nest. there • although when ve Yislt.ed it In July for the purpose of banc:Ung nes tllng gulls • there was no e'Yidence of a large nest.ln.a population. Nevertheless• the top of the island was always white with gulls resting and soaring.

A nUOlber of ktttywakes vere obserft:d. usually around the mouth of Shagak Bay but no large nesting colonies are Ia the area.

D. Manmals.

1. At Unalaa Bight we found one family of blue foxes and a maber of others on t::he beaches of Actak Strait.. One tslal\d in the Bay of lslanda (Staten Island) has a lar�e popu­ lation of foxes. The only b ird nest we observed 01\ th is island was that of an eagle (above noted). As most of the others do have nesting birds we wonder what influenee the foxes may have had.

%. Whales were frequently obserYed and we recorded some of theae:

4 porpotses Kuluk Bay. June 30 2 killer whales off Shagak Say. J uly 5 2 whalea (believe sperM whales) off Shagak Bay, July 12 1 unidentified small whale. possibly pR"poise. inside Bay of Islands July 12 1 ftn-bac:k whale off Sach• Head. Bay of Islands. July 28 1 ftn-baek whale off SacheM Head at close range. July 29

, 3. Sea Otters. We have a report frOIIl Ben J'ones. ECF, engaged in the Paetftc Salmon Investigations of a single sea otter appearing half way between Ktska and Buldir Llland on the 27th of May. It was plotted 33 miles west of Sirius Pt., Kiska I. swimming around the boat. He notes that there were no kelp patches in the area.

It wUl be recalled that in the report of last per iod we fecorded the appearance of a sea otter pod in the small Islands off Zeto Pt. !t was possible to watch these ln a ' Page 6 desultory fashioa throughout the au.ner. ay the middle of June th is poet appeare4 to number about 200 an t-.ls. The pod was still present on July 5th when this writer pass-ed that way ill the dory botmd for Sh.agak Jay. Our next observation was the 6th of August when ret:u:rniq frca the west slo of Adak and at thls u.. the otters were lone. ORly tvo or tiu'ee lndl.tduala were obse:r.ed at that ttae. Oftce more� In early September, these islands were visited Bftd no aea otters were present.

'WhUe operat tq fr• Unalp Bight throughout July we observed sea otters c:onttnuoualy. the entire areA frOIIl Sh.agak Bay t.o the head of North Arm of Three Al'ID Bay came within this SurftUlance. Abeut 25 were regularly encountered at the entrance to Shagak Bay. Usually an equal number lay j1.Jat off North ltocks aad seattered in· c:U"i'lduals were always found alone the route fran Shagak Bay to the north ships passage btto the Inner part of the Bay of Islands. We didn't, of course. follow the deep water chanRel wtth the dory and sometimes picked our way through the tslancls. But bowe,..r we went• there were always sea otters right up to the beach of Unalga Bight.

About 75 sea ouers inhabited the southern ships passage iato the Bay of Islands wt th the bulk of these usually to be found around the rocks at the l\Orthwestern entrance to the passage. Perhapa 50 more were regularly observed between these rocks and Careful Potat. Thus along that tenath of coast front Hell Gate to Careful Pt. about l!S nat.. la, the bulk of which were females with pups. were regularly obser.ed throughout July.

Outside, in Adak Strait, they were aore numerous,. Datm the coast from Caweful Pt. to about 1500 yards south of Argonne Pt. is an area of excelleftt sea otter habitat. It is a maze of rocks and reefs, some of the l att er running a thousand yards off shore. · Throughout all this area run swift tides, a c:onditlcm greatly pro - · moting the de-.elopment of large iavertebrate populations. A single pod of about 400 male otters lies in a large off-shore kelp patch about 2500 yards southwest of Eddy Island; aruJ all down this coast and around the several tslancla in the area there were regu larly seen several smaller pods and numerous individuals. Prom about 1500 yards below Argonne Pt. the water beec:aes deeper and the dense otter concentration dwindles to scattered animals. Paae 7

A roqh eaUaute of the sea otters inhabiting this IJ!.rea durlna .July ls about 800 tndtvtduala.

4. · Reindeer . s.,.ral expecliUons were sen:t froat Adak to Atka for the purpose of hunttaa reindeer. They were attended with a high ..asure of success. All of these expeditions were landed oa the north coast near the wes t end of the ialancl. As this 1a the area occuptecl largely by bulls, the take was alm�t so lely male. We have a report, eonshiered very reliable, from a htant ln which 12 bulla were taken.

"l"at over rump flJ'lll art.d stroq 1% lticbes «•ep1 hooves in good condition., 1\0 warbles, livers excellent, aU out of velft�, dropplqs good atvtns. evidence •of arasina on grasses, testicles enlaraed, antlers mostly irregular. In b-lna lichens. heavily uUUzed qcl trampled, but above 1000 feet: (lichens) in good shape."

E. Fish.

1. The pink salmon run t.hls year at Adak vas negUgtble. They appeared in very small numbers about the 2Sth of August.

At. the time of Dr. Wlltmonky's presence on Adak in

May he examtnecl se�ral of the waters for fish and ob .. served a large downatrea01 migration of pink salmon fry tn the linger Bay stream. As this is one of the important pbtk spawning syst81118 on the Island it demonstrates a good 8\tCCess of last years spawn.lng.

2. This year we had the opportunity to verify reports of a red salmon rtlft into Lake Corun:ance lyiag at the western end of the trail over Husky Pass. The lake flows into a short creek debauching over a aeries o f small falls into Be'ftrley Cove lt\ the Bay of Islands. Our watch was re• warded on the 21st of July when we observed both Dollies and red salmcm jl.lllping the falls at high tide. We saw them aaain the 23rd but by the 28th they had all gone up the stream to �he lake.

3. This writer's attention was drawn to the fact that red saLmon were present in the Davis Lake system adjacent to the runway at Adak. In view of the history of this system, that the run has survived is const dered remarkable. ' Page 8

The writer first saw this system the last day of August 1942 prior to establishment of the runway. It was then

flGirln& Into the lqOOR that opened into Sweeper• a Cove · and UUe d with salaon, probably predOillinantly pinks. In a l ter years we learned fr� Mark Meyers that . there was once a �rctally •aluable l"UI\ of reds uUUztq the Da•ts Lake systea. HCIIW'eftr, the bulkof Davis Lake was ; flllecl in 1943 and very major chances made tn the lagoon al\cl st.-eama coqaristng the system. The I'Ul\Vays are sltecl Ia what was the upper end of the lagoon and the marshes acljaceftt to 1t. The lower part of the lagoon. ts f U led and occupi ed by roadways and buildings, while the old strea. bed Is a part of the canal system by which the run­ ways are kept drained• The dunes over which ve plodded In 1942 at the tlme of the tslaml'a oc:cupattoa are now lewllecl aacl the outlet of the remaining Davis l.ake system is an un,.getatecl canal leadtng to Kuluk Bay through the

site of the old dunes that once barred its way. A second · canal , also leading through the aa.e sandy area, diverts a strea. that once 111Wlt have been an lmport�nt part of the spawniq bec!a when tt flowed into DaviS Lake.

But the reefs are aUll' there tn mudl d'tmtatshed atimbers spatmln.g h!l at least one of the creeks flowing freat the slopes of Mount Moffet.·

4. We cUd not note the capeUn rua ta Claat LagOOft reporte d laat year but we received .-eports of a run gf sma ll Oah that vas probably the run we mtssecl. We observed a few clead capeUn durtna July ln. the Gannet Ct:lVe atresm ln. dicating there ts mGre than one run on Adak.

5. The herring concentration at Adak is apparently larger and more persistent than our report last year would indicate. Fr011t reports that are cons tde recl reliable they muat haw been taken consistently all July and August in Clam Lagoon and rathtr regularly in Finger Bay. We observed them our... ·selves at both places tn late August. there were only a few ln Finger lay but a larae dense school was noted lying in the t tdeway during flood tide in Clam Lagoon. It• s a pity that there are so many obstacles (in the form of ptUngs} to the use of a drift net for catching these f.ish. Sometimes they can be caught by hook and line but on the occasion of this writer ' s visit on l y one was landed. Thia was a medium size.d herring and appeared typical of the school.

6. In Unalga Bight we caught a number of fringed greenling (Leblus superciltosus). Unfortunately. we had no means of weighing them but they were approximately twice the size Paae 9

of those taken at Amehitka averag ing 1.1 lbs.

7_. There is a rather interesting stream that draina a large part of the Caribou Peninsula and flows into Adak Stt'alt jut nonth of Argoftfte Pt. A$ the Peninsula is relatively low al\Cf of a rolllft& topography this stream is quite different fro. the brawling .ountaln streams so typica l of Adak. It 111eanders a peat deal. flows rather slowly and ls charaeterl&ed by deep stretches and holes. It appears 1 tkaly that thls stu ... may s-upport a run of l'ecl salmon as one of our members repol'ted seetna 1arae ftsh tn l t July 22. On the 29th of July ,_ observed and caught two Dollies ln the small cove off the creek mouth. Again on the Jrd of August we i»eaeha4 the dory here (the best spot for this on that coast,. hence our frequent appearance here) 81\d noted a larae school of Dollies in the cove. We had with us a fishing pole and one of oqr merabera caught Dolltu one right after the other. We were thus afforded a wale� variation to our cal\1\ed food dlet. Most of these ftsh were between 14 and 18 inches in length.

Thta aame extrava&ant fishing of Dollies was afforded a group of mea ln the sate· water off a small stream flowing into St. Bakartus Bay, Amc:hitka. Island on August 2Jrd. We had aone over fr� Adak that day and the plane crew, equipped with one flshtna pole. trted their luck . The Ume al lotted was brief and the weather atrocious but they muat haw kept that fishing pole hot. for two large and hea� s trlngns of Dolllea a.ncl areenllng were brought back to Adak.

the ephemeral nature of this sort of fishing was illustrated on August 29th when. we returned to Amchltka. Word had gotten around and se'"-tral flshermen, each wtth hls own. equipment , tried again, this t:lme with much im­ proved weather. Though the fiahlrig could be described as good, tt was substantially less productive than the week earlier.

8. A brief bit of information regarding success of the rain­ bow introduction to Adak was affo rded by measurements of four trout, three from abo� Heart Lake and the fourth from below Ha'"-tn Pond. The former is effeethely lat\d.. lockec:l by a high fall at the creek mouth where lt flows into Shagak Bay. while the latter forms the headwaters of the creek (referred to above, under red salmon) diverted from the Davis Lake system. The three fish from the Heart Lake stream measured 53/4", 6-1/8", and 6-3/8" in length and were adult. they present ed the appearance of dwarf fish inhabiting waters of insufficient Page 10

food supply. The other, from below Haven Pond was 63/4" long and sexually lnwatura. This fish possessed a more typical rainbow shape and was well fleshed out. OUlr planting re:eorcis indicate that the latter ftah, though larger, was 3 years younger than those from a He rt Lake.

9. We took ad.-ntage of the opportunity to explore the fish resources available in the Bay of Islands area but with

lnconclusl� resul ts . The trawl (a try net commonly used in shrimp operations ln the Gulf o( Mexico) was sent down once in the inner part of t.he &ay of Islands. Depth varied' but the a.. rage ln this case was about 40 fathams. We ran fr0111. just outside Unalga Bight across the Bay toward Staten Island and then up toward Bevereley Cove. The trawl was filling as attested by substantial slowing of' th• dory. .JwJt: as we were ready to stop al\d holst the trawl a))oari lt caught on the bottom but qutekly broke loose. Unfortunately, this mishap ripped open the cod end and dumped the load. A number of shrl111p were taft&led ln the webb·lng along with some· shells but nothing else of interest. It appeared that we had dra�aed through a great quantity of shells and this may ha<�re been the bulk of the loada but they had so badly worn the webbing that we could aot use it agath. Practically eftry strand on the bottom was nearly worn through.

