Major Elements of the Environment

Home , Jerantut (town), Jerantut District, Kuala Tahan, Kuala Tembeling, Pahang

PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT, PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

SECTION 4

MAJOR ELEMENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This section will describe the baseline studies in the Project area in terms of the physical, environmental, biological and socio economic. The description of the baseline studies is based on field surveys and review of existing literature related to the study area sourced from published reports. Both the primary and secondary data are used to describe the existing environment.

4.1.1 Current Site Condition

The current condition of the project site is a logged-over forest. A visit to the project site was conducted on 5th September 2018. During the site visit, a log yard (matau) was found in the existing oil palm plantation development (phase 1) adjacent to the project site. Plate 4.1.1 shows the location of the log yard in Phase 1 area.

Plate 4.1.1: Existing Log Yard at the Project Site

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4.2 TOPOGRAPHY

The topography of the project site is described based on the range of elevation, river system and slope terrain. The topographical view is illustrated in Figure 4.2.1.

Elevation Generally the topography within and outside of the Project site can be categorized as flat, rolling and hilly. The elevations of the Project site vary from 60 m to 260 m above mean sea level (M.S.L.). The flat area mostly covers the entire area where it is distributed all over the Project Site whereby the lowest land is sited in the middle and sloping down to the north side which is near to the river valley. The hilly area are located in the middle of the project area, at the west and also at the northwest of the project area. The elevation of the project site is presented in Figure 4.2.2.

River System There are five major river systems within the project site which are Sg. Terengan, Sg. Dohong, Sg. Lenggung, Sg. Kuang, tributaries of Sg. Yong and Sg. Kuran. The project site is drained by tributaries of Sg. Terengan where it flows from northwest to east and drained onto main river, Sg. Tembeling. Tributaries of Sg. Dohong will directly flows from the north to the south and the tributaries of Sg. Lenggung flows from the northeast onto the main river, Sg. Tembeling. Additionally, the tributaries of Sg. Yong will flow into Sg Jelai which will eventually drained to Sg. Pahang. Overall, based on the topography map, all of the tributary which are coming from project site will flow onto main rivers, Sg. Tembeling and Sg Jelai and finally discharged onto Sg Pahang. In short, Sg Jelai and Sg Tembeling confluence onto Sg. Pahang. These rivers and its tributaries formed a dendritic river pattern.

Slope Terrain The slope within project site has been analysed based on contour data acquired from Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM). Most of the Project site is classified as terrain Class 1 which covers about 45.79% followed by Class 3 (22.27%), Class 4 (15.86%), Class 2 (12.84%), Class 5 (2.57%), Class 6 (0.66%) and Class 7 (0.01%) respectively. For the project site, very steep area of more than 35° about 0.81 hectares are strictly prohibited from any land development to protect the sloping structure and minimize the erosion. Table 4.2.1 shows the distribution of terrain within the Project site while the terrain analysis map is shown in Figure 4.2.3.

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Table 4.2.1 Terrain Analysis of the Project Site TERRAIN SLOPE PERCENTAGE AREA LEGEND CLASSIFICATION CLASS (DEGREE) (%) (HECTARE) 1 Flat 0˚ -2˚ 45.79 3706.44 2 Undulating 2˚ - 6˚ 12.84 1039.32 3 Rolling 6˚ - 12˚ 22.27 1802.63 4 Hilly 12˚ - 20˚ 15.86 1283.78 5 Very Hilly 20˚ - 25˚ 2.57 208.03 6 Steep 25˚ - 35˚ 0.66 53.42 7 Very Steep > 35˚ 0.01 0.81 TOTAL 100 8,094.43 Source: Consultant's Estimation

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Figure 4.2.1 Topography of the Project Site

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Figure 4.2.2 Elevation of the Project Site

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Figure 4.2.3 Slope Terrain of the Project Site

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4.3 LAND USE

The following paragraphs describe the land use types found in the study area. Figure 4.3.1 and Table 4.3.1 show the land use activities within 5 km radius from the Project site.

Table 4.3.1 Land Use of the Project Site within 5 km Radius

PHOTO AND DESCRIPTION

1) AGRICULTURE

The land use surrounding of the project site are oil palm and rubber plantations. These plantations are owned and operated by FELCRA whereby rubber plantation is owned by smallholder and also private ownership. They are located approximately ±2 km from the project boundary.

