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Otways Wildlife Guide , Birds, Tracks & Scats

1 Contents

About the Otways 3 Otways Map 3 Wildlife in the Otways 4

Mammals of the Otways 5 Eastern Grey 6 Red-shouldered 7 8 Long-Nosed 9 Southern Brown Bandicoot 10 Short-Beaked Echidna 11 12 Tiger Quoll 13

Birds of the Otways Galah 14 Nankeen Kestrel Superb Fairywren Southern Boobook Crimson Rosella Willie Wagtail Striated Pardalote 15 Pied Currawong Gang-gang Cockatoo Australian Magpie Laughing Kookaburra New-Holland Honeyeater Eastern Yellow Robin 16 Australasian Gannet Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo Wedge-Tail Eagle King Parrot White-Browed Scrubwren

2 1. of Lorne The Otways We acknowledge the traditional owners of the majestic Otways - the Gadubanud, the Gulidjan, the Kirrae Wurrung and the Wadawurrung - and their continuing connection to land, water and culture, and we pay our respects to elders 2. Heathlands of Gellibrand past, present and emerging. The Otway Ranges derive their name from Cape Otway, named in 1800 after Captain William Otway (1755-1815). Renowned for its rugged coastline, wild oceans, secluded beaches, imposing , dense gullies, pounding waterfalls and quiet rivers, the Otways includes the Otway Park and the Great Otway National Park, which stretches along the Great Ocean Road from Torquay to 3. Eucalypt of Apollo Bay Port Campbell, Cape Otway to Colac, and up through the Otway Ranges. Proclaimed in 2005 with the amalgamation of several smaller state, national and local government parks, as well as several private properties, the area now protects over 140,000 hectares for conservation and community. Such a diverse landscape supports an abundance of native flora and fauna species, many of which are found nowhere Colac4. Aire River wetlands else in the world, and some of which are rare and threatened. Birregurra Conservation of the wildlife and the upon which they depend is critical for their continued existence, and indeed the health and resilience of ecosystems. Deans Marsh We hope this guide will help you as you explore this beautiful region. Step softly and look carefully – you will soon come to recognise the flora and fauna and see signs of life all around.

Welcome to the magnificent Otways. 5. Limestone coastline Timboon

1 Lorne 2

Port Campbell

Princetown 3

Apollo Bay 4 5

Scale: 5km N

3 The tiny Otways Black Snails are carnivorous and hunt down invertebrates that stray into their path. You might spot their beautiful black, shiny shells glinting in the damp undergrowth. Up in the trees, at dawn and dusk, you may see Sugar Wildlife Gliders. Just the size of your , they launch themselves from the branches, spreading the folds of skin between their legs to glide great distances between the trees. Large white in the Sulphur Crested Cockatoos wheel in flocks to land in the trees, shattering the silence with their raucous shrieks before taking off again, leaving behind just a couple of feathers, and Otways peace. And high up in the Manna Gums, look carefully for the sleepy , dozing and feeding on the fragrant leaves. Every inhabitant of the Otways is These are just a few of the thousands of species that inhabit remarkable, and some species are found the Otways. Nearly all are shy and elusive, and many are nocturnal, venturing out at nightfall to graze or hunt. Seeing nowhere else on earth. them is both a challenge and a privilege – as a wildlife watcher we need to learn to be quiet, calm, gentle and respectful.

Observe a few guidelines: • Move slowly, speak softly, listen carefully and keep alert. • Wear soft clothing that doesn’t crunch or rub as you walk. Dress appropriately for the terrain and the weather conditions. • Carry a first aid kit, drinking water, a rain coat and sunhat – weather in the Otways can change quickly and it is important to be prepared. • Stick to established tracks – moving off the paths may damage vegetation and scare away , or trigger a fight response if they feel threatened. • Never, ever feed wildlife. They have adapted to their own natural diets and feeding them may change their natural behaviours or make them sick. • Wild animals can have a range of parasites and bacteria, some of which can affect humans. If you want to examine scats, use a stick and wash your thoroughly. • If you accidentally encounter an at close quarters, stand still and allow them to move away. If they don’t move, back away slowly. Animals in the Otways are not dangerous, but can be aggressive if they feel trapped. • Watch out for snakes. They will not want to attack or threaten you, they just happen to be using the same path as you. Remain vigilant and relaxed and, if you should see a snake, immediately and calmly alert others in your group, and make sure everyone stands absolutely still until the snake moves away. You can also observe snakes safely from a distance – they are extremely beautiful. For safety always carry a snake-bite bandage in your first aid kit. • There are many roads and tracks through the Otways, fringed by tall trees, long grass and understorey. Drive carefully, especially at dawn and dusk because animals such as and feed on the vegetation alongside the road. Hard to spot, they need to cross the roads to reach their feeding sites and when alarmed they can jump out suddenly in front of cars. • If you see injured animals, contact Wildlife on 03 8400 7300. Qualified staff will be able to decide on the best course of action and despatch local wildlife carers to help.