Se�ral times we set a modified long line both inside and outside the Bay. But ve were eviden tly setting oa shrimp, crabs, or �hipoda and the bait was rapidly eaten frOID the hooks leavtn8 us flshleaa. No webbing for gill nets or trammel nets was available.

So our fishing efforts were unsuccessful and possessed only the somewhat dubious mertt of pointing out "how not to do it." r. Insects.

1. A year ago Dr. Carl H. Lindroth. an entomolostst of the Zoologtska InsUtuttoft, Lund, Sweden visited the Aleutian Xslands oa a zoogeographical study. He was baaing hta work oft a collection of Carabid beetles.. We recorded this faet ia the report a year ago but since then haft received a letter from Dr. Lindroth that is of interest. We quote lt in part;

"I was able to spend only one day and a half on Attu but the weather was excellent the first �ay so t probably was getting almost everything existing there, at least Paae 11

•mona the Carabtd beetles. The favu of Attu la aUgl\tly richer thaa that of Adak (11 against 8 speeleal but U: ls the a aaae strictly North �rican fauna. except for a ataale spectea of. Beaabldt.o� tha.t occurred abuttdanUy al0ag a small rt-.er. an« ls either undescrtbecl. or a

Stbertan speeles • ..Attu ts a w�rful island, w.lth soU and vegetati on much richer thaa Oft Ac!ak so lt is really stan.lftcaftt that it abOQld not haft been able to •catch' l90r•, Siberian emigrants. To my mtnd. the Alr..atlaa cbaln has played a quite lnfertor role - U any - for the faunal «KC:hange between the two eontlnenta.• / (

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III. REFUGE lEVBLOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE

In preparation for the work on the western stele of the lslaad. DIPPE&, the Adak dory was sarutecl. instde ancl out. d01m to raw wood aNI repainted . For scaae reason. newr understood. we were urtable to make pa int stick to the prl.. coat applied to the boat by her ..nufacturer. Hence the necessity for this j ob. one which ran tato 111any hovra of unlnaplrtna labor.

To those of oult readers who have seen an Ea.stera dory in use uru:ler power. the enclosed photo of DIPPER will coruatltute a sur­ prise. Normally a double-encier ls designed for use with oars or satl and the application of power makes thea settle by the stern, thelr bow high out of the water. So it .is with a dory. 'l'hese boats are severely limited la the amount of power they can uttl he and speecl ts lov.. However. as the photo .shows, our dory does not behave this way. She is pr opelled by a 20 h.Ol:'aqower· engine and. as is obvious. capable of a wry satisfactory speed. this has been achieved by the i nstallation of hydrofoil• at the stern. After experimeatatlon we settled on the present form and both of our dories are eq.utppeci in the same manner.

Each plane consists of a rtaht anal• triaaale truReated at the acute angle• . 30 laches long• . 14 laches wl4e at the base of the triangle (the after edge of the plane) and on the truncated end S laches wide. The ..terial la 1/8 inch stainless steel plate •ounted with two brasa hfnaes to the bottom of the boat at the chine. A •·Ingle• short. brass strut secures the plal'le to the side of the boat. They are. of course. mounted in pairs. wtth a slight dlh�ral and the lead ing edge 3/4 of an inch higher on the chtae

than the after edge •.

The resul t of this development has been to almost double the speed of the boat without curta iling her famed sea ability. As she is the means by which we i ndependently carry on much of our work in the Aleutians. she is very searchingly examined and main­ tained• .

At Adak following completion of the caribou work a rein­ forced concrete sea otter pool was put under construction. At the present writing ( Feb 1960 ) the pool itself is completed but requires water piped tn. a concrete aproa, and a fence . To pipe in the water simply requires coupling into a 12 inch main (the same source as used for the trout hatchery) that passes close to the pool. Figure 4. DIPPER. the Adak Pory. Page 13

tv: PUBLIC RELATIONS

1. Moat of the fi•htng success at Adak has already bqn recounted

above. Ia additiOR• howe...-er 1 two or three trips were made by

ServiC...af.:to the ICagataska Islalul system in which ratnbowa: · have been planted. Reel sa l-on were taken as well as Dollte·s and ra inbowa.

Fi•hlag was reported good, as usual, at Attu.

l'tsb.lna pressure at Adak vas high as it always is durlag the sunuer months. Andrew Lake has always �tom a large per­ centage of this weight. Its prtnetpal fishery eomes from the Dollies and baa proven its ability to suatalll: aU pressure

thus far applied and doubtless much more. Boats ha'ft recently been made avai lable on the lake by Special Services and this has brought the cleep holes within reach of the fishermen. Some rather large Dollies have been taken. The ·food supply of these ftah1 baaed on stomaeh samples, is a small gastropod apparently abund&Rt in the lake.

2. Shrimplng and crabbing were more or less successfully carried ou.t at Adak. The shrlap populations are reliable and a steady increment la supplied all suaaer, but king crabs come and go and there are long periods when none are taken. However, in the aggregate these two speeles provide a substantial sea food resource for the people of Adak.

3. As menttonec:l above, successful hunting of: reind�er on. Atka was done by the people froaa Adak. Unfortt.mately, the bulk of

· the animals taken were bulls as they occupy the part of Atka nearest to Adak.

4. Ptarmigan huntlag on Adak, was aceordtag to reports reasonably successful. The btrd.s had not as yet formed flocks so it was covey shooting which on Adak may Involve extenstw walking and mountain cllmbtng.

5. Completion of the caribou introduction to Adak was an event that won approval of the Adaktans. Whtle the calves were present In the Finger Bay barn and corral a great interest centered around them. Many p ictures were taken and all who wished to see the calves were presented the opportunity.

When we moved to Unalga B lght several of cur friends ex­ pressed a desire to visit us there. We were able to afford this opportunity to a few, ferrying them from the beach of Shagak Bay to Unalga Bight by dory. As the Bay of Islands is teeming with bird and marine life these men enjoyed the revelation tha t the Aleutians are not really the desolation usually pictured• Page 14

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¥ • ECONa.tiC USE

the lesaee of· Cacon•s: Islanct. Chris Gunclersen. made his fine movea tn ltrhtalng the wtld cattle on Caton's Istaucl

under mana:gcaeft£. • , ThiS eons!ated e£ kllUaa s0111e. of the -wUd bvlla ·and latrodu:�tng t:.vo new ones frolia registered st.edc� He intencls ell•i•ae ton of al 1 the wt 14 bulla. Page 15

VI. FIEl.D INV!sTIGATIONS OR APPLIED RESEARCH

Caribou Ifttroductton to Adak Island

the lnti'Oductlon of caribou to Adak Island tn 1958 hacl Men less successful than hoped due te early lo.ses of the eapt:t._ animals. Two thirds of the 31 calves caught f J'GIIt the Nelehtna earllK.tu beret clied, and the survt·dng ten were ulUmately released on what is now kl\OWI\ as the caribou Peft.tuula, west of the Bay of Islanda on Adak Island. Of these ten, one disappeared frOlll the band ay January 1959 and 1s pres:tmtecl dead. Plana were laid to increase this small band by a second release ln. the s ummer of 1959.

It wa. Sn�ded to e�uctted the project jointly with the Militar y EatabUata.nt as before. This was arranged l.a advance so that the cal-.es could be exped t tloualy cauah& and transferred to Adak In a single day. A study of our experiences vtth the c:al..a 1n 1958 emphasized the naecl to pro.lde adequate natural forage rtaht fz'0111 the start. We had, JllGI'eo.er, by a process of trtal and error drdsed a aUk fotwUla that vas palatable to the cal.-a ancl appareatly met their needs.. there seemed reason to beUe'Ve the loaaes could be reduced by t... cuate transfer of the calves to Adak where acle(\u&te forage was available, and feecltng the pr�n mUk fol'lmtla. Events pr�d us wrona but it was on this basta that we proeeec:Ject..

At Finger lay, Adak tlte bam used ill 1958 to house the calves vas sUpdy llOCltfted anc:J 11Ulde reacly. Supplies of canaecl and dehydrated milk. cod U'ftr ott , and eggs for the milk formula were secured; and bedding tn the fora of excelsior was provided. VegetattOl\ in the 1958 enclosuJ."e surprhecl ua by comtna up eaJ."ller and faster tba'A outside the fence, so we did aot move t.t as planned but merely extended 1 t to htclude more areas aru:l repaired winter damage t.o the fence.

May 26th 45 caribou eahes were caught aliYe frOAl the EUreka herd in IntertGT Alaska and placed lndtvSdtaally in burlap bags with thetr head and neck outside the bag. They were then trucked to Anchorage, with the loss of four enroute, loacled aboard a US Navy · !l5D and flown to Adak, where they anived at 0040 BST May 27.

This ¥\"iter did not participate tn eapturtna the calves either this or last year so cannot offer an account.tng. He regrets to thus summarily dispose in a slagle paragraph of what liNSt have been a busy Ume indeed. We do not know the names of ·�snsoy�ua 4eg �aSuJa JO·� a8vxo1 ut d&ap a � ite� noqJ�e� axnBta Page 16 the men tn.olved and have heard only a sketchy aceOUftt of their acttvtttea; but for thts contribution we hereby expreaa qur grat.ttucle. Those of us who workecl with the animals at Adak achieved a bend of fzotenclahlp we should Uie to share with t he aen who c:ausht the cal vea.

This writer aupervbed the proj e-ct and the followiag naaned men. members of the u. s. Marine CoJrpa assigned to Marine Barracks. Adak, were detailed to take part at one or another perlocl ln the developnumt of the project:

tpl James E. J.uaablh.l Pfc John a. Polo Pfc Richard !. Erdn Pfe Frank J. Knusta Pfc lobert E. Ste&IIBOI\8 Pfc Lester E. Duncan

In this group. cme. John Polo• was a repeat; that h, he had been assigned to the 1958 project and so there were two of us that had prior experience with the cahes. .Johft asked and receive• an extension. of his tour oa Adai so that he migM complete. the project.

lnroute fr_. Anchorage four eal-.es died and another was neaJrly dead on arrival. It expired the next morblq. ·thus at that early .ontna hGUl" oa the 27th. 36 very hungryry andve Urecl calves were clelhered to ua.. They had been released from the burlap sacb enroute and when we ftrst saw th• at the airport. they were fo.r the •oat part standtaa ln the crates bleattna and looktna for milk; but by the time dell'9'8ry to the barn could be made by truck• they were all bedded dCNR and asleep. Each animal vas lifted gently fraat 1 ts crate and we \Iegan the job of taming �

Ultimately. of these 36• fourteen survived to jolnc the nlne already on the Island. almost exactly the same percentage of survival experienced the year before. t.e. . , 93'1. Seven died within the first 24 hours. setttng a pa�tern that was to con­ tinue through .June 6th. On that date the lOth calf dled• '21 of them on Adak. The last one was lost August 4. Except for this final one. we are of the opinion that the heavy mortality (66X) atema frca a shock syndrome, not uncamRlOn in captured wUci animals. but there is little medical evidence to support our belief. Tranquilltzers were not tried and eorttzone in only oae instance. unsuccessfully. It was administered rather late. as the symptoms of approaching death were �ulte marked. Paae 17

We haYe th� welpt of 31 of the animals on May 27 but the other fl� were not reeorded . This information ta tabulated beloW ahowtt'lg weight in the left hand columB and n�ber of animals la the rtsh.t:

9\ - - - 1 11 -- - 1

13 � - - 1 14 - - .. 2 . 15 - - - 6 15% - - - 2 16 - - - 8 16% - - ... 1 17 - .. .. 3 18 - - - 1 18% - .. - 1 19 - - - 3 19\ - - ·....!

Total )1

The an lmala ln the llgh.ter wetsh.t brackets were frail aftd thelr hold on 1 t fe very tenuous . One of 9\ pounds la recorded and oqr recorda indleat.e there was another In this bracket. Still another that cUed before the weighing was accornpUshecl ls also heli.-..d to be ln this group. These were lost; almost at once. The indications ••re that these calyea 1\84· been born ··'' cmly hours before capture, ana there is lttde to indi cate that we might ha.•• reared them successfully • the best ehartee would ba.w been tio remove· them froat the ba-m and adm.lntster special care. but this for prac-tical reasons we eould not do.