There are also some vegetable farms found near the project site.

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PHOTO AND DESCRIPTION

2) FOREST

Existing conditions of the Project site is a logged-over forest.

3) AQUACULTURE

Aquaculture activities run by local people along Sg Jelai, Sg. Tembeling and Sg. Pahang. They are located approximately ±3 km from the project boundary.

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PHOTO AND DESCRIPTION

4) SETTLEMENTS AREA

Some of the human settlements found situated within ±1 to ±5 km radius from the project site.

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Figure 4.3.1 Land Use in the Study Area

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

4.3.1 Agriculture

The land use surrounding of the Project site is primarily oil palm plantations and small part of it is rubber plantation. These oil palm plantations are mostly located to the east, southeast, south and southwest of the Project site. The oil palm plantations which is within 5 km radius from the project boundary are owned by Kemajuan Tanah Kg. Merting (FELCRA) located ± 4 km to the east of the proposed Lot PT 4989, Kemajuan Tanah Pasir Sia (RISDA) located ± 3 km to the southeast of the proposed Lot PT 4951 whereby Kemajuan Tanah Pasir Durian (FELCRA) and Kemajuan Tanah Hulu Retang are located ± 3 km and ± 4 km respectively to the south of the proposed Lot PT 4953. Besides, rubber plantation is owned and operated by smallholding and also private ownership. Additionally, there are also some vegetable farms found near the project site.

4.3.2 Forest

The existing condition of the project site is a logged over forest and it also dominates the northern, northwest, northeast, western and southwest parts of the Project site surrounding. The nearest forest reserve in the vicinity of the project site is Yong Forest Reserve. Besides, Taman Negara is located towards the north of the project site. The distance between the Taman Negara Pahang boundary and the Project site boundary is approximately 15 km.

4.3.3 Aquaculture

Ikan Sangkar is one major contributors to the villager’s economy especially at Mukim Tembeling. Patin and Talapia are the fish species that are most widely cultured in cages along Sg. Tembeling, Sg. Jelai. and also Sg. Pahang.

4.3.4 Human Settlements

Within 5 km radius from the Project site, there are several human settlements as shown in Table 4.3.2. The nearest human settlement area is located about ±1 km to the southeast of the project site boundary which is Kg. Baharu Tada. Most of the human settlements have proper public facilities and amenities such as a mosque, community hall, school and grocery shops.

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

Table 4.3.2: Human Settlements within 5 km Radius of the Project Site Direction

NE E SE S SW W Radius

0 - 1 km Kg Baharu Tada Kg Jong 1 km - 2 km Berlabuh Kg Batu Balak Kg Kercheh

Kg. Orang Kg Pasir Sia Kg Labu Kg Air Hitam 2 km - 3 km Asli Kuala Kg Pasir Durian Kg Paya Batu Kg Chebung Atok Kg Selimber

Kg Paya Koran 3 km - 4 km Kg Batu Garang Kg Kakura Kg Macang Raja Kg Merting Kg Gemunchur 4 km - 5 km Kg Lubok Payung Kg Hulu Retang Kg Renggoi Kg Gemuruh

4.3.5 Kompleks Pelancongan Kuala Tembeling

Kuala Tembeling is one of the main entry points to Taman Negara besides Kuala Tahan. The tourists can access to Taman Negara by riverboat. The government has provided a Kompleks Pelancongan in Kuala Tembeling where the facilities for tourists include Kuala Tembeling Jetty, parking area, tourist information centre, ticket counter and restaurants. This jetty is located approximately 7 km from the project site boundary.

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

4.4 WATER INTAKE

There is water intake treatment plant namely Loji Air Seberang Tembeling which is located approximately 3.0 km to the southeast of the Project site. This is the nearest water intake point located around the project site. This water intake is sourced from Sg. Tembeling where it is the downstream of the Project site where the water catchment from the Project site flows onto Sg Tembeling.

Loji Air Mela is one of the water intakes from Sg. Jelai and this plant located to the southwest of the Project site and located approximately 21.0 km downstream from the Project site. There are sub-catchments on the west (Sg. Yong and Sg. Yong Belit) of the Project site, in which the water flows from these both catchments finally drains onto Sg. Jelai.