4 Koala Koalas are specialised (leaf eaters) and their diet consists exclusively of the leaves of a small number (20-30 species) of eucalypts. In the Otways koalas prefer Manna Gum, Messmate, but can also eat Swamp Gum, Brookers Gum, Blue Gum and Mountain Grey Gum. Using their strong claws, koalas can quickly climb the tallest trees and grasp the leaves with their two-thumbed paws. These gum leaves contain toxic compounds so, when weaning, the mother feeds her young joey with her droppings, Tracks providing the micro-organisms from her intestine that are The most noticeable tracks left needed for . Koalas need to sleep for around 18-20 by koalas are on the tree trunks hours each day to conserve energy and help digest the toxins. where their sharp claws leave scratch marks in the bark. Like many Australian mammals, koalas are . Tracks on the ground are rarely Their newly born joeys are blind, pink and hairless and weigh seen but are distinctive with a less than a gram – rather like a jelly bean. The tiny joey crawls ‘double ’ on their forepaw. to the , attaches to the mother’s teat and stays safely Their hind paw is angled with a in her pouch for many months until they are big enough to single inner-thumb print, and climb onto her back. Koala joeys stay with their mothers four forward pointing toes. for around one . Mature males have a in the middle of their chests Scats that they rub on trees to mark their , as koalas prefer to live solitary lives, only coming together to mate in the Koala scat is a round elongated oval, greenish brown, with fine spring. This gland leaves a brown stain on the males’ white matter throughout. It is chests, which can be useful for identifying sexes in the field. greenest when fresh, and turns Koala numbers have been declining in areas inhabited a darker brown within a few by humans, and they have been particularly affected by days. It can look similar land clearing and by deaths from cars and dog attacks. to Brush-Tail Possum scat but The changing climate, bringing drought and extreme wildfires, is generally larger and has a is another major threat to their wellbeing and survival. pleasant scent. Look out for piles of koala scat Too precious to lose, koalas are still relatively abundant underneath their favourite in the Otways. Look for them high up in the forest canopy. feeding trees.

5

All kangaroos belong to the family, meaning ‘big foot’. Their huge hind feet enable them to move very quickly – as fast as 60km per hour – balancing with their strong muscular tails. They can also swim, use their forepaws to drown predators and they have excellent hearing and keen eyesight. Like koalas, kangaroos are marsupials. Instead of the foetus growing within a placenta, the female gives birth to a tiny, Tracks hairless , around the size of a jelly bean after only one Kangaroos leave distinctive month’s gestation. The newborn joey climbs from the birth canal tracks due to pentapedal to the mother’s pouch where it latches on to one of her teats. walking which uses their tail, For at least six months the tiny joey stays in the pouch, then front and back legs. Each print is when it has grown sufficiently, it can hop out and move around generally aligned along the base. to eat grass, while staying close to its mother for safety. It takes When hopping, only the toes of around 18 months before the joey is independent. kangaroos make contact with the ground which can make it While females typically give birth to one joey each year, harder to distinguish between kangaroos are unique in that they are able to keep extra wallaby tracks. Kangaroo tracks in a dormant state, known as ‘embryonic diapause’, are larger, and have shorter until the first joey leaves the pouch. The mothers are able to outside toes in relation to the have a juvenile joey at their feet, a younger one in the pouch and large middle toe, with more a dormant embryo all at the same time. If conditions are harsh separation between the paw (say in times of drought) the embryo will remain dormant until pads. The small fused inside times improve. toes rarely leave prints. Eastern Grey Kangaroos are the second largest of the numerous kangaroo species. Males grow up to 1.8m tall and weigh Scats 60-70kg, while females can reach 1.5m tall and weigh up to Kangaroos have variable scats 35kg. They like to live in family ‘mobs’ and can be found depending on the moisture on the luscious pasture of the open grasslands or, in hot or content of their diet. They are chilly weather, sheltering in the woodlands. a dark colour with a smooth Most active between dusk and dawn, kangaroos eat leaves, fern, surface, dark brown outside flowers, fruits and moss. Like cattle, they regurgitate their , and typically a green-brown chewing it twice before it passes through their stomach. They colour with vegetation material prefer to drink from open water sources, but when desperate inside. Scats are around 2-3cm wide, and formed in irregular they can dig deep holes to search for water. round or square pellets, Presently, Eastern Grey Kangaroos thrive in the Otways, but as sometimes in a connected land is developed they are in danger of losing their . clump of four to ten pellets.