We ha'ft records of starting. weights . for 12 antmals: that a�ived the early period of heavy losses� For three we do not haw that record but ha-.e deduced a figure bom later wetghtnga artd known grwth J"atu. Thts ls tabulated. wetgnt Ia the left. eolam and. ,number of animals In the right. The deduce.cl figure• •re entered parenthetically: .

13 - - - l (2) lS - - - 3 lS\ --- 2 16 .... - - 1 (1) 16\ - - - 2 17 - - - 1 - -- 2 19 -

Total 12 (l) •..IJS\1 1 4 U SJ\1 SuJ.ilea nns �91 ..1aqwnu .no� • L a..1nglA Page 18

Our first move�as to paint numbers on the animals' sides to facilitate iAentiflcatton. Unfortunately, the paint selected proved unsuitable and the numbers beeama unrecoantaable. This introdueed some confusion in our early records. We changed to red model airplane dope which b.ad the advantage of drying rapidly and not matting the animals' hair. Moreover, it was not adherent and though this necessitated renewal of the numbers as the project developed, the animals were not obliged to carry kight red numbers on their sides through the first winter. We began with the number 128, our highest number in 1958 having been 127. Ultimately we came to know the animals well enough not to require a number until they moulted the natal hair. Even then we recojnized them, but more by ·their traits than appearance.

Projecting the discussion of recognizable traits into a period not covered by this report, Jerry Knuata and this writer with Tom Logan (also from the Marine Barracks, Adak) conta·eted the caribou on Adak January 3, 1960. All 23 of the animals

were in a single band and we looked for recognizable individuals . We bad speculated on this possibility in July when we observed the yearling animals closely. At that time we were unable to verify our opinion (shared by John Polo and this writer) that the large bull was #117. On the latter occasion, however, we held this animal by his antlers and read the number 117 on his rear tag. Among· the calves, now much larger and possess lng long '�shaggy hair of a different color than when we last saw them in August 1959, we considered two were reco&nizable. These we caught and in both instances we had correctly identified them.

We retained the same numbers right through the project and all our records are based on this. However, July 9 we ear­ tagged the 15 survivors with a different set of numbers which are tabulated below. In the left column we have listed the animals by the numbers originally assigned, the center coluaan lists the ear tag numbers and the right their sex. We had expected to apply a tag in each ear but the operation pro­ duced such a disturbance to the individuals and to the band as a whole that we held it to the barest minimum. Curiously; this form of res tra �nt engendered a great fear in most of the calves. The application of the tag did not appear to bother but holding them. motionless was very frightening.

130 --- - - C-580 - - - - - female 134 - - - - - C-906 - - - - - male 135 ----- C-573 - - - - - male 136 ----- C-572 - ---- female

138 - ---- c-569 ----- female Page 19

142 - • • C-575 - - - - • female

148 - - - C-908 - - - • - female 149 - - - c.571 - - - - - male 152 - - c-574 - - - - - female

155 - - - c-581 - - - - - f emale 158 - C-907 - - - - - female 159 - C-909 - - - - - male 160 .. C-905 - - - - - female 162 - C-578 - - - - - f emale 165 - - C-570 - - - - - m ale

That first night was quite a chore. After numbering the eabres we set about the task of inducing them to accept milk from a bottle. The fo'!11lula us.ed at the outset was prepare.d of two 13 ounce cans of Dartgold evaporated milk. 26 ounces of reconstttubd Darigold non-fat milk solids. and 2 ounces of a mixture composed of equal parts of whole eggs and cod liver oU. The purpose of the eggs was to serVe as an emulsifier for the cod liver oil. This was offered at body temperature from a plastic baby bottle which when filled contained 10 ounces of mtlk. We used regular baby nipples but enlarged the exit hole by cutting a cross tn the tip.

An examtnat ton of our records shows that the feeding begun at OUlO that: morning and continued through the rest of the night was not very rewardlAg. Many of the ani�h re fused t.o suck the nipple and these we fed by squtrttng aUk lnto their mouth

and holding the head so that the milk ran down the· tr throat. At 0730 we resuned the task with generally greater success. Gradually we made progress and our problem children began to identify themselves.

One problem which we bad anticipated soon developed. The nursing impulse manifested itself in an attempt of the ealvas to such each other f0r mille. When we observed this being done we separated the animals concerned and fed them. In most in• stances this had the desired result and the nursing habit was broken. However, there were three calves that gave us real problems in this regard. They were 134. 138 and 158. The latter was kept alive only by great effort. She refused to suck milk frOtW the bottle until the 3-rd of .June but she persisted in sucktns the other animals if given the opportunity. We iso­ lated this animal and force-fed her until she learned to suck the bottle. This was accomplished by laying her on her back and squirting milk into her mouth. It was by no means easy for it required forceful restraint and a finely de�eloped judgment as to whether she would swallow the milk or drown. Several times we "brought her up for air" and once administered Page 20 art ifi c ial respi ration. A person not know ing the problem would have quite justifiably aeeused us of deliberate torture. No+ long after she learned to suck the bottle . her impulse to suck the other animals disappeared.

A consequence of this sucking habt t was premature loss of the natal hair from the face. It resulted from excreta they acquired while attmpting to suck another animal. The result is p ortrayed in the aceampanylng photo of numbers 158 and 159. It destroyed the very charming appearance of a caribou calf and we dubbed #158 "Aard-vark" because of her facial resemblance to an ant-eater.

Number 134 was not particularly bad in the sucking habit as It was only manifested ln the excitement attencUng our arrival wt th mllk at feeding ttme. By pr0111ptly feeding hilll we allevia ted the problem. but this habit remained ri&ht to the last feeding. And then there was #138 ! This calf was always a problem and all the tlme. She had a manta for sucldng and butting that was never o..erc0111e. Fortunately. it eventually took the same form as recorded above for 134 but rematned much more severe. Almost as soon as the calves arrived we were forc.ed to isolate th is animal for she would ghe the others no rest. Eventually. in order to permit her rej oining the band we devised a sort of halter with a horseshoe shaped roll of ex ce lsior over her muzzle.. This didn't prevent her trying to suck but the other animals • response was either to move away or in some instances to attack her with their fore-hooves. Until we moved to Unalga light in early July it was always necessary to feed 138 separately and isolate her fran the others while feeding thea. At Unalga Bi ght we sought to feed her promptly and then restrain her while feeding the others. It worked but at times it was a baffling experience.

138 was also a stran ge feeder. probably associated with the strong nursing habit. If the bottle were merely extended to her she would take one su ck. bac k off and butt. and then in her eagerness assail one with her fore-hooves. It proved neces­ sary to place her in a corner where she couldn't back away and then restr-ain her ln that position between one's knees while feeding. In all the calves. feeding mil k stimulated a high degree of eagerness and ac tivi ty but in 138 It seem partlcu. la rly acute. She had another pecul iarity of occasional "upchucking". We observed this several times and It seemed related to too fast an i ntake of milk. She became seasick on the transfer to Unalga Bight and vomited then. She w�s. if a ·6�t pue sst saAtao .. •dno.z� 6'61 aq� JO �saS�t '6�1 �aqmnu z�� paa; �,sn A%�ar •6 a�n l a Page 21

caribou calf can be d·eseribed as g:.oeen around the gills, certainly in that category upon arrt•al.

We tried eal£ feeder buckets such as are used for bovine calves but without sue·cess. The eagerness and activity that i$ inspired by milk feeding simt'lY preeludes the possibility of a caribou calf calmly standlq by a bucket sucking on a stationary nippl e � There is a great deal o f stamping and pawing, butting, kicking, pulltns out of nippl es, jUIIIplng up and clown, and general confusi0t\ that goes with milk feeding time for eartbou c.alYes. This writer shudders to consider what would result in an attempt to feed these animals from open buckets.

Initially, the milk feeding schedules were markedly ir­ regular. This sprang from the Initial reluctance of the animals to accept milk from the bottle. As a g�eral rule the first morRing feeding required the least persuasion and if we were not satisfied with the amount consumed, additional attempts were made soon after. tie noted in our records that by the merning of May 28th seven animals had died and the rematndet: were all eating. On the 30th we noted that sel'ieral animals were difficult to feed. While not an infalllhle rule. we learned these were the animals most likely to be lost. During th.ose eleven days froaa May 27th through the 6th of June while the losses were takln& place we were feeding or attempting to feed animals thr'ot�ghout the day and into the night. From the 6th on, the feedi� habits became �ofe regular and the lOth of .June we iastituted the p.ractlce of feeding at two hour inter­ vals. With this change in schedule we limited the amount of milk available to each calf at each feeding to 10 ounces. except for the final feeding. This was not lim ited ,. we sen t them to bed with a full belly. As it finally evolved, the schedule of daily feedings was at 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, and 2100. July 13th we changed the schedule to three

fe:edings and limited the amount of milk to 75 ounces dal l y • .July 20th the schedule was again changed to two feedings and 50 ounces daily. August 4th and 5th were the last two days of milk feedings and on these dates the calves were fed only once daily, in the evening, 30 ounces. Page 22

the daily mil� feeding averag-e In oun.ees begtnaing �une 7eh and ending July 19th is tabulated below:

.1\l'A.Q 7 - 53 29 - 88 8 - 56 30 - 86.7 9 .. .58 July 1 - 91.7 10 .. 52 2 - 90.9 11 - .59 3 - 90.3 12 - 62 4 .. 91.9 13 - 70 5 ... 94.6 14 - 68 6 - 95.1

15 • 71.6 7 ... 89 (Moving day) 16 .... 69.5 8 -102,.3 17 - 68 9 - 99.5 18 - 67 10 - 96,.5 19 - 66.8 11 ... 96.3 20 - 75.1 12 - 95 21 - 69 13 - 73.8 22 - 80.8 14 - 73.2 23 - 79.,3 15 - 74.6

24 • 82.6 16 - 75.4 25 - 84 17 - 73.1 26 - 88.4 18 - 74.8 27 .. 90 19 .. 76.8 28 - 83

The daily m-Uk feedirtg average ia. ounces is also presented 11'1. graph fo:rm., together with the same infor.natton for the 1958 calves and che average weight gain in pouads for both groups of cal'Yes. With such small groups, a chang.e ln the intake of any one animal ts substantially reflected in the daily feeding average. Thus, since there were daily variations we didn ' t achieve a smooth curve, yet we cons ider certain results to be apparent.. It appears that about the 5th or 6th of July an equilibrium of milk and forage feeding was reached. We at­ tribute the dOWliWard Jog on the 7 th and the upward jog on the 8th entirely to the upaet caused by moving from Finger Bay to Unalga Bight which we did on the 7th. We can only speculate as to the forna the curve might have taken had: -f�ding not been curtailed on July 13,. but we take the indications of equili­ brium as evidence that this was the right time t:o begin weaning the calves. ·- ''�::-·�>� ' .,,.--"

I ,, ,, �-- 11 I I \ II I I I I I II II I 1 ...- I I I I J I I I 11 I I I I I n I I. /i I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I \ 1 I I I 1 I \ I I I 1 I '..J I � /' // I \1 I /1 ' . -- . I I II I 0cdfi0 I t,0 I V I I 0o'#J I 'bo o· I O.' ) . -\- '< + + + + oO'o . I o

..

Figure 10. Graph of daily feeding averages and weight for the 1958 anti 195-9 c:alves.

Legend: The broken line graph. represents the daily mUle feeding average tn ounces of the 19S8 calves plotted against the date. beginning J\11\e 24. The continuous line graph represents the daily milk feeding average ln ouneea of the 1959 calves plotted against the date. beginning June 7.

