DOCSLIB.ORG

The Land League

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Land League hvug~v'"A&U ' gp$vp;+ hp:$ n the years 1879 - 1882, that there wzll be no man so full of ~$3:: 5:;: the Irish tenant farmers avarzce, so lost to shame, as to dare the I"*%%?$&g engaged in a bitter and publtc opznzon of all rzght-thmkzng men p$' often violent struggle and to transgress your unwrztten code of 9.i:?-r+; against their landlords. A ovians, but it was a hugely emotional laws. i3i long period of comparative prosperity in issue in Ireland at the time. "' This ostracism was employed against Irish agriculture following the Famine Charles Stewart Parnell, the leader of the Captain Boycott and it became so severe was ended by a sudden drop in world Irish Nationalist Party, became president that Boycott and his family had to be food prices. Small farmers were unable of the Land League. The aim of the rescued by troops. Volunteer Orange to pay their rents, and the old animosities League was to reduce rents (by with- labourers from Ulster were brought in to between tenant and landlord flared up holding them if necessary), to prevent harvest his crops after his own workmen again. evictidns for non-payment, and had all deserted. Some £350 worth of Michael Davitt, who had been ultimately to get the land back into crops were harvested at an estimated cost imprisoned in England for his Fenian native hands. Parnell devised the tactic of of £3,500. Captain Boycott's nerve was activities, returned to Ireland in 1877 social ostracism which was to give the eventually broken and he returned to and, with John Dillon, founded the Irish English language a new word - 'boycott'. England. National Land League. William O'Brien In 1880, Lord Erne's agent, Captain Ostracism was not the only weapon and Timothy ~ariin~tonbecame the Charles Boycott of Lough Mask House, employed. There was large scale violence League's leading organisers. Davitt's County Mayo, defied the League by against landlords and their agents, and objective was land nationalisation: refusing a tenant's request for a reduction also against those tenant farmers who The land of Ireland belongs to the people in rent and evicted him with the disobeyed the Land League orders. Some of Ireland, to be held and cultivated for intention of getting a new more of the Leagues leaders were less than the sustenance of those whom God amenable tenant. forthright in their condemnation of the declared to be the inhabitants thereof '" Parnell advocated that offending violence: for example, Joseph Biggar, the Magnus Magnusson has described the 'land-grabbers' should be treated as Nationalist MP for Cavan, said that the contemporary state of affairs: social lepers: shooting of landlords was wrong because The conventional picture of this time is When a man takes a farm from which the assailant frequently missed and shot of huge estates in Ireland predominantly another has been evicted, you must show somebody else! owned by Protestant landlords, him on the voadside when you meet him, The 'Land War' came to an end in frequently absentee, who were living in you must show him in the fair and in the 1881 when the 1,and Act of that year gave idle luxury off the rents. They had the market place, and even in the house of tenants a right to the land and reduced power to raise these rents or evict their worship, by leaving him severely alone, rents by 20 percent. The Land League tenants at will; the tenants had no rights by putting him into a moral Coventry, campaign continued, however, and by at all. A tenant who improved his land by isolating him from his own kind as if 1887 'outrages' were again occurring, as the tenant farmers resumed their would have the rent raised, because of the he were a leper of old - you must shown improvement, to a level he could not him your detestation of the crime he has struggles against the landlords. afford, and the landlord would instal a committed, and you may depend upon it The vears 1885 - 88 saw another new tenant who could. But the picture is agricultural depression, with the prices Charles Stewart Parnell receives the Freedom of Limerick, 14 July, 1880. 1, leader and United Ireland editor, Timothy 1888, the Pope issued a decree which Harrington, proposed what became included the following passage known as 'the Plan of Campaign' which (translated from the French of a F.S.L. Lyons has described as follows: pamphlet published in Paris in 1890 by ...a device for collective bargaining on the Irish Loyal and Patriotic Union): individual estates. Where a landlord Hence the question was proposed to theii refused to lower his demands voluntarily Eminences the Cardinals of fhk the tenants were to combine to offer him Congregation:-Is it permissible, in &e reduced rmts. If he declined to accept disputes between landowners an@. these, they were to pay him no rents at tenants in Ireland to use the mearih ull, but instead to contribute to an 'estate known as the Plan of Campaign and fund' the money they would have paid boycotting? After long and mature him if he had accepted the offer. This deliberation their Eminences unanim- fund was to be used for the maintenance ously answered in the negative;and the and protection of the tenants who were decision was confirmed by the Holy certain to be evicted for putting this Father. .(5) policy into practice ...As for the land- At that time, the Plan of Campaign was grabbers, for them there remained, as being put into effect on the Glensharrold before, the boycott. 