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Influence from Luganda, Runyankole-Rukiga, and Acholi-Lango

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Influence from Luganda, Runyankole-Rukiga, and Acholi-Lango Morphological and Syntactic Feature Analysis of Ugandan English: Influence from Luganda, Runyankole-Rukiga, and Acholi-Lango Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie in der Fakultät für Philologie der RUHR-UNIVERSITÄT BOCHUM vorgelegt von Jude Ssempuuma Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Fakultät für Philologie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Referent: Prof. Dr. Christiane Meierkord Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Ulrike Gut Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27 Januar 2017 i Table of Content Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………................vii List of tables and figures...…………………………………………………………...............viii List of abbreviations...………………………………………………………………….........xiv Chapter 1: Introduction...…………………………………………………………................1 1.0 Introduction....…………………………………………………………………........….......1 1.1 Statement of the problem...………………………………………………………...............1 1.2 Purpose of the study...…………………………………………………………...….......….2 1.3 Research questions....……………………………………………………………....…........2 1.4 Organisation of chapters …...………………………………………………....…...............3 Chapter 2: Ugandan English as a Variety of English..................................………..…........5 2.0 Introduction…………………………………………...…………………………….....…...5 2.1 World Englishes and New Englishes.............................................................……......….....5 2.2 Postcolonial Englishes…...……………………………………....………………...…........7 2.3 Models of World Englishes...…………………………………....…………………............8 2.3.1 English as a Native, Second, and Foreign Language..……………………....……….......8 2.3.2 Kachru’s Three Circle Model of World Englishes..…………………..…………......…..9 2.3.3 McArthur’s Circle of World English..………………………………..……....…….......11 2.3.4 Schneider’s Dynamic Model of World Englishes...………………..………….....….….11 2.3.5 Meierkord’s Interaction across Englishes model...………………..…………....….…...14 2.3.6 Mair’s World System of Englishes...………………………………...……....………....14 2.4 Ugandan English…...…………………………………………...……………....…….......14 Chapter 3: Language Situation in Uganda...…………………………..………….....….....17 3.0 Multilingualism………………………………….……………………………….....….....17 3.1 Multilingualism in Uganda…...……………………..…………………………….....…...17 3.2 Major indigenous languages widely spoken in Uganda ……...…………….....……..…...19 3.2.1 Luganda.…………………………………………………..………………....…….....…19 3.2.2 Runyankole-Rukiga...……………………………………..……………....……....…....20 3.2.3 Acholi-Lango…...…...…………………………………..……………………........…...20 3.3 English in Uganda.....................................................................………....……..…….…...21 3.3.1 Promotion of English in the Uganda Protectorate.........….......……………......…....….23 3.3.2 Status of English in independent Uganda.......................................……...……………..23 3.3.2.1English as a second language............................................................…...…………......23 3.3.2.2 English as an official language…….............................................................…………24 ii 3.3.3 Functions of English in Uganda.........................................................................……......26 3.3.3.1 English as medium of instruction......................................................................….…...26 3.3.3.2 English as language of administration..................................................................…....30 3.3.3.3 English as lingua franca................................................................................................30 3.3.3.4 English as language of media and literature.................................................................31 Chapter 4: Data and methodology………………………………………...…......…….…..33 4.0 Introduction……………………………………………..…………………….....………..33 4.1 Defining the variables…………………………………..………...…………....….……...33 4.2 Quantitative method....................................................................................................…....33 4.3 Data.......................................................................................................................….....….34 4.4 Informants....................................................................................................………….......34 4.5 Data collection: Semi-structured interviews ......................................................................34 4.6 Data analysis...................................................................................................……..…......35 4.7 Data quantification ......................................................................................................…...36 Chapter 5: Left dislocation in Ugandan English.................................................…....….....37 5.0 Introduction…………………………………………………….…....…………….......….37 5.1 Left dislocation in Standard English(es)..........................................................…….....…..38 5.2 Research on the use of left dislocation in World Englishes ........................…....……..….44 5.2.1 Left dislocation in L1 varieties of English ................................................……..…........44 5.2.2 Left dislocation in L2 varieties of English.....................................................…..…........46 5.2.2.1 Left dislocation in English L2 varieties in the Pacific and Asia......…........…...…......46 5.2.2.2 Left dislocation in English L2 varieties in Africa.........................................………....47 5.3 Research on left dislocation in Ugandan indigenous languages...........….....……......…...50 5.3.1 Left dislocation in Luganda...............................................................................….….....50 5.3.1.1 Subject left dislocation in Luganda..................................................................….........51 5.3.1.2 Object left dislocation in Luganda......................................................…………...…...53 5.3.1.3 Indirect object left dislocation in Luganda......................................................…...…...56 5.3.2 Left dislocation in Runyankole-Rukiga…......................................................……...…..56 5.3.2.1 Subject left dislocation in Runyankole-Rukiga...........................................……..…...56 5.3.2.2 Object left dislocation in Runyankole-Rukiga......................................……...…….....57 5.3.3 Left dislocation in Acholi-Lango..........................................................…………...…....58 5.3.3.1 Subject left dislocation in Acholi-Lango.........................................…………….........58 5.3.3.2 Object left dislocation in Acholi-Lango...............................……......…………..….....60 5.4 Analysis of left dislocation in Ugandan English data...........................….......……..….....62 iii 5.4.1 Analysis of left dislocation among English speakers with Luganda as L1 .................…64 5.4.1.1 Analysis of left dislocation in Ugandan English among Luganda L1 speakers according to noun phrase function.......................................................………................64 5.4.1.2 Analysis of left dislocation among English speakers with Luganda as L1 according to discourse function...........................................................................….…...67 5.4.1.3 Analysis of Left dislocation in relation to co-referential pronouns and adverbs among the seven English speakers with Luganda as L1..........................................…....69 5.4.2 Analysis of left dislocation among English speakers with Runyankole-Rukiga as L1.........................................................................................................................…....70 5.4.2.1 Analysis of left dislocation among English speakers with Runyankole-Rukiga as L1 according to noun phrase function........................................................……...….…..71 5.4.2.2 Analysis of left dislocation among English speakers with Runyankole-Rukiga as L1 according to discourse function ……......................................................…...….…...73 5.4.2.3 Analysis of Left dislocation in relation to co-referential pronouns among seven English speakers with Runyankole-Rukiga as L1................……...........…......……...…75 5.4.3 Analysis of left dislocation among English speakers with Acholi-Lango as L1.............75 5.4.3.1 Analysis of left dislocation among English speakers with Acholi-Lango as L1 according to noun phrase function..................................................……............…..…...76 5.4.3.2 Analysis of left dislocation among English speakers with Acholi-Lango as L1 according to discourse function.................................................………….................….77 5.4.3.3 Analysis of Left dislocation in relation to co-referential pronouns among English speakers with Acholi-Lango as L1.......................................................……......…...…...79 5.4.4 Comparison of left dislocation usage among English speakers with Luganda, Runyankole-Rukiga and Acholi-Lango as L1s...........................................……......…...80 5.4.5 Comparison of left dislocation in Ugandan English and other varieties of English..........................................................................………......…………...……..…83 5.5 Conclusion...............................……………………………………………..…........….....86 Chapter 6: Prepositions in Ugandan English............................................……..…...…..…88 6.0 Introduction..........................................................................…………….....……...…..….88 6.1 Types of prepositions...............................................……….....…………………........…..88
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