· The graph formed of crosses represents the average weight tn pounds of the 1958 calves plotted agains t the date. beginning June 22. The graph formed of circles represents the average weight in pounds of the 1959 calves plotted against the date. beginning June 11. Page 23

A glance at the graph will suffice to show a striklag difference in daily mUk feeding a"Verages between t:he two groups of calves. This came about beca\;lse of different feeding methocls. In 1958 we did not attempt to r egulate milk intake by the calves either as to amount or time of feeding. This resulted in markedly irregular feeding habits anq a corollary fluctuation ln the nature of the animals • droppings. We also encountered difficulties with scouring in the 1958 group which prompted us to experiment toward a leas fat-rich mllk formula.( ln. 1959 we started with the milk foi'DNla thus determbted by experiment tn *58 and described earlier ia this report. It was changed on _ June 12 by reduetng the amount of cod liver oU aad ecg mixture from 2 oun-c:es/52 ounces of milk to 1 o unce/52 ounces of milk. Again on the 18th of .June we chanaed proportions of cod liver oil and egg an.d fed lt only twin a day at the first and last feedings, using one tablespoon full/10 ounees of milk. Thus fr• then unttl the 29th of July when ita uae was discontinued entirely, each calf received 2 tablespoons full ofbcod liver oil and ega/d.ay: These were th.e only changes 111a de in the formula and we dtd not encounter s-courtna probleaas at any tt... The deetslon to �duee the cod li�er oil and egg mixture was based on a eont.tauous re-evaluat ion of the anl1D8:ls• needs as their foocl intake increased and included more forage.

Our deetston to regulate milk intake as described earlier was ta-ken as an attellpt to reduce the flutd content of the droppings. We noted in b oth groups a relationship between the excessive fluid of the droppings and a large intake of mUk tn stngle feedlftg$. There were se•eral undesirable features of this condition, not the least of which was the impossibtltty of keeping the calves clean. The results were better than we had hoped. We had arguec this decision with some heat before adopting lt. When at 0800 .June lOth the animals were cut off at 10 ounces instead of the usual belly full they were quite dbsattsfied and showed it clearly. This writer almost bad a mutiny on his hands, for the caribou crew felt that if the calves wanted milk they should have it, and indeed this had been the rule we followed until that day. But the cal..s adjustment to the schedule was prempt, their intake of forage rose, their intake of milk steadily climbed, excessive fluidity of the droppings declined; and the calves became cleaner and 11t0re active. Three days trial and we had the unanimous agreement of the crew that this vas the right way to feed earibou ealves. Page 24

We dealt witn-the matter of providing forage at Finger Bay in the same manner as tn 1958, i. e., aQgmentlng the supply available withbl the enclosure by p�eklJl& lichens frOID other areas. Wtthia th• barn Itself this vaw plaeeci� in btu agalnat the wall where tt would not be trampled, and piles of lt�hens were distributed at various places tn the enclosure. By the 4th of June all the surviving calves were grazing both on the excelsior bedding and the normal forage. We bad ln '58 largely exhauataci the supply of lichens easily available •o we had to look for new sources. An abundant. supply was found at the heacl of I.ke Betty about

two " miles frc:a the barn. On June 18 we "aul·ed a boat the u quarter of a mile phill froa the road's eacl to the lake ancl using the boat ferried 3/4 of a ton of lichens out. On this date our Uchen picking party vas aupaented by Messrs. Ackernecht and Spencer who were in the. Aleutians on a &efu ge inspection trip . This was our final forage gathering ex­ pedition and the last of the supply gathered that day waa used as bedding when the calves were transferred to Unalga Bight.

The utilization of forage was a difficult factor to judge but we. are sure the 1959 cal-yea eons1:1111ecl extensive 8Jilounts att an earlier da'"e than the '58 animals. As expressed at the beginning of the report this was our intent. The graph representtng weights of the calves for both years lndic:ates the difference in W«i&ht gain between the two groups. While the project was cle.-loping we thought the '59 calves were gatnifta weight more repldly than in '58, ho.we'Rr when enough figures were accumulated to plot the curve we found the two parallel and almost llaear. What had happened was that in '58, prior to adoption of a palatable mUle fo%111ula and the availability of unlimited forage, the calves had scarcely gained weight and were simply t:hat. many days behind. Their r�te of gain after June 25th was quite as rapid as the '59 calves despite the highly irregular feeding curve. The natal hair was moult ed by the •59 calves two and a half �eeks earlier than the 158 anbftals, and antler growth began earlier. In the '58 group oaly one animal, #117, achieve

Though tn •58' the calves showed a marked preference at Unalga Bight for lichens over the other types of forage avaUable, the 159 group behaved quite differently. Their selections were more all inelushe and they se� to prefer green plants . The drdpplngs were of a substantially leas deslccatecl natuJre thai\ when on a concentrated Uehen diet. lR the latter case the droppings were black and buckshot like, but on the green forage the dr oppings were green in color and soft. but fcmaed. �'hea we located the yearllng animals (the calves of '58) tney too were utiliZing green forage and the droppings presented the same appearance.

A eurtoua feature of the foragift& habtts of both groups, both at Finger Bay an d at Unalga Bight, was the habit of eating small bits of soil. This was dearly not aeeidental as they pawed dewn to tt, 1f not bare on the surface.

Aa a whole thh group was wilder and more inclependent of us than th e 158 group. There were several individuals not cU.apoaed to accept our managen1111nt but salle we1:eri down ght wild. tb.b was a trait we did not llish to destroy but at times 1 t 111ade our job dtffleult.

the wildest by far was 165. Only when hungry would he approach us and then 1Mny times leave before ftnlshiag. and his fe�dlna record shows it. Much of the ttme U was neces­ $Ja� to catch him before he would take milk. a task that was possible only if he were In the barn. We took advantage of his herdtag tnatinct (and the other wild ones as well) to get him tn the ban before s tarttng the feeding. He would never come thr

With the 158 calves we did not have too much dtffte\•lty wetghiag theal. lt was cloae while feeding and we merely lured them into a box on the platform scale. But we 4o1l'lcln't clo it this year beeauae of our feeding methOtf and moreover it ts doubtful that some of these calves would go into the box willingly. the same box was available and we used it Pqe 26 - thla year but were obliged to put a canvas cover on it for 165 procee4ed to jump ri&bt out the top.

In oQr early handling of the calves we kept tbell inside wbea lt rained, and at night. We usually rounded th.. up just aa it was dusk and almost without fail 165 would not be with the huru:h when we counted them ln the bara. Then we had to go QUt and search the enclosure and chase hia ill, not always an eaay taak.

130 too, was wUd but she was easy to catch.. pro•ided we had her in the bara, for she would run to the nearest corner and cower there. Butt 1 t was not al'way-a so easy to make her drink. For a long time Jerry Knuata was the only one of us that could regularly feed her. 'ftle olcl tru1811l "yGQ. can lead a horse to water but you ean•t make htm drtftk• goo wlth caribou ealYes too.

Inltt�dly lJS was extremely wtld, ln fact, perhaps at that U���e JDOre so than 165, but after release at Unalsa lU.ght h is disposition altered and he became quite �.

162 was disposed to vUneaa, but particularly notable tn her case was the great qwmtity of no ise produced when caught. The peculiar bleat of a caribou calf ls, despl�e its su�tural quaJlty q•dte capal)le of expressing several mumcea of me.antna. We re.cognized a good tl'I&RY .. of th _. such as the •t want mUk• sound$• or "I'm loat,. where is evet:ybody•. But 162 Just vaUed wheel caught. aacl attuffecl ta.to the box for welghtna. And "atuffecl" is the word. for a SO pound gangly legse4 calf that dtdl'l•t ¥ant to go backwards into the box bad to be •stuffed" in" Aad then the box would dance a jtg for a bit until the calf quieted down. But we dtgreaa. 162 vas also a nulaanc:e when it came to movtng the calves from one place to another. On � first attempt at Unalga Bight to change pasturea �ia animal 'became e nti re ly uncontrollable aad was ruponatble in large measure for weeklng the effort.

Two of the •sg c:al-.es contracted •navel ill". (Navel 11 1 is a swelling and stiffening of the joints tn young animals caused by a bacterial infection usually contracted throu&h the unhealed umbilicus.) In the '58 group there had been one clear cut case (1107) of the same malady aad a second which we suspected and treated for the same. A$ #107 was not in good condition at the tbne of release we presume this is the animal that. vas lost. We had treated hlta (and the othe.r suspect case) with penicUUn at the rate of 300.000 Figure 12. Calf 135 watched the laurtchlng of the dory nd then loet interest .. Page 27 units e'Yery stx hours. This t ime , howe�, (1959) we ad­ mil\iatere

During the project iR 1958 we had one animal vtth a per• ststent. and racking cough. This was 1119, a cow. One of the highlight.:• of the retum to Unalga Btaht was to be the re­ establts�t of contact with the. 1958 eal.es, now yearlings. We ·were DlOSt anxious to cietermttle t:he sex of the nine sur... vtving ant.. ls an.cl thus deduee to the •xt:ent possible which one bad cUed. This was doae on July 16th. There were seven cows and tub bulls in the little band thus indicating the loss of a bull, benee our opinion stated above that #107 had died. aut back to 1119 and her cough. We were oa the 16th within 150 yards of the nine yearlings over 2 hours and observeQ no �iaala coughing. Again on the 25th we saw them at ev�tn closer ranae for about 45 t11!nut:es and on that occasion observecl ao eoaghing. Again projecting the dtscuuton into a period 1'\0t ca.ered by this report (i.e.,. January 1960) when we were lherally 81!1lf.Jn8St the band comprising the two groups for most of the afternoon, there were no animals that eeugked. So tt would appear that 1119's cough has disappearecl.

Somethiag we were unable to dtagnoae happened to retard #134. On June 16, while the milk feeding average was 69.5 ouaces for the greup th:ls calf dropped ffta hts 66 of the day before to a bare 18 ounces Intake. Por ae.eral days this animal baf'fled us and we noted on the 18t.h, "l)Qes not appear ln good health. Tends to stand with an arch in the back and seeks to bed down frequently". Though his milk intake continued low almost a week, his appetite for lichens did not seem to suffer. Presendy the malady vanished, whatever its origin, 'lind he appeared ln good condition from then on.

We learnecl from this animal and others that for one reason or another were temporarily weakened, that it was advisable to isola te them �Idle thus weakened. The butting and sueking trait earlier discussed was directed strongly against a weakened anl.al, perhaps because be made no great effort to fight off these attentions nor escape. Also sane of the calves were notably more agaresslve than others and their attent iorts took the form of beating their fore-hooves on a weakened and submissive anbaal. These manifestations were more appa�ent Page 28 while the eal�s were in the Finger Bay enclosure than after release at Unalga Bight.

The calves lost ln the first eleven days of the project, �resumably to a shock syndrome . died with more or less the same symptoms. Those lost first just quietly expired, and this included all of the very tiny ones; but after sul!'viving several days the symptoms were more marked and more recog­ nizable. Loss of appetite appeared, museular spasms developed, and a general debilitation set in with a rapid decline in vitality. Some time before death the neck muscles tightened an d drew the head around to one side or the other. From then it was juat a case of expiring. However, one unusual case occurred, that of #137. His appetite declined June Jrd and on the morntna of the 4th he would eat nothing. At 1030, an attempt was made to induce him to eat, first by persuasion and th�n by foree feedlna. The animal was backed into a corner where it was gently restrained and the nipple inserted in Ita mouth. Manifestations which we have come to regard as signs of fear in the calves appeared. The eyes rolled, breathing accelerated, the nostrils distended, vlslble vapor issued from the nostri ls and the animal fell dead.

