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STUK-A59

June 1987

RADIOACTIVITY OF VEGETABLES AND MUSHROOMS IN AFTER THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT IN 1986

Supplement 4 to Annual Report STUK A55

Aino Rjntiiv.'Mrc)

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June 1987

RADIOACTIVITY OF VEGETABLES AND MUSHROOMS IN FINLAND AFTER THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT IN 1986

Supplement 4 to Annual Report STUK-A55

Aino Rantavaara

Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety P.O.Box 268, SF-00101 FINLAND ISBN 961-47-0490-8 ISSN 0781-1706

Helsinki 1987. Valtion painatuskeskus ABSTRACT

The Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety determined gamma-emitting radionuclides in vegetables, fruit and mushrooms in the growing season of 1986. About 780 samples of the most common species were collected during six months in locations which represent different fallout areas of radioactivity. The samples were analysed for the gamma-emitting substances by semiconductor-spectrometry. 89Sr and 90Sr were determined radiochemically in a limited number of vegetable and berry samples.

Early in May 1986, 131I and other short-lived radionuclides were dominating. Later in the sampling season, the most important substances detected were 13 *Cs and x3 7 Cs. The lowest con­ centrations of 137Cs were measured in leafy and fruit vegetables, root crops and potatoes, 0.3 - 8 Bq kg-1 on an average, depending on the species. In garden berries the nationwide mean 137Cs concentrations were 10 - 30 Bq kg*1 and in wild berries 80 - 120 Bq kg'1 . The average concentrations of i37Cs in different types of mushrooms varied from 220 to 1100 Bq kg'1 . The contents of 90Sr In vegetables and berries were about the same or slightly higher than in the previous years.

The dally intake of 137Cs via the products studied was estimated using nationwide production-weighted mean contents of :37 Cs in 4 different species and data on the average consumption of foodstuffs. Fruit and vegetables of the season 1986 contributed 3.4 Bq d" to the dietary intake and mushrooms about 1 Bq d'1 . The effects of processing on vegetables and fruits were not taken into account in the intake calculations.

The dietary intake of radionuclides other than 134 Cs and 137 Cs via the produce of season 1986 was very small. 5

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 3

CONTENTS 5

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective of the surveillance 7 1.2 Effects of the fallout on vege­ tables, fruit and mushrooms 8

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Sampling 9 2.2 Sample analysis 2.2.1 Gammaspectrometric deter­ minations 11 2.2.2 Determination of " Sr and »°Sr 12 2.3 Experiments on the effects of household practices 12 2.4 Data treatment 2.4.1 Background Information on the areal distribution of radioactive fallout 13 2.4.2 Background information on the areal distribution of yields 13 2.4.3 Nationwide means for radiocesium contents in different produce 14 2.4.4 Calculation of intake 16

RESULTS

3.1 Radioactive substances found 18 3.2 Concentrations 18 6

3.3 Effect of common types of household treatment on the amounts of radio­ active substances 19

3.4 Estimates of intake 20

4 DISCUSSION

4.1 Radioactive substances found 21 4.2 Radiocesium concentrations 21 4.3 Intake of radionuclides via vegetables, fruit and mushrooms 23

4.4 Recommendations to the public 24

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 20

REFERENCES 27

FIGURES 29 TABLES 39 7

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective of the surveillance

As the national authority responsible for the research and monitoring of the environmental radioactivity, the Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety (STUK) regularly follows the radioactivity of fruit and vegetables, among other things. The objective of the surveillance is to estimate the radiation dose received by the through foodstuffs. Vegetables have been monitored regularly since 1975 x .

After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Finland consequently received a radioactive fallout which affected the country rather unevenly. Based on the first analyses of the fallout radioactivity in the spring 1986 it was evident that the edibility of the domestic vegetables and fruit would not be threatened by the fallout. However, the fallout situation as such and the regional variation in the fallout, especially, necessitated a wider study on vegetables, fruit and mushrooms than had been made In previous years.

In May 1986, STUK in co-operation with the National Board of Trade and Consume Interests initiated an extensive country-wide survey of the concentrations of radioactive substances in vege­ tables, fruit and mushrooms harvested in 1986. The National Board of Trade and Consume Interests collected about two-thirds of the samples. STUK collected one third and analysed all the samples and prepared both the Interim report 3 and this final report.

The different sampling and analysing programs already undertaken by STUK contribute to give a comprehensive picture of the fallout situation. Therefore, a substantially smaller number of samples in this study could be accepted than in Independent studies generally. 8

1.2 Effects of the fallout on vegetables, fruit and •ushrooas

At the time of the fallout in the spring of 1986, the ground was still partly frozen and the outdoor growing season had not yet begun in Finland. The fields had not been ploughed yet. Only cereals and vegetables sowed or planted in the autumn were exposed directly to radioactive fallout. The earliest wild vegetables, the mushrooms Gyromitra esculenta and the leeks that had wintered in gardens or fields were in places exposed to the direct surface fallout. Perennial plants, for example berry bushes, also absorbed soluble radioactive substances from the spring fallout directly through their epithelium.

The radioactive substances deposited on the soil were later mixed with the ploughing layer. Most cultivated vegetables took up radionuclides primarily with nutrients from the soil and, to some extent, externally from dust rising from the ground. Therefore, substantially lower amounts of radioactive substances accumulated in vegetables than if the fallout had occurred later, during the growing season.

When the fallout radionuclides occured in the surface air in spring 1986, the early greenhouse vegetables were at the harvesting stage. A detectable contamination of vegetables with radioactive substances could mainly occur through ventilation air and, in some cases, watering with surface water.

Besides the time of the year other factors affecting the concentrations of radioactive substances of the fallout in vegetables, fruit and mushrooms are the cultivation method, the type of soil and the nutrient contents of the soil, the length of the growing season, the time the sample is taken in the growing season, the type of the edible part of the plant and the typical element composition of the species of plant concerned. 9

MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Sampling

The samples were taken primarily in connection with the sampling for a survey of pesticide remnants carried out by the National Board of Trade and Consume Interests. STUK organized one third of the sampling. The major part of the berry and mushroom samples from the Province of Lapland was collected by the Northern Finland Research Station of STUK.

Most samples were collected in the provinces that received the actual fallout, that is, south of the Province of and west of North (Figs. 1-2). The sampling in the fallout area was so directed that the regional distribution of production was also taken into account. The purpose was not to examine thoroughly all possible species, nor to study the variation in the radioactivity of vegetables and mushrooms within individual municipalities.

Samples were taken from the most Important cultivated vegetables, berries and apples, and also from wild berries, mushrooms, wild salad vegetables and herbs.

Different groups of products were represented in the following way: Sample group Number of Number of species analysed samples Leafy vegetables, cabbages and herbs 8 84 Fruit vegetables 5 45 Root vegetables, onions and leek 7 41 Potato 1 40 Pea and bean 2 11 Wild salad vegetables and herbs 4 8 10

Sample group Number of Number of species analysed samples

Rhubarb Garden berries Strawberries 1 73 Dush berries 6 83 Apples 1 17 Wild berries 7 150 Mushrooms 32 known 205 species

The number of samples per species varied from one to a few dozen. In all, 580 vegetable and 205 mushroom samples were analysed.

Up to the midsummer, all the samples of leafy vegetables were collected from greenhouses and thereafter they were also taken from fields and gardens. Tomato and cucumber are grown in greenhouses throughout the season. The samples of cultivated vegetables were, in general, fetched from the farmers or gardeners who produce them and the samples of wild products were either delivered by local pickers or collected directly from the habitats.

The sampling took place at different times of the season (Table 1). The study on vegetables and mushrooms undertaken jointly with the National Board of Trade and Consume Interests started after the middle of May and continued until the end of October. Early in May, STUK had studied the radioactivity of early outdoor vegetables and the mushroom Gyromitra esculenta 3.

The preliminary estimates of the concentrations of radioactive substances in vegetables, fruit and mushrooms were based on samples collected before the harvest-time of the main crop. In 1986 the growing season was from one to three weeks ahead of the normal summer. This made it necessary to take additional samples at the beginning of the season, especially in the case 11 of berries. The normal timing of sampling would not have given the information to satisfy the great public demand.

The sampling of mushrooms was initiated with common edible mushrooms picked in a few provinces. Towards the main harvest season, the programme was extended to cover the whole country. Several communal food inspection laboratories also delivered samples at the request of STUK.

2.2 Sample analyses

2.2.1 Gammaspectrometric determinations

Almost all the collected samples were analysed separately. Only a dozen combined samples, from nearby locations, were measured.

The samples of species which do not require rinsing before eating were generally not washed before analysis. Most vegetable and mushroom samples were measured fresh, chopped or ground and packed tightly to fill about half a litre of a Marinelli beaker. The samples containing the least of radioactive substances, in which cesium isotopes would not have been detected at all without preconcentration, ware dried and homogenized before analysis. Such samples were potatoes, root vegetables and cabbages.

The gamma emitting radionuclides in the samples were measured with a low-background semiconductor spectrometer. The relative efficiencies of the different detectors varied between 15 and 39 %. The gamma spectra were analyzed with a computer program, 6AMMA-83, which has been developed by STUK for environmental sample analyses 4-5 .

Depending on the sample, the measuring time varied from one to three hours, which was a sufficient time for determination of the fallout gamma emitting radionuclides in foodstuffs. The detection limit for l34Cs, l37Cs and 13lI was, in general, 1 to 2 Bq kg-' fresh weight. For other nuclides the detection 12 limit varied, depending, among other things, on the composition of gamma emitting nuclides in the sample. The lowest contents found refer to the actual detection limits.

2.2.2 Determination of 89 Sr and *» Sr

Radiostrontium was determined in a limited number of vegetable and berry samples. Samples that were combined usually originated from the same province. Before analysis samples were ashed at 450°C.

The method of the determination was based on the chemical purification of the radiostrontium via oxalate, nitrate and carbonate precipitations. The beta activity of 89 Sr, 90 Sr and 90 Y was first measured immediately after removal of lanthanides. 9 ° Sr was determined after ingrowth of 90 Y via beta activity of the laughter nuclide. Thereafter, 89Sr was calculated using experimental correction curves for the sum of 90Y and 90Sr, which contribute to the count rate of the first measurement 6.

The measuring equipment was a low background anti-coincidence beta counter. The detector was a thin-window Geiger counter with a continuous flow of argon-methane gas. The statistical counting error (one standard deviation) was kept below 5 % by the choice of counting time.

2.3 Experiments on the effects of household practices

Connected to the study, STUK also performed experiments upon the effects of some common household treatment practices on the amounts of radioactive substances in vegetables and mushrooms. The treatments included rinsing, parboiling and salting. The mushroom Gyromitra esculents was boiled for 5- 10 minutes and Lactarius for 2-3 minutes at a time. The amount of water relative to the volume of the mushrooms was 5:1. 13

2.4 Data treatment

2.4.1 Background Information on the areal distribution of fallout

For the areal differences in the amounts of deposited radioactive substances, the external dose rate data for 1986 was utilized. The data was so processed that the average dose rates due to the spring 1986 fallout were calculated for all the municipalities in Finland. The average 137Cs deposition per unit area was further calculated from the dose rates using an experimental calibration factor. The municipalities were divided into five groups, which correspond to the following ranges of 137 cs deposition on October 1, 1986 (Fig. 3) 7:

Fallout category Deposited 137 Cs (kBq m~2 )

1 0-4.3 2 4.4 - 10.1 3 10.2 - 21.7 4 21.8 - 45.0 5 45.1 - 67

Inside the individual municipalities, the radioactive deposition could vary locally.

2.4.2 Background information on the areal distribution of yields in 1986

To estimate the nationwide mean contents of radionuclides in different species, it was necessary to weight the areal radioactivity data in proportion to the yields. The yields of vegetables grown for sale are given annually for 20 statistical areas (Fig. 4A). The areas of horticultural land used for fruit trees, berry bushes and strawberries are also reported annually for the same 20 areas *. 14

The amounts of wild berries and mushrooms picked for sale are given for the four areas of the berry and mushroom markets (Fig. 4B). These areas are combinations of the 20 statistical areas used for vegetables and fruit. The yield estimates given before and during the harvest season provide information on the areal distribution of the amounts picked for private consumption 9.

A substantial part of the production of different vegetables and fruit comes from rather limited areas in Finland, and in addition the area varies with the species in question (Fig. 5).

2.4.3 Nationwide means for radiocesium contents in different produce

Nationwide means were calculated for the individual species or groups of species in order to make it possible to estimate the average intake of radiocesium by the whole population of Finland via the products studied. Both the areal distribution of production and the fallout differences were considered in the calculation of the nationwide mean contents.

The samples of a particular species from municipalities of the same fallout category gave the typical radiocesium content for production areas belonging to this category. The samples collected from the five fallout categories do not represent every species In the cases of insufficient data, the mean content typical of the nearest categories was used. Most statistical production areas include municipalities of more than one fallout category. When nationwide mean content calculations were concerned, the production from a particular area was divided between the fallout categories in proportion to the areas of the different municipalities:

S 20

(1) cnw - 2 (cf £ (af/A. x p./P)), where f-l «-1

cnw » nationwide mean content of radiocesium in a species 15

cf = radiocesium content typical of a species in a location of fallout category f

af = area of municipalities in statistical area A, belonging to fallout category f A. - area of statistical area A, p. = annual production of the species in statistical area A. P = annual production of the species in the whole country

The amounts of wild berries and mushrooms consumed can be divided into two parts, whose proportions vary in the four market areas. The main part is usually collected by the residents for their own use from nearby locations. A smaller part is collected for sale, and comes mostly from eastern or northern Finland. The amounts sold to Finnish consumers are assumed to be distributed evenly throughout the ccintry.

For the calculation of nationwide means for wild berries and mushrooms, the formula (1) was changed to:

S 4 (2) c„ = E {cf Z (af/A. (m,, +m.)/M)}, f-l a-l where m0 - amount of a species picked for the pickers' own use in area A, m. * amount of a species picked for sale in Finland in area A, M " amount of a species picked for Finnish consumption in the whole country.

The nationwide mean contents of 13 7 Cs were calculated individually for the species most commonly used in Finland.

For radionuclides other than 1U Cs and l37 Cs the mean contents in different produce were calculated to give upper limits of 16 their intake. Detection limits for individual nuclides varied during the study. Therefore, the samples that included a nuclide gave the mean content for a species at the time of harvest. Fallout categories of the locations, based on the estimated deposition of 137Cs, were not used to determine other radionuclides, which possibly had different areal deposition pattern.

When short-lived radionuclides were in question, the decrease in contents during the period of intake was based on sequential sampling of the same species. In the case of medium half-life nuclides found in products, which are also conserved for later use, the decrease was the same as the radioactive decay rate. For these substances, the mean content was calculated for the whole period of intake, also in cases when the period still continued in 1987.

2.4.4 Calculation of intake

The most up-to-date Finnish statistics and other information available about the consumption of different foodstuffs were used to estimate the intake of radionuclides via vegetables, fruit and mushrooms produced in 1986. Average per capita consumption per day was used 10'11 .