6 Tracks Similar to kangaroos, Red-Shouldered Wallabies have an elongated toe print which can make it difficult to distinguish Red their tracks from kangaroos. Wallabies generally have a shorter, more solid print without Shouldered distinction between the toepads. Wallaby Scats Red-Shouldered Wallabies have The Red-Shouldered Wallaby has a light grey to brown coat, variable scats depending on the moisture content of their diet. a noticeable reddish brown patch across the back of the neck, They are a dark colour with a a white strip along the upper lip and light inner ear . They live smooth surface and green-yellow in patchy and grassland, and are most common in colour with mixed dense drier forests. They eat a range of soft grasses, woody shrubs, vegetation material. The scats and herbs. Red-Shouldered Wallabies are a solitary species, are around 2-3cm wide, and usually seen alone or as a mother with her joey. formed in irregular round or Red-Shouldered Wallabies are larger and lighter in colour than square pellets, sometimes with tapered ends. Less commonly the swamp wallaby and can be distinguished by the light colour they can be connected in a around their ears. string of four to six pellets.

7 Swamp Wallaby

Looking very like small kangaroos, Swamp Wallabies are darker than their Eastern Grey Kangaroo cousins and have reddish Tracks brown or cream coloured bellies, with dark patches on the Similar to Eastern Grey tips of their noses, tail, legs and forelimbs. Found throughout Kangaroo and Red-Shouldered the forests and woodlands of the Otways, they tend to live Wallaby tracks, Swamp solitary lives and are generally very timid. Wallabies have an elongated hind paw print, with two clear Swamp Wallabies are members of the family so toes that are connected to the (like kangaroos and koalas) the female gives birth to a tiny pad. It can be difficult to hairless embryo which makes its way through her fur to the distinguish between types of safety of her pouch. It remains there for six months or so wallabies, but generally Swamp before venturing out to eat grass but staying close until it Wallabies prints have a shorter is around a year old. second toe, a larger pad, and are smaller than red-shouldered Despite their name, Swamp Wallabies live in a range of wallaby prints. habitats throughout the Otways. They avoid open grasslands, farms and paddocks and prefer patches of dense understorey for protection. Scats They can often be found in or at the edge of the bush, choosing Swamp Wallabies usually fresh young , fungi and , or grazing on the grasses at produce unsegmented the side of the road. This makes them particularly vulnerable to cylindrical scats making them cars, which probably cause more deaths than animal predators an easy macropod scat to as these little wallabies are often foraging at dusk and are hard identify. Typically, scats are to spot. 3-4cm in diameter with a black coating and a brown interior Swamp Wallabies are unique in that their gestation takes longer when broken. Swamp Wallabies than their oestrus cycle. This means that a Swamp Wallaby can will eat a range of vegetation, be pregnant with two different offspring, with different fathers, including woody plants, which at different ages, in different wombs at the same time, and results in a coarse varied while still suckling an older 10-12 month old joey. texture in their scats.