One animal, #148, was lost just before our departure from Unalg� Bight. We quote from the records written at the time� "After a protl!'acted period of extremely low feedings #148 be­ came emaciated and lost 4t pounds. She acquired a strong and offel'lSlve odor, did not drink watew nor did we observe her chewing a cud. She contiaued to graze slightly. Her vitality was low but generally she still obeyed the kerding instinct. We began force feeding the 2nd of July, first just milk and then included water. On u J ly 4 (Dr. Belchir's prescription) we adminis tered ascorbic acid and vitamin B plus 1,000.000 units of penicillin. A total of six shots of penicillin at twelve hour intervals were used, and the above vi tamins ad­ ministered as shown in the feeding record. On the evening of the fifth (July) s.he showed first signs of recovery in a sl ight upturn of appetite. The 6th her appetite continued to improve and the gross bloating that was a chal!'aeteristie of the malady disappeared. The odor disappeared on the 5th . On the 7 th when we moved to Unalga Bight she came through in fine shape."

She was released with the other animals and for a time it looked as though she would recover. However, this promise was not fulfilled. She retained an emaciated appeal!'ance and began to lose ground toward the end of July . The accompanying picture captioned "Fig. ll. 1959 calves grazing at Unalga ·�q�tQ S1eun �e !ulza�S a saata� 6561 •tt axn2Js Page 29

-- Bight" shows #148 as the middle calf, the tawny colored one with white neck. Her .backbone and rtb cage show distinctly in marked contrast to the well-rounded contours of the others.

july 29 we return to the record written at the time: "1900 - at this point we became d i ssatisfied with her condi­ tion. She had lost interest in remaining wtth the band and in milk,. her grazing was llght and she looked unhappy. Wo we caught her and nailed her in the barn, administering 1.,200,000 unHs of penicUUn."

We continued the medications available to us, i.e., penlctlUn, vitamin B and ascorbic acid, offering milk and forag,e with variable success. Our record for the first of

August remarks, "1410 - She was standing up for some time looking extremely uncomfo.rtable. From the way hezo abdominal muscles worked it appears she had a severe belly ache. Her droppings shortly after this were quite fluid." Then on the 3rd. "In the morn,ing appeared very near death. Standing with head slowly swinging to and fro,. tongue out of side of mouth. Breathing bad accompanied with elic1dng sound. Milk seemed to revive her but she continued dowahtll trend. By late afternoon noxious fluid was dripping from her mouth. August 4 dead. Extremely emadated. Heart had pathological condition, retained for Dr. Belcher's op inion. No other patholostcal cond itions noted."

In 1958• due to other requtrecnents the Naval Statton was unable to furnish transportation for the calves from Finger Bay to Unalga Bight. The suggestion had been offered to delay the transfer until shipping was available. Biologically this appeared then inadvisable and our observations in the 1959 project seem to confirm the conclusion on which we acted. As recounted in sam Harbo's report of the '58 opera­ tion, the calves were then moved by truck, weasel, and dory. It was eminently successful but we approached it with marked trepidation for we could not judge how the animals would react. No such reservations were necessary this year for we knew movtng the calves was easy, and a 1600 ton vessel, ATF 110, the Quapaw" was available to do the job.

Ini ttally the move had been planned for about July 15 but the rapld advancement of the calves and an accompanying depletion of forage in the enclosure impelled us to make the move earlier. Our preparations included a vis it to Unalga Bight in "Dippezo", our faithful dory. This was accomplished june 26 with a return the 28th, all in superb weather making the expedltlon a pleasure. We reestablished the fence and Page 30

..__ barn. ued ln '58 and made such temporary repairs to the cabin as seemed indicated. We began the long search for the yearllag caribou. and the first inklings of the size of their range was borne in upon us, but more of that later.

With the Unalga Bight site in readiness the remaining logistics were not: dtffteult.. Crates. in which to carry the animals had alre ady been constructed at the barn. Milk re8 quirements were calculated and the small bedding requirements were on hand with a generOus surplus. Our only problem was to conduct our arrangeaents so that when the morning arrl•ed. now scheduled for July 7th or as soon thereafter as weather permitted, everything stolng with us would be delivered to the Finger Bay dock and the rest returned to its proper plaee on the Base. "Dipper", of coune, was a key part of the project and this wx-tter sailed her frOIR the small boat basin tn Sweeper's Cove to the beach of Shagak Bay on July 5. In the afternoon of the 6th the "Quapaw" was moved to the Finger Bay dock and loading was begun. Since there were no practical limitations oa the available space we took everything we

imagined useful. '!'his writer has an enduring impression· of a band of gypstea on the move. animals and all.

All eargo was aboard the ship ta time for her scheduled salltng at 0800 on the 7th. This writer and Erv Ervta. to­ gether with M/Sgt Tip Titcomb left the Finger Bay dock as she was getting under way. We proceeded to the beach of Shagak Bay and launched the dory In such a dead calm that the "white sox" enforced haste tn leaving the land behind. Tip re turned by jeep to the Marine Barracks and performed the job of handling the Base end of our connun ieatlons and logis­ tics until the project was completed. We sailed the dory directly to Unalga Btght. a distance of seven miles, where Jim Lugabihl and Bob Stemmons were awaiting ua. In addition a small party of Marines returning from a march over part of �he Island were awaiting return passage aboard the Quapaw. These men aided greatly in dischargtna our cargo from the dory to the beach. The ship arrived on schedule and dropped anchor in the Bight at 1100. We proceeded to discharge cargo at once and moved the animals first. They had been crated early that morning so they would quiet .down before movement to the ship. Although they were disturbed by thus being crated• presently thetr fear abated and appeared to watch the proceediqs with interest. They were spooky upon being released in the unfamiliar enclosure at Unalga Bight but were settled dawn by the next morning. ' .•, 'f;· ··

Page. 31

With the animals ashore the rest of the c:arao handling was merely a matter of time and lllWiele. gl!'eatly aided by the skUl of the Warrant Boatswain handling the unloading. A light sOutheast wind had sprung up but the ship was handled so that the dory lay in her lee while receiving cargo.. AU went well an.d presently it was finished. We transferred the party of Marines aboard and looked forward to the final month of th.e project.

In general. after release at the Bight the calves became less ebullient. dtrec.Ung their energies to alternate eating and sleeping. At the Finger Bay enclosure· they did a great deal of frolicking and romping on t he cooler days and es- ·pecially in the evenings. just as was done In '58. The evening chase was a high spot of the day for the caribou crew. Sometimes we joined the calves but as they were far. far nimbler than we. t t was generally a spectator sport. Such a chase must be the expression of surplus energy in very young calves; for once utilizing forage for the bulk of their food. as was true after movement to Unalga Bight, most effort was expended 1 a. gra•lng. There was otte unexpected example of active behaviour at Unalga Bight as we released the calves fraq the fence. In 1958 when thts was done they emersed from the old confines quite cautiously In twos a nd threes showing evidence of be ing very ill at ease. This year when we removed th.e fence on the morning of July lOth, all of the animals (except 159, Qur pet) headed out and over the hills at a dead rua led by 135. 134 and 148 dropped behiad after a bit and rejoined lolSa but the rest were last seen goina over a hlll about a mila off. In about an hour Jerry Knusta followed ancl like the "Pied Piper of Ramlin Town" led them back.

Thla writer recorded at Finger Bay one example of fro­ lleklng oa the part of 159. He spotted a white scrap of paper blowtng ae.rass the enclosure and racing after caught lt up ln his mouth. After mouthing it briefly he tossed his head and pitched away the serap�f paper only to pursue and catch it again. Finally, he struck at it with his fore-hooves.

The mUk feeding habits of the '59 calves became more regular than was true tn • 58 due to the method &f regula ­ tion, but there were still considerable variations in the habits of the several aniJR.als. One trait observed and re­ eoraed ln. both groups was the development of preferences by the calves for certain members of the c-rew. There were times. for example, in '58 when #116 would accept milk from Page 32

no one but Jack Randall. This year Jerry Knusta was the calves' favorite and so he was more and more called upon to feed them. It is aot intended to iaply tl�at he cUd this alone as a rule, for as the calves grew older and larger their demand for quick servi ce on the milk rendered it virtually impossible for one tllat\ to feed them without suffering lnjtJry. Jerry usually called them in by whistling and ealllt'tg, "Here, earibou", a sound tbe.y si!)OU learned to associate with milk feeding time. It was well to have more than one bottle wielder, and everything in readiness for an avalanche of poundlf\3 hoo"Vl!s descended upon us. Jerry then handled the cUffieult animals to feed (160, 130, sometimes 16$) while this writer fed the suckers and buttters (134 and 138). Our pet, #159 whom we called solomon, usually waited· 'til last because we needn't worry about getttna him fed. His butting tendencies also could be ignored for a eertaln period of time for he lowered his head to the ground and started butting at one's ankles, gradually working up toward the tae,lt line. Number 162 usually demandecl a praapt mUk deU-ry by beating oneon the chest and about the head and shoulders with her fore-hooves. It worked, too: But: t he one abou1t which we felt the moat eoncem was #152. She was a large cow cal f, and wtlltag eo wait a few seconds before regtstertng a pro­ teat t £ the milk was delayed. In e"Vl!ry ease but. this one, the calves "telegraphed" their tntentton to butt.. However, #152 arrived for milk standiag with her head level, just below our belt l tne, and regarded us steadfastly for a few seconds, then lunged straight ahead. By early July she weighed 50 potlt\ds at\d nearly 70 at ita eN!, so our readers can understand we developed a shyness of havtag this anbnal lined up on us • ready to butt. Moreover• she del hered three blows, as a rule, in rapid succession. Ther• is a hole in the floor of the barn at Unalga Bight where Jerry Knusta went down under such a barrage of b lows from this animal.

Once used to their freedOIIl at Unalga Btght a strong pattern of behaviour developed in the band. They didn't spend much time ln the camp, coming down off the hills for milk or if w� weather and "white sox" drove them to the shelter of the barn. · Immediately followiq •Uk feeding a file of animals would wind up to the high bench where they grqzed and bedded down. Only 138 and 159 appe,ar.ea .atuch ln camp other than the first thing in the morning or when called. Il'\vari.ably the entire band arrived with distended flanks. Page 33

159, always tame., beeame a nuisance following removal of the fence. Rarely did he join the other calves but preferred owr company . It was a problem to dissuade him from t en ering the house, as with the weather salubrious the door stood open most of the time. One aft.ernoan UOtb of .July) we went clown to the beaeh, hard by the camp, to launch the dory al!ld 159 jotned us. This is simil ar to the behaviour of 12-7 iR • 58 except for the differences ia the animals. 127 we called "Little Crud" (incidentally, the enly one to acquire a aante in the '58 group) for hes; habit of alwa)ls being the S C\JIDI8_1est looking of the lot. She moulted irregularly • often pulled the nipp le from the bottle showering herself with sUeky milk1 matted her hocks and tail with dung, blurulered ht.to holea and fell in the el:'eek, generally wearing a harried look accentuated by the outsiaed ears (because the long natal hair had not moulted fran the ears but was gone generally from the rest of her body) for such a small calf. Solomon (159) on the other hand, was a iarge. neat animal, that lost his dignity only at mllk feedl'ag t.tme. The only thing these two had in eoumon was thetl" att.aehMent ta us. But back to the launching of the dory. We launched her, put an engine on the transom, stowing the spare ln the bow ancl made ready to shove off. Sol01110n sh.ow�d no compunctions about getting tn the water wi:tk us and we took care b.e did not jump into the boat where his footing would have been very inseeure. Thinking to leave him on the beach we pushed off the dory and tumbled intG her • but Solomon was not thus to be left. He jUPlped lnte the water and swimming strongly accompanied us. This writer is convinced that caribou c:alf would outswim the best water dog in the business. He floated high in the w�ter and wi th the.long caribou s tride movt!d remarkably fast. We dared not start the engine as there was not one moment O·f hes i tation before his leap into the water.