Species which alone contribute very little to the dietary intake were combined into groups of foodstuffs of the sane type. Commonly used species, the sampling of which was reasonably representative, were used to determine the intake via different types of produce. Leafy vegetables were represented by lettuce and spinach, cabbages by head cabbage and fruit vegetables by tomato, greenhouse cucumber and outdoor cucumber. Root vegetables (carrot, beetroot, swede) were combined with onions and leek. Wild berries included lingonberry, whortleberry and cloudberry. The mean radionuclide contents for these groups of produce were consumption-weighted means of those for individual species. 17

Finland is almost self-supporting in vegetables, but a consid­ erable fraction of the fruit is imported. However, the changes in dietary intake due to impcrts were considered small, and domestic apples were used to represent all types of non-berry fruit.

Due to the lack of consumption data, bush berries (red, black and white currant, gooseberry and raspberry) were combined in proportion to estimated harvests in 1986 12. Because of the reason mentioned above, the consumption of mushrooms was approximately divided between the groups of Lactarius (50 %), Boletus (20 %), Russula (10 %), Cantharellus clbarius (10 %), Cantharellus tubaeformis (5 %) and Gyromitra esculenta (5 %). The species chosen also represented other mushrooms of similar type and of the same level of radiocesium content.

Not all the species relevant to the intake of a radionuclide other than 134 Cs or 137 Cs were representatively sampled during the occurence of the nuclide. Therefore, the amounts of consumption of similar types of produce were added to those of the species studied in order to get a reliable estimate for the upper limit of the total intake.

No removal of radionuclides during processing of food was assumed, except for mushrooms belonging to the group Lactarius or for the mushroom Gyromitra esculenta. For them, the effect of parboiling on the radionuclide contents (Table V) was taken into account, as was also consistently done with such mushrooms that normally require that treatment. 18

3 RESULTS

3.1 Radioactive substances found

All the gammaemitting radionuclides detected in at least one of the samples and the isotopes of radiostrontium are presented with their half-lives in Table II.

131 I and some other short-lived substances (132 Te, 140Ba, 13'Cs) could be detected only in early vegetables and mushrooms in May - June (Tables VI, IX - XXX). The time period of occurrence was shorter' than two months. Only a few times in May 1986, it happened that radionuclides "Mo, 129»Te, 127Sb, 147Nd and 239Np were detected. They were found in early outdoor herbs, in wild leafy vegetables or in early mushrooms.

Small amounts of radionuclides with a half-life of the order of months, as ,5Zr, 95Nb, 103Ru and l41Ce, were found in berries and mushrooms in the autumn. In the same groups of samples, small amounts of radionuclides with half-lives of several months, as 54 Mn, UOm Ag, 166 Ru and 144 Ce, were also found.

The contents of the beta-emitting 9 ° Sr in some common vegetables and berries did not vary much (Table VII). Trace amounts of "Sr were also found in the samples.

After May, the most important fallout substances were 134Cs and "7 Cs.

3.2 Concentrations

The 134Cs / 137C8 ratio in the samples from the main fallout area was about 0.5. In samples of the lowest 137Cs contents the ratio variad (Fig. 6).

The arithmetic means for concentrations of 137Cs in the most important vegetable, fruit and mushroom species sampled from locations representing the five fallout categories show the 19 dependence on estimated deposition (Fig. 7 - 8). The 137Cs concentrations varied even in locations of the same fallout category (Tables III - IV).

The concentrations of 137Cs in the different groups of vegetables and fruit in the actual fallout area varied as follows: The lowest concentrations were detected in leafy and fruit vegetables, root vegetables and potatoes, 0.3 - 8 Bq kg-1 fresh weight on an average, depending on the species. The nationwide mean concentrations of 137Cs in garden berries varied from 10 to 30 Bq kg-1 and in wild berries from 80 to 120 Bq kg-1 . The concentrations in apples were slightly lower than in garden berries (Fig. 7). In mushrooms, collected from the main fallout area, the average concentrations of 137Cs in the groups of Chantarellus clbarlus, Russula, Boletus, Lactarlus and Chantarellus tubaeformls varied between 220 and 1100 Bq kg1 (Fig. 8).

Preliminary results on radiostrontium in vegetables and berries indicate that no substancial increase in contents of 90Sr has occurred since 1985 (Table VII) 1.

Concerning the various groups or species of vegetables and fruit, the concentrations of the gamma emitting radioactive substances detected in Individual samples are presented in Tables IX- XXIX. The concentrations for mushrooms are shown in Table XXX.

The radioactive decay has been taken into account in the tables. All activity figures given are corrected for the date on which the sample was taken.

3.3 Effect of common types of household treatment on the amounts of radioactive substances

The removal of radioactive cesium and some short-lived radionuclides by different types of household treatment is shown in the Table V. 20

The normal treatment of foodstuffs in cooking made the vegetables and mushrooms considerably cleaner as regards both Iodine and cesium (Table V). However, rinsing and boiling are less effective means of removing substances that primarily occur in compounds of low solubility. Such are the isotopes of barium, ruthenium and zirkonium, which were found in the particulate fraction of airborne radioactivity in spring 1986.

3.4 Estimates of intake

The daily intake of 137Cs via the vegetables, fruit and mushrooms produced in 1986 was estimated for an average Finnish diet as 4.4 Bq (Table VIII). The contribution of 13t Cs to the dietary intake of radiocesium, i.e. 50 %, was slightly less than could be expected from the 134Cs / 137Cs concentration ratio in the main fallout area during the time of sampling (Fig 6). Due to radioactive decay, the ratio decreased to ?5 % before the next harvest season.

For other radioactive substances than radiocesium the estimates of total intake were a few or some dozens of becquereis (Table VI). 21

4 DISCUSSION

4.1 Radioactive substances found

Compared to more than 30 gaema emitting radionuclides detected in groung-level air during the occurrence of fresh fallout, the number of substances detected in the samples of this study was smaller. Radionuclides that were not found in vegetable, fruit or mushroom samples were those of smallest contents or shortest period of occurrence in air, as 97Zr, 115Cd, 131"Te, 1331 and 143 Ce 13 .

The ratios of short-lived radionuclides found in vegetables, berries and mushrooms are roughly the same as those found in the fallout at the time of sampling 13. Direct deposition on plants or resuspension from the soil surface are possible ways of contamination. Due to different detection limits, and possibly, to areal deposition of the nuclides, neither the ratio 141 Ce / 144Ce nor the ratio 103Ru / 106Ru seem to be constantly the same.

Detection of nuclides of medium half-life in berry and mushroom samples in autumn 1986 may partially be due to improved circumstances to detect such nuclides in samples towards autumn. Both lowering of Compton background of the gamma spectra due to the decreased amounts of short-lived nuclides in the samples and lengthening the time of measuring contribute to the fact mentioned above.

4.2 Radiocesium concentrations

The ratio of 134Cs to 137Cs was about 0.5 in samples in which the major part of the cesium originated from the fallout of spring 1986. Most samples from the main fallout area belong to this category. In the areas of the smallest fallout, such as the Province*, of Oulu, Lapland and northern Karelia, the proportion of 134Cs in many samples was substantially lower than in the other parts of Finland (Fig. 6). The reason for 22 its smaller proportion is that the amount of 137Cs from the older fallout that spread to the northern Hemisphere as a result of the nuclear weapons tests is detectable when the amount of new 137 Cs is small. The older fallout is virtually negligible in the samples from the main fallout area. Also in these samples the great error margin of determination connected to the lowest contents of both cesium isotopes, increased the variation in the ratio.

The variation in the concentrations of 137Cs in both cultivated and wild vegetables and mushrooms in the different fallout areas largely parallels the variation pattern of the deposition of 137Cs (Tables III and IV, Fig. 7-8). The result for an indi­ vidual sample (Tables IX - XXX) cannot, however, be considered typical of the sampling locality, because the factors affecting the cesium concentrations can vary considerably even in habi­ tats situated close to each other. The samples of lettuce, cabbage and herbs comprised both greenhouse and outdoor vegetables, which partially masked the dependence of the 137 Cs content on the fallout category.

Partial or temporary covers on plantations or plots can also increase the variation in the radionuclide contents of vegetables. Some outdoor cultivation techniques involve different types of covers built in order to, for example, hold heat and moisture in early summer, prevent weeds from growing, or protect the crop, as strawberries, from the soil. Different covers can decrease the deposition of radioactive substances on the above-ground parts of plants, and also on the ground near the roots of plants.

Wild plants often contain more radioactive cesium than the cultivated species of the same type. The difference is clear, for instance, between garden and wild berries (Tables XVIII- XXIII and XXV - XXVIII). The reason lies in the different nutrient contents in the habitats. The plants absorb more cesium from a soil low in nutrients than from a balanced soil fertilized 23 in a proper way, provided that the composition of the soil types is the same.

Leafy and fruit vegetables, potato and root vegetables had approximately the same 137Cs concentrations, irrespective of their collecting area. The concentrations of 137Cs in garden berries differed by a factor of six or eight, when the areas of the highest and smallest fallout were compared with each other. The concentrations of 137Cs in wild berries also varied clearly from one fallout area to another.

In mushrooms the regional differences in the concentrations of 137Cs were most distinct between the area of the smallest fallout and the other parts of Finland. The concentrations varied rather widely within both the different fallout areas and the species.

4.3 Intake of radionuclides via vegetables, fruit and mushrooms

The contribution of the detected gamma emitting substances other than 134Cs and 13 7 Cs and of 89Sr to the dietary intake via vegetables, fruit and mushrooms was very small (Table VI).

Preliminary results for 90Sr in vegetables and berries suggest that its contribution to the intake of radionuclides via these foodstuffs is also of minor importance, about 0.08 Bq 90Sr d*1 . In 1985 the dietary Intake of ,0Sr was 0.2 Bq d'1 . Vegetables and fruit contributed 0.04 fiq d"1 to it x.

The average intake of 137Cs via vegetables, fruit and mushrooms harvested in 1986 was 4.4 Bg d'1 . The value is somewhat lower than the preliminary estimate made without weighting of the radionuclide contents for areal production in August 1986. The upper and lower limits of intake, estimated for products of the lowest and highest fallout category, differed from the nationwide mean by factors of 0.4 and 2, respectively. Concerning domestically grown products the intake of radioceslum can be substantially lower than with wild products (Fig. 9, Table VIII). 24

In 1985 the dietary intake of 137Cs was 0.6 Bq d*1 and cultivated vegetables and fruit contributed 0.15 Bq d"1 to it J.

About one half of the 137Cs intake by the Finns via the produce of the season 1986 originated from areas which belong to the fallout category 4 (Fig. 3). The locations of the fallout categories 1, 2 and 3 contributed 14, 11 and 20 per cent to the intake, referring to the whole population. Considerable part of produce come from areas of the fallout class 4. Some products, however, originate mainly from locations of categories 1 and 2, as apple, strawberry, bush berries and onion (Fig. 5), which kept the total intake reasonably small. The products collected from the highest fallout area were responsible for less than 10 per cent of the dietary intake of radiocesium via the products studied (Fig. 10). This is mainly due to rather small total area of municipalities of this category and, therefore, their small contribution to production.

As regards the reliability of the intake estimates, there are some factors which have not been taken into account. Besides the effect of food processing on the radionuclide contents of the food, changes in dietary habits may also have reduced the intake of radiocesium in Finland. In spring 1986, after the news about rejected vegetable lots abroad reached Finland, the sale of lettuce dropped dramatically. This happened in spite of reports informing that the radionuclide contents of Finnish vegetables were low. Similar changes in the choice of food items may have occurred to some extent later in 1986 as well.

4.4 Recommendations tc the public

The insight gained from the study into the radioactivity of vegetables, fruit and mushrooms was in good accord with the demands of the fallout situation. During the research work, several bulletins were issued about the results obtained so far, giving information on the concentrations of radionuclides in vegetables =md mushrooms and their estimated effects from the standpoint of consumers. As stated in the bulletins, the 25 radioactivity of vegetables, fruit and mushrooms did not give any grounds for restriction of their normal use as nutrition in 1986 " .

On the basis of the results, it was recommended not to use wild vegetables and the mushroom Gyromitra esculenta picked early in May more often than twice a week. It was further recommended to eat nettles boiled and to throw away the boiling water afterwards. The purpose of these recommendations were to reduce the radiation dose of the short-lived radioactive substances of the fallout. In addition, in autumn it was recommended that any large-scale consumption of Boletus be restricted, in order to prevent unnecessary doses of radioactive cesium. The public was also informed about the effect of parboiling on the radiocesium contents in Lactarius mushrooms. 26

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to thank all the persons and organizations wh.) collected the samples, especially the National Board of Trade and Consume Interests and its senior inspector, Pirjo- Liisa Penttilä, private persons and the personnel of STUK.

My thanks are also due to the personnel of STUK for their readiness to cooperate during busy times of the study.

1 am also indebted to the Acting Director of the Surveillance Department, Olli Paakkola, and to the Acting Head of the Laboratory for Radionuclide Monitoring, Matti Suomela, for their valuable comments during the work. 27

5 REFERENCES

1 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland 1984- 1985. Annual Report. Report STUK-A 54. Helsinki: Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, 1987. 2 Rantavaara A. Radioactive substances in vegetables and mushrooms in Finland 1986. Report STUK-B-VALO 48. Helsinki: Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, Surveillance Department, 1987. (In Finnish). 3 Second interim report. Radiation situation in Finland from 5 to 16 May 1986. Report STUK-B-valo 45. Helsinki: Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, 1986. 4 Sinkko K. 1981. Computer analysis of gammaspectra in sample measurements. Licentiate's dissertation. Helsinki University Department of Physics, Helsinki. (In Finnish). 5 Sinkko K, Aaltonen H. Calculation of the true coincidence summing correction for different sample geometries in gamma-ray spectroscopy: Report STUK-B- VALO 40. Helsinki: Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, Surveillance Department, 1985. 6 Bryant FJ, Morgan A, Spicer GS. The determination of radiostrontium in biological Materials, AERE-R3030, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Berkshire, 1959.

7 Arvela H, Blomqvist L, Lemmeia H, Savolainen AL, Sarkkula S. Environmental gamma radiation measurements in Finland and the influence of the meteorological conditions after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Report STUK-A65. Supplement 10 to Annual Report STUK-A55. Helsinki: Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety,1987.