'That the farms thus estate-near Ardagh, County Limerick. unjustly evicted will be left severely The Roman Catholic Bishop of Limerick, alone, and everyone who aids the Bishop Edward Thomas O'Dwyer. Dr. Edward O'Dwyer, supported the evictions shunned, is scarcely necessary Papal decree against the Plan of to say'. (United Ireland, 23 October, The British Government tried to enlist Campaign and did his best to ensure that 1986). "' the aid of the Pope in its attempt to end it was observed. He intervened in the While the Plan of Campaign was neither the Plan of Campaign and this aroused Glensharrold estate dispute and, by as brutal nor as extensive as the Land the anger of Irish Catholics who negotiation, arrived at settlement terms War, it nevertheless developed into a supported it. But there were elements which he thought were very favourable bitter conflict, especially in counties within the Church who opposed the for the tenants. The respective figures (as Tipperary, Limerick and Kerry. boycott, and two bishops independently given in the I.L.P.U. pamphlet) were: The Roman Catholic clergy in Ireland complained to the Vatican about the Plan Rent Arrears due to March, generally either supported or tnrned a of Campaign and the involvement of 1890:......................................... £2,611.00 blind eye to the Plan of Campaign. Many priests in it. Payment to be accepted ........... £384.00 priests were actively involved in The Pope ordered the Supreme Arrears to be forgotten ..........£2,227.00 supporting it and some were imprisoned Congregation of the inquisition 'to Rents - Old rent .........................£738.00 for their activities. The Archbishop of subject the matter to serious and careful Present Offer .............................. £384.00 Dublin, Dr. Walsh, and the Archbishop of examination.' Monsignor Persico arrived Gross Annual Reduction .......... £354.00 Cashel, Dr. Croke, were prominent in Ireland in 1887 to investigate. He supporters. reported to the Vatican, and on 20 April, This episcopal intervention was not Police baton-charge the crowd at Limerick. of the Freeman's Journal, the leading CO. Limerick, recommending the nationalist newspaper of the day. An Glensharrold settlement terms). As soon I.L.P.U. commentary linked the various as O'Dwyer read the account of Dillon's items. '" speech, he wrote to the editor of the At the same time as the Glensharrold Freeman 'S Journal: dispute was coming to the boil, the . Sir, I am almost ashamed of myself ~ British Government sent a mission to the to waste so many words on this,' Holy See purportedly to negotiate on gentleman's personal offensiveness t6 matters concerning Malta. In fact, it myself when I read the language which,.? appears that this mission also raised the he dares to use towards the august and Plan of Campaign issue. Certainly sacred person of the Vicar of Christ. It is nationalists were convinced that this is no disgrace but an honour for a poor, what happened, and were furious at this simple Bishop to receive a few spatters of intervention. the dirt that is flung at the representative John Dillon made a speech in the of his Divine Master. If only I could get House of Commons on 11 July, 1890, in it all, and be covered with opprobrium the course of which he was reported to while I lived, so as to spare our old have said certain things which enraged Catholic nation the shame before the Bishop O'Dwyer. The Freeman's Journal world that one of the foulest charges ever account of Dillon's speech included the levelled against the successors of St. Peter was hurled at Leo XIII amidst the John Dillon. following words (this and all further quotations are taken from the I.L.P.U. cheers of English Protestants and pamphlet): English unbelievers by one who professes welcomed by the nationalist leaders who There was no fouler stain cast on the to be a member of the Church . here is urged the Glensharrold tenants to reject people of England, and no more a Catholic boasting of his Catholicity, the the settlement terms.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Land League (1879-82)
    Oughterard and Kilannin: The Land League (1879-82) Please check the following page(s) for clarification. Issues are highlighted in [red] in the transcribed text. Michael Davitt (1846-1906) Davitt, founder of the Land League, was the son of an evicted Mayo tenant. He was imprisoned for fifteen years in 1870 on charges of Fenian conspiracy in England. Released from Dartmoor prison in 1877 on ‘ticket of leave’, he returned to Ireland. He staged a mass meeting at Irishtown, Co. Mayo, on 20th April, 1879. This demonstration was called to protest against excessive rents and was attended by over 10,000. Other large meetings followed and the movement quickly spread from Mayo to Connaught and then throughout the country. The Irish National Land League was founded in Dublin on 21st October, 1879, with C. S. Parnell as its president. The objects of the Land League were 1) to reduce rack rents and 2) to obtain the ownership of the soil by its occupiers, i.e. tenant ownership. During the Land War (1879-82), Davitt wrote that the landlords were “a brood of cormorant vampires that has sucked the life blood out of the country.” The Land League was a non-violent mass movement but it used the methods of publicity, moral intimidation and boycott against landlords and land grabbers who broke the Land League code. This popular movement achieved a remarkable degree of success. Within a generation of its founding, by the early 20th century, most of the tenant farmers of Ireland had become owners of their farms and the landlord system, which had dominated Ireland for centuries, had been ended.