The Unalga Sight camp lies in the lower end of a ravine or gulch having its origin at the foot of a prominent water� fall a quarter of a mile east of the camp. The creek flowing in the ravine debouches into Unalga Bight in its southeast corner. Towering above this, slightly more than a mile and a half to the east is a steep, prominent peak o·f about 2,000 feet known as Mt. Vincennes (marked on the chart showing our area of operations). This is but one of five such peaks lying In a north south line with Mt. Vin�nnes at the northern end. Thus the camp is s ited at the foot of the western slope fol'tned by this mountain barrier, and t.he creek with its ste. ep­ walled ravine forms a little corner against the mountains. That portion of the island lying we.st and south of the barrier is rolling and hilly . Part of th is is what we know as the • A:� a auv aa.xqJ. • q+�ON sAo e Sutze�a aAte� S61 ·�t a�n8tA Page 34

Caribou Peninsula and where we intended the cal¥ea should go. MeanwhUe, however• we hac:l made use o.f the little comer formed by the creek as a starting pasture. lut late in July the time had arriYed to move them to new pastures across the Creek so they would move westward onto the Caribou Peninsula and join the bahd of yearllqs.

In '58 we had hazed all the calves across the creek at a point where the ravtne was steep but not too deep and led them southwest onto the low ground lying between Uttalga Bight and North Arm of Three Arm Bay. There we had left them to graze and though·they returned later the same day, eventually they moved aero:ss arul to the westward. So, on the 26th of July this year we tried it again but with indifferent success. We tried luring them across vtth mUk bottles at the momlna feeding and by the use of a judicious push here and there

, succeeded with all but 155 • . Howenr 162, 149• artd 165 having reeei�d their mUk across th:e creek retuned to their old pasturage and despite all our efforts remained there. The rest we hazed wtth great d ifficulty down to the lew ground above described and left thea there. But these calves would nCJt stay on the low groun.d. They started right back up and eventually across the creek and iato their old hills. All. that is, but 159. He, it seems, had remabutd aU day where we left him11 and when we CQUnted l\OSes that evening hls was mls$lng. So we climbed a high kl'\Ob and spotted him in the distance rljh.t where we'd left him. A shout, and we cQuld see him perk his e8l"S and look anxiously. A waving of arms• and he broke into a dead rtnt for us. This happened ' last year with our othe.r pet, 127, but with her different a ttl tuc:le and small size she set out to look fol' us and be­ came hopelessly lost in the tall grass .

So the next day we tried a new system. Crossing the gulch and the brawling creek had been the problem. Below the camp and just above the beach, the creek describes an S curve, and into this curve the calves had frequently grazed. On the 27th we led them into the curve and crowded them suddenly across and down to the beach. From there it was easy; we traversed the length of the beach and up into the grass and lichen stands. we fed them that evening 200 yards stil l farther west and they bedded down there for the n ight. Through the 3rd of August we fed them twice daily in this area, encouraging by every means their movement onto the Caribou Peninsula. This was so successful that following each morning feeding we watched them climbing the hills on the eastern edge of the Peainsula. At night they came from these hills at our call for milk. Paa.e 35

One night we-arrivedwith mllk and only one taker, 159, was there. lt was a dense fog and had been so all day. Jim Lugablhl and this �tter searched for and found theM tn two bunehes, simply delighted to see us. Somehow the fog had eparated and fooled thetn as to time, for ltwas thelr ¢ustom to be close at hand when milk was called. Not that they were lost, for whert we fo und thelp, we didn't know thewa y and they led us on the rtght track. But by this time they had been ven... turlM more than a mile onto the Caribou Peninsula.

We had done aU in our power for thetn, it was time for u to leave. They received their final 30 oun�s of mUk at 1900 the 5th of August, 1959 andwe picked up our marbles and et out for the &ase next day.

Ptgur$ 15. We had reached the end of the Project. Page 36

�co on f As earUer rded we began the 26th o .June the ,

�rch for the yearling animals. Th&t day Jtm Lugabih! 1 Bob St.-ma, and this wr1t er arrived frOIIl the Base to reccms tnct the enelosure and barn and to make such other preparations as seemecl necessary for the impendlns transfer of the calves. 't'h..ere waa just tillle before darkness. after hauling the clory up, to high-taU tt for the nearest high hill oa the Caribou Pen.it'Ulula and sean the eount;ry ln sight for a possible first gl impse of the '58 calves, now yearlings. We were mighty eager to see thea but the only evldenee we discerned that ewntaa were tracks and droppings.

Essential aa 1t was for u to return we stayed one day and devoted h to searching. Bob Ste..ans and this wrtter ptckecl up the tracb obae�d the e'""ing hefore and follovecl that south. t.o the Middle Ar. of Three Arm Bay and convinced ourselYes that the yearlings had indeed been around. In fact, we fourtd their tracks just aboft the camp, but no eartbou.

We retuned to Finger Bay the 28th and em the 30th Jim Lu&•blb.l and Bob St:..-ions walked right to the Bight. They resumed search ing for the yearlings and �hough gaining ex­ tensiw knowledge of the C8rlbou Peninsula had not found them by the 7th when we a.rrtyed with the calves. J'lm said �he whole Peninsula was dott.ed with caribou tracks and that he had found signs where the animals had recent ly be4ided but mlsaed them all arooncl.r The e vera now more people and the dory to apply to the search and we proceeded to do so. Many weary miles �re travelled both by laftd and sea but still the anlnsals e:ludec:l us.. Howe..er, we were securing one bit of information we needed. �he full extent of the range oc­ cupied ln one year by these animals. It 1s presented iR the foJ:m of a chart, showing the Caribou Peninsula and as .. soctatecl land areas. The dotted Una. beginning on the shore of the Bay of Islands and rtaftfting a •anderlq course south... west. to the South Ani of Three Arm Bay represents the eastern llalts of the caribou range as indicated by their tracks. All of the area enclosed by the dotted line and the shore ltne leading from one end of this line to the other. approximately 11,000 acres, retained evldeBee that the animals had been there at sqme time since August 7th, 1958. i . ·�

-- -�-- -- � - __..______------�------

'BAY OF I S&.AIIIOS

CARl&OU

p E II I II S U l..A -, �' .. �

, --.... ',. , ...... ,. / l'h: Vt"c••lfn ... --- ' I , --., l ' \

. · , , ",. - -,.,./

'- ......

�.Y& NA&l"T'ICI\ L M•us

�------.· -· ------

Figure 16. Range occupied in one year by the 1958 calves. Page 37

� We eonclucied that except for a lucky chance the yearlings would continue eluding us. This we arrived at after three of us had searched with optical instruments simultaneously from the three highest poiats on the Caribou Peninsula. We were ln. sight of each other bu� not the anl�ls. This problmn of finding the yearlings was wholly due to the hilly nature of the Peninsula. From no spo t , except directly above. was any large percentage of the ground visible. We had chosen better for thea then. we thought, but the protection we had given denied us the information we fteeded.

So we called upon the Air Department and when the UF came out to look on July 16th, tn less than five minutes they pin­ pointed the band for us. Just like that : 'If you'll go out to a certain hollow near the westernmost point on the Peniil­ sula", and they described the hollow,."You'll flrul your kids," they said.

We wasted no time. .Jim Lugabthl, John Polo, and this writer tUlftbled into the dory and away we vent. To see those animals at close range had been the expressed desire of many on the Base, and certainly the dearest wish of us ln the dory. tt was p rlmarlly for this moment that John had sought an extension on Adak, not usually eonstc:lered a "plum" in the Mm. We sailed around Careful Poiat and south through Adak Strait to a tiny cove south of Araonne Poih.t and from there lt was afoot,. no novelty to ua. As is so often true the message was slightly ambtguous and there were two posa 1 ble areas described . FortW'lately, these were within a couple miles of each <>ther and as t t happened we went to the wrong one first. So we selected two high spots from wnieh to search with optical instruments. This writer was on one hill with .John and Jbn on another. Ordinarily we searched from a sitting position, elbows on kne es to stabilize the glass,. but for some reason this writer chose that moment to stand. H9W long they would have continued to evade us but for that lucky chance is pure speculation. 'they were a mile and a quarter away, in a hollow as dueribed, so that in peering over the rim one needed every bit of height to pick them out. As lt was, only two or three were visible. This writer con­ fesses it was amusing to rejoin Jim and John inquiring, "Have you seen them?• "No," was the reply, "have y0\11" "Yes, and if you ' ll just stand up you will too.• And then w atch them sc1:amble t.o their feet and a slaw satisfied smile steal across their faces. We had come a long way far this and each of us felt a deep-seated thrill of pleasure. Page 38

It was not much trouble after that to approach the band closely as they moved into another hollow beside which there was a low peak. We achieved this vantage point and for over two hours watched as the animals waded about in the lake occu pying moat of the hollow. At no time were they more than 150 yards frOM WJ. There were nine. as reported from the airplane many months earlier. We wa tched each individual animal until sure of its sex and determined that there were htdeed two bulls and seven cows. This had been our iln tl.al impression based on antler size.

One bull was substantially larger than the others and he possessed antlers that were forked both on the upper and lower tines. The second hull's antlers were slightly smaller and unforked •.All, of course, were in the velvet. We then judged them to be 12 to 14 inches in height. At that time our weight estimates were considered on the basis of known weights among the calves and this writer was not wholly con� vinced that we were right. We estimated about 17.5 poundo for the .lighter animals and 250 for the bigger bull.

In the evening of July 25 the yearlings visited ua, quite by surprise just at calf feeding time. They appeared \ mile away as ve were calling down the calves. After feeding, the calves went back up their accustaaed trail and almost at once the yeaJrllngs appeared in the trail, just above eamp. All the caribou crew hustled up for a closer look. We ex­ pected the calves would join the older band that night but a dense fog had only moments before enveloped �em, and in the morning all were present for mus ter .

On this occasion the entire yearling band approached to within 25 yards and two, one of the cava first and then the bigger bull approached and touched us. We thus had the op­ portunity of reviewing our estimates against our own known weight and height. Our judgment of antler height for the b':llls was revised upward to 18 inches. The difference might well have been 10 days gr�th. We confirmed our weight es­ timates and felt that what error existed was on the conserva­ tive side.

They remained approximately 45 minutes and then some hidden wellspring of the wilderness asserted itself. Assuming the head -up, long-strided gait that distinguishes caribou, they jumped the creek at the. very spot we had, with such dif· fieulty a year earlier fo.rced them to cross - and vanished into the mist.

- Page 39

Few costs have been directly charged against the project either in '58 or '59. The big items involve operauon of aircraft, both conventional and helicopters, aut.omottve equipment, and a �ael, all by the MME. These coats appear on other accounts. However, a few are d i rectly chargeable to the project and they are recorded here. This, of course , relates solely to the '59 introduction.

$470.15 - Caribou calf food. Pald by Special Services, Naval Station, Adak

19 •.10 1 -Excelsior ) Paid by 68.83 Fuel ) Bureau of 44.29 - Miscellaneous 1 tems ) Sports Fisheries 17.58 - Calf feeder buckets and nipples) and Wildlife

We kept certain reC0rds that reflect tota l milk intake, average daily milk intake, and weight for each calf. These tables were computed at the time of each weighing as a r� or recapitulation to insure our not missing something of tm� p ortance in the day to day handling of the calves. These charts are presented below.

It will be noted that nowhere are there recorded measure­ ments of the '59 ealvea, where we did obta in such information frc. the '58 animals. All of those measurements were made while feeding the calves and required more than a s ingle ten ounce bottle to complete the job. This• of course. was not possible with the feeding methods we employed th is year.

