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The Land League (1879-82)
Oughterard and Kilannin: The Land League (1879-82) Please check the following page(s) for clarification. Issues are highlighted in [red] in the transcribed text. Michael Davitt (1846-1906) Davitt, founder of the Land League, was the son of an evicted Mayo tenant. He was imprisoned for fifteen years in 1870 on charges of Fenian conspiracy in England. Released from Dartmoor prison in 1877 on ‘ticket of leave’, he returned to Ireland. He staged a mass meeting at Irishtown, Co. Mayo, on 20th April, 1879. This demonstration was called to protest against excessive rents and was attended by over 10,000. Other large meetings followed and the movement quickly spread from Mayo to Connaught and then throughout the country. The Irish National Land League was founded in Dublin on 21st October, 1879, with C. S. Parnell as its president. The objects of the Land League were 1) to reduce rack rents and 2) to obtain the ownership of the soil by its occupiers, i.e. tenant ownership. During the Land War (1879-82), Davitt wrote that the landlords were “a brood of cormorant vampires that has sucked the life blood out of the country.” The Land League was a non-violent mass movement but it used the methods of publicity, moral intimidation and boycott against landlords and land grabbers who broke the Land League code. This popular movement achieved a remarkable degree of success. Within a generation of its founding, by the early 20th century, most of the tenant farmers of Ireland had become owners of their farms and the landlord system, which had dominated Ireland for centuries, had been ended. -
Michael Davitt 1846 – 1906
MICHAEL DAVITT 1846 – 1906 An exhibition to honour the centenary of his death MAYO COUNTY LIBRARY www.mayolibrary.ie MAYO COUNTY LIBRARY MICHAEL DAVITTwas born the www.mayolibrary.ie son of a small tenant farmer at Straide, Co. Mayo in 1846. He arrived in the world at a time when Ireland was undergoing the greatest social and humanitarian disaster in its modern history, the Great Famine of 1845-49. Over the five or so years it endured, about a million people died and another million emigrated. BIRTH OF A RADICAL IRISHMAN He was also born in a region where the Famine, caused by potato blight, took its greatest toll in human life and misery. Much of the land available for cultivation in Co. Mayo was poor and the average valuation of its agricultural holdings was the lowest in the country. At first the Davitts managed to survive the famine when Michael’s father, Martin, became an overseer of road construction on a famine relief scheme. However, in 1850, unable to pay the rent arrears for the small landholding of about seven acres, the family was evicted. left: The enormous upheaval of the The Famine in Ireland — Extreme pressure of population on Great Famine that Davitt Funeral at Skibbereen (Illustrated London News, natural resources and extreme experienced as an infant set the January 30, 1847) dependence on the potato for mould for his moral and political above: survival explain why Mayo suffered attitudes as an adult. Departure for the “Viceroy” a greater human loss (29%) during steamer from the docks at Galway. -
The Ulster Women's Unionist Council and Ulster Unionism
“No Idle Sightseers”: The Ulster Women’s Unionist Council and Ulster Unionism (1911-1920s) Pamela Blythe McKane A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN POLITICAL SCIENCE YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO JANUARY 2015 ©Pamela Blythe McKane 2015 Abstract Title: “No Idle Sightseers”: The Ulster Women’s Unionist Council and Ulster Unionism (1911-1920s) This doctoral dissertation examines the Ulster Women’s Unionist Council (UWUC), an overlooked, but historically significant Ulster unionist institution, during the 1910s and 1920s—a time of great conflict. Ulster unionists opposed Home Rule for Ireland. World War 1 erupted in 1914 and was followed by the Anglo-Irish War (1919- 1922), the partition of Ireland in 1922, and the Civil War (1922-1923). Within a year of its establishment the UWUC was the largest women’s political organization in Ireland with an estimated membership of between 115,000 and 200,000. Yet neither the male- dominated Ulster unionist institutions of the time, nor the literature related to Ulster unionism and twentieth-century Irish politics and history have paid much attention to its existence and work. This dissertation seeks to redress this. The framework of analysis employed is original in terms of the concepts it combines with a gender focus. It draws on Rogers Brubaker’s (1996) concepts of “nation” as practical category, institutionalized form (“nationhood”), and contingent event (“nationness”), combining these concepts with William Walters’ (2004) concept of “domopolitics” and with a feminist understanding of the centrality of gender to nation. -