    [Show full text]
  • KEEPING an EYE on YOUGHAL: the Freeman's Journal and The
    KEEPING AN EYE ON YOUGHAL: The Freeman’s Journal and the Plan of Campaign in East Cork, 1886–92 Felix M. Larkin THE SKIBBEREEN EAGLE FAMOUSLY declared in that it would be keeping an eye on the Tsar of Russia (Potter, : , –). A decade or so earlier, Youghal was very much in the eye of the press – and, indeed, in the eye of the storm – during the Plan of Campaign, the second phase of the Land War in Ireland. The tenants on the nearby Ponsonby estate were the first to adopt the Plan of Cam- paign in November in order to secure lower rents (Donnelly, : , – ). The struggle that ensued dragged on inconclusively until it was overtaken by the Parnell spilt in the s, and the Ponsonby tenants – like so many others else- where in the country – were then left high and dry, with no alternative but to settle on terms that fell far short of what they sought (Geary, : ). The Freeman’s Journal was the main nationalist daily newspaper in Ireland at that time, and it kept its eye closely on developments in and around Youghal as it covered the Plan of Campaign throughout the country – often in remarkable detail. What I want to do in this paper is briefly to outline the Freeman’s coverage of the events in Youghal, and to place its coverage of those events in the wider context of Irish political jour- nalism in the second half of the nineteenth century. In , when the Plan of Campaign began, the Freeman’s Journal was the prop- erty of Edmund Dwyer Gray MP – who had inherited the newspaper on the death of his father, Sir John Gray, in .Italreadyhadalongandchequeredhistory, having been founded in Dublin in to support the ‘patriot’ opposition in the Irish parliament in College Green.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Reform and Agitation
    Land Reform and Agitation | Sample answer ‘What was the importance of one or more of the following: land agitation and land reform; the co- operative movement; industrial development in Belfast?’ (2018) From 1873 to 1896 there was a Great Depression in Britain. There was a fall in the prices of agricultural exports and thus less need for Irish labourers in Britain. Famers feared mass evictions and conflict between tenants in farmers. So in July 1878, Michael Davitt set sail to America and sought support for the 'New Departure'. Fenians believed that their new goal should be to focus on land reform over Irish Independence and so they asked them and Parnell for support. Davitt and Devoy, who was the leader of the American Fenian Movement, believed that all groups should work together to achieve their goal and so, constitutional nationalists, Fenians and Irish Americans had to work together. In April 1879, James Daly set up a meeting in Mayo which protested against the increases in rent. Parnell identified with the protests and in June of that year he gave a speech about them. In October Davitt set up the Land League and Parnell became the leader. They had three main aims, a reduction in rent and evictions, secondly, to achieve the three Fs (fixity of tenure, freedom to sell and fair rent) and thirdly, for peasant proprietorship. Parnell's slogan the "land of Ireland for people of Ireland" became widely known. The Land League supported peaceful means to achieve their three aims but they couldn't control the extreme violent actions of some tenants.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Davitt 1846 – 1906
    MICHAEL DAVITT 1846 – 1906 An exhibition to honour the centenary of his death MAYO COUNTY LIBRARY www.mayolibrary.ie MAYO COUNTY LIBRARY MICHAEL DAVITTwas born the www.mayolibrary.ie son of a small tenant farmer at Straide, Co. Mayo in 1846. He arrived in the world at a time when Ireland was undergoing the greatest social and humanitarian disaster in its modern history, the Great Famine of 1845-49. Over the five or so years it endured, about a million people died and another million emigrated. BIRTH OF A RADICAL IRISHMAN He was also born in a region where the Famine, caused by potato blight, took its greatest toll in human life and misery. Much of the land available for cultivation in Co. Mayo was poor and the average valuation of its agricultural holdings was the lowest in the country. At first the Davitts managed to survive the famine when Michael’s father, Martin, became an overseer of road construction on a famine relief scheme. However, in 1850, unable to pay the rent arrears for the small landholding of about seven acres, the family was evicted. left: The enormous upheaval of the The Famine in Ireland — Extreme pressure of population on Great Famine that Davitt Funeral at Skibbereen (Illustrated London News, natural resources and extreme experienced as an infant set the January 30, 1847) dependence on the potato for mould for his moral and political above: survival explain why Mayo suffered attitudes as an adult. Departure for the “Viceroy” a greater human loss (29%) during steamer from the docks at Galway.