Other water intake is Loji Air Batu Embun that obtains its supply from Sg. Pahang and the water intake location is about 22 km to the south of the Project boundary. Most of the sub-catchments from the project site particularly from the catchment of Sg. Dohong and catchment of Sg. Terengan will flow onto Sg. Tembeling (to the southeast of the project site boundary) and finally flows onto Sg. Pahang. All of the water intake points are located downstream of the Project site and will be affected.

Last but not least, another water intake point is Air Tandak Kg. Batu Balak. It is situated approximately 2.5 km radius from the project site boundary. It will not be affected by the proposed project due to different water catchment where the supply is from Sg. Gemuruh. The river water from the project site will not flow through this point. Table 4.4.1 and Figure 4.4.1 shows the location of water intake points.

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

Table 4.4.1 Water Intake Points

COORDINATE NAME OF WATER NO. OF WATER DISTANCE PHOTO WATER PLANT SOURCE INTAKE

1. Loji Air Sg. ± 3.0 km to the E 102° 21’ 0.19” Seberang Tembeling southeast of the N 04° 8’ 50.42” Tembeling Project site

Sg. ± 20.0 km to the E 102° 16’ 34” 2. Loji Air Mela Jelai southwest of the N 04° 05’ 01” Project site

Sg. E 102° 21’ 42” ± 22.0 km to the 3 Loji Air Batu Pahang N 03° 57’ 30” south of the Embun Project site

Source: Pengurusan Air Pahang, PAIP

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

Figure 4.4.1 Location of Water Intake Points

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

4.5 GEOLOGY AND MINERAL

4.5.1 Geology

Information about the geological set up in the project area was obtained from the Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia, 1985, published by the Department of Minerals and Geoscience Malaysia and the “Geology of Peninsular Malaysia” jointly published by The Geology Department of University of Malaya and The Geological Society of Malaysia.

Based on Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia (1985), the geology of the Project site is generally the rock succession which can be divided into mainly argillaceous facies, mudstone and pelitic and acid to intermediate volcanics. The main composition of these formations is Triasssic and comprises inter-bedded sandstone, siltstone and shale. Limestone is prominent in lower parts of succession while conglomerate and chert are locally prominent. Figure 4.5.1 shows the details of geological map.

4.5.2 Mineral

Mineral information for the project site is acquired from the minerals map in ‘Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia’ which is published by Department of Minerals and Geoscience Malaysia (First Time Edition, 2010).

The metallic mineral prospects and occurrences in Malaysia are located within seven broad metallogenic provinces/belt: three in Peninsular Malaysia, two in Sarawak and two in Sabah. They however, differ in size, type of mineralization and geological setting. Coal is restricted to isolated Tertiary basins scattered in Malaysia.

Referring to the mineral map, there is no mineral found in the Project site. However, metallic mineral and non-metallic mineral which is iron and baryte were found more than ±5 km radius to the southwest and also southeast of the project site respectively. Figure 4.5.2 shows the mineral map within 5 km radius of the Project site.

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

Figure 4.5.1 Geology Map of the Project Site

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

Figure 4.5.2 Mineral Map of the Project Site

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

4.6 METEOROLOGY

4.6.1 Meteorological Condition

Description of the climate such as rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind rose in the Project site and its surrounding is based on data obtained from the nearest meteorological stations. The nearest meteorological station is located at Batu Embun (Latitude: 3° 58’ N; Longitude: 102° 21' E; and Elevation: 59.5 m) approximately 18 km radius from the project boundary. The following summarizes the meteorological conditions (year 2009 to 2018):

 Monthly mean temperature from 2009 - 2018 shows the temperature ranges from 25.7 °C - 27.7 °C (Figure 4.6.1).  Mean monthly rainfall (2009 - 2018) amount was between 97.0 mm – 265.1 mm. The maximum monthly rainfalls were recorded higher in October until December (Figure 4.6.2).  Mean monthly relative humidity for the year 2009 - 2018 ranged from 80.7 % to 87.7 % (Figure 4.6.3).  The high wind speeds from 2009 – 2018 ranged between 3.4 to 5.4 m/s which comes from the east direction (about 0.1%) while lower wind speeds ranged between 0.3 to 1.5 m/s (about 12 %) blows from the northwest direction (Figure 4.6.4 and Table 4.6.1).