191 English in Ireland
In: D. Alan Cruse, Franz Hundsnurscher, Michael Job and Peter R. Lutzeier (eds) Lexikologie-Lexicology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1256-60. 191 English in Ireland Raymond Hickey University of Essen Universitätsstr. 12 D-45117 Essen Tel: +49 201 183 3437 Email: [email protected] 1 Introduction 1.1 Northern and southern Irish English 1.2 Forth and Bargy 1.3 Archaic and/or regional words in Irish English 2 Irish loans in present-day Irish English 3 Irish loans in English outside of Ireland 3.1 Scottish Gaelic or Irish as source 3.2 Irish and international usage 3.3 Irish names in English 4 Studies of the Irish English lexicon 4.1 Folk linguistics and the Irish English lexicon 1 Introduction Any treatment of the lexicon of Irish English, however brief, must begin with a basic distinction between lexical items which are retentions from the varieties of English brought to Ireland and those which can credibly be regarded as borrowings from Irish, the Celtic language which was formerly the native one of the majority of the population. The settlement of the country started in the late 12th century and continued in particular in the period of more intensive plantation of both the north and the south which set in, for the north from the Scottish lowlands, at the beginning of the 17th century and quite intensively for the south from the west and north-west of England towards the middle of that century, particularly as a consequence of the Cromwellian campaigns. 1.1 Northern and southern Irish English The foundations for the linguistic distinction within Irish English on a north-south axis were laid with the large-scale settlement of the north-east corner of the country (more or less coterminous with the province of Ulster) at the beginning of the 16th century. -
The Land Movement, 1879-1882
Unit 1: The Land Movement, 1879-1882 Senior Cycle Worksheets Contents Graphic Poster Irish Land Acts 1870-1909 2 Lesson 1 Debating Historical Significance Task 1: The Walking Debate 4 James Daly: A Biographical Sketch 6 Lesson 2 Working with the Evidence Documents A and B relating to the formation and 7 development of the Land League. Task 2: Documents Based Study Questions 9 Lesson 3 Charles Stewart Parnell Speaks Task 3: Illuminating the past and predicting the future 9 Lesson 4 The Land Movement in Sequence Task 4: The Land Movement in Sequence 12 Timeline template 13 Description Cards 16 Quotation/Statistic Cards 19 Lesson 5 Advising a Prime Minister (Part 1) Task 5a: The Motives and Methods of the Land League 21 Report Template 22 Documents D-G 23 Lesson 6 Advising a Prime Minister (Part 2) Task 5b: The Kilmainham Treaty 27 Report Template 28 Documents H-I 29 ATLAS OF THE IRISH EVOLUTION ResourcesR for Secondary Schools UNIT 1: LC Worksheet, Lesson 1: Debating Historical Significance Background: Between 1850 and 1870 agricultural production in Ireland had improved, eviction rates were low and the general standard of living had risen. This changed in the late 1870s, when a combination of bad weather, poor harvests and falling prices due to an economic depression throughout western Europe gave rise to an agricultural crisis. The advent of refrigeration meant that Irish agricultural exports to England competed badly against cheaper foreign imports of beef and grain. In early part 1879 bankrupt Irish farmers struggled to obtain credit from local banks and shopkeepers who were also calling in loans. -
Proquest Dissertations
A forgotten 'greater Ireland': The transatlantic development of Irish nationalism, 1848-1882 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Mulligan, Adrian Neil Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 03:43:21 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290356 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author dkl not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicaHy in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9' black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy fix an additional charge. -
The Irish Are Coming: Sligo to Scranton 1850