    [Show full text]
  • Secret Societies and the Easter Rising
    Dominican Scholar Senior Theses Student Scholarship 5-2016 The Power of a Secret: Secret Societies and the Easter Rising Sierra M. Harlan Dominican University of California https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2016.HIST.ST.01 Survey: Let us know how this paper benefits you. Recommended Citation Harlan, Sierra M., "The Power of a Secret: Secret Societies and the Easter Rising" (2016). Senior Theses. 49. https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2016.HIST.ST.01 This Senior Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Dominican Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Dominican Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POWER OF A SECRET: SECRET SOCIETIES AND THE EASTER RISING A senior thesis submitted to the History Faculty of Dominican University of California in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts in History by Sierra Harlan San Rafael, California May 2016 Harlan ii © 2016 Sierra Harlan All Rights Reserved. Harlan iii Acknowledgments This paper would not have been possible without the amazing support and at times prodding of my family and friends. I specifically would like to thank my father, without him it would not have been possible for me to attend this school or accomplish this paper. He is an amazing man and an entire page could be written about the ways he has helped me, not only this year but my entire life. As a historian I am indebted to a number of librarians and researchers, first and foremost is Michael Pujals, who helped me expedite many problems and was consistently reachable to answer my questions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ulster Women's Unionist Council and Ulster Unionism
    “No Idle Sightseers”: The Ulster Women’s Unionist Council and Ulster Unionism (1911-1920s) Pamela Blythe McKane A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN POLITICAL SCIENCE YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO JANUARY 2015 ©Pamela Blythe McKane 2015 Abstract Title: “No Idle Sightseers”: The Ulster Women’s Unionist Council and Ulster Unionism (1911-1920s) This doctoral dissertation examines the Ulster Women’s Unionist Council (UWUC), an overlooked, but historically significant Ulster unionist institution, during the 1910s and 1920s—a time of great conflict. Ulster unionists opposed Home Rule for Ireland. World War 1 erupted in 1914 and was followed by the Anglo-Irish War (1919- 1922), the partition of Ireland in 1922, and the Civil War (1922-1923). Within a year of its establishment the UWUC was the largest women’s political organization in Ireland with an estimated membership of between 115,000 and 200,000. Yet neither the male- dominated Ulster unionist institutions of the time, nor the literature related to Ulster unionism and twentieth-century Irish politics and history have paid much attention to its existence and work. This dissertation seeks to redress this. The framework of analysis employed is original in terms of the concepts it combines with a gender focus. It draws on Rogers Brubaker’s (1996) concepts of “nation” as practical category, institutionalized form (“nationhood”), and contingent event (“nationness”), combining these concepts with William Walters’ (2004) concept of “domopolitics” and with a feminist understanding of the centrality of gender to nation.