8 Agricultural and garden statistics 1986. Helsinki: Board of Agriculture, Statistical Office, 1987. 9 Turunen M, Kujala M. Marjojen Ja sienten satoarvioista Ja kauppaantulomääristä vuosina 197/ - 1986. MARSI- 86 loppuraportti. Helsinki: Pellervo-seuran markkina­ tutkimus laitos, 1987. (In Finnish). 10 Preliminary information about the Household Survey 1985. Helsinki: Central Statistical Office of Finland, 1987. 11 Balance sheet for food commodities 1986 (Preliminary). Helsinki: Agricultural Economics Research Institute, 1987. 12 Matala, V. Personal communication, Finnish Organization of fruit and berry producers. 28

13 Sinkko K, Aaltonen H, Mustonen R, Taipale TK, Juutilainen J. Airborne radioactivity in Finland after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Report STUK-A56. Supplement 1 to Annual Report STUK-A55. Helsinki: Finnsh Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, 1987. 14 Bulletins or recommendations dealing with the radioactivity of vegetables, fruits and mushrooms: Recommendations issued since May 7, 1986. May 7, 1986, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. Recommendation May 11, 1986, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. Radiation situation in Finland. Bulletins: May 11, 1986; May 14, 1986; May 16, 1986; May 18, 1986; May 19, 1986; Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. Radioactivity in foodstuffs. Bulletin: June 19, 1986, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. Radioactivity in foodstuffs, general situation. Bulletin: July 4, 1986, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety.

Radioactivity in foodstuffs in Finland. Bulletins: July 18, 1986; July 28, 1986; Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. Radioactivity in Foodstuffs. Bulletin: August 15, 1986, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. Radiation situation in Finland. Bulletin: August 29, 1986, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. Concentration of cesium-137 in domestic lingon- berry. Bulletin: September 10, 1986, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety Concentration of cesium-137 in mushrooms in Fin­ land. Bulletin: September 12, 1986, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. Cesium-137 activity in domestic apples. Bulletin: September 19, 1986, Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. 29

Provinces of Finland (and abbreviations used in Tables IX - XXX)

AH ' Aland TU and UU '. HA : Häme KY • MI KU KE PO : ;TU [HA V VA : ÄH OU : Oulu ?*:-•> Tuu,i.f LA : Lapland

2. Amounts of samples examined from each province: v : vegetables and fruits, m : mushrooms. 30

Fig. 3. Div ilon of the Finnish municipalities into five categories according to the estimate of the average 137 Cs deposition caused by the Chernobyl fallout7:

Fallout category Deposited 137Cs (kBq nr2 on October 1, 1986) 1 0 4.3 2 4. 10.1 3 10. 21.7 4 21.8 - 45.0 5 45.1 - 67 31

A B

Fig. 4. Areas used for agricultural and horticultural statis­ tics (A), and areas of the berry and mushroom markets (B). 32

LETTUCE TOMATO GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER

OUTDOOR ONION POTATO CUCUMBER

STRAWBERRY BUSH BERRIES APPLE

Fig. 5. The main production area (%;) for some vegetable and fruit species commonly grown in Finland. Each species ia given the xatio of contribution from both areas referred to the total production. 33

134CS/137CS a.o-b 1.8- «) 1.6- 1.4- 1.2- 1.0-

0.8-U o.s

0.4 oo c.z

0.0- $*3&**, % —r 100 200 300 Bq/kg f.Ht.

«S** «^o^O <*>

! i > i T i r r t w t r I t ! i I i | I i * > ! ' I ' » | » » ' ,-T-T— i i | t 'i I i i i i f I ; i i • r-f-i • i i | i » i r-r-1 i r i * 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 300') 6000 7000

Bq/kg f.wt.

37 1 Fig. 6. i34Ca/i.v Cs ratio as a function of - Cs (3q kg- ) in all the «««plan studied a) from province» of Oulu, Lapland and North Carelia b) from all other provinces of F'nJand. Bg kg 10.0 GREENHOUSE 9.0_ CUCUMBER 8.0_ 1.0_ 6.C_ 5.0_ 4.0_ 3.0_ 2.0_ 1.0_ 0.0

Sg k9 10.0__ 9.0_ CARROT - RHUBARB 8.0_ T.0_ 6.0_ 5.0_

3.0_ 2.0_ 1.0 o.cLmMMM 1 2 3 U 3 J * 5

Fig. 7. Mean contents of 137Cs (Bg kg*1 fresh weight) in vegetables, apples and berries grown in locations belonging to the fallout categories 1-5. 35

BLACK CURRANT

m UH 2 3 4 5

Bq kg Bq kg Bq kg 80.0 80.0_ 80.0__ . GARDEN - WILD . APPLE "70.0 RASPBERRY 10.0 _ RASPBERRY 10.0 _

60.0_ 60.0 _ 60.0 _

50 50.0 50.0 1

40.0 40.0 _ 40. ol

30.0 30.0 1 30.0 1 20.0 20.0 1 II 20.0 1 10.0 10.0U I 111 10.0 1 0.0 0 «ill 0.0 mvm1 2 2 3 4 5 12 3 4 5

Bg kg Bg kg 300.0_ 300.0_ WHORTLEBERRY CLOUDBERRY 250.0 250.0_

200.0_

150. o|_ 100 1 50.0

0.0 II^ 12 3 4 5 12 3 4 5 Fig. 7. Continued. 36

Bq kg Bq kg Bq kg 25C0.0 2500.0_ 2500.0 LACTARIUS - BOLETUS ; RUSSULA

2000.C 2000.D 2OG0.0T

1500.01 1500.01 1500.01 IIm 1000.01 1000.01 1000.0

500.0 111 500. Cl 500.0 1 11 o-or VP7WA O.Or rmV7n i m 12 3 4 5 12 3 4 5 o.or w&wm12 3 4 5

Bq kg Bq kg Bq kg 2500.0 250C.0_ 2500.0 - CANTHARELLUS CANTHARELLUS - GYROMITRA CIBARIUS TUBAEFORMIS : ESCULENTA 2000.0 2C00.01 2000.0

1500.01 1500.01 1500.01

1000.0 1000.0 mii 1000.01

500.Or_ 500. CL 500.0 V7,

o.dcmml o.o: 0.0 ,17771 F77?.. 12 3 4 5 12 3 4 5 12 3 4 5

Fig. 8. Mean contents of 137Cs (Bq kg-1 fresh weight) in the species or groups of mushrooms grown in locations belonging to the fallout categories 1-5. 37

1 I VEGETABLES KSS^ POTATO

V7///M NON-BERRY FRUIT

BJBBSgg» GARDEN 8ERRIES

Nw . m 1 2 3

V/////A WILD BERRIES K8H23 MUSHROOMS

Nw . m .

B

9. Intake of 137Cs via cultivated vegetables and fruit (A), and wild berries and mushrooms (B) grown in locations which belong to fallout categories 1-5. Nationwide mean Intake is given for comparison. 38

Bq d"1 Bq d" 0.8 0.8 VegetobLes Potato 0.6 0.S

0.4 0.4

0.2 - 0.2 -

0.0

Bq dM

u.o • Mushrooms 0.6 -

0.4 : n

0.2 '. r i i n n mm ^m. 1— •

Fig. 10. Contributions to nationwide mean daily intake of vegetables, fruit and mushrooms originating from areas belonging to the fallout categories 1-5. 39

Tsble I. Sampling tines in the season of 1986.

Ssapla Stapling parlod (calendar vaaka) typs Hay Juna July August Sapt—bar Octobar 19 20 21 22 33 34 35 2* 37 3» 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 34 37 M 3« 40 41 42 43 44 Laafy vagetablas and barbs < > Cabbagas «

Fruits « Paa and baaa 4— Onions « • Koot plants t Potato 4 Wild laafy vegstablas 4 Rhubarb 4 » Straabarry < Raspbsrry and plum Currants Coosabarry Ubortlabarry «- Cloodbarry *» Lingoobarry Cranbarry. bog vbortlabarry and crowbarry ** «-

ftppla *~ Cyroaitra aaeulaata Chantaialius Russula < >

•olatta « ' • "• » •ydnwsi Utctsrlu» Othar adibla •vabrooas 40

Table II. Radioactive substances detected In vegetables, fruit and mushrooms and their half-lives".

Name Symbol Half-life

7 Berrylllum-7 Be 5.-5 X"s Manganese-54 s« Mn 312 day*» Strontium-89 •»Sr 51 days Strontium-90 90 Sr 28 years

Zlrkonlum-95 95 ;Z r 64 days Niobium-95 95 Nb 35 days Molybdenum-99 " Mo 2. 7 days Ruthenium-113 103 Ru 39 days

Ruthenium-106 106 Ru 368 days

Sllver-llOtn no- Ag 250 days

Antimony-125 125 Sb 2. 8 years

Antlmony-127 127 Sb 3.8 days

Tellurlum-129m 129B ipe 34 days

Tellurlum-132 132 Te 76 hours Iodine-131 131 I 8.0 days

Cesium-134 134 Cs 2. 1 years Cesium-136 136 Cs 13 days Cesium-137 137 Cs 30 years Barium-140 140 Ba 13 days Cerium-141 141 Ce 33 days Cerium-144 144 Ce 285 djys Neodymlum-147 147 Nd 11 days Neptunium-239 239 Np 2. 4 days

• 40 K, 132 I (occasionally found together with 1M Te) and 140 La were not reported. 41

Table III. Variation of 137Cs concentrations in the most impor­ tant vegetables and fruit in the five fallout areas.

Species Area Minimum and maximum Number of (Bq kg'1 fresh weight) samples

Lettuce 1 0 - 3.1 9 2 0 - 3.1 4 3 0 - 17.0 4 4 0 - 37.0 14 5 2.1 ™ 2.1 2 Head cabbage 1 0 — 0.5 5 3 0 - 27.0 6 4 0 5.5 6 ' Greenhouse cucumber 1 0 0 1 2 0 - 2.8 7 3 0 - 6.7 5 4 0 • 9.7 7 Tomato 2 0.9 •» 5.6 4 3 0 - 1.9 5 4 0 - 3.3 10

Pea 1 0.0 — 0.6 2 2 0.0 - 4.6 2 4 0.7 "• 7.5 4 Carrot 1 0 — 1.1 3 2 0.3 - 3.1 6 3 0.5 - 2.5 6 4 1.9 - 2.5 2 5 0.8 • 5.0 5 Potato 1 0 — 5.6 15 2 0 - 1.9 9 3 0 - 4.4 3 4 1.2 - 19.0 11 5 1.7 - 1.7 2 42

Table III. Continued.

Sample Area Minimum and maximum Number of (Bq kg'1 fresh weight) samples

Strawberry 1 0 - 9.1 15 2 0 - 19.0 14 3 8.1 - 30.0 13 4 0 - 90.0 26 5 13.0 ~ 63.0 5 Apple 1 1.5 — 17.0 7 2 2.5 - 21.0 6 3 8.6 - 8.6 1 4 6.0 - 13.0 2 5 9.6 - 9.6 1 Red currant 1 3.5 - 12 5 2 5.3 - 22 8 3 7.0 - 37 3 4 5.3 - 74 10 5 30.0 - 45 4 Black currant 1 0.6 - 12 7 2 6.8 - 42 8 3 17.0 - 32 4 4 8.3 - 153 12 36.0 - 44 3 Cultivated raspberry 1 4.6 - 4.6 1 2 3.5 - 3.6 2 3 30.5 - 30.5 1 4 48.0 - 71.0 4 5 34.0 - 39.0 2 Wild raspberry 1 27.0 - 27.0 1 2 6.2 - 9.7 2 3 22.0 - 22.0 1 4 21.0 - 91.0 3 5 62.0 - 62.0 1 43

Table III. Continued.

Sample Area Minimum and maximum Number of (Bq kg'1 fresh weight) samples

Whortleberry 1 5 - 170 25 2 25 - 149 11 3 43 - 64 2 4 43 - 290 24 5 205 - 341 7

Cloudberry 1 12 - 280 16 2 36 - 36 1 3 26 - 125 3 4 94 - 276 4

Lingonberry 1 4 - 25 12 2 30 - 180 4 3 44 - 230 6 4 72 - 630 18 5 266 - 318 2 44

Table IV. Variation of 137Cs concentrations in mushrooms in the five fallout areas.

Species or Area Minimum and maximum Number of group of (Bq kg'1 fresh weight) samples mushrooms

Lactarius spp. 1 0 - 339 13 2 52 - 2370 7 3 167 - 2320 11 4 19 - 6070 27 5 81 ™ 5540 9 Boletus spp. 1 8.7 — 118 9 2 11. 4 - 409 7 3 9. 8 - 6680 7 4 60. 0 - 5210 9 5 16. 0 2410 12 Chantarellus clbarius 1 136 136 1 2 44 - 271 5 3 196 - 196 1 4 95 - 611 8 5 112 875 3 " Chantarellus tubaeformls 1 188 188 1 3 1030 - 1030 1 4 430 - 4880 5 5 1700 ™ 1700 1 Russula spp. 1 11 — 301 13 2 83 - 132 4 3 317 - 317 1 4 75 - 1170 7 5 1100 1410 2 ' Gyromltra esculenta 1 3., 1 100 3 2 83. 0 - 83 1 3 23. 0 - 23 1 4 1100. 0 - 1100 1 5 320. 0 - 1300 4 45

Table V. Removal of radioactive substances from certain vege­ tables and mushrooms by common household treatment.

The amount remaining in the product as percen­ tage of the original amount

Treatment Ru Te Cs Ba Zr

Rinsing in water Black currant 70 90 Lingonberry 80

Boiling Nettles 76 21 73 48 86 Gyromitra esculenta Experiment 1 100 18 42 28 77 100 Experiment 2 90 25 30-40 30 60-70

Boiling twice Gyromitra esculenta 90 19 30-40 20 60-70

Parboiling Lactarlus tormlnosus 12

Parboiling twi.ce Lactarlus torminosus Experiment 1 2.6 Experiment 2 1.8 Lactarlus trlvlalls 2.5 Lactarlus rufus 3.2

Parboiling, salting and soaking Lactarlus tormlnosus 0.07 46 Table VI. Content in and upper limit for total intake via short or medium half-life radionuclides in vegetables, fruit and mushrooms of the season 1986. Concerning mushrooms, the losses during processing are taken into account (cf. Table V).

Radio­ Type of Duration Mean content Intake nuclide produce of intake during period of intake (Bq kg-i ) (Bq)

131I Leafy vegetables 6 weeks 30 16 Fruit vegetables 6 weeks 4 6 Hert3 6 weeks 200 16 Mushrooms 2 months 100 1 Gyrnmltra esc.

Total 39

13»Cs Herbs 2 months 15 2 Mushrooms Gyromltra esc. 2 months 12 0.1

Total

140Ba Leafy vegetables 2 months 60 32 Gyromltra esc. 2 months 100 1

Total 33

103Ru Leafy vegetables 6 weeks 5 3 Herbs 6 weeks 60 5 Berries 6 months 1 6«

• Less than 5 per cent of intake during 1987. 47 Table VI. Continued.