Average Monthly Temperature at Batu Embun Station (2009-2018) 28.0 27.7 27.6 27.5 27.4 27.5 26.8 27.0 26.8 26.7 26.5 26.3

26.5 26.1 C ° 25.8 26.0 25.7

25.5

25.0

24.5 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Month

Figure 4.6.1: Average Monthly Temperature at Batu Embun Station for 10 Years (Year 2009 - Year 2018)

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Average Monthly Rainfall at Batu Embun Station (2009-2018)

300.0 265.1 237.5 250.0 203.7 189.9 200.0 200.0 157.4 149.9 160.3 135.2 150.0 119.3 124.7 mm 97.0 100.0

50.0

0.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Month

Figure 4.6.2: Average Monthly Rainfall Data at Batu Embun Station for 10 Years (Year 2009- 2018)

Average Monthly Humidity at Batu Embun Station (2009-2018) 90.0 87.7 88.0

86.0 85.2 84.0 84.3 83.3 84.0 82.7 82.1 82.4 82.4 % 81.5 82.0 80.7 81.1

80.0

78.0

76.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Month

Figure 4.6.3: Average Monthly Relative Humidity at Batu Embun Station for 10 Years (Year 2009 - Year 2018)

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Figure 4.6.4: Wind Rose Summary for Batu Embun Station (Year 2009 - 2018)

Table 4.6.1: Percentage Frequency and Mean Velocity of Winds from Various Directions

Percentage frequencies of occurrence for concurrent wind direction (degrees) and speed (m/s) within specified ranges [%] Wind speed range Direction 0.3-1.5 1.6-3.3 3.4-5.4 5.5-7.9 8.0-10.7 >10.7 Total Mean Speed Calm 32.2 Variable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 11.2 1.7 0 0 0 0 12.9 1 NE 4.3 0.4 0 0 0 0 4.8 1 E 5.6 1.9 0.1 0 0 0 7.6 1.2 SE 4.8 1.9 0 0 0 0 6.8 1.2 S 5.9 1.2 0 0 0 0 7.2 1 SW 2.6 0.2 0 0 0 0 2.8 0.8 W 8.7 0.5 0 0 0 0 9.3 0.7 NW 12 0.9 0 0 0 0 12.9 0.8 Source: Malaysia Meteorological Services, 2018

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4.7 SOCIO ECONOMY

The project site is located in Mukim Tembeling, Jerantut district, Pahang Darul Makmur. For administrative purposes, this district of Jerantut is divided into ten (10) Mukims. The population of the District of Jerantut in 2010 stood at 88,035 people, comprising 83,878 Malaysian and the remaining 4,157 were non-Malaysian.

The socio-economic study was carried out within 5 km radius from the boundary of the proposed site where it also includes Mukim Kuala Tembeling in the district of Jerantut. The population in both mukims dominated by Malays community comprised of 93.5% of the total Mukim Tembeling and 95.0% of the total Mukim Kuala Tembeling. In terms of households and unit of houses, Mukim Tembeling and Mukim Kuala Tembeling have 1,264 families with 1,453 units and 459 families and 508 units respectively. Jerantut is the nearest town from the project site.

Table 4.7.1: District and Mukim in Study Area and Number of Population District/Mukim Population Households Living Quarters District Jerantut 88,035 18,907 21,240

-Mukim Tembeling 6,017 1,264 1,453

-Mukim Kuala Tembeling 2,228 459 508

Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia, 2010

The overall economic activity of population in Mukim Tembeling is agriculture. Most of them work as labourers and some working in oil palm plantation, smallholding rubber plantation and also involved in aquaculture along Sungai Jelai, Sungai Tembeling, and Sungai Pahang. As required the study area should cover within 5-km radius from the boundary of the proposed project site. Table 4.7.2 shows the list of settlement involved in the study area.