    [Show full text]
  • From Ulster to Northern Ireland, 1600–1925 Unit 2: 1700–1914
    KEY STAGE 3: FROM ULSTER TO NORTHERN IRELAND, 1600–1925 UNIT 2: 1700–1914 UNIT 2: UNIT DESCRIPTION The activities in this unit aim to help pupils learn about and evaluate 1700–1914 the relative importance of each of these three historical periods in the process leading to partition and the creation of Northern Ireland: • 1700–1800: Penal Laws, 1798 Rising, Act of Union 1800 • 1800–1900: Nationalism and Unionism • 1900–1914: The Home Rule Crisis Unit 2 begins in the period after King William III’s victories of 1689–1691. Pupils will learn how the most powerful elements of the Protestant minority in Ireland set out to secure their position against the Catholic majority. They did this by introducing a series of Penal Laws against Catholics in the Irish Parliament. In 1798, a group of Presbyterians and Catholics joined together in an attempt to establish a secular Irish Republic which supported the ideals of the French revolution in Ireland: namely, a non-sectarian and democratic nation. The rebellion was rapidly suppressed and led to the Act of Union in 1800, which brought Ireland more closely under British control. Whether to preserve, modify or replace this Act defined the terms of political developments in Ireland, including Ulster, during the 19th century. Finally, pupils will discuss and evaluate how the emergence of Home Rule for Ireland as a policy from 1886 stimulated the growth of unionist opposition, reaching a climax in the period 1910–1914. The idea of Ulster being excluded from Home Rule became an aspiration for Ulster unionists and a strong possibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Political-Cartoons.Pdf
    Dublin City Library and Archive, 138 - 144 Pearse Street, Dublin 2. Tel: +353 1 6744999 Political Cartoons Date Newspaper Title Subtitle Location The Master of the ScRolls! Folder 04/01 The Extinguisher Folder 04/02 Ex Officio Examination Folder 04/03 A Theological Antidote firing off Lees of oppostition Folder 04/04 The New Hocus Pocus or Excellent escape, with the juglers all in an uproar Folder 04/05 founded on a new Sevic comic, Rattle Bottle Pantomine lately performed at the new Theatre Royal The Bottle Conjurers ARMS God Save the King: The Glorious and Immortal Memory Folder 04/06 ­ Date c. 1810­ 1830 A Turning General and three and twenty Bottle holders Folder 04/07 all in a Row 01 June 2011 Page 1 of 84 Date Newspaper Title Subtitle Location Irish Fireside The Old, Old Home! Box 01 F01/07 The Lepracaun Box 06/47 The Lepracaun Box 06/48 United Ireland The Suppression of the League, or Catching a Tartar Bloody Balfour- Hello Uncle, I've caught a Tartar Folder 01/42 Salisbury- Dragf him along here B.B.- I cant 14/08/1869 Vanity Fair Statesmen, No. 28 "He married Lady Waldegrave and governed Ireland" Box 01 F05/01 09/04/1870 Vanity Fair Statesman No. 46 "An exceptional Irishman" Box 01 F05/02 25/03/1871 Vanity Fair Statesmen, No. 79 "An Irish wit and Solicitor-General" Box 01 F05/03 30/12/1871 Vanity Fair Statesmen No. 102 "An Art critic" Box 01 F05/04 23/03/1872 Vanity Fair Statesmen, No. 109 "A Home Ruler" Box 01 F05/05 28/09/1872 Vanity Fair Statesmen, No.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Modern Ireland 1800-1969
    ireiana Edward Norman I Edward Norman A History of Modem Ireland 1800-1969 Advisory Editor J. H. Plumb PENGUIN BOOKS 1971 Contents Preface to the Pelican Edition 7 1. Irish Questions and English Answers 9 2. The Union 29 3. O'Connell and Radicalism 53 4. Radicalism and Reform 76 5. The Genesis of Modern Irish Nationalism 108 6. Experiment and Rebellion 138 7. The Failure of the Tiberal Alliance 170 8. Parnellism 196 9. Consolidation and Dissent 221 10. The Revolution 254 11. The Divided Nation 289 Note on Further Reading 315 Index 323 Pelican Books A History of Modern Ireland 1800-1969 Edward Norman is lecturer in modern British constitutional and ecclesiastical history at the University of Cambridge, Dean of Peterhouse, Cambridge, a Church of England clergyman and an assistant chaplain to a hospital. His publications include a book on religion in America and Canada, The Conscience of the State in North America, The Early Development of Irish Society, Anti-Catholicism in 'Victorian England and The Catholic Church and Ireland. Edward Norman also contributes articles on religious topics to the Spectator. Preface to the Pelican Edition This book is intended as an introduction to the political history of Ireland in modern times. It was commissioned - and most of it was actually written - before the present disturbances fell upon the country. It was unfortunate that its publication in 1971 coincided with a moment of extreme controversy, be¬ cause it was intended to provide a cool look at the unhappy divisions of Ireland. Instead of assuming the structure of interpretation imposed by writers soaked in Irish national feeling, or dependent upon them, the book tried to consider Ireland’s political development as a part of the general evolu¬ tion of British politics in the last two hundred years.