8 Long-Nosed Potoroo

Long-Nosed are reddish-brown to grey small marsupials that live in both wet and dry forests and coastal woodlands. They weigh around 1kg and grow to 20-25cm tall. At first glance, they look very much like bandicoots, but when they hop away with their front feet tucked into their chests they show a closer resemblance to members Tracks of the kangaroo family. Their characteristic long noses are Because of their preference tapered, with a naked patch of skin extending onto the snout. for dense understory habitat, Their tails are semi-prehensile, sparsely-furred and usually it is rare to find potoroo tracks. have a white tip. They are used to grasp mosses, grass and The hind paw leaves two toe claws and a faint trailing imprint, bark for carrying to their nests. all of which is around 8.5cm Long-Nosed Potoroos require low, dense vegetation that long. The forepaw has five enables them to hide from predators and wetter areas that claws which is the main way produce their favourite – fungi and seeds. Fungi are to distinguish potoroo from very important in the potoroos’ diet, and they consume bandicoot tracks. around 50 species in the winter months, and more plants, It is easier to find the hollow fruits and flowers in the summer. cone shaped diggings formed when potoroos burrow for fungi. After sniffing the ground to locate a possible food source, These can be found throughout the potoroos use their long, slightly curved claws on their the soil of potoroo’s habitat, front feet to dig it up. Like and bandicoots, sometimes partly covered by Long-Nosed Potoroos disturb the soil when they are digging. loose vegetation. This keeps the soils in the forest floor healthy and aerated, with the fungi spores released and spread as the animals forage, all contributing to a balanced ecosystem. Scats Female Long-Nosed Potoroos reach sexual maturity around Potoroo scat is typically one year of age, and raise one young per pregnancy, but can 2-3cm long and cylindrical, produce up to four young each year. with a dark brown or black colour, and a smooth mud-like As with most small marsupials, the Long-Nosed Potoroos’ major coating. It is rare to find predators are foxes and cats, and much habitat has been lost potoroo scat as it is generally through urbanisation and . Inappropriate fire regimes, buried when they dig for food, with more severe and frequent fires, destroy the understorey, or lost in fallen vegetation taking away the shelter that is vital for small animals. on the floor of their habitat.

9 Southern Brown Tracks Bandicoot Southern Brown Bandicoot tracks are similar to potoroo Southern Brown Bandicoots are shy, small, nocturnal tracks, but have a wider toe marsupials with backwards-facing pouches. They have spread on the hind paw, only a shiny, brindled brown coat, often with a dark black stripe three pad impressions on the along their back, and with a cream or pale-yellow belly and forepaw, and a smaller overall a short thin tail. They live in a variety of habitats, from track size. Bandicoots in the heaths and woodlands to rainforests, preferring to build Otways inhabit the same types of dense understory habitats as their nests from grasses and other plant materials in potoroos, so it is difficult to find the dense vegetation of the understorey. their tracks. It is also almost At night, they emerge to feed on insects, larvae, earthworms impossible to distinguish tracks and plants. As they search for insects in the soil, they dig between the different species of using their short powerful front legs to make small conical bandicoot, though the location holes. These help with soil aeration and seed dispersal. of the track can be used as Like many smaller native marsupials, Southern Brown a guide. Bandicoots help keep the ecosystem healthy. Males and females prefer solitary lives and establish home Scats ranges that vary in size, depending on habitat. They breed up to four times a year and have the shortest gestation Scats of southern brown period (about 11 days) of any marsupial. They can give birth bandicoots are difficult to find as they often cover their scats to up to five young which are underdeveloped and furless, with soil while digging for food. measuring around 1cm when born, and take three months Bandicoots have dark 1cm to live independently. diameter cylindrical scats, with They tend to travel on all four feet, rather than hopping, but tapering at one end. When fresh they will occasionally stand to check out their surroundings. they have a strong ‘old meat’ smell, and will have plant Unfortunately, since European settlement, land clearing and material and insect parts increased bushfire intensity have combined with introduced when broken. It is difficult to foxes and cats to significantly reduce the distribution of distinguish bandicoot scats ©Rob Russell southern brown bandicoots. between species.

10 Tracks Echidnas have specialised feet for digging into rotten logs, termite mounds or ant hills which makes them easy to identify. Their short legs also Short-Beaked mean that they usually drag their feet leaving long, nearly continuous tracks. In wetter Echidna areas tracks can be hard to identify, but echidna diggings Echidnas are , a group of egg-laying mammals are distinctive in that they usually form a large dig out, with that include the . Once their single egg has hatched, a unique indentation where their the smooth and hairless baby echidnas, called ‘puggles’, nose was pushed into the soil. are held in their mother’s pouch, suckling milk for around 3 months until they start to develop their spines. Still too small to be independent, puggles will stay with their mothers until Scats they are 6 months old, continuing to suckle while also starting to eat ants and termites. Echidnas’ beaks are specially designed Echidna scats are long cylinders made of up dirt and to poke into rotten logs or ant hills where their long sticky insect fragments and variable tongue will lap up insects for them to eat. in shade depending on the Echidnas can be found in a variety of habitats, including wet local soil colour. When fresh and dry forests, scrublands, grasslands and along coastlines. they have a strong earthy smell, You will often find them walking along roads or tracks as they but when old they quickly dry move around their large home ranges looking for food. out, becoming brittle and often fragmenting into several pieces. Their hardened quills provide them with protection from They can be found anywhere, predators, and when threatened they bury themselves into but are most common around the ground to hide their softer belly. diggings and ant hills.