Radio­ Type of Duration Mean content Intake nuclide produce of intake during period of intake (Bq kg-i ) (Bq)

Mushrooms 2 months 50 1 Total 15

10«Ru Berries 1 year 11 130"

141 Ce Berries 6 months 0.8 5 Mushrooms 6 nonths 4 3

Total Bb

14«Ce Berries 1 year 5 60 Mushrooms 1 year 10 13

Total 73"

• 5Zr Berries 1 year 1 6 Mushrooms 1 year 4 5

Total lle

110B Ag Mushrooms 1 year 8"

»•Sr Vegetables and fruit 6 months 0.1 8c

• Less than 40 percent of Intake during 1987. b Less than 5 per cent of intake during 1987. c Less than 10 per cent of the intake during 1987. 48

Tablfe VII. Radlostrontiua In soae vegetables and fruits in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Species, province Number of loca- abbreviation and *»Sr •*Sr tions represent­ sampling date ed in the com­ bined sample

Cabbage TU, 16.6.-30.7. 0.19 0.5

Toaato

HX, 2.-3.6. 0.04 0.1 3 TU, 3.6.-8.7. 0.06 0.1 6

Carrot HA, 4.8.-2.9. 0.22 0.2 2 HA, 22.-23.9. 0.72 0.7 2 MI, 6.10. 0.45 0.3 2 MI, 2.-7.10. 0.38 0.1 3 TU, 30.7.-2.9. 0.16 0.1 2

Potato HA, 30.6.-11.9. 0.11 0.3 2 HA, 1.-9.9. 0.15 0.3 3 MI, 11.8.-15.9. 0.09 0.08 3 ou, 26.8.-23.9. 0.10 0.05 2 ou, 22.-23.9. 0.10 0.04 2 TU, 16.-24.6. 0.06 0.1 3 VA, 9.-16.9. 0.20 0.1 3 49

Table VII. Continued.

Species, province Number of loca- abbreviation and »St • 9 Sr tions represent­ sampling date ed In the com­ bined sample

Apple UU, 15.-29.9. 0.05 0.01

Strawberry KE, KU, 1.-21.7. 0.40

Raspberry MI, 25.8. 0.37

Black currant W, 30.7. 0.44

Red currant UU, VA, 22.-28.7. 0.60

Whortleberry TU, 11.8. 1.1

Llngonberry HX, 31.8.-8.9. 2.0 50 Table VIII. Maan daily intake of 137 Ca via doaeatlc vegetables, fruit and aniahrooaa of the aeaaon 1936. Nationwide •ean contenta of 13TCa in fresh, non-processed products are used except in case of mushrooms to be parboiled.

Group of Consumption X37CS Intake species (g d-» ) (Bq kg-» ) (Bq d1 )

Leafy vegetables and cabbages 17 2.9 0.05

Fruit vegetables 42 2.3 0.10

Root vegetables and onion 35 1.7 0.06

Potato 184 3.0 0.55

Pea and bean 4.4 2.4 0.01

Garden berries Strawberry 9 14 0.13 Bush berries 12 26 0.31

Non-berry fruit 160 6.3 1.01

Wild berries 12 100 1.20

Mushrooms Ltctarlus' 1.8 21 0.04 Gyrom. esc* 0.2 110 0.02 Others 1.6 570 0.91

Total 4.4

• For mushrooms that require parboiling, only the fraction of 137Cs remaining aftar parboiling, is taken into account (cf. Table V). 51

Table IX. Radioactive substances in leafy vegetables in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Species, province abbrsv.. »ur.icipality ™2*i 13^ 132^ 140B» 134o, 137c* and sampling itatp

Lettuce^

HA, , 19.5. Ob A3 a 0 0 0

IlA, Kangasala, 10.6. 0 0 0 0 2.2 4.3

Hft. Kangasala, 10.6. 0 1.6 r 0 1.6 2.8

HÄ, , 23.6. 0 0 0 0 ?.6 5.7

HA, Italic!». 23.6. 0 0 t> 0 3.0 7.9

HÄ, , 23.6. 0 0 0 0 11 15

HK. , 24.6. 0 0 0 0 0 2.1

HA, Vilppula, 24.6. 0 0 0 0 0 2.1

HA, Itenko, 24.6. 0 0 0 0 0 0

KB, Jyväskylä, 1.7. 0 0 0 0 0 0

KE, , 2.7. 0 0 0 0 3.6 6.8

KE, , 3.7. 0 0 0 0 0 4.4

KE, , 19..9. c 0 0 0 <1.5 <1.5

KU, , 9.7. 0 0 0 0 0 0

KU, Nilsiä, 12.8. 0 0 0 0 <5 <5 KY, Vehkalahti, H. 5. 6.4 205 0 21 10 17 KY, , 14.5. 0 69 0 0 7 9 KY, , l."\ 0 0 0 0 22 37 KY, , 1.7. 0 0 0 0 0 0

LA, Pelkosennioni, 9.8. 0 0 0 0 0 1.0

IA, Itmnimi, 3.9. n n 0 0 0.1 0.2

LA, ftovaniemt, 3.9. 0 0 0 0 0 0.3

TU, Västanfjärd, 2.6. 0 5.5 0 0 0 0

TU, Mouhijärvi, 9.6. 0 0 0 0 0 0

TU, nouhijärvi, 9.6. 2.6 0 0 0 5.7 9.2

UU, Tenhola, 12.5 20 68 3 0 3 6

UU, torvoo, 14.5. 0 31 0 0 0 1.5

UU, Kirkkonjmd, 15.5. 3.1 129 0 3.4 3.9 6.3

UU, Kirktonnini, 16.5. 3.8 53 0 0 2.7 3.9

UU, NUimijSrvi, 26.5. 0 10 0 0 0.5 3.1 52

Table IX. Continued.

Specie*, province) abbrav., nuiicipality 103,», 13^ 132» 140fla 134oi l"c» and aaapling date

UU. Nurmijirvi, 26.S. 23 IP (P 0 1.6 2.3

UU, Karjaa, 16.6. O O 0 0 0

VK, Vaatii. 6.5. 0 140 6.1 O 4.S 6.6

Sfc»inect>

KY, . 16.9. 0 0 0 O <4 <4

TU, Köyliö, 16.6. 5.4 0 0 0 0 0

TU. Köyli», 16.6. 5.3 2.0 0 0 0 3.1

° Below the detection limit. 53

Table X. Radioactive substances in herbs in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Species, province ahhrev., lamicipality ^3|«u mi 132?, 140B, 1*» 136c 137Q, Others and sampling nate

tarslay» HK, Kangftsala. 19.5. * 27 0 0 1.7 0 5.0 KY, Iitti, 16.9. 0 0 0 0 <5 0 <5 LA, noeio, 12.B. 0 0 0 0 <3 0 <3

UU, Karjaa, 14.5. 51 257 16 21 22 10 51 «» : 16 *5zr : 15

UU, Kirkkorumd, 15.5. 5.7 82 0 0 3.8 0 4.5

W, Karjaa, 16.6. 10 1.8 0 0 0 0 3.3 UU, Karjaa, 16.9. 0 0 0 0 <5 0 <5 V», Vaasa, 6.5. 66 1870 177 43 123 39 220 "tt> : 7.9

QvlW tfv. Kangasala, 19.5. 4.2 60 0 0 0 0 5.7

TO, Uusikaupuiki, 15.5. 138 300 48 51 76 14 136 40 JSfe: 63 TU, TVirku, 4.6. 0 11 0 0 0 0 3.8

UU, Helsinki, 5.5. 400 2180 730 430 330 89 570 51 *%,: 210 UU, , 5.5. 190 1170 370 140 210 69 340 21 110 28 ISO

UU, Jarvanpa, 13.5. 80 255 29 0 52 6.2 83 15 13 "to. : 11 1*4* s 29 mi, , 14.5. 95 418 40 35 68 9.1 118

W, Karjaa, 14.5. 0 96 0 0 0 0 0

UU, Karjaa, 16.6. 7.1 2.8 0 0 0 0 5.8

Dill"

rft. Kangasala, 19.5. 0 45 0 0 0 0 0

HK, Kangasala, 10.6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I*, itJmaanlinna, 3.6. 0 5.8 0 0 0 0 0

KY, Iitti, 16.9. 0 0 0 0 <0.5 0 3.8 «Nb , 10 9*Zr • 6 IA, Tornio, 12.8. 0 0 0 0 <15 0 <15 TU, Turku, 4.6. 0 7.2 0 0 0 0 3.0

TU, fbralntn, 23.6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

UU, torvoo, 14.5. 50 102 0 0 0 0 0 54

Table XI. Radioactive substances in cabbages in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Specie», province abbrev., municipality 103RU 131, l>»Cs 13'Cs and sampling date

Head cabbage9

HS, . 7.7. 0° o o 1.8 HA, Kangasala, 7.7. 0 o o O IIÄ, Pa'lkSne, 7.7. 0 o o O HÄ, Ftorssa, 7.7. 0 o o o

KE, Jyväskylä, 2.9. 0 o 0.9 2.2

KR, Keuruu, 3.9. 0 o 0.1 0.3

OU, Oulu, 2S.8. 0 o <0.5 <0.5

OI), , 25.8. 0 o <0.1 0.2

OU, , 26.8. 0 o <0.2 <0.2

T!,", , 15.5. 4 30 3 5.5

:e. -lori, 16.6. 0 o 14 27

TU, Lappi TL, 9.7. 0 o O 1.9

1", , 14.7. 0 o <0.2 <0.2

TU, Kokemäki, 30.7. 0 o 0 0.6

UU, Vantaa, 18.7 0 o 0 O

IMI, Karjaa, 16.9. 0 o <0.2 0.3

Cauliflower

HK, YpffjS, 8.7. 0 o 0 O

TU, Parainen, 23.6. 0 o 0 O

TU, Lappi TL, 28.7. 0 o 0.1 3.2

Chinese cabbage3

KE, Jyväskylä, 19.8. 0 o <2 <2

KU, , 2.6. 1.6 o 3.5 7.4

AH, nrandö, 21.5. 0 1.3 O 1.3 55

Table XII. Radioactive substances in fruit vegetables in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Species, province abbrev., municipality 103^ 131i 134c» 137c» and sampling date

Una*»*

f», Kankaala, 19.5. O- 2.5 0.8 0.8

KY, Vehkalahti, 8.5. 0 29 4.6 6.7 KY, Kotia, 14.5. o 8.9 3.4 9.1 KV, Valkeala, 10.6. o 0 0 0 KY, Valkeala, 10.6. o 1.9 0 1.4 MI, Mikkeli o 0 0 0 rural ccnmne, 28.5. o 1.7 0 0 MI, Anttola, 29.5. o 0 0 2.8 Ml, , 10.6. o 3.0 0 0 TU, , 2.6. o 1.4 0 1.5 TU, , 4.6. o 0 0 <1 TU, Barn joki, 4.6. o 0 0 0 TU, Punkalaidun, 9.6. o 0.7 5.3 9.7 TU. vannia, 10.6. 0 0 0 0 TU, Aura, 16.6. TU, Ueto, 16.6. o 0 0 0 TU, Kemi», 4.8. o 0 0 0 TU, Salo, 22.9. o 0 0 0.3 UU, , 20.5. o 4.5 3.7 8.4 UU, »tyvifkäii, 26.S. o 3.3 1.3 1.5

VA, Korsnäs, 5.5. o 11 0 0 ffrrtflloTy cucuatMr

HK. Koaki, 17.8. 1.1 4.3

KU, Nilein, 12.8. <0.5 «0.5

Paprika UU, HyvirtcKa, 24.6

Puapkin

HK, Inmaenlinna, 10.9. 0 157 310

KE, KamonVoaki, 31.8. 0 <1 1

UU, lahja, 29.7. 0 0 0 56

Table XII. Continued.

Species, province abbrev., municipality 103Ru 13*1 134c» 137cs and sailing date

lfcwato*

HÄ, Kangasala, 19.5. 0*> 1.9 0.7 1.2

HS, Turenki, 2.6. 0 1.6 1.2 2.3

HÄ, fämeenlinna, 3.6. 0 0 0 1.6

HS, Hämeenlinna, 3.6. 0 0 2.2 3.3

HA, Kangasala, 10.6. 0 0 <3 3.0

KE, , 20.5. 0 1.6 0 0

KY, Vehkalahti, 8.5. 0 5.2 0 0

KY, Kotka, 14.5. 0 2.4 0 C.5

TU, Piikkiö, 3.6. 1.2 2.6 2.8 4.8

TU, Eurajoki, 4.6. 0 0 0 1.1

TO, Eurajoki, 4.6. 0 0 0 1.0

TU, Vamrela, 10.6. 0 0 0 0

TU, Aura, 16.6. 0 0 0 0

TU, , 16.6. 0 0.4 0.5 0.9

TU, , 8.7. 0 0 0 1.9

TU, Salo, 22.9. 0 0 2 2

UU, Ioviisa, 20.5. 0 2.3 1.0 2.7 UU, , 2.6. 0 1.7 2.2 5.6 VA, , 6.5. 0.6 3.5 0 0.5

Farly vegetables vere rinsed before analysis until 6.6., thereafter analysed without rinsing. Relcw the detection limit. 57

Table XIII. Radioactive substances in pea and bean in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Spaci.es, province abbrev., nunicipality 134c 137cs Others and sanpling date

KU, Nilsiä, 12.8. <0.3 0.6

TU, Ryrröttylä. 8.7. 0» 0

TU, SfltylS, 1.8. 1.0 1.5 103RU: 0.3

TU, Köyliö, 1.8. 0.4 0.7

TU, Säkylä, 4.8. 3.9 7.5

TU, Klukairvn. 25.7. 1.3 2.8

UU, NumijSrvi, 24.6. 0 0

UU, Hyvinkää, 4.8. <2 4.6

HK, ,horse bean, 22.9. <0.5 0.6

TU, KByltö, 21.8. 0 0.6

UU. Tentola. 25.8. 0 0

• Below the detection limit. 58

Table XIV. Radioactive substances in onion and leek in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

species, province ahhrev.. municipality 103ft, 1311 132T. 140B. 134» 136cs 137c, and sampling data

Laa**

AH, Finstram, 12.5. 9.5 S5 6.1 6.5 11.4 3.5 19 7.1 13

Alt, nrhreK, 21.S 3.9 14 Ob 4.1 4.3 0 7.5

TI). Pyhältaa, 15.5. 0 181 0 0 0 0 0

TU, Turku, 20.5. 0 29 0 0 1.8 0 3.6

Olion

Hl, Savonlinna. 24.6. 0

HI. Savonlinna, 24.6. O (stem of the former}

Ml, Savonlinna, 24.6. 0.5

MI, Savonlinna, 24.6. 0 (stam of the fanner)

TU, Kalanti, 15.5. 61

Le*s «ere grown in the open. Belcw the detection limit. 59

Table XV. Radioactive substances in root vegetables in 1986 (Bq kg1 fresh weight).