    [Show full text]
  • Ireland Between the Two World Wars 1916-1949, the Irish Political
    People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran Faculty of Letters, Arts and Foreign Languages, Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages Section of English THE IRISH QUESTION FROM HOME RULE TO THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND, 1891-1949 Thesis submitted to the Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages in candidature for the Degree of Doctorate in British Civilization Presented by: Supervised by: Mr. Abdelkrim Moussaoui Prof. Badra Lahouel Board of examiners: President: Dr. Belkacem Belmekki……………………….. (University of Oran) Supervisor: Prof. Badra Lahouel…………………………… (University of Oran) Examiner: Prof. Abbès Bahous………………….. (University of Mostaganem) Examiner: Prof. Smail Benmoussat …………………..(University of Tlemcen) Examiner: Dr. Zoulikha Mostefa…………………………… (University of Oran) Examiner: Dr. Faiza Meberbech……………………… (University of Tlemcen) 2013-2014 1 DEDICATION …To the Memory of My Beloved Tender Mother… 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS By the Name of God the Clement and the Merciful First and foremost, I would like to thank my mentor and supervisor, the distinguished teacher, Professor Badra LAHOUEL, to whom I am so grateful and will be eternally indebted for her guidance, pieces of advice, encouragement and above all, her proverbial patience and comprehension throughout the preparation of this humble research paper. I am also profoundly thankful to whom I consider as a spiritual father, Professor, El Hadj Fawzi Borsali may God preserve him, for his inestimable support and instructive remarks. Special thanks to all my previous teachers through my graduation years: Lakhdar Barka, Moulfi, Maghni, Mostefa, Sebbane, Boutaleb, Layadi, Chami, Rahal, and those we lost Mr Bouamrane and Mr Benali may their souls rest in peace. I would also like to express my gratitude to Mr Moukaddess from England, for his valuable help, and to my friend Abdelkader Kourdouli for being very willing to help.
    [Show full text]
  • The Irish National Land League 1879-1881
    THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY bis 3Vr '4 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/irishnationallanOOjenn THE IRISH NATIONAL LAND LEAGUE 1879 - 1881 BV WALTER WILSON JENNINGS THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN HISTORY COLLEGE OF LIBERAL A UTS AND SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1915 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 191 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY ENTITLED IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF i.c^^^. ^ £. Instructor in Charge APPROVED: HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I Historical Sketch - the Remote Background: Elizabeth's system of colonization - Sir Charles Coote - Cromwell - Charles II - William III - Condi- tions in Ireland - Famine of 1847 and 1848 - Land Act 1 CHAPTER II Certain Conditions in Ireland. 1879-1881: Geography of Ireland - Population - Occupations - Products - Famine of 1879 - Land owners and their power - Evictions - Proposed remedies - Actual emigra- tion - Charity - Help from the United States - Relief committees - Duchess of Marlborough's Fund - Mansion— 9 CHAPTER III Organization. Ob.iects. and Methods of the Land League: Founding of the League - Support - Leaders and members - Executive meetings - Objects - Parnell's early plan - MasB meetings - Navan - Gurteen - Balla - Irishtown - Keash - Ennis - Ballybricken - Feenagh - Dublin demonstration - Dungarven local convention - General convention at Dublin - Newspapers - Frustra- tion of sales - Reinstatements - Boycotting - Some 22 CHAPTER
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Immigration to America, 1630 to 1921 by Dr
    Irish Immigration to America, 1630 to 1921 By Dr. Catherine B. Shannon Reprinted courtesy of the New Bedford Whaling Museum Introduction The oft quoted aphorism that "Boston is the next parish to Galway" highlights the long and close connections between Ireland and New England that extend as far back as the 1600s. Colonial birth, death, marriage, and some shipping records cite the presence of Irish born people as early as the 1630s. For instance, in 1655 the ship Goodfellow arrived in Boston carrying a group of indentured servants, and John Hancock's ancestor, Anthony Hancock, arrived from Co. Down in 1681. According to the story of The Irish Gift of 1676, which provided aid after King Phillip's War, Rev. Cotton Mather and Governor Winthrop corresponded with their Irish friends and relatives, with as many as 105 soldiers of Irish origin serving in various militias during the war. However, up until 1715, the numbers of Irish in New England were less than 1%, a small percentage of the population.1 The First Wave of Irish Immigration, 1715 to 1845 The first significant influx of Irish immigrants to Boston and New England consisted primarily of Ulster Presbyterians and began in the early eighteenth century.2 They comprised about ten percent, or 20,000 of a larger migration of over 200,000 Ulster Presbyterians who fled the north of Ireland to America between 1700 and 1775. The majority arrived in Boston between 1714 and 1750, as most Ulster immigrants went to the mid-Atlantic area via Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston beginning in the 1750s.
    [Show full text]