11 Common Ringtail Tracks Highly adapted to life in trees, Common Ringtail Possums Possum seldom come down to the ground so it’s incredibly rare Common Ringtail Possums can be found anywhere there are to find their tracks. large trees, including urban cities, parks and scrubland, though they prefer habitat with continuous trees such as forests. They are nocturnal, and are more easily spotted with a torch Scats after dark. Common Ringtail Possums love eating berries, fruits, Although they eat their soft flowers, nectar and tree sap. Unique in marsupials, they have scats during the day, at night a two-stage digestive strategy, so during the day while sleeping, they produce a second ‘hard’ they produce a soft faecal material that they reingest to extract scat of indigestable material. the maximum nutrient value. These scats are cylndrical, They occasionally use tree hollows or artificial nest boxes similar to a koala’s except smaller at only 1cm diameter. during the day, but usually will build communal nests out of The surface is typically twigs and leaves called ‘dreys’. A group of possums is called granulated, with very fine plant a ‘passel’, for ringtails, this generally consists of a breeding material inside, and both ends adult pair, their dependant offspring, and immature sub-adult rounded. They can be deposited offspring from the previous year. They will nest together for singularly, but usually in groups body warmth during winter, and protection from predators. of three to six scats.

12 Tiger Quoll

Also known as Spotted-tailed Quolls, the Tiger Quoll is the largest carnivorous marsupial on mainland . Related to the now extinct Thylacine, Tiger Quolls are found in rainforests and woodlands across the eastern states of Australia and make their dens in rock crevices, hollow trees and logs. Lithe, strong predators, Tiger Quolls are marsupials, giving birth to tiny joeys the size of a grain of rice that crawl into Tracks the mother’s pouch where they stay for two to three months before moving to her back, using their sharp teeth and Tiger Quoll are rare, so it claws to cling on. would be extremely rare (though wonderful) to find their tracks. Tiger Quolls prey on small mammals, insects and birds. They are ferocious hunters with extraordinarily strong jaws and can take prey up to five times their own size. They lead Scats solitary lives and can cover considerable distances each Tiger Quoll scats have a night, with home ranges of up to 500 hectares. distinctive musky smell and Trapped and killed in the past, with bounties offered for may contain hairs and bones. their skins, these days tiger quolls are increasingly rare and They are most likely to be found threatened by foxes, feral cats and dogs, and by destruction in prominent places such as of their habitat. on logs, or rocks. In areas of higher quoll population density, Although they are considered nocturnal, Tiger Quolls enjoy quolls may create communal basking in the warm sunshine, so one day you may be fortunate latrine sites where dozens of enough to catch sight of one of these precious animals. scats can accumulate.

13 Birds of the Otways The habitats of the Otways support Galah Nankeen hundreds of species of birds, some The most common of the Kestrel cockatoo species, this bird One of the smaller birds that live here year round, and others has a bright pink body, grey of prey, this keen hunter wings and tail, and small that migrate seasonally. These are can often be seen along white crest on its head. just some of the species you are likely coastlines throughout the Otways where it hunts in the to see across the Otways. open scrub and grassland alongside tracks. It has a white belly and throat, with black wing and tail tips and pale brown upper parts with white cheeks.