Compiled June 12

Calf Total feeding Average daily feeding Weight through June 11 June 1 throu5h 11 June 11

130 713 49.9 25 134 721 49 23� 135 806 48 22\. 136:�. 785 57.6 26 138 751 50.5 20 142 656 47.8 23� 148 685 42."7 22 149 934 53 28

152 812 52 . 8 28 155 800 54�5 25 158 558 40 ·� 159 729 46 25\ 160 880 59 27 162 775 47.3 25% 165 724 46 24% 11,329 Ave. 24.3 •bs. COMPliSD .JUNE 20

Calf Total feeding Total feedtna Average daily feedtna Wetsht through J\me 19 June l2 thru 19 June 12 th�ru 19 Jun.e 19

130 1,128 415 Sl 32\ 134 1,115 394 49 29 135 1,341 535 67 29J, 136 1,409 624 78 35 138 1,236 485 61 26\ 142 1,204 548 68 31\ 148 1,249 564 71 31 149 1,610 676 85 36 152 1,434 622 78 35\ 155 1,380 580 73 ' 13\ I 15fl 1,016 458 57 25\ 159 1,289 560 7{) 32\ 160 1,529 649 81 ·34\ 162 1,332 557 70 33\ 165 _h227 503 63 31\ 19,499' 8,170 Ave, ;r.r·

Ca-!PILED J\Jl'f! 26 -

130 1,619 491 81 36 ..3/4 134 1,421 306 5l 30-3/4 135 1,708 367 61 35\ 136 2,000 591 99 42 U8 1,679 443 74 30 142 1,726 522 84 37\ 148 1,541 292 49 34 149 2,177 567 95 42\ 152 1,984 5.50 92 42\ 155 1,.886 506 84 39\ 158 1,439 423 71 29 159 1,717 428 71 38 160 2,115 586 98 42 162 1,852 520 87 29\ 165 1,651 424 70 36\ 26,51J 7,o16 Ave. Jf:3 -C� li,BD JULY 2

Calf Total feeding T•tal .fee41� Ave�age dally feedlng Wctsht

- thl'OU§b July 2 Jt.ma :!6 t\lru July 2 June 2�t;h:r\aJuly 2 July 2

130 2,233 14 6 81.1 44\ 134 1.,985 564 80.� 36 l35 2,337 629 89.9 42\ U6 2,716 716 102.3 48\ ·us 2�247 568 81.1 34\ 142 2,408 682 97.4 41% 148 1,765 224. 32.0 32; 149 2 ., 891 714 102.0 51 152 2,715 '731 1()4.4 49-3/4 155 ' 2,617 731 10��4' . 47k 158 1,995 I 556 79.4. 35 159 2.,320 603 86.1 44\ 160 2 .. 58 9 744 106,3 49\ 162 2,.504 652 93.1 45\ 165 2,239 588 81.1 42\ 35,831 9.!.h6' Ave. 4r

COMPliED JULY 10

130 2,860 627 89.,6 53\ 134 2,584 S99 85.6 41\ ll5 3,006 669 95.6 46\ 136 3,488 712 UO.'l 52t 138 2,859 612 8? .4 39 1 ,1 4 42 3 2 716 102 , 3 45- 3/4 48 2,165 1 400 57.5 *31 ..3/4 149 3 ..644 753 107,6 56\ 152 3,429 714 tQ2,0 55 155 3,406 789 112.7 52- 158 2,561 566 80.9 39\ 15 9 2 , 949 629 89.9 49 160 3,551 692 98.9 55\ 162 3,162 658 94.0 49\ 165 2,864 625 89.3 46\ 45,652 9,82'1 Ave. 4r.5'

* 29·1/4 on July 5 COMPlUD JULY 17

feediq Total feecUna AverA&e dally feeding we�ah.t Calf TQtal Jul>: 17. July 10 t.hrouah 17 July 10 throuah 17 - thl'o�h July 11

604 75.5 561j 130 3,464 50 ... 134 3,228 644 80.5 3/4

, 7 6 8 . 4 ' 55\ 135 3 69 9J 6 697 s7.r I .. 3/4 136 4,185 61 80.4 46 138 3,502 643 3,726 602 75.3 48- 142 37\ 148 2,729 564 70.5 87.8 67 149 4,346 702 8 . 9 \ 152 4,100 671 3 64 90,4 155 4,129 723 61\ 3,173 612 46 158 76.5 159 3.594 645 80.6 59 4,265 714 89.2 63\ 160 84.6 56\ ,839 677 162 '3 5 165 3,453 589 73.6 6\ 55,430 o·.ttA Ave. n:4 The round green objects are sea urchins, the gray spiral just below the center is a Gastropod (whelk), and the yellow object in the upper right hand corner is a starfish.

Barnacles and sponges are also apparent •

c:: ... �ao "Q c:: til Jot "' , til . ..., • ...... •

til til jl) 0 rt rt til ... .. • �

< .... � 0 ""' :r .... CtJ Page 40

From the 17th of July on, until complete cutoff, the milk intake figures had little significance unless there was a complete cessation (as in the case of 148), for the calves were not permlttecil to constlllle all they wanted. Nevertheless, we recorded that information but it is not tabulated here. The final weighing on July 24 1s tabulated:

calf Weight on July 24

130 611J 134 54-3/4 135 60•3/4 136 66-3/4 138 48\ 142 57% 148 42� 149 71\ 152 69-3/4 155 67 158 49% 159 62% 160 67� 162 61\ 165 60-3/4 Ave. 60:"! pounds

The final total of milk consumed by these 15 calves was 70,088 fluid ounces, or in a more practical sense 7,008 baby bottles full.

While the project was developing we had another column tn our charts, i.e., the rate of gain per day based on the figures that are here presented. It was an interesting figure as it broke the gain down to a common denominator, but the degree of variation without a relationship to any observable factor seemed to this writer merely an expression of the �rrors inherent in this type of work. We developed a reason­ able amount of skill in weighing the animals but we could never be sure of the relative percentage o.f wa ter . milk, or, forage weighed with the animal at an.y given time. So we have deleted this figure from the charts offered but the information is ln our file, and indeed can be calculated from the figures pre­ sented.

The sex of the 1959 calves has earlier been tabulated but for the purpose of the record we point. out here that there were five bulla and nine cows among the surviving fourteen. This makes a total of twenty-three animals of which seven are bulla and sixteen are cows. Pase 41

SEA OTTER FORAGE STUDIES IN KULUK BAY

This study was begun a year ago to give us the basic info.rmatton needed to .-luate invertebrate populations in areas of large and old sea otter populations. In the five years sin ce a small pod of sea otters was first observed in Adak waters (off Eddy Island by Cal Lensink in 1954) the population has enormously expanded by migration from the west. Thus we will �ot only be able to make comparisons with large populations elsewhere but right at Adak where our work will be greatly facilitated by the existence of the Navy Base.

When this project was started a year ago we a ttempted to collect an entire sample fr� a plot. on the bottom a yard square. Experience h\dteated that this sample was perhaps

too large . At least when the frame marking the squaTe fell on a bottom densely populated with inveTtebrates. part of which were se ssile and attached by the Interlacing threads of the byss 1, many problems arose in securing so large a sample. The subsequent work done at Am:ehitka this spring was based on a six inch square sample and a slate was used to record observa ... t:tons rather than to recover th:e entire sample. This method is especially useful in making numerous observations concern­ ing only, say two or three species. It permits the diver to move rapidly but it loses the value of securing all or nearly all of the specimen& or species in a plot. Perhaps for sea otter investigations this is not necessary.

In the work recorded here we pursued this reconnaissance type of enterprise and sought to aebteve the added benefits of an underwater camera. We include one picture as an example. The exposure was made on the northeast corner of the rock marked as ntJmber 5 on the chart of Kuluk Bay. Perhapa the reader will be oriented if he imagines himself at 15 feet depth looking at a verti cal rock face with the light falling from the upper left corner. We suggest a bright light be thrown on the picture and the various invertebra tes will be read Uy recognizable.

The use of a camera underwater raises a number of problems not ordinarily encountered. Light values are substantially reduced, of course, and this restricts the photographer to rather wide apertures. As it is difficuft to estimate range underwater the use of a wide aperture is to be deplored, but the bad features of this can to some exten t be ameliorated through the use of a wide angle lens. This diver uses as a camera the Leica IIIC and a Canon 35 mm fl. 8 leftS. Color fUm is very much to be preferred as the contrast ln black and white film underwater is low. This type of fibn has its place for a diver's use but in this vork color seems indicated. Super Anscoehrome was selected for it was the fastest color fibn available at Adak. Page 42

The camera and exposure meter are mounted in a custom made lue tte ease. Initially some difficulties were encountered through dis�ortion of the case under pressure but these "bugs" were worked out in the recompression chamber at Adak. Pressure developing against the "0" ri ngs through which the controls are inserted makes the controls sti ffer as the depth increases. · Then too. after triggering the shutter one must return the triggering ahu tbdts:·coetced position (for the "0" ring tmder pressure will hold it wherever left) or the next: exposure will be blank. These are problems that have to be l earned the hard way and this diver has1 happily, covered most of that ground . FU�ure photographic missions underwater are expe cted to be more fruitful tt:.an the early ones.

On August 15 we visited areas marked (1), (2), and (3) on the chart in that order. The Pit Rocks are high emersent roeks, a conspicuous fea ture of the seascape. They are sheer, and drop straight down into 50 feet of '"ater on the north slde. On the inneT or south west side the tottom is more shoal (30 feet) although it drops straight to the bottom and then levels off.

The north side is the exposed or weather side. In nor&h• east winds heavy surge stril

The water temperature on this date was 42.5 to 43 de&rees Fahrenheit, with a high turhid ity reducing light values to such a point as to preclude photography.

Six inch square plots were recorded as follows among the big boulders and the rock face of the north s ide. ....'< '�·JS.'·�- �.-,;::,7,.''"7:--:--'."- 1��::: ���� "''":,v

--- -

,

t/-� * -� � ·'

GAwNC'f" RocKS

tl : j• , �o/sh ...

� � p,. ""." . � ..J

Pr.

plots indicated. Figure 18. Kuluk Bay with location of sample Page 43

(1) Depth 25 feet 5 sea urchins (S. drobachlensis) - 1 small chiton 1 heralt crab 2 gastropods (2) Depth 40 feet 8 sea urchins 3 rock oysters (P. macroschisma) - 1 small chiton (3) Depth 50 feet 4 sea urchin.a (4) Depth 30 feet 6 sea urchins 2 rock oysters (5) Depth 40 feet 10 sea urchins 3 horse mussels

On the southwest side (area 2) we found the bottaa of level. hard rock 30 feet deep. On this lay the calcareous deposit of ages, a light material that whirled up like dust clouds in the currents foJm�ed by the diver's fins. There were few rocks. The whole of this area was covered with �.. ,..T' beds of Volsella modloluaAnu.ber in the aggregate thousands of spaclmens and tons of the living organisms. (For the skeptical reader we suggest a reference to the report of this office for the same period a year earlier. On page 12 sample IS. taken from a similar habitat in Kuluk Bay but in 50 feet of water, reports the recove� fraa a square yard of bottom 127 llve apecltMna of V. modiolua weighing 29% pounda.) There were large numbers of saa urchins present but all small. One sample is recorded.

(1) Depth 30 feet 11 small sea urchins 2 small gastropods Bed of horse mussels

Area three ls. as shown on the chart• a tiny cove on the �inland of the Island of Adak. The deepest water we found there was 35 feet; and the bottom was covered with loose shells, primarily those of large barnacles. two sample plots are recorded. Page 44

(1) Depth 20 feet 4 sea urchins 2 gastropods This plo.t did not fall in a bed of horse mussels but they were on all sides. (2) Depth 35 feet 3 sea urchins Thi.s plot was lying in a bed of horse mussels

It will be noted that we ha� not given the number of specbaens when the plot falls within a bed of horse'mussels. It is because these bivalves are not �ld out in single depth where they can be readily counted. Rather. they grow outward ia all directions. upward as well as to the sides and can only be counted if brought to the surface and broken apart.

A random collactlon of sea urcbiaa from areas one and two were measured. This is tabylated. below� MeaSurements were taken across the wldes't diameter of the shell. excluding the spines. in 10Ul1meters. The left hand coluznn Usts the diameter. the right the number of specbaen&.

61.1 - 1 23.0 - 1 60.3 - 1 17.4 - 1 56.3 - 1 15.9 - 2 55.6 - 1 15.1 - 1 52.4 - 1 12.7 - 1 49.2 - 1 11.9 - 2 48.4 - 1 11.1 - 1

44.5 .. 2 10.3 - 1 23.8 - 1 8.7 - 1 Total 2I

On August 17 we worked at the shoal marked on our chart as number four. This shoal lies just off the end of the runway and slightly to the south. This writer has many tltues seen it pass under the wing of an aircraft when leaving Adak. and noted the small pod of sea otters frequenting the area. The desire on these occasions to see what was on the bottom was at last to be fulfilled.