Stwcies, province abhrev., municipality IMQ. 137c Others and sampling date

carrot

f», Riihimäki, 4.8. <2.5 <2.5

HX, RiihimiOci. 4.8. <1.5 <1.5

HK, . 2.9. 0.8 1.7

HÄ, Asikkala, 22.9. 0.6 1.3

!*. . 23.9. 0.8 1.5

IA, Ftjvaniani, 8.9. 0.2 l.l

U, , 13.9. 0» 0

MI, Sysää, 5.8. 0.8 1.9 103RU: 0.2

MI, Ristiina, 2.10. 0.4 0.8

MI, Sulkava, 3.10. 0 0.5

MI, Pieksämäki, 6.10. 2.8 5.0

MI, Pieksämäki, 6.10. 1.4 2.7

MI. PicksämSci, 6.10. 0.6 0.8

MI, Punkaharju, 7.10. 1.7 3.1

MI, Rrntasalnd, 7.10. 0 0.5

MI, Mikkeli rural camune. 7.10. 0 0.4

OU, Haapajärvi, 19.9. <1 1.9

Tl), Kalanti, 15.5. 0 2.5 131l: 16

Tl), Kokemäki, 30.7. 0 0.8

TU, Harjavalta, 2.9. , <0.1 0.5

UU, Hanko, 28.8. <0.2 0.5

UU, Nurmijärvi, 25.9. 0 0.3

•sd beet

HK, Padasjoki, 22.9. 1.1 1.8 liK, Asikkala, (3 sanples), 22.9. 0.8 1.3

TU, Säkylä, (2 sanples), 23.8. 1.3 1.8

TU, , (2 sables),, 2.9. 1.3 4.1

UU, Iflhja, 27.8. <2 <2 60

Table XV. Continued.

Species, province abbrev., municipality 13«Qi 137c» OUiers and sampling date

»dish l°3Ru: 2.6 UU, Karjaa, 16.6. 0» 0 "H: 1.3

UU, Helsinki, 25.6. 0

UU, Helsinki, 25.6. 0 103RU: 5.4

LA, Rovaniemi, 8.9.

Turnip

LA, Rovaniani, 13.9. 0.2 0.1

" nelcw the detection limit. 61

Table XVI. Radioactive substances in potato in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Species, province abbrev., municipality IMca 137c Others and sampling date

HK. Loppi, 30.6. 0» 0

HK, , 30.6. 2.4 4.3

HK, Renko. 11.9. 4.5 8.7

HA, Lamd, 2.7. 0 1.4

HA, Pälkäne, 9.9. <0.3 1.4

LA, Posio, 12.B. <3.5 <3.5

LA, Kemijärvi, 14.6. <1 <1

IA, Rovaniemi, 8.9, 0.2 0.5

LA, Rovanioai, 8.9. 0.2 0.3

LA, Rovanieni, 8.9. 0.6 2.5

MI, Sysmä, 5.8. 2.3 5.4

MI, Hartola, 11.8. 10 19

MI, Pieksämäki, 25.3. 0.8 1.7

MI, Mts.tyharju, IS.9. <0.2 0.8

m, Kajaani, 26.8. <1 <1

00, . 22.9. 0.1 0.2

OU, , 23.9. 1.0 1.9

OU, , 23.9. 0.2 0.9

TU, Nauvo, 16.6. 0 0

TO, t*mio, 16.6. 0 0

TO, Perniö, 16.6. 0 0 "li: 2.0

TU, Hämeenkyrö. 24.6. 1.1 1.7 1%. 0.7

TU, Parainen, 24.6. 0 1

TU, Köyliö, 1.7. 0 1.8

TU, R/mttttyla, 8.7. 1.9 3.9

VU, Lsppi, 30.6. 0 1.7

UU, Karjaa., 1.7. 0 0

UU, Hyvinkää, 7.7. 0 1.1

UU. HyvinWta, 8.9. <0.5 <0.S

UU, Nurmijhrvi, 8.7. 0 0

UU, NumdjHrvi, 8.9. <0.4 0.4

UU, , 9.7. 0 0.4 62

Table XVI. Continued.

Sjnecies, province abbrev., nuiicipality 1*^0» 13?c« and aanplin;

UU, Swnstti, 9.7. <0.4 <0.4

UU, , 13.7. 0.8 1.2

tJU, Lahja, 8.9. <0.4 0.9

UU, , 9.O. 0.4 1.5

VA. Hilma. 9.9. 2.1 4.4

VK, Kriatiinankaupwki, IS.9. 2.0 3.6

VA, AhtSrl, 16.9. 0.9 2.1

VA, , .">.9. 2.7 5.6 63

Table XVII. Radioactive substances in rhubarb" in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

SMcies, province 137a abhrev.. sunic'pality 103,^ 13Jr »32p» 140a» 134C8 l*C» and sampling date

HK. Kangasala. 19.5. 1.0 11 Ob 0 7.7 2.7 13 litany : 1.9

I1Ä. Kangasala. 19.5. 1.3 6.3 0 0 3.0 0 8.0

HI, ttiiikauptsiki, 15.5. 21 50 4.9 2.9 12 0 26

TU. Turku, 20.5. 0 2.1 0 0 0 0 0

UU, Vantaa, 10.5. 0 10 0 0 0 0 0

UU, JärvenpäN, 13.5. 6.4 27 0 0 2.4 0 6.7

UU, lofcja, 14.5. 6.5 17 o.a 0 1.2 0 4.6

UU, Karjaa. 14.5. 0 4.5 0 0 0 0 0

8 Sanplea were analysed rinsed before analysis. b Belcw the detection limit. 64

Table XVIII. Radioactive substances in strawberry in 1956 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Speciea, province abbrcv., launicipality 95» 95» 1031k, 13V. 137c» Mice l««0e and sampling date

m. . 16.6. 0» 0 0 6.9 ;3 0 o W\. Loppi, 8.7. 0 0 0 6.1 15 0 o 1IÄ, Vilppula, 9.7. 0 0 0 30 63 0 o HÄ, Vilppula, 9.7. 0 0 0 6.8 13 0 o ItK. Itweenlima, 14.7. 0 0 0 S.8 12 0 c HIV, Turenki, 14.7. 0 0 0 7.9 16 0 o m, , 15.7. 0 0 0 18 35 0 o KE, Hiltia, 21.7. 0 0 0 6.3 13 0 o KU, , 1.7. 0 0 0 15 31 0 o KU, Suonenjoki, 1.7. 0 0 0 18 37 0 o KU, Suonenjcki. 1.7. 0 0 0 8.1 15 0 o KU. Suonenjcki. 1.7. 0 0 0 7.7 15 0 o KU, Stmenjoki, 2.7. 0 0 0 9.0 18 0 o KU, Suonenjcki, IS.7. 0.5 0.1 0.3 19 38 0 o ><**..- 1.6 (2 »anples)

KU, , 2.7. 0 0 0 2.9 7.0 0 o

KU, Lapinlahti. 2.7. 0 0 0 2.6 5.2 0 o

KU, , 8.7. 0 0 0 14 27 c o

KU. Kuopio. 9.7. 4.8 2.8 1.6 7.5 14 1.3 3.3

KU, Kuopio. 9.7. 0 0 0 5.8 12 0 0

KU, Kuopio. 9.7. 0 0 0 5.9 13 0 o

KU. Kuopio, 9.7. 1 0 0 8.1 17 0 o

KU, Leppävirta, 2.7. 0 0 0 2.3 5.5 0 o

KU, Leppävirta, 16.7. 0 0 0 10 22 0 o (5 sa^iles)

KU, , IS.7. 0 0 0 16 30 0 (2 aaeplea)

IA, Rjvanloid 0 0 0 <1 «1 0 rural canaune, l.fl.

W, Mintyharju, 14.7. 0 0 0 0 0 0

MI, Mäntyharju, 14.7. 0 0 0 4.0 6.3 0

MI, »«ntyharju, 14.7. 0 0 0 2 3 0 fl. , 15.7. 0 0 0 15 29 0

Ml, HeknNrifti 0 0 0 26 4» 0 rural camene, 21.7. rn«lew the defection limit. 65

Table XVIII. Continued.

Species, province ,s abbrev., numcipality * *>Zr 103ft, I34cj 137c 141c» 144o others and sailing (fete

MI. Pieksämäki, 21.7. 0" o o 15 33 0 o MI. Jäppilä. 2! .7. 0 o o a 14 0 o MI, Juva, 10.7. 0 o o 4.8 9.9 0 o MI, Juva. 18.7. 0 o o 3.1 6.5 0 o MI, Puumia, 3.7. 0 o o 3.7 0.4 0 o MI, Puurula. 9.7. 0 o o 2.4 4.9 0 o ro. Kitee, 15.7. 0 o o 1.9 4.1 = o PO, Kesälahti, IS.7. 0 o o 8.7 19 a o FO, Lieksa, 22.7. 0 n o 0 2.1 0 o PO, itontiolahti, 28.7. 0 o o 0 l.i 0 o TU, . IQ.6. 0 o o 0 0 0 o 1311; 0.6 TU, , 16.6. 0 o o 0 0 0 o TU, , 16.6. 0 o o 0 0 0 o TU, Kalanti, 16.6. 0 o o 0 0 0 o IB 36 0 o TU, Kala-iti, 24.6. 0 o 1 o TU, Kalanti. 24.6. 0 o o IS 28 0 o TU, UUsikaurxnki, 2.7. 0 o o 13 24 0 o TU, , 8.7. 0 o o 7.6 14 0 o TU, Kckenaki, 11.7. 0 o 0.4 11 21 0.2 o TU, Kokemäki, 11.7. 0 o o 3.8 8.1 0.6 o TU. Kokerafflci, 11.7. 0 o o 7.4 14 0 o TIJ, Kokemäki, 11.7. 0 o o 4.9 8-9 0

TU, Harjavalta, 14.7. 0 3 1 S.4 11 0.9 4

TU, Perniö, 15.7. 0 o o 1 2.6 0 o

TU, vanpula, 21.7. 0 o o 15 27 0 o

TU, MyiWvtfki, 22.7. 0 o o 18 38 0 o

TU, , Kihniö 0 o o 21 41 0 o 31.7.

UU, (Ohja, 7.7. 0 o o 2.2 4.6 0 o

UU, «Ohja, 7.7. 0 o o 0 3.2 0 o

UU, , 8.7. 0 o o 0 3.8 0 o

UU, hyvinkAfi, 14.7. 0 o o 5.7 11 0 o

UU, Artjärvi, 14.7. 0 o o 12 26 0 o 66

Table XVIII. Continued.

Species, province abbrev.. awicipality 95» 95zr 103m 134c» 137c Mloa 144oe Others and mailing date uu. Orinttila, 14.7. oa 0 0 49 90 0 0 uu. Kirktaxund, IS.7. 0 0 0 1.5 4.5 0 0 uu. Uhja, 15.7. 0 0 0 4 7 0 0 uu. , IS.7. 0 0 0 1.4 3.8 0 0 uu. Vihti, 16.7. 0 0 0 1.7 2.2 0 0 uu. Vihti, 16.7. 0 0 0 3.6 6.3 0 0 uu. Ta—i »a»rx, 16.7. 0 0 0 4.2 9.1 0 0 uu. KarkXila, 16.7. 0 0 0 6.8 11 0 0 uu. Sipoo, 17.7. 0 0 0 2.0 3.0 0 0 v\, Veteli, 11.7. 0 0 0 10 21 0 0

V*, Halsua, 14.7. 0 0 0 4.7 10 0 0

Oelow the cletection limit. 67

Table XIX. Radioactive substances in raspberry and plum in 1986 (Bq kg-i fresh weight).

Species, province abbrev., municipality 134cs 137cs Others and sampling (fate

cultivated raspberry

HA, Kangasala,22.7. 36 65

Ml. PieksärtSti, 25.8. 21 39

PO, Kesälahti, 15.8. 1.9 3.5

TO. , 21.7. 26 51

TU, Hfrjmäkx, 22.7. 37 71

TU, Ulmikaupixiki. 28.7. 24 48

TU, Hämeenkyrö, 28.7. 17 34

UU, Karjalohja, 29.7. 2.1 4.6

UU, Sip», 6.S. 2.6 3.6

VR, Nistasaiuri, 28.7. 16 30

Wild raspberry

KE, , 28.7. 47 91

KY, , 7.8. 9.0 21

KY, , 11.8. 4.5 9.7

HI, Jäppilä, 30.7. 29 62

MI, Kangasnianl, 24.8. 11 22

TU, Mouhijärvi, 29.7. 39 71

UU, Sametti, 19.7. 10 27 ! UU, , 28.7. 3.7 6.2 °W 0.3

Piia

HÄ, , 29.9. 5.5 10 68

Table XX. Radioactive substances in black currant in 1986 (Bq kg1 fresh weight).

Species, province abbrev., municipality 95m, 9Szr 103RU l*tai 137c MlO 1«C and sampling date

HÄ, Tampere, 22.7. 0» 2 21 39 0 o

HÄ, Längelmäki, 23.7. 0 0 0 36 0 o

KE, Viitasaari, 22.7. 0 0 13 29 0 o

KE, Jyväskylä 0 0 9.3 18 0 o rural ecumme, 22.7.

KU, Vesanto, 8.H. 39 38 15 5.5 29 106RU: 54 (6 samples)

KU, leppävirta, 7.B. 0 0 0 12 23 0 0

KY, Valkeala, 21.7. 0 0 1 27 56 0 o KY, , 11.8. 0 0 0.6 4.4 8.3 0 o

KY, , 19.8. 0 0 0 3.4 5.8 0 o

UV, Rovaniemi, 3.8. 0 0 0 0.8 2.2 0 o

IA, Kittilä, 27.8. 0 0 0 0.5 1 0 o

MI, Heinola, 28.7. 0 0 3.2 33 64 0 o

MI, Sysmä, 5.8. 0 0 0.8 30 54 0 o

MI, Savonlinna, 18.8. 0 0 0 10 19 0 o

MI, Pieksämäki, in.8. 0 0 0 23 44 0 o

OU, , 31.H. 0 0 0 <0.2 0.6 0 o

PO, Kesälahti, 13-15.8. 0 0 0 3.1 6.P 0 o

TU, Ikaalinen, 21.7. 0 0 0 32 64 0 o TU, Parkano, 29.7. 0 0 0 30 53 0 o TU, Pori, 30.7. 0 0 0 8.8 17 0 o TU, Pori, 30.7. 0 0 0.9 14 32 0 o TU, Kemiö, 4.8. 0 0 0 5.9 11 0 o TU, , 4.8. 0 0 0 31 57 0 o TU, Huittinen, 4.8. 0 0 1.5 20 38 0 o

TU, Kurina, 5.8. 0 0 1.1 15 32 0 o

TU, Kaarina, 5.8. 7.1 4.0 2.1 11 24 1.3 5.9

UU, Hyvinkää, 21.7. 0 0 0 7 15 0 O

UU, HyvinkUa, 30.7. 0 0 2.5 28 42 0 o

Oil, Ruotsinpyhtää, 2?.7. 0 0 0 79 153 0 o

UU, , 2B.7. 0 0 0 4.4 8.8 0 o

UU, Kerava, 28.7. 0 0 1.6 13 25 0 o

UU, Nurmijärvi, 5.8. 0 0 0 12 25 0 o

UU, , 7.8. 0 0 • 0 6.4 12 0 o

VA, Vaasa, 11.8. 0 0 6 16 32 0 o 69

Table XXI. Radioactive substances in red currant 1 in 1986 (Bq kg- fresh weight).