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Table 4.7.2: Listed Villages nearby Project Site

Settlement Distance (km radius) from project boundary

Mukim Kuala Tembeling Kampung Batu Balak 2.0 Kampung Pasir Durian 3.0 – 5.0 Kampung Gemuruh Kampung Gemunchur 4.5 Kampung Hulu Retang 5.0 Mukim Tembeling Kampung Labu Kampung Jong Berlabuh Kampung Paya Koran Kampung Baharu Tada 1.0 – 3.0 Kampung Paya Batu Kampung Batu Garang Kampung Macang Raja Kampung Chebung 2.0 – 3.0 Kampung Selimber Kampung Pasir Sia Kampung Air Hitam 2.0 – 4.0 Kampung Kercheh Kampung Kakura Kampung Orang Asli Kuala Atok 3.0 Kampung Merting Kampung Lubok Payung 4.0 – 5.0 Kampung Renggoi Kampung Orang Asli Sungai Tekai 5.5

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

Figure 4.7.1: The Proposed Socio Economic Survey within 5 km from the Project Site

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

4.8 FLORA

Generally, the project site is covered by highly-dense vegetation of forest species which is commonly found in the lowland forest. From the pre-site survey, the vegetation cover can be classified into plant habits which are trees, ferns, shrubs, herbaceous, palm and climbers. The diversity of the species will be identified during EIA study.

4.9 FAUNA AND AVIFAUNA

The north of the Project site is surrounded by secondary forest which is rich in biodiversity. The Project site is a habitat for wildlife that commonly found in the lowland forest such as mammals and avifauna. The boundary of the Taman Negara Kuala Tahan located about ±15 km to the north of the Project site boundary. The fauna survey will be conducted during the EIA study to identify the diversity of the species.

4.9.1 Central Forest Spine (CFS)

As defined in the National Physical Plan, CFS means the backbone of Peninsular Malaysia’s environmentally sensitive area network comprises of four major forest complexes. According to Laporan Akhir Central Forest Spine Pelan Induk Rangkaian Ekologi that was published by the Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Semenanjung Malaysia 2010, the proposed Project site is within the central forest spine corridor (CFS1 – SL2: Rizab Hidapan Liar Krau – HS Bencah – HS Som – HS Yong) as shown in Figure 4.9.1. This corridor is the primary linkage which is to maintain connectivity between the Rizab Hidupan Liar Krau, Bencah, Som and Yong Forest Reserve.

The proposed project development would take into account and consideration of the Project site in CFS area. The actions and mitigation measures would be taken and implemented to maintain the CFS area.

4.10 AIR QUALITY & NOISE LEVEL

Within 500 m surrounding of the Project site is a secondary forest and there is also no settlement area. Therefore, there is no air sensitive receiver and no sensitive noise receptor within 500 m from the Project boundary.

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PROPOSED OIL PALM PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT ON 8,094.43 HECTARES (20,001 ACRES) LAND ON PT4951-PT4955 AND PT4987-PT4991 IN MUKIM TEMBELING, DISTRICT OF JERANTUT,PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. (ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING INFORMATION)

Figure 4.9.1 Central Forest Spine of the Project Site

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4.11 WATER QUALITY AND HYDROLOGY

There are five major river systems within the project site which are Sg. Terengan, Sg. Dohong, Sg. Lenggung, Sg. Kuang, tributaries of Sg. Yong and Sg. Kuran. The project site is drained by tributaries of Sg. Terengan where it flows from northwest to east and drained onto main river, Sg. Tembeling. Tributaries of Sg. Dohong will directly flows from the north to the south and the tributaries of Sg. Lenggung flows from the northeast onto the main river, Sg. Tembeling. Additionally, the tributaries of Sg Yong will flow into Sg Jelai which will eventually drained to Sg Pahang. Overall, based on the topography map, all of the tributary which are coming from project site will flow onto main river, Sg. Tembeling and Sg Jelai and finally discharged onto Sg Pahang. Within 1000 m from the Project boundary, there is no water sensitive receivers and only these rivers have been identified.

4.12 EROSION RISK

Based on the terrain analysis, slope with less than 250 was covered by 99.33% (8040.2 ha) while the remaining area with slope more than 250 was about 0.67% (54.23 ha).

The risk of erosion will occur within and surrounding of the Project site due to vegetation clearing. Therefore, mitigation measures must be implemented to ensure the risk of erosion will be minimized. However, the erosion risk map will be presented in the EIA Report.

4.13 CULTURAL HERITAGE

There is no cultural heritage was found within 500 m from the Project boundary.

4.14 LAND CONTAMINATION

There is no land contamination identified within 500 m from the Project boundary since the area is a secondary forest and oil palm plantation.

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