This shoal bares only on the lowest tides but breaks in any swell. It is formed of rock but unlike the Pit Rocks there are no separate rocks in evidence. The bottom is quite irregular. in the angular manner produced by faulting. folding or tilting of rock strata. This has produced crevices and rock fa-.s. The entire shoal down at least to 40 feet (limit of the diving here) is covered with kelp (Alaria fistulosa and Laminarla digitata). Such a growth renders observations of lnverteb�ates more difficult as the fronds obscure them. Haw- Page 45 ever. on the rock faces in crevices. e�c. the kelp does not seme. grow for reason and the invertebrates are readily visible.· Elsewhere the'i;rcm.ds can be parted for a look undemeath but the frame cannot be used.

Here the sea urchina are aot abundant but. scattered. Rock oysters. howe-.er are very abundant and of large si:c.e. We have two samples recorded. in 40 feet, one of 5 roek oysters. and the. other of 4. In b«h instances these invertebrates filled the 6 inch square. Brittle stars are abundant.. Large gastropods (whelks) are present at the rate of 1 to 5 specimens per square yard. Seall ehttons are present:. though not abua­ ao (K. diet dant; we noted black ones - tUfticata) but we not vtsit the intertidal zone.

On this date the water was very mtirky. temperature 42 degrees Fahrenheit.

We collected a random sample of whelks and sea UTChins. Our CClllllllOnest whelk, and at Adak it is quite abundant. ta the hairy whelk (Fusit:rit.on oregonenae). Of th.e stx whelks col ... lectec:l five were of this species. and the sixth ts unidentified. These were nteaatired in mUltmet:ers along their longest dimension and are here recorded. The sea urchins are recorded as above. ln each case these were randOBt samples.

Hairy whelks; 88 - 1 64 ... 1

77 - 1 62 - 1

68 - 1 Unidentified (white-shelled) whelk S2 - 1 Sea urchins 45.8 - 1 42 - 1 41.2 - 1 41 - 1

30.2 - 1 26.7 .. 1 26.5 - 1 25.6 - 1

Curiously. where these sea urchins were collected there were neither very large nor Yery small specimens ••

We moved then. on the same date to the northeast corner of the northernmost rock in the Gannet Rocks group. This is marked number 5 on the chart. The ocean floor at this point is approximately 100 feet down and where we worked the rock rises sheer. We did not go below fifty feet on this occasion. but returned at a later date and deseended to the bottom which ''-,

Page 46 proved to be slightly over 100 feet deep. As one might expect, a heap o£ detritus had formed at the base of the rock. and though the descent from the surfaee. to 80 fe et bad b een ver­ tical. from that point to the bottom it sloped markedly. On top of the de tritus, loose shells, particularly large barnacle shells had accumulated and calcareous algae had appeared. There were no large forms of ke'-p in t.his area.

The wa ter temperature on both occasions (August 17 and 19) was 42 degrees Fahrenheit. On the 11th the water was murky but the 19th it was clear, and good light yalues prevailed.

The face of this rock was noteworthy for the density of large gastropods (moat ly hairy whelks). Though present in shallgwer depths the flreatest densities were below 25 feet, but thinn� out agatn before reaching the bottom. Also below 25 fee t the horse mussel (V. modiolus) was abundan.t and below 40 feet ikppearecl tn beds. -On the de.trtttis, beg inning at 80 feet and extending to the bottoa in slightly over 100 feet the principal invertebrates were V. modiolus ln beds and P. maeroachiama. The latter ran 4 to 5· per the six tnch square over -.oat of thi s area. Above the detrttus on the face of the rock small chltons appeared in notte·eable numbers. some­ tfmea three or four t ogether . Twa basket stars. both larger that\ the stx inch square were noted on the roek face In 50 feet of water, and In the intertidal zone !· tunleata was present.

Sample plots are recorded:

(1) Depth 2S feet 7 large (mostly oregcmense) gastropods -F. (2) Depth 35 feet 8 large gastropods (3) Deptli 35 feet 2 rock oysters 2 horse mussels (4) Depth 30 feet 5 large gastropods 1 horse mussel 1 sea urchin (5) Depth 40 feet 4 s ea urdllns 1 small gastropod Bed of horse mussels ;·' l,

Page 46 proved to be lgh.td ly over 100 feet deep. As one might expect, a heap of detritus had formed at the base of the rock. and though the descent from the surface to 80 feet had been ver­ tical. from that point to the bottom it sloped markedly. On top of t.he detritus, loose shells, particularly large barnacle shells had accumulated and calcareous algae had appeared. There were no large forms of ke�p in t.his area.

The water temperature on both occasions (August 17 and 19) was 42 degrees Fahrenheit. On the 17th the water was murky but the 19th it was clear, and good light yalues prevailed.

The face of this rock was noteworthy for the density of large gastropods (mostly hairy whelks) . Though present in shallower depths the area.test densities were below 25 feet, but thinn� out agatn before reaching the bottom. Also below 25 feet the horse mussel (V. modiolus) was abundant and below 40 feet appeared 1n beds. -On the detritus, beginning at 80 feet and extending to the bottoa in slightly over 100 feet the principal invertebrates were V. modiolus ln beds and P. maeroschisma. The latter ran 4 to S per the six tneh square over aoat of this area. Above the detrttus on the face of the rock small chttons appeared in notte·eable numbers., some­ ttmea three or four together. Twa basket stars, both larger than the stx inch square were noted o-n the rock face tn 50 feet of water, and In the interti�al zone !· tunleata was present.

Sample plots are recorded:

(1) Dep.th 2S feet 7 large gastropods (mostly F. oregcmense) - (2) Depth 35 feet 8 large gastropods (3) Depth l.S feet 2 rock oysters 2 horse mussels (4) Depth )() feet 5 large gastropods 1 horse mussel 1 sea urchin (5) Depth 40 feet 4 sea urc:hins 1 small gastropod Bed of horse mussels Page 47

Seven whelks 'C!ttx hairy whelks and one unknown species) were brought up for measurement. two sea urchla being ac­ cidental ly included. Measurements are below.

Hairy whe lks 88.3 • 1 86 - 2 82 ... 1 76 - 1 71 - 1 Whelk (�known species) 24.8 - 1 Sea urchtas 33.5 w:l 24.8 .. 1

As before these rQeasurements are in mUUmeters.

Appar.ntly there were large halibut in tht� area on the 17th for the diver's assistant put out a fishing Une from the dory not more than 50 yards from the rock face . ln short order an active f i sh took the hook and decamped with tt. This put the fisherman ' s blood pressure �P and he trled once more with the same res•ults. On the 19th it was tried again but unsuccessfully.

We regr.tt to say that following c:ODlpletlon of the work herein deserlbecl.• a copy of safety regulations. promulgated by the CG���nissioner•s Office. governing the use of SCUBA units in official work. was received at Adak. lt ts always right to avotc! gra� risk under ordinary elrcums tances bu� every effort should be made to understand its nature and extent. This does not appear to helve been done in this case. But at any rate. the regulations are so restrictive as to seriously prejudice the development of this atucly.

We qu•te from the narrative report of the period preceding this, the following paragraph: "The age of the otter popu­ lation on Amch.itka cannot be fixed with certainty and unfor­ tunately we have no observations of Invertebrate populations recorded from an earlier per iod. We have. however, aecess to invertebrate remains in the kU:ch.en middens left by the Aleuts. This writer collected sea urchin rematns from one such kitchen midden that appears to be typical of those on Amchitka. The sea has eroded these old village sites and among other things exposed large deposits of the plates fol'ttling sea urchin shells, and the structure kn as the lantern of Aristotle comprising the teeth and supporting framework around Page 48 the mouth o-f a s� urchin. Superf!etally these remains are much larger than found on the sea urchins recovered at Am..

d ndica a nat chltka tooay an i te period· when sea otters were as abundant as at present . ..

We have &ince wri ttng the above been able to carry this ttae of tavestigation further. to the extent at least of prod.uclng some measurements. From the sample mentioned above we a.elected one group of six tnterambulacral plates still eonn.eeted together and showlng by its curve to be at or near the widest: dimension of the shel l. The largest o-f these plates when separated measured 11.9 mm x 4 mm. Another group of ten ambulaeral plates showing by its curve to be similarly oriented yielded the following measurements:

8.8 an JC 2 •. 4 _, 8.6 mtll X 2.3 mm 8.8 t!D X 2.4 mal 8.6 t'!liB X 2.3 mill

This group of ambulacral plates were not necessarily from the same sea urebin as were the interambulacral plates. as the remains ift the kltctten middel\S are broken into fragments and a large percentage are reduced to the individual plates. Moreove1'. tf the reader wonders why a ll of the plates were not measured 1 t is because it\ separa.tlng them tnat\y are damaged.,

Another group 0f ambulacral plates s imUarly oriented produced the fol lowing measurements:

10.5 mm x 2.1 mm 10.3 lllll X 2.2 11111

We examined the sample for the largest plates available which of course were interambulaeral. Presumably these came from neal" the widest poiat of the shell. but as they were isolated plates this is not. certain:

13.7 mm x 4 mm 13- •.6 lllll X 4.5 Dill 12.1 mm x 3.8 mm

In only one case were a group of ambulacral and inter... ambulacral plates eorme-eted.. Measurements are shown tn pairs. or more accurately are presented in their J:elathmship to each other. Ambulacral tnterambulaeral

9� 11111 X 2 • 3 1IIDl 11.7 mm x 3.9 mm 8.8 11llll X 2 •.3 DID 8.4 aa X 2.2 tiE 10.4 mm x 3.6 mm 8.1 mm x 2.3 11111 7.7 mm x 2.1 mm 9.2 DID X 3.1 mm Figure 19. The writer arrives on the surface at chitka with a specimen. Page 49

' �.. �p.-; We selected two recently colleeted sea urchin shells. •' j .. � denuded of their spines for the measurements offered below• •"" These were taken from the wides� po int of the shell.

55.2 � Whole shell measured mm across � Ambulaeral Interambulaeral 7.3 nm x 2.1 mr.a 10.2 1'liD X 3 •.7 l'l1lll ¥" � 7.4 mm x 2.2 mm 10.3 mm x 3.8 mm 7.3 nm x 2.0 mm 10.2 nm x 3.7 tllll (; ' The measurements below are in thetr relationship on the kl �-.) shell. Ambulacral Interambulaci!l'al 7.5 11m x 2.1 an 9.8 tD8l X 3.6 tllll 7.4 IIIII X 2.1 mm 7o3 · UIQ X 2.1 tiiiD 10.0 mill X 3.5 DWI ;l �«/ �bole shell measured 62 . 2 mm across

• -�, ! 8.7 mm � 2.5 mm 11.4 mm x 4.1 mm ·.ct;. 8.7 IJIIl X 2.5 DID 11.1 nm x 4.3 mm ;;-.j 3.7 l·; 8.8 mm x 2.-4 ll1IR 10.9 mm x mm :-...-� 7.3 nm x 2.4 am 11.1 um x 4.2 na ;.\o 8. 7 Dllft X 2.4 DID 11.4 mm . x 4.1 mm "' ' :, ,• M - {�:; (.) We for of t:1 are indebted to Mr. E. G. Evans the photos the dory, the Finger Bay barn and enclosure, all those of the "�"l.·�·· . ii 1959 calves and the Bay of Islands area. Mr. Karl w. Kenyon provided the photo of the author in the water at Amchitka. Mr. Malcolm Greany produced the charts and graph from originals � l by the author, and the author furnished the p"otos of the 1958 ' �r ,l calves, and the underwater shot.

Submitted by: n v ' / i�ER�T � D. JONES,1 R. �- Refuge Manager fd February 29, 1960.