Species, province abbrev.. nwicipality 9**> S^Zr 103^ 134c» 137a 141ce l«*0e Other» and sampling date

HK, Corasa. 21.7. 0» 0 0 4 7 0 0

lift, ffinBenliima, 21.7. 5.7 3 4 41 74 3 9

IIÄ, Itnpere, 22.7. 11 9.9 4 16 34 5 0

KU, Leppävirta, 7.8. 0 0 0 8.9 17 0 0

KU, Kuopio, 19.8. 0 0 0 6.2 11 0 0

ICY, Valkeala, 21.7. 2 0 0 17 34 0 0

KY, , 7.3. 9.9 3.9 2.0 2.0 3.9 1.5 8.2

KY, Ikmina, U.S. C 0 2.4 9.7 19 0 0

KY, Hmlna, 11.8. 0 0 c 3.2 5.3 0 0

KY, Lappeenranta, 11.8.. 0 0 1.0 2.4 5.3 0 0

KY, , 15.8. 0 0 1.8 16 33 0 0

KY, Joutseno, 19.8. 0 0 0.7 1.7 3.5 0 0

m. Heinola, 28.7. 0 0 0 26 46 0 0

MI, Sulkava, 4-6.8. 0 0 0 2.7 5.5 0 0

MI, syanX, 5.8. 0 0 1.3 13 26 0 0

MI, nikkeli, 8.8. 0 0 0 2.8 5.7 0 0

MI. Rietiina. 8.8. 0 0 1.2 6.7 16 0 0

MI, Juva, 8.8. 0 0 1.0 2.8 5.8 0 0

MI, Puumala, 8.8. 0 0 0.9 3.7 7.6 0 0

MI, Mäntyharju, 11.8. 0 0 0 9.5 22 0 0

MI, Valkeala, 11.8. 0 0 1.7 6.0 13 0 0

MI, Savonlinna, 18.8. 0 0 0 3.6 7.3 0 0

MI, MekeSrtiBci, 18.8. 0 0 1.0 15 "\ 0 0

TO, Ikaalinen, 21.7. 0 0 0 13 27 0 0

TU, Huitrinen, 4.8. 6.9 4.3 2.2 11 21 1.7 6.9

UU, , 22.7. 0 0 1.1 2.5 5.2 0 0

UU, lapinjärvi, 22.7. 0 0 2.0 16 30 0 0

UU, Lapinjärvi, 23.7. 0 0 3 23 45 0 0

UU. Kirktaxumi, 7.8. 0 0 1.1 6.2 12 0 0

VA, Mustasaari, 28.7. 0 0 0 22 37 0 0 70

Table XXII. Radioactive substances in white currant in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Species, province abbrev., mimicipality 95Nb 95zr IOSRU 134QI 137C» 14k> 144Ce and sanplinrj elate

MI, , B.B. 0» o 0 5.1 9.4 0 0 MI, Mäntyharju, 11.8. 0 0 1.9 8.3 17 0 0 Til, Ikaalinen, 21.7. 0 0 1.0 27 51 0 0

a nelow the detection limit. 71

Table XXIII. Radioactive substances in gooseberry in 1986 (Bq kg*1 fresh woight).

Species, province abbrev., municipality 95zr 103», 134ce 137c Wlce 144a. Others and soiling elate

HÄ, 1»fiere, 22.7. 0» 0 15 30 0 0

TO, Ikaalinen, 21.7. 2.1 2.3 23 41 1.1 3.3 9h*>: 4.9

UU, HyVinWSa, 21.7. 0 0 2.0 6.1 0 0

UU, Lapinjärvi, 23.7. 0 0 9. . 20 0 0

UU, RJOtsinpyhtää, 23.7. 0 0 37 76 0 0 a Below the detection limit? 72

Table XXIV. Radioactive substances in apples in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Species, province abbrev., municipality ^^Cs 13^Cs and sanpling date

US, Scraero, 7.9. <3 3.7

IV\, Tampere, 29.9. 3.6 9.0

KU, NilsiS, I2.8. <2 <2

TU, Pori, 7.9. 4.4 8.6

TU, Ikaalinen, 7.9. 5.5 13

TU, , 22.9. 1.2 3.0

TU, Mjantali, (2 s.imples), 23.9. 1.8 3.8

TU, Parainen, 6.10. 1.4 2.5

TU, Piikkiö, 7.10. 9.6 21

UU, Hyvinkää', 8.9. 2.1 3.6

UU, Vihti, 15.9. 1.4 2.8

UU, Tanmisaari, 16.9. 1.2 3.2

UU, Lamtii, 16.9. 2.6 6.0

UU, Lohja, 16.9. <2 <2

UU, Lohja, 17.9. 1.0 1.5

UU, Lohja, 24.9. 9.5 17

UU, Karjan.. 29.9. 0.9 1.6 73

Table XXV. Radioactive substances in whortleberry in 1986 (Bq kg"1 fresh weight).

Species, province ahbrw., municipality »5». 95zr 103RU 134m 137a MlCe l«Ce and sampling date

Hft, , 9.7. 0» 0 0 111 205 0 0

I1Ä, Tuulos, 9.7. 0 0 0 55 110 0 0

1Ä, , 13.7. 0 0 0 88 166 0 0 tlK, TBffpere, 13.7. 0 0 0 165 330 0 0

BÄ, Ylöjärvi, 19.7. 0 0 0 105 216 0 0

HK, Hameenlinna, 21.7. 0 0 0 75 143 0 0

HK, Roto, 2B.7. 0 0 0 71 141 0 0

KE, Saarijärvi, S.8. 0 0 0 63 129 0 0

KE, Multia, 20.7. 0 0 0 28 55 0 0

KE, Kannonkoski, 28.7. C 0 0 82 181 0 0

KU, Iisalmi, 28.7. 0 1.3 0.4 6.8 25 0.5 2.8

KY, Suomenniemi, 12.7. 0 0 0 26 46 0 0

KY, Miehikkälä, 13.7. 0 0 0 27 64 0 0

KY, Iitti, 14.7. 0 0 0 48 99 0 0

KY, VirolahU, Handna, 7.8. 0 0 0 21 43 0 0

KY, Lappeenranta, 11,8. 0 0 0 16 41 0 0

IA, Ylitornio, 31.7. 0 0 0 2.6 12 0 0

LA, SouankylS, 3.8. 0 0 0 0.9 24 0 0

LA, Salla, 5.8. 0 0 0 1.6 21 0 0

LA, Salla, 15.8. 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

LA, Kemi, 8.8. 0 0 0 0 12 0 0

LA, Pelkoeamiani, 9.8. 0 0 0 0 7 0 0

LA, Rovaniemi 0 0 0 25 110 0 0 rural canuM, 10.0.

LA, Posio, 12.8. 0 0 0 0.6 20 0 0

LA, KWdjKrvi, 11.8. 0 0 0 0 140 0 0

LA, KmijKrvi, 13.8. 0 0 0 2.5 14 0 0

LA, KanijXrvi, 14.8. 0 0 0 3.7 23 0 0

LA, Tervola, 15.8. 0 0 0 2.2 7.6 0 0

LA, BsvukMkl, 18.8. 0 0 0 8.2 14 0 0

Ml, Hirvensalmi, IS.7. 0 0 0 16 47 0 0

Hl, PieksamKki, 15.7. 0 0 0 117 232 0 0

MI, KerimKki, 23.7. 0 0 0 19 63 0 0

«50, SuomuMalml, 13.7. 0 0 0 0 5.2 0 0 74

Table XXV. Continued.

«Jiecies, province abbrev., municiplity ^%t> ^^7X 103a, 134c 137c» 141c 144t> and sanriling date

OU, Suowissalmi. 20.7. 0» 0 0 0 8 0 0

Oli. Pudasjärvi, 28.7. 0 0 0 0 170 0 0

OO, Kuhro, 14.0. 0 0 O 6.1 20 0 0

PO, Kitee, 20.7. 0 0 0 9.9 20 0 0

TV, Perniö, in.7. 0 0 0 12 30 0 0

TU, Lieto, 16.7. 0 0 0 75 149 0 0

TU, , 20.7. 0 0 2 102 214 0 0

Tt), Uusikaupunki, 23.7. 0 0 0 52 102 0 0

TU, Ikaalinen, 21.7. 0 4.9 0 133 244 2.7 0

TU, Laitila, 27.7. 0 0 0 52 117 0 0

TU, Parkaiw, Kihniö, 18.8. 0 1.9 1.3 28 62 1.0 0

TU, Nauvo, 19.fi. 0 0 0 6.0 20 0 0

UU, Kirkkonummi, 8.7. 0 0 0 18 52 0 0

UU, Espoo, 0.7. 0 0 0 0 40 0 0

UU, Espoo. 8.7. 0 0 0 18 38 0 0

UU, Nuroni-Pusula, 9.7. 0 0 0 33 76 0 0

UU, Loviisa, 11.7. 0 0 0 70 128 0 0

UU, , 13.7. 0 0 0 170 341 0 0

UU, Liljendal, 15.7. 0 0 0 56 114 0 0

UU, Vihti, 13.7. 0 0 0 37 83 0 0

UU, Orimattila, 14.7. 0 0 0 150 273 0 0

UU. »JOtsinpyhtaä, 15.7. 0 0 0 113 216 0 0

UU, ADtflinpyhtaa, 15.7, 0 0 0 131 247 0 0

UU, »jotsinpyhtää, 15.7. 0 0 0 150 290 0 0

UU, Lapinjärvi, 15.7. 0 0 0 120 243 0 0

UU, Myrskylä, 15.7. 0 0 0 84 160 0 0

UU, lapinjärvi, 22.7. 0 0 0 129 244 0 0

UU. Myrskylä, 15.7. 0 0 0 100 205 0 0

UU, Kerava, 28.7. 0 0 0 21 54 0 0

UU, Shappertuuna, 3.8. 0 0 0 7.7 17 0 0

UU, , 13.8. 0 0 0 28 70 0 0

UU, , 14.8. 0 0 0.4 19 38 0 0

V7i, , 19.8. 0 2.3 3.1 110 230 0 0

VA, , 20.8. 0.8 0.6 0 34 76 0 0 75

Table XXVI, Radioactive substances in lingonberry in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Species, province abbrev., nuiioipality ««, 95zr 103RU 13

HX, , 29.8. 0» 0 0 132 266 0 0

tui, Loppi, 31.8. 0 0 0 26 57 0 0

I1Ä, Luopioinen, 31.8. 0 0 0 140 299 0 0

HA, Kangasala. 8.9. 0 0 0 100 340 0 0

KE, Saarijärvi, 5.8. 0 8.0 2 96 180 2.8 4

KE, SaarijKrvi, 9.8. 0 5.7 1.2 94 190 1.7 8.9

KE, Kannonkoski 10 3.9 0 63 135 2.5 6.7 10.8

KE, , 7.9. 0 7.2 2.1 106 211 0 0

KE, Viitasaari, 8.9. 0 0 C 86 168 tl 0

KU, , 28.8. 10 4.8 2.1 19 44 1.9 6

KY, Lappeenranta 0 0 0 7.8 30 0 0 25.8.

KY, Hamina. 12.9. 0 0 0 34 72 0 0

LA, Jtovaniemi 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 rural cemnune, 23.8.

LA, Kemijärvi, 25.8. 0 0 0 2.6 19 0 0

IA, Pernio, 31.8. 0 0 0 2 11 0 0

IA, Tervoin, 10.9. 0 0 0 2 7 0 0

LA, Sodankylä, 16.9. 0 0 0 2 5 0 0

LA, Savukoski, 12.9. 0 0 0 2 19 0 0

HI, , 23.8. 0 0 0 55 110 0 0

HI, PieksämKki, 29.8. 0 0 0 163 318 0 0

MI, Lahti, Hartola 0 0 0 90 180 0 0 8.9.

HI, Mintyharju, 15.9. 0 0 0 26 57 0 c

OU, , 1.9. 0 0 0 7.7 25 0 0

OU, , 3.9. 1 0 0 4.6 12 0 0

OU, , 8.9. 0 0 0 1.3 8.8 0 0

OU, Kuivaniemi, 9.9. 0 0 0 1 4 0 0

OU, Kuuasno, 10.9. 0 0 0 1.6 13 0 0

OU, Sotkamo, 23.9. 2.4 1.5 14 16 43 0 3.5 106Bui 41

PO, Lieksa, 4.9. 0 0 0 1.5 12 0 0

TU, ftorkano, 1R.8. 0 0 0 34 75 0 0

TU, Ikaalinen, 31.8. 3.0 1.7 0 330 630 0 0 76

Table XXVI. Continued.

Species, province alki-ev-, nuiicipality »5» ««Sr 103». 134c. 137c X410 144rj, Other» and sampling date

TV. Ikaalinen. 7.9. 0* 0 0 122 240 0 Utl. Levi is*, 26.8. 0 0 0 86 170 0 VA. AhtSri, 21.B. 0 C 0 50 106 0 VA, Mistasaari, 7.9. O C 0 46 93 0 W, ICUin», 9.9. O 0 Cr 116 230 0 U*^: 1.3 vn, Ahtari, is.o. o 4.3 0 78 160 7.4 VR, Kristiirwr*aup

VA, , 16.9. g.4 5.7 0 34 80 0

VA. Kauhava. 29.9. 0 0 0 77 1S7 o

IA, Alajärvi, 30.9. 7 3.7 0-7 73 155 8.5

" £

Table XXVII. Radioactive substances in cloudberry in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight).

Specie*, province «brrev., auiicipality "«*> 95zr 103RU 134C8 lilca Mice l*«Ge and saspling

KE, Karstula. 6.7. 0" 3 0 118 276 0 o KE, Karstula. 6.7. 0 0 0 32 118 o o KE, MHSMS järvi, 14.7. 0 0 2.3 20 125 o o KE, PylkCnaOti, 19.7. 0 0 0 38 117 o o IA, Ktntjarvi, 31.7. 0 0 0 <1 28 o o IA, Mftosenrdea*. ».7. 0 0 0 0.7 27 o o

IA, Mlkoaennia*i, 2?. 7. 0 0 0 0 200 o

IA, BiontcfciH, 19.7. 0 c 0 «0.5 35 o o

IA, montekiö, L3.8. 0 0 0 0 36 o o

LA, itovsnieni 0 0 0 6.6 64 o o rural conoune, 27.7.

IA, Pernio, 21.7. 0 0 0 1.9 49 o o

IA, Kittilä, 30.7. 0 0 c 0 270 o o

IA, Sali*. 31.7. 0 0 0 «1.5 39 o o

IA, S»lla, 5.6. 0 0 0 0.3 12 o o

IA, Koni, 8.R. 0 0 0 3.9 37 o o

CU), sucnussalmi, 13.7. 0 0 0 O 38 o o (XI, suomussalmi, 20.7. 0 0 0 0 41 o o

00, PflHjärvi, 23.7. 0 0 0 6.6 36 o o

OU, Pudasjärvi, 28.7. 0 0 0 <1 38 o o

0U, Pudasjlfrvl, 20.7. 0 0 0 0 190 o o

TU, Pöytyä, 19.7. 0 0 0 33 95 o o

TD, l^itila, 27.7. 14 5.5 1.3 26 94 2.1 2?