The Irish Are Coming Sligo to Scranton 1850-1900 by Jim Dolan Published in 2008 by James J. Dolan, Sayre PA Typset by James J. Dolan Cover Illustration by James J. Dolan ISBN # 978-0-615-25084-7 LCCN www.sligotoscranton.com Printed by Clare Printing 206 S. Keystone Avenue Sayre, PA 18840 Copyright © 2008, James J. Dolan Table of Contents Table of Contents i Preface v Introduction vii Acknowledgements ix The Green Fields of Kilglass xi Part I Life in Ireland 1 Chapter 1: Location is Everything ................................................................ 1 Tireragh..................................................................................................... 2 Kilglass Parish........................................................................................... 2 The Townlands of Kilglass ....................................................................... 3 Enniscrone................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2: History Along Killala Bay........................................................... 6 Saint Patrick .............................................................................................. 7 The Vikings............................................................................................... 7 The Lords of Tireragh ............................................................................... 8 Cromwellian Settlement.......................................................................... 10 Mac Firbis .............................................................................................. -
Cleveland Saints Ladies GAA Earn First Ever Trip to the U.S
TM SEPTEMBER 2021 • VOLUME 15 - ISSUE 9 Cleveland Saints Ladies GAA Earn First Ever Trip to the U.S. Championships to a few, selected a few, and are open melody Francis song called “Anacreon in Heaven.” Editor’s to wherever the road less traveled Toledo Scott Key used Due it its wide popularity in the 18th Sign up for the takes us. If you would like to help, my when writing and 19th centuries in London, the Corner email is [email protected]. Irish the lyrics to the song made its way across the Atlan- est. 2006 FREE TWICE A MONTH By John O’Brien, Jr. Next month we welcome two new By Molly McHugh American Nation- tic, where it was modified and used columnists from the Pittsburgh area – al Anthem came by Francis Scott Key as the melody the legendary Diane Byrnes, with her from John Staf- for the US National Anthem. As the eBulletin @Jobjr September 2021 Vol. 15 • Issue 9 Í Pittsburgh Happenings column, and Publisher & Editor ford Smith. Smith saying goes, “Everything comes full Going out to 12,000 opted-in John O’Brien Jr. Irish native and teacher Marie Young, Design/Production Christine Hahn apparently, though, circle.” subscribers, containing updates whose students will offer perspectives Website Rich Croft never claimed Thank you again to the AOH for and reminders, or for events that A Road Less on the issues that matter to them, in Columnists authorship of the putting on a such a nice summer Irish and in English. Akron Irish Lisa O’Rourke music. -
The Land League
hvug~v'"A&U ' gp$vp;+ hp:$ n the years 1879 - 1882, that there wzll be no man so full of ~$3:: 5:;: the Irish tenant farmers avarzce, so lost to shame, as to dare the I"*%%?$&g engaged in a bitter and publtc opznzon of all rzght-thmkzng men p$' often violent struggle and to transgress your unwrztten code of 9.i:?-r+; against their landlords. A ovians, but it was a hugely emotional laws. i3i long period of comparative prosperity in issue in Ireland at the time. "' This ostracism was employed against Irish agriculture following the Famine Charles Stewart Parnell, the leader of the Captain Boycott and it became so severe was ended by a sudden drop in world Irish Nationalist Party, became president that Boycott and his family had to be food prices. Small farmers were unable of the Land League. The aim of the rescued by troops. Volunteer Orange to pay their rents, and the old animosities League was to reduce rents (by with- labourers from Ulster were brought in to between tenant and landlord flared up holding them if necessary), to prevent harvest his crops after his own workmen again. evictidns for non-payment, and had all deserted. Some £350 worth of Michael Davitt, who had been ultimately to get the land back into crops were harvested at an estimated cost imprisoned in England for his Fenian native hands. Parnell devised the tactic of of £3,500. Captain Boycott's nerve was activities, returned to Ireland in 1877 social ostracism which was to give the eventually broken and he returned to and, with John Dillon, founded the Irish English language a new word - 'boycott'. -
1 Redeeming Ireland: the Historical Problem and a Model for Cultural Analysis