Superb Southern Crimson Willie Fairy-Wren Boobook Rosella Wagtail Usually seen in a family group The boobook has distinctive Common throughout the A small mostly black bird of 4-12, they flutter around dark facial disks, rimmed Otways, rosellas can often with a white belly and dense understorey vegetation in white, green eyes and be seen feeding on seeds and eyebrows. They are known throughout the Otways a yellow, short grey beak. berries on the side of roads, for their curious personality feeding on insects and Its upper parts are dark tracks or carparks. They have and their flamboyant tail berries. The fairy-wren is brown, its chest is speckled a bright red body, and vibrant movements when foraging. a small sparrow sized bird, brown and white and blue along the leading edge Found across Australia, they with a dull grey-brown upper becomes solid white down of their wings, tail and cheek. can be seen throughout the and cream belly. Females to the tail. Found in woodland Their back and wings have Otways, including in towns, have a rufous streak around and forests of the Otways, black spots. Juveniles are beaches and forests. the eye, and males have pairs will call to each other mottled green that changes a black throat, tail and eye while in a soft into the red of adults as streak, brilliant blue cap, ‘Boo book’. they grow. and cheek flushes.

14 Birds of the Otways Striated Pied Pardalote Currawong A shy bird, they spend most Pied Currawongs are found of their time in tall trees of throughout the Otways in old forests in the Otways. forests and scrubland. They have black wings and They have a large black bill tail tips, a grey upper body, with hooked tip, a black body and a creamy underside with with a large white crescent a central yellow patch and a towards the end of the wings, white eyebrow with a yellow a white patch at the base of patch near the beak. the tail and a yellow eye on the tail tip. They can form large flocks (up to 200 birds) before pairing off to breed in spring.

Gang-Gang Australian Laughing New-Holland Cockatoo Magpie Kookaburra Honeyeater Found in wet forests in the Of no relation to the European The Laughing Kookaburra In the Otways, honeyeaters Otways, Gang-Gang Magpie, this feisty black and is named for its rowdy laugh can be found where there are Cockatoos can gather in white bird is conspicuous that echoes through the bush. flowering plants, including flocks of up to 20 individuals. throughout forests, woodlands They are found in forests and forests, grasslands and They are a slate grey colour, and grasslands in the Otways. woodlands, or grasslands with towns. This small bird has a often with speckled white on Their warbling call is a nearby trees. This kookaburra black back, a white and black the tips of their feathers. The highlight of the dawn chorus. is the largest of the kingfisher freckled chest, white cheek males have a distinctive red During spring they become family, with a cream body, patches and a yellow spot on head and small crest, and the territorial around their nest a brown streak around its its wings. While foraging for females have a grey head sites and will chase off eyes or crown, and brown nectar, they often collect a with speckled red and yellow trespassers, and can remember wings speckled with blue. patch of yellow pollen above through their chest. and recognise humans. It has a large bill with a dark their beak. upper and pale lower.

15 Birds of the Otways Eastern Australasian Yellow Robin Gannet These robins are usually found A large seabird which can in pairs or groups of adults and most commonly be seen sub-adult offspring in mid-story diving for fish off the coast, trees along tracks. They are particularly along rocky small birds with a striking shorelines. They can travel yellow chest and underside, huge distances and can olive brown to grey head, back fly between the Otways and tail, and a black beak with and New Zealand in search a dark brown eye. They often of food or mates. have a white streak on their cheek and sometimes a faint white streak on their eyebrows. Their strident peep-peep call can be heard in the forests.

Yellow-Tailed Wedge-Tail King Parrot White-Browed Black Cockatoo Eagle One of the royal parrots, King Scrubwren Parrot males have a brilliant A black-bodied cockatoo Australia’s largest bird of A small but very vocal bird, red head and underbelly, with with a yellow tail, and yellow prey with a wingspan of up scrubwrens live in large green wings and tail, and often cheek spot. They often travel to 2.3 metres. Usually seen family groups in dense a deep blue patch at the base in pairs or small groups, in flight – its distinctive wedge understory vegetation, of the tail and a light green with individuals calling to shaped tail and large size particularly around water strip along their wings. each other with beautiful makes it easy to identify. sources and coastlines. Females are similar, except calls. Found across the They hunt over open grasslands Not a particularly colourful they have a green head, and Otways wherever there are or woodlands, and usually nest bird, they have a brown back a light green to yellow throat tall trees. A shy bird for its in tall trees. They have large and wings, a grey belly and a patch (pictured). Found near size, they will often startle home ranges and will rotate speckled white chest. Their dense forests, they are usually when approached. hunting grounds depending distinctive white eyebrows seen in pairs, and can often be on food availability. give them a constant spotted in urban areas where scowling appearance. there are ample tall trees.

16 ©CEC Publishing www.conservationecologycentre.org Written by Jack Dickson, Conservation Ecology Centre Photos by Regent Photography, unless otherwise specified 17