IW, smmtti, 17.7. 0 0 0 2.4 53 o o

W\. Korsnäs, 13.7. 0 0 0 9.8 26 o o

• Helo* the detection limit. 78

Table XXVIII. Radioactive substances in cranberry, bog whortle­ berry and crowberry in 1986 (Bq kg*1 fresh weight).

species, province atobrev., «micipality ^^C» 137^ Others anrt sampling 'late

cranfcerry

fVi. (iattula. 1C.9. 175 360

(IA, Kangasala, 21.9. 274 530

KK. Joutsa, 27.9. 17 36

KU, Suonenjcki, 6.9. 102 190

IA, (tovaniani rural caimine, 15.5. 0.B 4.1 103f*i: 7.7

TU, MDuhi;ärvi, 15.-17.9. 16S 330

MJ, rornalnen, 14.9. 63 133

IJU, Vihti, 14.9. 41 86

Bog whortleberry

IA, Kemijärvi, 14.6. 0» 5.6

Cranberry

LA, Kittilä, ?.8. 0 70

a Bel-x the iletection limit. 79

Table XXIX. Radioactive substances in wild leafy vegetables in 1986 (Bq kg-1 fresh weight)

•ttrw.. M»lci(mlity 1031k! 131x 13*1» 140ft, 134oi 136Q. 13^ . 0th» an! MapUna ttate

«MteraUlnMt

M, HtlnKvni. 16.C. 24 10 0» 0 25 0 38 (driari)

tettl*

K, IfcihKvMl. 16.6. 65 16 0 0 33 0 58 («triad)

UU, P»m>>. 23.5. 13 0 0 0 23 0 40

UU, VanUa, 5.5. 730 4880 1670 896 801 259 1450 *5P t »1 10«»u i 360 HCU9. 41 127Sb i 115 12%I»i 830 ilS?" • 170 ***!* i 58 UU, Mm, 38.7. IS 26 ?B* 26

HI. HtlrMvmmi. 16.6. 65 160

UU, tflhja, 14.5. 340 1030 122 67 171 17 280

UU, Mrava, 28.7. 8.6 0 O 0 13 0 » 20* * 67 9&b i 38 i«L ! % I**», 28

' tela» tlw inaction Unit. 80

Table XXX. Radioactive substances in mushrooms in 1986 (Bq kg'1 fresh weight).

Specias, province abbrev., rvr.icipality «Zr "5» nai^g 134c» 137c» 144c and sau?

Lactarius trivialla

Hft, latere, 30.8. 0= o 27X1 554C 0 HS, T»v>ere, 22.10. 0 o 36 81 o RS, Kangasala, S.9.. 0 c 31X 6010 o KE, , 7.9. o o 105 519 o Kr, Lapinlahti, 17.8. o o 37 13* o .tl», Vesanto, 9.9. o o 766 1610 o KU, Leppävirta, 9.9. o o 1400 2830 o

K' Leppävirta, 9.9. o o 1640 3250 o

.,IJ, Suonenjoki, 10.9. o o 617 1230 o

MI, Mäntyharj ,, 15.9. o o 1110 2370 o

PO, Lieksa, 3.9. o o 7.8 150 o

TU, Kokemäki, 2.9. o 5 842 17+0 o

LactArius rufua

HA, Tammela, 17.8. O o 0 21C 435 O HÄ, Tampere, 30.8. O o 0 329 683 o

HÄ, i&neenlinna, 9.9. c o 0 J74 899 o

KE, . B.9. o 3.4 2.2 522 1090 o

KE, Kinnula, 8.9. o O 0 160 390 o

KE, Viitasaari, 9.9. o o 0 74 229 o

KU, Lapinlahti, 27.8. o o 0 i2 52 o

MI, Mäntyharju, 25.8. o o 0 46 190 o

00, Karsfimäki, 2.9. o o 0 4.6 56 o OU, Suomussalmi, 3.9. o o 0 12 66 o 00, Oulu, 8.9. o o 0 2.2 67 o PO, Lieksa, 3.9. o o 0 5.9 147 o TU, Mynämäki, 18.8. o o 0 1000 1920 o TU, Mouhijärvi, 25.8. o o 0 uoo 2220 o TU, , 29.8. o o 0 731 1430 o TU, Viljakkala, 29.8. o o 0 869 1790 o

TO, Västanfjärd, 31.8. o o 0 27 339 o 81

Table XXX. Continued.

SpKcios* province abbrev., nuiicLpaLity 9%r 95* 110B*«J 134QJ 137Q, 144o Other «nrt smiling date

TU. Kok«n»ci, 2.9.

-.-A. HMllahti, 13.8. O O 63 230 O

V», ii.Virl, 16.9. 13 29 55 135 31 "JO: 3.5

Lactarius torsdnosua

tVi, TWrere, 30.8. 0 O 0 768 1660 5.4

W., Karmnrfcoaki, 12.8. 0 O 0 421 963 O

KK, Viitasaari, 7.9. 0 o 0 1400 2920 O

KB. Viitasaari, 7.9. 0 o 0 1080 2180 O

KU, Suonenjoki, 10.9. 0 o 4.8 720 1400 O

*Y, Valkeala, 14.9. 0 o 13 485 950 O

IA. Kemijärvi, 17.8. 0 o 0 44 158 O

MI, SysnK. 8.9. 0 o 14 2510 4600 O

MI. Mkkeli rural oomune, 9.9. 0 o 3.0 450 909 O

Ml. «intyturju, 15.9. 0 o 0 308 652 O

TU, KokeWilti, 2.9. 0 o 30 493 1030 O

TU, Vaumla, 6.9. 0 o 15 1410 S730 O

UU, Liljendal, 9.9. 0 o 13 1040 1960 o

Lactarius detarrim», Lactarius daliciosus

HK, Wmnenlima, 19.8. 0 o 433 880 o

KE, Kuhnoinen, 30.8. 0 o 476 1070 o

LacUriu* nacator

KE, Sanrt jKrvj, 8.9. o 2.7 7.2 19

TU, Kokatfflei, 2.9. o 0 72 167

Lactarius flaxuotus UU, Espoo, 10.8.

LacUriu» thejogalus

HX, IMUSI*, 17.8. 670 1410

Lactiirlus, adscellamous species8

HK, l«n»enllnna, 11.9. 19 1540 3180

» Species inMentified b nelcw the detection limit. 82

Table XXX. Continued.

Species, province abbrev., municipality 95^ 95», HO<*g 134c* 137c» 144c» and sampling date

HS, Hämeenlinna, 11.9. Ob 0 21 1220 256C 0

KE, Karstula, 8.9. 0 0 0 644 1310 0

KY, Kotka, 1.9. 0 0 0 618 1260 0

KY, Vehkalahti, 12.9. 0 0 0 132 351 0

LA, Itovanienu rural camune, 19.8. 0 0 0 3 53 0

LA, Kemijärvi, 11.A, 0 0 0 1.0 25 0

LA Kemijärvi, 14.8. 0 0 0 2.3 65 0

LA, Kemijärvi, 31.8. 0 0 0 44 158 0

LA, Muonio, October 86. 0 0 0 6 126 0

TU, Parkano, 24.8. 0 0 0 826 1750 0

TU, Parkano, 31.8. 0 0 0 352 712 0

TU, Viljakkala, 29.8. 0 0 0 648 1260 0

UU, Vihti, 27.7. 0 0 0 72 19C 0

UU, Mäntsälä, 8.9. 0 0 0 683 1420 0

VA, Vaasa, 11.8. 0 0 0 1150 2320 0

Russula paludosa

KK, Tammela, 17.8. 0 0 1 140 317 0

KU, Iisalmi, 8.9. 0 0 0 20 83 0

TU, Viljakkala, 29.8. 0 0 0 505 1100 0 TU, Viljakkala, 29.8. 0 0 0 654 1410 0

UU, Porvoo, 13.8. 0 0 0 38 122 0 nissula flaun

HA, HämBF.ilinna, 19,8. 0 0 0 180 365 0

H/>, Hämeenlinna, 9.9. 0 0 0 541 1170 0

UU, Espoo, 29.7. 0 0 0 137 301 0

UU, Porvoo, 13.8. 0 0 0 33 12E 0 niasula, miscellaneous species3 HA, Hameenlinna, 19.8. 0 0 0 214 421 HÄ, Hämeenlinna, 9.9. 0 0 0 369 842

•"species unidentifield n Hc'.cw the detection limit. 83

Table XXX. Continued.

Species, province afabrev., municipality 9%b HOi^ 134» 137c 144o Others and sanqpling date »v

KE, Kannonkoski, 12.8. 0» 0 0 230 494 0

LA, ftwanienl rural comune. 27.7. 0 0 0 21 245 0

LA, Rovaniemi rural oannune. 10.8. 0 0 0 1.4 121 0

LA, ftnanieai rural comftaw. 13.8. 0 0 0 0 54 0

LA, Rovanisni rural coranuie. 18.8. 0 0 0 3.2 82 0

IA, Rovanleni rural centime. 19.8. 0 0 0 0 78 0

LA, Salla, 4.8. 0 0 0 3.9 42 0

IA, Salla, 15.8. 0 0 0 0 100 0

IA, Salla, 15.8. 0 0 0 5 26 0

IA, Ksnijarvi, 14.8. 0 0 0 0 50 0

LK, monio, October 86. 0 0 0 0 11 0

MI, Heinola, 18.8. 0 0 0 37 '5 0 140Ba: 4.7

TU, Kiato, 29.7. 0 0 0 37 132 5.9 l«Ce: 1.5

TU, MyntMOci, 18.8. 0 0 2.6 233 505 0

UIJ, Bapoo, 29.7. 0 0 0.9 61 137 0 103^,. 0.9

UU, Espoo, 10.8. 0 0 0 24 213 0

BCUIUS

Boletus edulis. Boletus pinophilus

HA, Itmpsre, 30.8. 0 0 0 35 95 0

m. isnpere, 26.9. 0 0 0 33 75 0

HK, Kuhmlahti-leisko, B.9. 0 0 0 41 98 0

HA, Hämeenlinna, 9.9. 0 0 0 1860 3930 0

MI, Mintyharju, 15.9. 0 0 0 1.5 25 0

UU, Liljendal, 9.9. 0 0 0 28 77 0

VA, Vaasa, 11.8. 0 0 0 4.) 9.8 0

Sulllus «ariegatus

HA, Tsmela, 17.8. 0 0 0 1550 3130 0

HK, Ifempere, 30,8. 0 0 0 1130 2410 0

HK, iKmeenllnna, 9.9. 0 0 0 2450 5210 0

KY, Vehkalahti, 12.9. 0 0 0 242 571 0

IA, Rovaniemi rural a a, 19.8. 0 0 0 0 46 0 84

Table XXX. Continued.

Specie», province abhrev., municipality «Zr ">%«> "°>3 134c» 137& l«*Os and aanpling date

HI, Pieksämäki rural 0» 0 0 ass 1830 0 MI, Mäntyharju, 15.9, 0 0 0 115 409 0 MI. Mäntyharju, 15.9. 0 0 0 1.5 25 0 TU, HynämiOti, 18.fi. 0 0 0 230 512 0

TU, Viljakkala, 29.8, 0 0 s 617 1200 0

Laocinia acabrtM

H}i, Tammela. 17.B. 0 0 0 3320 6680 0 KU, , 4.8. 1.4 0 0 6.2 11 0 103^,. 0.6

TU. Viljakkala. 29.S. 0 0 8 1190 2300 0 VA, Vaan, 11.8. 0 0 0 5.7 14 0

Suillus bovinua

TU, viljnkkala, 29.8. 443

[yecclrua verslpelle' Leccirua aurantiacua, Leccirua vulpinua

H*, Tammia, 17.8. 0 0 0 64 157 0 rlX, Tampere, 30.8. 0 0 0 16 34 0 KU, , 29.7. 0 0 0 71 163 0 IA, Inari, 13.7. 0 0 0 0 72 0 TU, Uusikaupunki, 20.7. 0 0 0 25 60 0 TU, Västanfjärd, 31.fi. 0 0 0 0 94 0 UU, Vihti, 27.7. 0 0 0 0 33 0

UU, Kerava 2B.7. 0 0 0 5.1 33 0

W, ftjotsinpy+itAi, 7.9. 0 0 0 62 144 0 UU, Liljendal, 9 9. 0 0 0 8.6 19 0

Boletus badiua Hd, Tampere, 16.9. 16

Suillus luteue

HÄ, Tampere. 30.8. 81 165

TO, Lieksa, 5,9. 4.2 74

Boletus, miscellaneous specie

KR, Kannonkoski, 28.7. 5.1 5.7 436 844 85

Table XXX. Continued.

Speiies, province anbrev.. «unicipality 95^ 95,», UO-fcj 134c» 137c, 144^ and sampling date

KU, Iisalmi, 8.9. 0» o O 19 83 O KY, Kotka, L.9. 0 0 O 377 769 O IA, Salla, 3.8. 0 0 O 2.2 46 O

IA, Salla, 15.8. 0 0 O O 8.7 O

IA, Kemijärvi, 11.8. 0 0 O 16 118 O

IA, KonijHrvi, 14.8. 0 0 O O 13 O IA, Mjonio, October 86. 0 O 1 65 O TO, Parkano, 24.8. O 0 O 35 74 O

CNnHKKHXUS Oantharellua cibarius

HK, , 26.8. o o O 99 205 O Wi, Hauho, 21.8. o o O 160 311 O

HK, Asikkala, 8.9. o o 2.7 440 875 O

lvv. IKineenlinna, 9.9. o o O L89 474 O

HK, Ta-pere, 22.10. o o O 200 419 O

KE, Karstula, 8.9. 10 18 O 145 348 33 KY, Iitti, 14.7. o o O 115 241 O

KY, Lappeenranta, 13.8. o o O 20 85 O

KY, , 25.8. o o O 13 44 O MI, Mäntyharju, 28.7. o o O 85 271 O Ml, Kangnsnimi, in.8. o o O 46 196 O MI. Heinola, 20.8. o o O 103 219 O MI, Mäntyharju, 25.8. o o O 23 75 O MI, PiekeHmaki, 25.8. o o O 38 112 O TU, uusikaupunki, 21.7. o o O 58 95 O TU, Parainen, 18.8. o o O 19 71 O TU, Västanfjärd, 31.8. o o O 57 136 O UU, Aiotsinpyhtati, 7.9. o o O 298 611 O

CanthareUue tuhaaformU

HK, , 2.1. o o O 2440 4880 O

HK, Toimia, 5.9. o o O 406 1030 O B6

Table XXX. Continued.

Species, frovince llQl^g 134^ abbrev., municipality »» 137ö 1««0B and sampling fate »V

HR, lemeenlinna, 9.9. oa 0 0 623 1280 0

HK, Tamnere, 22.10. 0 0 0 345 1700 0

KY, , 19.9. 0 0 0 455 935 0

TU, nori-Noonnarkku, 7.S. 0 0 0 194 430 0

UU. Rjotsinpyhtää, 7.9. 0 0 0 587 1180 0

UU, Hwihola, 7.9. 0 0 0 38 188 0

cmoaTRA EscuLsrm HÄ, , 10.5. 103^,. 180 131, 1600 l3aTe: 170 l3*C«: 120 140Sa: 110

3 HA, Juupooki, 12.5. 40 ISO 170 320 40 W *!.

KE, Jämsänkoski, 10.5. 130 190 720 1100 0 103ft,, 700 1J1T . 24U0 UJ^. 160 1Jbr»: '.50 400 i>Ukx:: 94

PO, fjejoa, 8.5, 95 100 l°?Ru: 50 131, . 151 iiice.: 87 PO, Kitee, 8.5. 0 0 3.1 103RU: 6 Ull , 20

TIj, Viljakkala,30.4. 260 12f,0 ***> = 620 Wfm„ 750 Ulu 9170 "•*m: 4140 »J*m, 410 1

Til, Viljakkala, 6.5. 330 650 9%t. -. 114 103RU: 110 131, . 1150 132^. 730 '-«**, 200 I4"*»: »no 14V»: 40O 1«'|*1: 170

'->•»*>: 240

Helnw tJw? detection limit. 87

Table XXX. Continued.

Spacles, icovine* atfcrev., mmicipallty »5zr »5» noa^ i34cs 137c 1««0. Othara and «Mailing

TU. Tartu», 12.5. 83 103^ 85 "**•: 37 l*Wl>: 78 1JIT , 393 !•«!»: 31 1*0.: 8 ""to: 37

TU. Marikarvia, 10.6. 2.S 2.7 9.7 23 1.1 lOjRi! 5.1 131t , 3.6 "W 1.5

UU, Kiiktoranal, 8.S. 57 103 14 as.: 108 uij, 630 130 i*%»"*»:. 70

njahna rona^ana

HK, IK—enllr.'a. 19.8. 770 1670

HK, laapara, 30.8. 35 605 1500

HK, Taapara, 22.10. 0 36 01

OR.1t WDULK HUBMBO

Agarlcua caapaatria

UU. Halaiifci, 15.8. 1.7 0.8

Agarleua lang*i

HK, Tanpara, 16.». 2.7 5.1

»caltaa oaparata

HK, (MaMnlinm, 10.9. 0 0 0 840 2070 0

HX, IWI mUnna, 10.9. 0 0 0 1147 2840 0 W, Salla, 4.8. 0 0 0 s. e 85 0

TU, HynaaMti, 18.8. 0 0 0 604 1410 0

TU, Vil**kala. 29.8. 0 0 0 13» 2690 0

TrlcholOBB flavovlram

KU, Kaitala, 29.7. 90 254 88

Table XXX. Continued.

Sfeclaa, province abfarcv., iMiicl(«lity **2r 9^„ luHg 13*C» 137C* 14*0» Othera and eaaplinq data

•aaaatolcaai rapTnliVa

HK, Taapere, 22.10. 0 0 0 307 650 0

BK, Taapere, 22.10. 0 0 0 250 575 0

HS, T»np«r«, 22.10. 0 0 0 372 814 0

Altatrellue ovliu

NX, IfiwMfillnmi, 19.8. 0 0 0 25 52 0

TU. Kiako. 29.1. s 8.6 0 8.7 32 0

Aradllarlalla iwllaa

HX, Taapere, 16.9. 0 0 0 « 21 0

UU, RuotalnpyhtWi, 7.9. 0 0 0 96 184 0

Ontltarallua ocmuoopioida»

HK, -namein, 5.9. 0 0 1.7 76 171 0 103Ri: 3.5

HfljHUlmi m hj^pDthajua HK, Ta*f>ere, 22.10. 0 0 0 886 1820 0

Hy9iqphorue oaaaroptiyllu* I*, HiroenUnna, 9.9. 0 0 0 889 2340 0

Hmmlmopala aurantlaca TU, Viljakkala, 29.8. 0 0 7 184 389 0 TU, Viljakkala, 29.8. 0 0 0 351 692 0 UU, Halaiifci, 22.8. 0 0 0 65 123 0 ttaoallanaoua adlbl* auatirooaa

KU, Iiaalnl, 25.8. 0 0 0 21 86 0 IA, 9odarfcylli, 3.8. 0 0 0 5.7 43 0 LA, Pelkownniatil, 9.8. 0 0 0 17 124 0 LA, Salla, 15.8. 0 0 0 12 247 0

IA, Kanijarvi, 17.8. 0 0 0 1 62 0

MI, Kangaeniani, 21,7. 4 5.2 0.3 46 101 0 103»i, 2.5 l«Ci. 3.5 OO, Nirvaniani, 11.9. 0 0 0 3 43 FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY P.O.Box 268, SF-00101 HELSINKI, FINLAND Institute of Radiation Physics (SFL) 1958 - 1975 Institute of Radiation Protection (STL) 1975 - 1984 Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety (STUK) since 1st March 1984 Report code prefix letters (representing the acronym of the Finnish name of the institution) have been changed with the names of the institution. Report numbers continue in the original progressive series. SFL-A reports: SFL-A2 Castren, 0. Gammaspectrometric determinations of caesium-137 and potassium in Finnish milk. Helsinki, 1966. SFL-A3 Paakkola, O. Radiostrontium in milk, grass and some other biological samples in Finland. Helsinki, 1966. SFL-A4 Salo, A. Strontium-90 and caesium-137 in water in Finland. Helsinki, 1966. SFL-A5 Castren, O. An Algol programme for the detection efficiences around a cylindrical scintillation cristal. Helsinki, 1966. SFL-A6 Suomela, M. The construction and calibration of the whole- body counter in the Institute of Radiation Physics. Helsinki, 1967. SFL-A7 Toivonen, M. On routine personnel dosimetry with fluoroglasses. Helsinki, 1967. SFL-A8 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland. Annual report. Helsinki, 1967. SFL-A9 Bagge, P. and Salo, A. Biological detectors of ra­ dioactive contamination in the Baltic. Helsinki, 1967. SFL-A10 Isola, A. A portable survey meter for low-level radia­ tion measurements. Helsinki, 1967. SFL-A11 Toivonen, M. and Isola, A. On the exposure of radiolo­ gical employees in Finland during 1965-1967. Helsinki, 1968. SFL-A12 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland 1967. Annual report. Helsinki, 1968. SFL-A13 Toivonen, M. An arrangement for read-out of luminescent dosimeters. Helsinki, 1969. SFL-A14 Kahlos, H. Radon-222 concentration of some water samples determine with gammaspectrometric measurements. Helsinki, 1969. 2

SFL-A15 Asikainen, M. and Blomqvist, L. Measurements of airborne radionuclide In Finland with a highvolume air sampler and Ge(Ll)-spectroscopy. Helsinki, 1970. 5FL-A16 Kahlos, H. and Suomela, M. Studies on the elimination rate and the radiation exposure following ingestion of radon-222 rich water. Helsinki, 1970. SFL-A17 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland 1968- 1970. Annual report. Helsinki, 1971. SFL-A18 Rannikko, S., Uotila, I. and Kiviniitty, K. Measure­ ments of radiation output of telecobalt units in Finland. Helsinki, 1971. SFL-A19 Kahlos, H. and Asikainen, M. Natural radioactivity of ground water in the Helsinki area. Helsinki, 1973. SFL-A20 Salo, A. and Saxen, R. On the role of humlc substan­ ces in tha transport of radionuclides. Helsinki, 1974. STL-A reports: STL-A21 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland 1971- 1975. Annual report. Helsinki, 1977. STL-A22 Bjarland, B. The Hytype printer as versatile output device in small NOVA configurations. Helsinki, 1976.

STL-A23 Uotila, I. CAMAC extension for BASIC on the NOVA 1200 minicomputer. Helsinki, 1976. STL-A24 Asikainen, M. and Kahlos, H. Natural radioactivity of ground and surface water in Finland - Pohja- ja pinta- vesien luonnollinen radioaktiivisuus Suomessa. Helsinki, 1977. STL-A25 Rannikko, S. J. and Sinitsin, R. V. (ed.). Clinical dosimetry: proceedings of the Soviet- Finnish Cooperati - ve Meeting on Clinical Dosimetry, 6-10 December 1976, Leningrad USSR. Helsinki, 1979. STL-A26 Studies on environmental radioactivity :n Finland 1976- 1977. Annual report. Helsinki, 1979. STL-A27 Toivonen, M. Individual TL detector characteristics in automated processing of personnel dosemeters: correction factors as extension to Identify codes of dosemeter cards. Helsinki, 1979. STL-A28 Bjarland, B. Microcomputer control of automated TL reader. Helsinki, 1979. STL-A29 Stenstrand, K., Toivonen, H., Rytömaa, T. Radiation- induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes: dose-response relationships after Irradiation in vitro with 200 kV X-rays and 60-Co gamma rays. Helsinki, 1979. 3

STL-A30 Toivonen, H. A flexible multipurpose model for normal and transient cell kinetics. Helsinki, 1980. STL-A31 Toivonen, H. Transient cell kinetics. Applications of tracer techniques to cancer research and radiobiology. Helsinki, 1980. STL-A32 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland 1978. Helsinki, 1980. STL-A33 Rantanen, E. Calibration of neutron rem counters: discussion on different results obtained in two labora­ tories. Helsinki, 1980. STL-A34 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland 1979. Helsinki, 1981. STL-A35 Rannikko, S. Concept of the population mean malignancy dose. Helsinki, 1981. STL-A36 Rannikko, S., Heinämaa, R. Number of medical X-ray examinations, their distribution and doses to bone marrow in 1978. Helsinki, 1981. STL-A37 Rannikko, S. Problems concerning the assessment of the radiation dose to population as a result of X-ray examinations. Helsinki, 1981. STL-A38 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland 1980. Helsinki, 1981. STL-A39 Asikainen, M. Natural radioactivity of ground water and drinking water in Finland. Helsinki, 1982. STL-A40 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland 1981. Helsinki, 1983. STL-A41 Rajama, J., Rantavaara, A. Radioactivity in Finnish cereals from 1962 to 1980. Helsinki, 1982. STL-A42 Turai, I. and Toivonen, H. Radiohygiene of fission isotopes of iodine: experiments in rats and model studies in man. Helsinki, 1983. STL-A43 Servcmaa, A., Toivonen, M. and Kiuru, A. Mailed TL dosimeters for monitoring the output from diagnostic x-ray equipment. Helsinki, 1983. STL-A44 Servomaa, A. Significance of x-ray diagnostic quality assurance in terms of radiation Impact to patients. Helsinki, 1983. STL-A45 Suomela, M. Whole-body counter studies in radiation protection and clinical research. Helsinki, 1983. STL-A46 Arvela, H. A Nordic inttrcomparlson and evaluation of the detector responses to natural environmental gamma radiation. Helsinki, 1983. 4

STL-A47 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland 1982. Helsinki, 1984. STL-A48 Studies on environmental radioactivity In Finland 1983. Helsinki, 1984. STUK-A reports: STUK-A49 Tarvainen, M. and Riihonen, M. Spent fuel measure­ ments at Loviisa nuclear power station. May, 1982. Helsinki, 1984. STUK-A50 Järvinen, H., Rannikko, S. and Servomaa, A. Report on the Nordic-Soviet meeting on standard and applied dosimetry. Helsinki 9-11 November 1983. Helsinki, 1984. STUK-A51 Arvela, H. and Winqvist, K. Influence of source type and air exchange on variations of indoor radon concentration. Helsinki, 1986. STUK-A52 Ekenstam, G. af and Tarvainen, M. Independent burnup verification of BWR-type nuclear fuel by means of the 137Cs activity. Helsinki, 1987. STUK-A53 Järvinen, H., Rantanen, E. and Jokela, K. Testing of radiotherapy dosimeters in accordance with IEC specification. Helsinki, 1986. STUK-A54 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland 1984-1985. Annual report. Helsinki, 1987. (to be published in 1987) STUK-A55 Studies on environmental radioactivity in Finland in 1986. Annual report. Helsinki, 1987. (to be publis­ hed in 1987) STUK-A56 Sinkko, K., Aaltonen, H., Taipale, T. K. and Juuti­ lainen, J. Airborne radioactivity in Finland after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 1 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. STUK-A57 Saxen, R., Taipale, T. K. and Aaltonen, H. Radioactivi­ ty of wet and dry deposition and soil in Finland after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 2 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. STUK-A58 Rantavaara, A. and Haukka, S. Radioactivity of milk, meat, cereals and other agricultural products in Finland after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 3 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. (to be published In 1987) STUK-A59 Rantavaara, A. Radioactivity of vegetables and mush­ rooms In Finland after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 4 to an.mal report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. 5

STUK-A60 Saxen, R. and Aaltonen, H. Radioactivity of surface water in Finland after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 5 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. STUK-A61 Saxen, R. and Rantavaara, A. Radioactivity of fresh water fish in Finland after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 6 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsin­ ki, 1987. (in print) STUK-A62 Rantavaara, A., Nygren, T., Nygren, K. and Hyvönen, T. Radioactivity of game meat in Finland after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 7 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. (to be published in 1987) STUK-A63 Rissanen, K., Rahola, T., Hiukka, E. and Alfthan, A. Radioactivity of reindeer, game and fish in Finnish Lapland after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supple­ ment 8 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. (to be published in 1987) STUK-A64 Rahola, T., Suomela, M., Hiukka, E., Puhakainen, M. and Pusa, S. Radioactivity of people in Finland after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 9 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. STUK-A65 Arvela, H., Blomqvist, L., Lemmelä, H., Savolainen, A-L. and Sarkkula, S. Environmental gamma radiation measurements in Finland and the influence of the meteo­ rological conditions after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 10 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsin­ ki, 1987. STUK-A66 Hus, E., f.jöblom, K-L., Saxen, R., Aaltonen, H. and Taipale, T. K. Finnish studies on radioactivity in the Baltic sea after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 11 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. STUK-A67 Uus, E., Sjöblom, K-L., Aaltonen, H., Klemola, S. and Arvela, H. Monitoring of radioactivity in the environs of Finnish nuclear power stations in 1986. Supplement 12 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. STUK-A68 Puhakainen, M., Rahola, T. and Suomela, M. Radioacti­ vity of sludge after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Supplement 13 to annual report STUK-A55. Helsinki, 1987. (to be published in 1987) STUK-A69 Salmenhaara, S. and Tarvainen, M. Nondestructive measurements with a WWER-440 fuel assembly model using neutron and gamma sources. Helsinki, 1987. ISBN 951-47 0490 8 ISSN 0781 1705