Notes 1 Redeeming Ireland: The Historical Problem and a Model for Cultural Analysis 1. Rev. Joseph Murphy, Catholic curate, at Enniscorthy Demonstration, county Wexford, October 26, 1879 ( Freeman’s Journal , October 27, 1879). 2. I borrow this term from Catherine Bell (1992, 83–85), who synthesizes Kenneth Burridge’s notion of redemptive process and Antonio Gramsci’s hegemony concept. I take Bell’s conceptualization to mean that subordinate groups appropriate from the dominant hegemonic structure elements that help them either negotiate with or resist dominant power. My conceptu- alization is somewhat different. By redemptive hegemony, I mean a coun- terhegemonic formation that seeks to redeem power from the dominant structure. 3. “Home Rule” would give the Irish power to make domestic decisions only and was to be achieved through parliamentary consent. Radical national- ists, advocating complete separation from Great Britain, were prepared to use violence and physical force if necessary to attain it. 4. “Gallican” refers to the Catholic Church in France that enunciated in its principles of 1682 limited autonomy from Rome, especially in matters con- cerning the well- being of French Catholics. 5. The Franchise Act of 1850 gave farmers with a £12 valuation of their land the right to vote: “With a twelve- pound valuation franchise in the counties after 1850, the proportion of farmers constituting the public political class of the Irish countryside grew significantly to about a third by 1866 and probably nearer to two-fifths by the time of Parnell’s first electoral successes of the early 1880s” (Hoppen 1984, 91). 6. This term refers to the privileged land- owning class in Ireland, whose mem- bers were the descendants and successors of the Protestant Ascendancy. -
Charles Boycott on Achill Island in 1854 and the Fire in the ‘Iron House’
Contents Prelude to Disaster: The Arrival of ‘Captain’ Charles Boycott on 2 Achill Island in 1854 and the fire in the ‘Iron House’ Rory Sherlock Saintfield 1798: an anatomy of disaster… 7 Gavin Hughes Change and adaption in the Barnesmore Gap, Co. Donegal 12 Shane Delaney 'Keep going, sure it's grand’: understanding the Irish Late Neolithic- 18 Early Bronze Age Neil Carlin Beyond the Map: Exploring the Settlement Dynamics of Prehistoric 28 Gozo through GIS Analysis Sara Boyle Abstracts received from remaining conference participants 37 Acknowledgement of sponsorship received 47 1 Prelude to Disaster: The Arrival of ‘Captain’ Charles Boycott on Achill Island in 1854 and the fire in the ‘Iron House’ Rory Sherlock1 When 'Captain' Charles Cunningham Boycott arrived on Achill Island in 1854, he was just 22 years old, but he was already married and had left a short army career behind him to become a tenant farmer on a remote holding at the western tip of Ireland's largest offshore island. Born into a clerical family in Burgh St. Peter in Norfolk in 1832, Boycott joined the 39th Regiment of Foot in Preston in 1850 and held the rank of Ensign from then, through postings to Belfast, Newry, Dublin and Clonmel, until he resigned his commission in Clonmel in 1852 (Boycott 1997, 89–94). Military records2 indicate that he never achieved the rank of Captain during his time in the army, yet this rank is consistently applied to his name in contemporary accounts of his actions in the Ballinrobe area in 1880, when he became an infamous figure in the Irish Land War. -
IRELAND. Waterford Born Robert Boyle Is
IRELAND. Waterford born Robert Boyle is regarded as the father of modern chemistry and founder of Boyle’s law (or in other words, how the pressure of gas decreases as its volume increases). His book, ‘The Sceptical Chymist, set in motion the detailed study of chemistry as an academic subject. Usually thought of as an English game,croquet in fact originated on the west coast of Ireland. The Archbishop of Tuam in county Galway hosted croquet tournaments as far back as the 1830s. By the late 1840s it had spread nationwide, and became popular in Britain by 1852. Its popularity increased among the British, and it quickly became a sport synonymous with the upper classes along with polo and tennis. In fact, Wimbledon began as the All England Croquet Club! The act of deliberately abstaining from using or buying products and services or dealing with certain people or organisations – otherwise known as boycotting – was first invented by some Irish villagers in Mayo. During the ‘land war’ of the late 19th century, where tenants struggled to gain fair rights to their land, the tenants of Boycott’s estate protested against evictions after a poor harvest. Rather than turning to violence,tenants instead refused to work for Charles Boycott. After spending thousands on imported workers to harvest his crops, Boycott eventually left Ireland. Glossary: Tenants: one that rents and occupies land. Eviction: to expel or force out (a person, esp. a tenant) from land, a building. Crop: the plant, or the product of a plant, produced while growing or when gathered: Saint Oliver Plunkett (1st November 1625 - 1st July 1681) was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland.